GALACTORRHEA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Galactorrhea: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00439-9 1. Galactorrhea-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on galactorrhea. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GALACTORRHEA ....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Galactorrhea.................................................................................. 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GALACTORRHEA ............................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding Nutrition Studies on Galactorrhea................................................................................. 47 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 48 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GALACTORRHEA....................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 51 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 52 General References ....................................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 57 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 59 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 63 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 67 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 67 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 73 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 75 GALACTORRHEA DICTIONARY .............................................................................................. 77 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 103
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with galactorrhea is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about galactorrhea, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to galactorrhea, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on galactorrhea. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to galactorrhea, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on galactorrhea. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GALACTORRHEA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on galactorrhea.
Federally Funded Research on Galactorrhea The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to galactorrhea. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to galactorrhea. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore galactorrhea.
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with galactorrhea, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “galactorrhea” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for galactorrhea (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of paroxetine-induced galactorrhea. Author(s): Davenport E, Velamoor R. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2002 November; 47(9): 890-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12500767
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A sequential pituitary stimulation test in normal subjects and in patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea with pituitary tumors. Author(s): Kletzky OA, Davajan V, Mishell DR Jr, Nicoloff JT, Mims R, March CM, Nakamura RM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1977 October; 45(4): 63140. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=410820
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A study of the composition of milk from a patient with hypothyroidism and galactorrhea. Author(s): Brown DM, Jenness R, Ulstrom RA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1965 September; 25(9): 1225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5890564
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A syndrome of primary hypothyroidism, amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Author(s): Ross F, Nusynowitz ML. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1968 May; 28(5): 591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5690110
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A woman with amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Author(s): Hoogwerf BJ, Kohse LM, Sheeler LR. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1994 March-April; 61(2): 103-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8194173
journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A young man with visual defect and galactorrhea. Author(s): Thorner MO. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1982 August; 17(8): 122L, 122P, 122T Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6807806
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Acromegaly and galactorrhea-amenorrhea with two pituitary adenomas secreting growth hormone or prolactin. A case report. Author(s): Tolis G, Bertrand G, Carpenter S, McKenzie JM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1978 September; 89(3): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=686546
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Acromegaly as the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Goldman MH, Klinges K. Source: N J Med. 1989 November; 86(11): 887-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2608212
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Amenorrhae and galactorrhea. Author(s): Hughes P, Gillespie A, Dewhurst CJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1972 August; 40(2): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5065461
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Amenorrhea and galactorrhea associated with fluvoxamine in a loxapine-treated patient. Author(s): Jeffries J, Bezchlibnyk-Butler K, Remington G. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992 August; 12(4): 296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1527236
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Amenorrhea and galactorrhea following oral contraceptive therapy. Author(s): Friedman S, Goldfien A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1969 December 8; 210(10): 1888-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5394949
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Amenorrhea and galactorrhea: results of therapy with 2-Brom-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154). Author(s): Lloyd SJ, Josimovich JB, Archer DF. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 May 1; 122(1): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1168997
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Amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia. Author(s): Magyar DM. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1985 June; 85(6): 375-80. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3905728
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Amenorrhea, galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia syndrome and breast carcinoma in a young woman. Author(s): Buytaert P, Viaene P. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1981 April; 11(5): 341-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7194824
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Amenorrhea-galactorrhea and craniopharyngioma. Author(s): Arem R, Zoghbi W, Chan L. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1983 August; 20(2): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6410522
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Amenorrhea-galactorrhea associated with a testosterone-producing, solid granulosa cell tumor. Author(s): Hatjis CG, Polin JI, Wheeler JE, Hayes JM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 May 15; 131(2): 226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=645807
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Amenorrhea-galactorrhea associated with Cushing's disease due to pituitary tumor. Author(s): Rodriguez S, Alger M, Forsbach G, Contreras SN, Canales ES, Zarate A. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1981 January-March; 4(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6263966
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Amenorrhea-galactorrhea associated with hypothalamic hypothyroidism. Author(s): Check JH, Adelson HG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1981 March 15; 139(6): 736-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7193973
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Amenorrhea-galactorrhea associated with the empty-sella syndrome. Author(s): Check JH, Rakoff AE, Goldfarb AF, King LC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 July 15; 128(6): 688-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=560123
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Amenorrhea-galactorrhea due to occult hypothyroidism. Author(s): Levine M, Koppelman MC, Patronas N, Weintraub B. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1986 September; 79(9): 1183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3750011
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Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome as an uncommon manifestation of isolated neurosarcoidosis. Author(s): Tamagno G, Murialdo G. Source: Ann Ital Med Int. 2001 October-December; 16(4): 260-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11799635
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Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome caused by a benign pituitary cyst: case report. Author(s): Dobbs ME. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1980 April; 33(4): 451-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6244986
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Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome in the prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor: nursing implications. Author(s): Gryfinski J. Source: J Neurosurg Nurs. 1985 October; 17(5): 301-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3850930
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Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome with craniopharyngioma. Author(s): Nakasu Y, Nakasu S, Handa J, Takeuchi J. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1980 February; 13(2): 154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6101923
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Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Before, during, and after pregnancy. Author(s): Maas JM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1967 November-December; 18(6): 857-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6073935
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Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndromes. Author(s): Greenblatt RB. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1982; 112 Pt A: 245-54. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6761700
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Amenorrhea-galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and suprasellar pituitary enlargement as presenting features of primary hypothyroidism. Author(s): Groff TR, Shulkin BL, Utiger RD, Talbert LM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 March; 63(3 Suppl): 86S-89S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6700889
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Antecedent factors and outcome in amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Author(s): Rowe TC, Shearman RP, Fraser IS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 November; 54(5): 535-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=574234
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Apoplexy in a prolactin microadenoma leading to remission of galactorrhea and amenorrhea. Author(s): Corkill G, Hanson FW, Sobel RA, Keller TM. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1981 February; 15(2): 114-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7195610
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Arachnoid cyst as a cause of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Author(s): London SN, Olive DL. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 May 1; 149(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6720781
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Assessment and management of galactorrhea. Author(s): Edge DS, Segatore M. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1993 June; 18(6): 35-6, 38, 43-4, Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8341431
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Benign galactorrhea/breast discharge in adolescent males probably due to breast selfmanipulation. Author(s): Rohn RD. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1984 July; 5(3): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6429109
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Black galactorrhea as a consequence of minocycline and phenothiazine therapy. Author(s): Basler RS, Lynch PJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1985 March; 121(3): 417-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4038862
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Blunted response to prolactin stimulation tests and evaluation of L-dopa depression in patients with hyperprolactinemic galactorrhea. Author(s): Wajchenberg BL, Lerario AC, Liberman B, Marino R Jr, Leonardo Lancha MC. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1979 October-December; 2(4): 427-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=119802
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Breast cancer and idiopathic galactorrhea. Author(s): Rothenberg RE, LaRaja RD, Pryce E, Mueller SC. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1990 June; 79(6): 363-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2370490
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Breast development, lactation, and galactorrhea. Author(s): Goldenberg RL, Ewaschuk EJ. Source: Conn Med. 1976 April; 40(4): 242-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1261253
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Breast engorgement and galactorrhea after preventing premature contractions with ritodrine. Author(s): Shalev J, Frankel Y, Eshkol A, Serr DM. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1984; 17(4): 190-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6724348
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Breast engorgement and galactorrhea during magnesium sulfate treatment of preterm labor. Author(s): Lurie S, Rotmensch S, Feldman N, Glezerman M. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2002 July; 19(5): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12152141
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Breast secretion of 99mTc in the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Spencer RP, Cornelius EA, Kase NG. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1970 July; 11(7): 467. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5464332
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Bromocriptine in the treatment of galactorrhea caused by haloperidol: a case study. Author(s): Shenoy RS, Ettigi P, Johnson CH. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1983 June; 3(3): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6683727
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Bromocriptine in the treatment of haloperidol-induced galactorrhea. Author(s): Varia IM, Cavenar JO Jr, Taska RJ, Maltbie AA. Source: N C Med J. 1982 November; 43(11): 769-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6960257
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Bromocriptine mesylate (Parlodel) in the management of amenorrhea/galactorrhea associated with hyperprolactinemia. Author(s): Cuellar FG. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 March; 55(3): 278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6987580
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Bromocriptine therapy in normoprolactinemic women with unexplained infertility and galactorrhea. Author(s): DeVane GW, Guzick DS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1986 December; 46(6): 1026-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3781021
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Bromocriptine. Clinical experience in the induction of pregnancy in amenorrheagalactorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Zarate A, Canales ES, Forsbach G, Fernandez-Lazala R. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 October; 52(4): 442-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=714326
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Bromocryptine therapy in cases of amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Author(s): Mroueh AM, Siler-Khodr TM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 February 1; 127(3): 291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=576372
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Bromoergocriptin therapy in eumenorrhoic patients presenting galactorrhea. Author(s): Gangemi M, Velasco M, Graziottin A, Licori D, Marchesoni D. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1981; 8(2): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7199980
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Case-control study of galactorrhea and its relationship to the use of oral contraceptives. Author(s): Taler SJ, Coulam CB, Annegers JF, Brittain EH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 May; 65(5): 665-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4039047
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Cerebrospinal fluid galactorrhea after ventriculopleural shunting: case report. Author(s): Moron MA, Barrow DL. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1994 September; 42(3): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7940109
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Chronic pleural blastomycosis with hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea, and amenorrhea. Author(s): Arora NS, Oblinger MJ, Feldman PS. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979 August; 120(2): 451-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=573082
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Cimetidine-induced galactorrhea. Author(s): Ehrinpreis MN, Dhar R, Narula A. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1989 May; 84(5): 563-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2719015
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Cirrhosis of the liver presenting with galactorrhea. Author(s): Chowdhury A, Chakravorty S, Sinha I, Chowdhury S. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1997 December; 25(4): 716-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9451707
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Clinical and endocrinological analyses of patients with galactorrhea and menstrual disorders due to sulpiride or metoclopramide. Author(s): Aono T, Shioji T, Kinugasa T, Onishi T, Kurachi K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1978 September; 47(3): 675-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=122411
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Clinical and hormonal response of patients with galactorrhea syndrome treated with bromergocryptine. Author(s): Sarram M, Salimi MR, Riazi T, Kamran T, Wenn RV. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1977; 15(3): 216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=611024
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Clinical and hormonal response to bromocriptin (CB-154) in the galactorrhea syndromes. Author(s): Del Pozo E, Varga L, Wyss H, Tolis G, Friesen H, Wenner R, Vetter L, Uettwiler A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1974 July; 39(1): 18-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4209685
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Clinical response of patients with galactorrhea to pergolide, a potent, long-acting dopaminergic ergot derivative. Author(s): Callaghan JT, Cleary RE, Crabtree R, Lemberger L. Source: Life Sciences. 1981 January 5; 28(1): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7194408
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Galactorrhea
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Clinical response to CB-154 and the pituitary response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone-gonadotropin-releasing hormone in patients with galactorrhea-amenorrhea. Author(s): March CM, Kletzky OA, Davajan V. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1977 May; 28(5): 521-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=404198
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Clinical, biochemical, and radiologic reversibility of hyperprolactinemic galactorrheaamenorrhea and abnormal sella by thyroxine in a patient with primary hypothyroidism. Author(s): Tolis G, Hoyte K, McKenzie JM, Mason B, Robb P. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 August 15; 131(8): 850-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=567430
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Comparison of serum prolactin, plain radiography, and hypocycloidal tomography of the sella turcica in patients with galactorrhea. Author(s): Marrs RP, Kletzky OA, Teal J, Davajan V, March C, Mishell DR Jr. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 October 15; 135(4): 467-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=573553
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Composition of breast fluid of a man with galactorrhea and hyperprolactinaemia. Author(s): Kulski JK, Hartmann PE, Gutteridge DH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1981 March; 52(3): 581-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7462406
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Convexity meningioma with galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. A case report. Author(s): Morioka T, Nishio S, Fukui M, Iwaki T. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1989 January; 31(1): 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2919364
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Crutch-induced galactorrhea and amenorrhea. Author(s): Freeman D, Jennings J. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1981 December; 141(13): 1847-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7198429
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Current management of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Jewelewicz R, Zimmerman EA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1978 June; 29(6): 597-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=658471
Studies
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Cushing's disease; with galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and normal prolactin levels. Author(s): Goldman M, Abrams G, Aiken R. Source: N Y State J Med. 1980 September; 80(10): 1621-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6932602
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Cushing's syndrome associated with galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and hypothyroidism: a primary hypothalamic disorder. Author(s): Berlinger FG, Ruder HJ, Wilber JF. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1977 December; 45(6): 1205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=591615
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Cyproheptadine in the management of the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Wortsman J, Soler NG, Hirschowitz J. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1979 June; 90(6): 923-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=571691
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Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate galactorrhea. Author(s): Cromwell P, Anyan W. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1998 August; 23(2): 61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9714166
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Detection of a silent pituitary somatotroph adenoma in a patient with amenorrhea and/or galactorrhea: paradoxical response of GH in TRH or GnRH provocation test. Author(s): Matsuno A, Ogino Y, Itoh J, Osamura RY, Nagashima T. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2000 March; 47 Suppl: S105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10890196
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Detection, evaluation, and treatment of pituitary microadenomas in patients with galactorrhea and amenorrhea. Author(s): Chang RJ, Keye WR Jr, Young JR, Wilson CB, Jaffe RB. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 June 15; 128(4): 356-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=559413
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Diabetes insipidus and galactorrhea caused by histiocytosis X. Author(s): Hirata Y, Sakamoto N, Yoshimoto Y, Kato Y, Matsukura S. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1975 August; 22(4): 311-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=172321
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Diagnosis and treatment of abnormal lactation. Author(s): Tyson JE, Zacur HA. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 June; 18(2): 65-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1095274
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Diagnosis and treatment of galactorrhea. Author(s): Pernoll ML. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1971 April; 49(4): 76-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5551969
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Diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in women with galactorrhea. Author(s): Turksoy RN, Farber M, Mitchell GW Jr. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 September; 56(3): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6775255
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Distribution of growth hormone isoforms in sera from women with normal ovarian function, galactorrhea, and normoprolactinemia. Author(s): Ochoa R, Mason M, Fonseca E, Moran C, Zarate A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1993 August; 60(2): 272-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8339823
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Domperidone induced galactorrhea. Author(s): Nijhawan S, Rai RR, Sharma CM. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1991 July; 10(3): 113. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1916962
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Dopamine-induced inhibition of prolactin secretion in amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Author(s): Crosignani PG, D'Alberton A, Peracchi M, Reschini E. Source: Lancet. 1976 October 30; 2(7992): 975. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=62213
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Dopamine-modulating drugs, amenorrhea-galactorrhea and neuropsychiatric illnesses. Author(s): Frye PE. Source: W V Med J. 1983 August; 79(8): 161-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6138902
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Editorial: Galactorrhea-amenorrhea, brom-ergocryptine, and the dopamine receptor. Author(s): Boyd AE 3rd, Reighlin S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1975 August 28; 293(9): 451-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1171365
Studies
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Effect of acute administration of L-dopa on serum concentrations of folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in patients with the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Zarate A, Canales ES, Soria J, Maneiro PJ, MacGregor C. Source: Neuroendocrinology. 1973; 12(6): 362-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4796782
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Effect of bromo-ergocryptine on serum hPRL, hLH, hFSH, and estradiol 17-beta in women with galactorrhea-amenorrhea. Author(s): Dickey RP, Stone SC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 July; 48(1): 84-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=934580
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Effect of triiodothyronine treatment on prolactin secretion in patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Author(s): Aono T, Shioji T, Miyai K, Onishi T, Kurachi K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1977 January; 44(1): 8-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=401825
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Effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on serum prolactin levels in women with hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea. Author(s): Board JA, Fierro RJ, Wasserman AJ, Bhatnagar AS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 February 1; 127(3): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=556882
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Effects of bromocriptine on neuroleptic-induced amenorrhea, galactorrhea and impotence. Author(s): Matsuoka I, Nakai T, Miyake M, Hirai M, Ikawa G. Source: Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1986 December; 40(4): 639-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2885437
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Effects of CB-154 (2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine) on prolactin and growth hormone release in an acromegalic patient with galactorrhea. Author(s): Ueda G, Sato Y, Yamasaki M, Shioji T, Aono T. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1975 June; 22(3): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1242128
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Effects of cyproterone acetate, LHRH agonist and ovarian surgery in McCuneAlbright syndrome with precocious puberty and galactorrhea. Author(s): Carani C, Pacchioni C, Baldini A, Zini D. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1988 June; 11(6): 419-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2974851
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Effects of nocturnal hyperprolactinemia on ovarian luteal function and galactorrhea. Author(s): Yamaguchi M, Aono T, Koike K, Nishikawa Y, Ikegami H, Miyake A, Tanizawa O. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1991 May 10; 39(3): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2032589
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Endocrine diagnosis of pituitary tumor in galactorrhea syndromes. Author(s): Kase N, Andriole JP, Sobrinho L. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1972 October 1; 114(3): 321-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4118037
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Endocrine effects of psychotropic drugs. 1. Galactorrhea and gynecomastia. Author(s): Shader RI, DiMascio A. Source: Conn Med. 1968 February; 32(2): 106-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5689353
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Endocrinologic and psychologic aspects of galactorrhea associated with normal menstrual cycles. Author(s): Naguib YA, Darwish NA, Shaarawy M, Nagui AR, Thabet SM, Azim SA. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1981 August; 19(4): 285-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6119255
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Ergonovine therapy of nonpuerperal galactorrhea. Author(s): Lawrence AM, Hagen TC. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1972 July 20; 287(3): 150. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5064142
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Estrogen-induced galactorrhea in man. Author(s): Draznin B, Maman A. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1979 September; 139(9): 1059-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=573104
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Euprolactinemic Galactorrhea. Response of bioassayable prolactin to thyrotropinreleasing hormone. Author(s): Ataya KM, Subramanian MG, Lawson DM, Gala RR. Source: J Reprod Med. 1996 March; 41(3): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8778412
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Evaluation and treatment of galactorrhea. Author(s): Pena KS, Rosenfeld JA. Source: American Family Physician. 2001 May 1; 63(9): 1763-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11352287
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Familial galactorrhea in three sisters with oligo-ovulation. Author(s): Wider JA, Marshall JR, Ross GT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1969 August 4; 209(5): 669-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5819452
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Fluvoxamine and galactorrhea. A case report. Author(s): Bonin B, Vandel P, Vandel S. Source: Therapie. 1994 March-April; 49(2): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7817347
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From galactorrhea to osteopenia: rethinking serotonin-prolactin interactions. Author(s): Emiliano AB, Fudge JL. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 May; 29(5): 833-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14997175
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Functional evaluation of pituitary reserve in patients with the amenorrheagalactorrhea syndrome utilizing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), Ldopa and chlorpromazine. Author(s): Zarate A, Jacobs LS, Canales ES, Schally AV, De la Cruz A, Soria J, Daughaday WH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1973 December; 37(6): 855-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4584924
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Galactorrhea after paroxetine treatment. Author(s): Gonzalez E, Minguez L, Sanguino RM. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2000 May; 33(3): 118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10855465
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Galactorrhea after prolonged traumatic coma: case report. Author(s): de Leo R, Petruk KC, Crockford P. Source: Neurosurgery. 1981 August; 9(2): 177-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7196511
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Galactorrhea after reduction mammaplasty. Author(s): Schuurman AH, Assies J, van der Horst CM, Bos KE. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1993 October; 92(5): 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8415979
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Galactorrhea and amenorrhea in a patient with an empty sella. Author(s): Jones JR, de Hempel PA, Kemmann E, Tenner MS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 January; 49(1 Suppl): 9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=556644
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Galactorrhea and gynecomastia in a hypothyroid male being treated with risperidone. Author(s): Mabini R, Wergowske G, Baker FM. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2000 August; 51(8): 983-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10913449
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Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia associated with chest wall injury. Author(s): Morley JE, Dawson M, Hodgkinson H, Kalk WJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1977 November; 45(5): 931-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=562902
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Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia during treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Wortsman J, Hirschowitz JS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 April; 55(4): 460-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6768040
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Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenic patients on neuroleptics: frequency and etiology. Author(s): Windgassen K, Wesselmann U, Schulze Monking H. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1996; 33(3): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8776743
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Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Author(s): Sakiyama R, Quan M. Source: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 1983 December; 38(12): 689-700. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6361641
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Galactorrhea and neonatal hypothyroidism. Author(s): Macaron C. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1982 October; 101(4): 576-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6889642
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Galactorrhea and the defective luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Author(s): el-Mahgoub S. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1978-79; 16(2): 124-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=32106
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Galactorrhea and the factors behind symptom production. Author(s): Cohen MR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1980 October; 137(10): 1277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7191210
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Galactorrhea as a sole presentation of mild and subclinical primary hypothyroidism. Author(s): How J, Bewsher PD. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1979 February; 9(1): 23-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=570520
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Galactorrhea as the sole presenting symptom of a posterior third ventricular epidermoid cyst. Author(s): Santosh IP, Rajshekhar V. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2001 January; 55(1): 46-9; Discussion 49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11248313
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Galactorrhea associated with lymphocytic adenohypophysitis. Case report. Author(s): Cebelin MS, Velasco ME, de las Mulas JM, Druet RL. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1981 June; 88(6): 675-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7195731
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Galactorrhea associated with maprotiline HCl. Author(s): Perez OE, Henriquez N. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 May; 140(5): 641. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6682635
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Galactorrhea associated with primary hypothyroidism. Report of two cases. Author(s): Pelosi MA, Langer A, Zanvettor J, Devanesan M. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 January; 49(1 Suppl): 12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=401537
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Galactorrhea caused by esophagitis. Author(s): Turton DB, Shakir KM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 November; 173(5): 162930. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7503216
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Galactorrhea due to psychotropic drugs. Author(s): Kropp S, Ziegenbein M, Grohmann R, Engel RR, Degner D. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2004 March; 37 Suppl 1: S84-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15052519
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Galactorrhea in a 12-year-old boy with a chromophobe adenoma. Author(s): Van Meter QL, Gareis F, Hayes JW, Wilson CB. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 May; 90(5): 756-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=558298
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Galactorrhea in a man with normal testicular function. Author(s): Hulugalle RS, Shetty SP, Gollapudi MG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 December 1; 240(23): 2565. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=568674
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Galactorrhea in a patient treated with amoxapine. Author(s): Jaffe K, Zisook S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1978 November; 39(11): 821. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=569147
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Galactorrhea in men. Author(s): Rosner F. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1979 March 30; 241(13): 1327. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=372574
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Galactorrhea in oral contraceptive users. Author(s): Holtz G. Source: J Reprod Med. 1982 April; 27(4): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7201522
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Galactorrhea in sarcoidosis: dynamic studies of prolactin, growth and gonadotropic hormone levels. Author(s): Caro JF, Israel HL, Glennon JA. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1979 May-June; 277(3): 289-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=110148
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Galactorrhea induced by paroxetine. Author(s): Morrison J, Remick RA, Leung M, Wrixon KJ, Bebb RA. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2001 February; 46(1): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11221498
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Galactorrhea induced by sertraline. Author(s): Bronzo MR, Stahl SM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 August; 150(8): 1269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8093119
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Galactorrhea may be clue to serious problems. Patients deserve a thorough workup. Author(s): Whitman-Elia GF, Windham NQ. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2000 June; 107(7): 165-8, 171. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10887453
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Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia as manifestations of parasellar meningioma. Author(s): Shah RP, Leavens ME, Samaan NA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1980 December; 140(12): 1608-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6779724
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Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and pseudotumor cerebri in a patient with primary empty sella syndrome: case report with review of the literature. Author(s): Futterweit W. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 1982 November-December; 49(6): 514-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6984740
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Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and an empty sella. Author(s): Archer DF, Maroon JC, DuBois PJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 July; 52(1 Suppl): 23S-27S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=567311
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Galactorrhea, oligo/amenorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia in patients with craniopharyngiomas. Author(s): Kapcala LP, Molitch ME, Post KD, Biller BJ, Prager RJ, Jackson IM, Reichlin S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1980 October; 51(4): 798800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7191431
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Galactorrhea. Author(s): Kleinberg DL. Source: Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1994; 5: 360-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7704753
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Galactorrhea. Author(s): Haney AF. Source: Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 6: 393-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9174778
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Galactorrhea. What does it mean? Author(s): Hofeldt FD, Adler RA, Boland MJ, Block MB. Source: Rocky Mt Med J. 1975 June; 72(6): 252-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1170634
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Galactorrhea: a complication of spinal cord injury. Author(s): Yarkony GM, Novick AK, Roth EJ, Kirschner KL, Rayner S, Betts HB. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1992 September; 73(9): 878-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1514898
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Galactorrhea: a study of 235 cases, including 48 with pituitary tumors. Author(s): Kleinberg DL, Noel GL, Frantz AG. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 March 17; 296(11): 589-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=840242
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Galactorrhea: past and present concepts. Author(s): Cooperstein MS. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1975 November; 75(3): 334-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1041743
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Galactorrhea: subjective response by schizophrenic patients. Author(s): Wesselmann U, Windgassen K. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1995 March; 91(3): 152-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7625187
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Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome: diagnosis and therapy. Author(s): Boyd AE 3rd, Reichlin S, Turksoy RN. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1977 August; 87(2): 165-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=407824
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Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome: follow-up of forty-five patients after pituitary tumor removal. Author(s): Tucker HS, Grubb SR, Wigand JP, Taylon A, Lankford HV, Blackard WG, Becker DP. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1981 March; 94(3): 302-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6784626
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Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndromes: etiology and treatment. Author(s): Spark RF, Pallotta J, Naftolin F, Clemens R. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1976 May; 84(5): 532-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=945033
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Galactorrhea-amenorrhea: psychological interaction with neuroendocrine function. Author(s): Zacur HA, Chapanis NP, Lake CR, Ziegler M, Tyson JE. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 July 15; 125(6): 859-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=779478
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Geriatrics photo quiz. Galactorrhea. Author(s): Ross JS, Shua-Haim JR. Source: Geriatrics. 2000 May; 55(5): 19, 67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10826260
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HMG/hCG galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Author(s): de Wit W. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1983 March; 39(3): 382. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6402389
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Human growth hormone studies in patients with galactorrhea (Ahumada-del Castillo syndrome). Author(s): Spellacy WN, Carlson KL, Schade SL. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1968 January 1; 100(1): 84-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5688686
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Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea associated with mammary prostheses and unresponsive to bromocriptine. A case report. Author(s): Mason TC. Source: J Reprod Med. 1991 July; 36(7): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1941791
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Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea with standard-dose famotidine therapy. Author(s): Guven K, Kelestimur F. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1995 July-August; 29(7-8): 788. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8520102
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Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea: spontaneous versus iatrogenic hypothyroidism. Author(s): Contreras P, Generini G, Michelsen H, Pumarino H, Campino C. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1981 November; 53(5): 1036-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7197286
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Hyperprolactinemia, amenorrhea, and galactorrhea. A retrospective assessment of twenty-five cases. Author(s): Koppelman MC, Jaffe MJ, Rieth KG, Caruso RC, Loriaux DL. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1984 January; 100(1): 115-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6537879
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Hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea and amenorrhea in women with a spinal cord injury. Author(s): Berezin M, Ohry A, Shemesh Y, Zeilig G, Brooks ME. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1989 June; 3(2): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2510463
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Hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea, and atenolol. Author(s): Lee ST. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992 March 15; 116(6): 522. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1739249
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Hyperprolactinemia. Its relation to galactorrhea, amenorrhea, pituitary tumor and its management. Author(s): Ge QS, Xu L, Wang HL, Gu CX, Lin SQ, Xu YD, Yu KM, Xie YZ, Shi YF, Zang X, et al. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1985 August; 98(8): 543-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3937678
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Hyperprolactinemia-galactorrhea induced by verapamil. Author(s): Fearrington EL, Rand CH Jr, Rose JD. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1983 May 1; 51(8): 1466-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6682619
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Hyperprolactinemic galactorrhea in a patient with Hodgkin's disease and intense pruritus. Author(s): Cooper DL, Gilliam AC, Perez MI. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 July; 86(7): 829-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8322094
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Hypopituitarism and amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome caused by thrombosis of both internal carotid artery and giant intrasellar aneurysm: case report. Author(s): Gondim J, Schops M, Ferreira E. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2004 March; 62(1): 158-61. Epub 2004 April 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15122453
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Hypothalamic hypopituitarism presenting as galactorrhea-amenorrhea. Author(s): Streja D, Corenbium B, Ezrin C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 April 28; 239(17): 1783-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=564979
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Hypothalamic pituitary disorders expressed by galactorrhea. A dynamic evaluation. Author(s): Perez-Lopez FR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 November; 46(5): 621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=812032
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Hypothalamic-pituitary evaluation in patients with galactorrhea-amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Author(s): Badawy SZ, Nusbaum ML, Omar M. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 January; 55(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6243406
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Hypothalamus-pituitary function in amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Delitala G, Masala A, Alagna S, Devilla L. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1978 April-June; 20(2): 89-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=212704
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Hypothyroidism induced amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Author(s): Pauszek ME, Gilliland JE. Source: Indiana Med. 1985 November; 78(11): 1015-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4067268
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Idiopathic galactorrhea and mild hypogonadism in a young adult male. Author(s): Volpe R, Killinger D, Bird C, Clark AF, Friesen H. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1972 November; 35(5): 684-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4627203
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Idiopathic galactorrhea with massive hypertrophy of breasts (a variant of Ahumada Del-Castillo syndrome). Author(s): Sachdev S, Sachdev JC, Bhasin RC. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1973 May; 21(5): 461-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4800169
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Immunocytochemistry of four mixed pituitary adenomas and intrasellar gangliocytomas associated with different clinical syndromes: acromegaly, amenorrhea-galactorrhea, Cushing's disease and isolated tumoral syndrome. Author(s): Li JY, Racadot O, Kujas M, Kouadri M, Peillon F, Racadot J. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1989; 77(3): 320-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2922994
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Immunoreactive human growth hormone in conditions associated with galactorrhea. Author(s): Benjamin F, Casper DJ, Kolodny HH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1969 July; 34(1): 34-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5815392
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Immunoreactive prolactin in breast milk and plasma of women with hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea and menstrual dysfunction. Author(s): Yuen BH. Source: Int J Fertil. 1986 March-April; 31(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2908279
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Impaired LH release following exogenous estrogen administration in patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Aono T, Miyake A, Shioji T, Kinugasa T, Onishi T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1976 April; 42(4): 696702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=177447
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Incidence of galactorrhea in ovulatory and anovulatory females. Author(s): Jones JR, Gentile GP. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 January; 45(1): 13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1167416
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Incidence of galactorrhea. Author(s): Kemmann E. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 December 13; 236(24): 2747. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1036565
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Ineffectiveness of pyridoxine (B6) to alter secretion of growth hormone and prolactin and absence of therapeutic effects on galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndromes. Author(s): Tolis G, Laliberte R, Guyda H, Naftolin F. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1977 June; 44(6): 1197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=559690
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Ineffectiveness of pyridoxine in evaluation and treatment of the hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Goodenow TJ, Malarkey WB. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 January 15; 133(2): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=570356
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Intrasellar subarachnoid herniation or empty sella associated with galactorrhea. Author(s): Bryner JR, El Gammal T, Acker JD, Asch RH, Greenblatt RB. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 February; 51(2): 198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=622234
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Intrasphenoidal arachnoidocele with amenorrhea-galactorrhea and a pituitary apoplexy-like syndrome. Author(s): Valenta LJ, Elias AN. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 June 15; 143(4): 477-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7201241
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Isolated galactorrhea in sarcoidosis: a case report. Author(s): Bledsoe LD, Cunningham DS. Source: Military Medicine. 1994 August; 159(8): 584-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7824155
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Isolated galactorrhea with normal serum prolactin levels: clinical implications. Author(s): Block MR, Boland MJ, Lazarus EJ, Hagler L, Hofeldt FD. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1976 November; 69(11): 1441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1035436
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Lergotrile, pregnancy, and galactorrhea-amenorrhea. Author(s): Brown TR, Cleary RE, Lemberger L. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1981 July; 36(1): 114-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6113994
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Letter: Bromergocryptine and the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Stempel LE. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1976 September; 85(3): 401-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=962235
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Letter: Galactorrhea and antipsychotic agents. Author(s): Ament A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 March 15; 235(11): 1107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2788
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Letter: Galactorrhea and antipsychotic agents. Author(s): Masco HL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 December 1; 234(9): 913. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=241870
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Levodopa suppression of prolactin in nonpuerperal galactorrhea. Author(s): Malarkey WB, Jacobs LS, Daughaday WH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1971 November 18; 285(21): 1160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5107027
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Lipid composition of nipple discharges of women with galactorrhea. Author(s): Ogan A, Yanardag R, Colgar U, Bapcum A, Emekli N. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1994 June; 8(2): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7942077
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Long-term follow-up of women with amenorrhea-galactorrhea treated with bromocriptine. Author(s): Tartagni M, Nicastri PL, Diaferia A, Di Gesu I, Loizzi P. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 22(4): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8777784
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Management of galactorrhea. Author(s): Fluckiger E, Saameli K, Daughaday WH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1972 March 9; 286(10): 547. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5062079
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Metoclopramide hydrochloride and galactorrhea. Author(s): Finnis WA, Bird CE, Wilson DL. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1976 November 6; 115(9): 845. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1033026
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Metoclopramide-induced galactorrhea. Author(s): Day JO. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1987 November; 76(11): 777-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3430089
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More on galactorrhea associated with molindone. Author(s): Kahn JL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1979 December; 136(12): 1617-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=574364
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Multiple endocrine adenomatosis with Cushing's disease and the amenorrheagalactorrhea syndrome responsive to proton beam irradiation. Author(s): Vesely DL, Faas FH. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1981 September; 74(9): 1147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6116287
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Multiple hypothalamic-pituitary abnormalities in an adolescent girl with galactorrhea. Author(s): Brown DM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 December; 91(6): 901-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=925817
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Neuroendocrine dysfunction in galactorrhea-amenorrhea after oral contraceptive use. Author(s): Tyson JE, Andreasson B, Huth J, Smith B, Zacur H. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 July; 46(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1153129
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Neurogenic galactorrhea-amenorrhea. Author(s): Boyd AE 3rd, Spare S, Bower B, Reichlin S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1978 December; 47(6): 1374-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=263659
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Nonpuerperal galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Clinical findings, endocrine features and therapeutic responses in 56 cases. Author(s): Gomez F, Reyes FI, Faiman C. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1977 May; 62(5): 648-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=558726
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Nonpuerperal galactorrhea and the contraceptive pill. Author(s): Rosen SW, Gahres EE. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1967 May; 29(5): 730-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6022670
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Nonpuerperal galactorrhea following hysterectomy. Author(s): Sheld HH, Charme LS. Source: N Y State J Med. 1969 February 15; 69(4): 590-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5252430
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Non-puerperal galactorrhea following hysterectomy. Author(s): Sheld HH. Source: Rocky Mt Med J. 1968 March; 65(3): 57-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5689207
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Nonpuerperal galactorrhea. Author(s): Canfield CJ, Bates RW. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1965 October 21; 273(17): 897-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5890778
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Nonpuerperal mastitis associated with galactorrhea. Author(s): Puleo JG, Ory SJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 March; 61(3 Suppl): 69S-70S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6401859
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Normal lactation and galactorrhea. Author(s): Benjamin F. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 December; 37(4): 887-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7842556
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Normoprolactinemic galactorrhea in a fertile woman with a copper intra-uterine device (copper IUD). Author(s): Giampietro O, Ramacciotti C, Moggi G. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1984; 63(1): 23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6539040
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Novel presentation of acute myelogenous leukemia as symptomatic galactorrhea. Author(s): Ales N, Flynn J, Byrd JC. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 August 21; 135(4): 303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11511155
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Olanzapine-induced galactorrhea. Author(s): Licht RW, Arngrim T, Cristensen H. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 June; 162(1): 94-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12141277
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Ovarian morphology in amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndromes. Author(s): Nyirjesy I. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1968 June 15; 101(4): 458-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5690295
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Ovulatory response to clomiphene citrate during bromocriptine-failed ovulation in amenorrhea-galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Author(s): Turksoy RN, Biller BJ, Farber M, Cetrulo C, Mitchell GW Jr. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1982 March; 37(3): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6800855
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Paroxetine and galactorrhea. Author(s): Bonin B, Vandel P, Sechter D, Bizouard P. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997 July; 30(4): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9271780
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Partial or complete regression of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome after bromocriptine-induced pregnancy. Author(s): Molinatti GM, Campagnoli C, Belforte L, Massara F, Peris C, Pinna N. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1980 July-September; 22(3): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7208090
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Galactorrhea
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Persistent defect in regulation of prolactin secretion after successful pituitary tumor removal in women with the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Tucker HS, Lankford HV, Gardner DF, Blackard WG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1980 November; 51(5): 968-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6775003
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Pharmacogenic and psychogenic aspects of galactorrhea: case report. Author(s): Zeitner RM, Frank MV, Freeman SM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1980 January; 137(1): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6101519
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Pituitary and ovarian response patterns to stimulation in the postpartum and in galactorrhea-amenorrhea. The role of prolactin. Author(s): del Pozo E, Varga L, Schulz KD, Kunzig HJ, Marbach P, del Campo GL, Eppenberger U. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 November; 46(5): 539-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1105275
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Pituitary function testing in amenorrhea-galactorrhea-hyperprolactinemia. Author(s): Simpson CW, Plunkett ER. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1979 November; 32(5): 510-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=115722
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Pituitary hormonal reserve in patients presenting hyperprolactinemia, intrasellar masses, and amenorrhea without galactorrhea. Author(s): Zarate A, Canales ES, Villalobos H, Soria J, Jacobs LS, Kastin AJ, Schally AV. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1975 June; 40(6): 1034-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=805793
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Pituitary responses to synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in thirty-four cases of amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea associated with galactorrhea. Author(s): van Campenhout J, Papas S, Blanchet P, Wyman H, Somma M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 April 1; 127(7): 723-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=322489
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Pituitary secretory reserve in patients with amenorrhea associated with galactorrhea. Author(s): Zarate A, Canales ES, Soria J, Garrido J, Jacobs LS, Schally AV. Source: Annales D'endocrinologie. 1974 September-October; 35(5): 535-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4142845
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Plasma prolactin-releasing factor-like activity in the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Garthwaite TL, Hagen TC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1978 October; 47(4): 8858. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=122415
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Possible effect of intrauterine device on galactorrhea in women. Author(s): Horn H, Finkelstein M, Ben-David M, Salzberger M, Chowers I, Ben-Assuly S, Bell J. Source: Contraception. 1975 October; 12(4): 419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1238229
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Postburn galactorrhea with refractory hypertrophic scars: role of obesity under scrutiny. Author(s): Saraiya H. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 2003 November-December; 24(6): 392-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14610425
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Postpartum amenorrhea, diabetes insipidus and galactorrhea. Report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Merker E, Futterweit W. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1974 April; 56(4): 554-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4856397
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Postpartum galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome due to the limited thyroid reserve syndrome. Author(s): Perkins RP, Hofeldt FD Jr. Source: J Reprod Med. 1975 April; 14(4): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1142350
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Postthoracotomy galactorrhea successfully treated with clomiphene citrate. Author(s): Weir JH. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1971 September; 111(1): 106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5107000
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Post-traumatic diabetes insipidus and amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome after pituitary stalk rupture. Author(s): Massol J, Humbert P, Cattin F, Bonneville JF. Source: Neuroradiology. 1987; 29(3): 299-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3614629
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Galactorrhea
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Predicted ovulatory response to 2-brom-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) in amenorrheagalactorrhea syndromes. Author(s): Shewchuk AB, Corenblum B, Pairaudeau N, Ezrin C, Adamson GD. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 March 1; 136(5): 652-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7188835
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Prediction of response to ergocryptine in the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Corenblum B, Taylor PJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1978 October; 30(4): 388-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=581377
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Pregnancy following 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154)-induced ovulation in an acromegalic patient with galactorrhea and amenorrhea. Author(s): Aono T, Shioji T, Kohno M, Ueda G, Kurachi K. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1976 March; 27(3): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=943332
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Pregnancy following combined therapy with thyroid hormone and bromocriptine in a patient with amenorrhea-galactorrhea due to primary hypothyroidism. Author(s): Matsuura K, Mizumoto J, Matsui K, Maeyama M. Source: Int J Fertil. 1982; 27(3): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6128325
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Pregnancy following thyroid hormone treatment in a patient with amenorrheagalactorrhea due to primary hypothyroidism. Author(s): Aono T, Shioji T, Onishi T, Kurachi H, Miyai K. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1977 August; 28(8): 878-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=885277
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Primary amenorrhea associated with hyperprolactinemia: four cases with normal sellar architecture and absence of galactorrhea. Author(s): Hughes EG, Garner PR. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1987 June; 47(6): 1031-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3595894
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Primary amenorrhea-galactorrhea with hyperprolactinemia and huge pituitary enlargement in juvenile primary hypothyroidism. Author(s): Chaieb L, Chadli-Chaieb M, Chaieb A, Zebidi A, Allegue M. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1992 September 23; 46(2-3): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1451896
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Primary empty sella, galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and renal tubular acidosis. Author(s): Bar RS, Mazzaferri EL, Malarkey WB. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1975 December; 59(6): 863-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1190258
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Primary hypothyroidism and galactorrhea. Author(s): Onishi T, Miyai K, Aono T, Shioji T, Yamamoto T. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1977 September; 63(3): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=409288
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Primary hypothyroidism, amenorrhea, and galactorrhea. Author(s): Shahshahani MN, Wong ET. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1978 September; 138(9): 1411-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=567464
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Primary low cerebrospinal fluid pressure syndrome associated with galactorrhea. Author(s): Yamamoto M, Suehiro T, Nakata H, Nishioka T, Itoh H, Nakamura T, Hashimoto K. Source: Intern Med. 1993 March; 32(3): 228-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8329818
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Primary low cerebrospinal fluid pressure syndrome with galactorrhea: findings at MR imaging. Author(s): Sawada A, Morita N, Yoshida S, Yamamoto M, Hashimoto K. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1996 April; 16(2): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8665579
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Prolactin and growth hormone responses in the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Hagen TC, Sill AJ, Garthwaite TL, Halverson G, Borkowf HI. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 August; 56(2): 204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7190256
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Prolactin concentration in milk and plasma of puerperal women and patients with galactorrhea. Author(s): Adamopoulos DA, Kapolla N. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1984 August; 7(4): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6542114
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Prolactin responsiveness to TRH in amenorrheic women with and without galactorrhea. Author(s): MacGregor C, Maldonado D, Canales ES, Soria J, Zarate A. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1977; 56(4): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=414510
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Prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas in women with amenorrhea or galactorrhea. Author(s): Keye WR Jr, Chang RJ, Jaffe RB. Source: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 1977 November; 32(11): 727-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=337195
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Prolactin secretion in sixty-five patients with galactorrhea. Author(s): Tolis G, Somma M, Van Campenhout J, Friesen H. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1974 January 1; 118(1): 91-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4202979
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Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. III. Frequency and diagnosis in amenorrheagalactorrhea. Author(s): Keye WR Jr, Chang RJ, Wilson CB, Jaffe RB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 September 19; 244(12): 1329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7191013
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Prolactin-secreting pituitary oncocytoma with galactorrhea--amenorrhea syndrome: a histologic, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical study. Author(s): Kalyanaraman UP, Halmi NS, Elwood PW. Source: Cancer. 1980 October 1; 46(7): 1584-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7191348
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Pseudonursing: a case of galactorrhea. Author(s): Cohen LM, Cassem NH, Molitch ME, Biller BJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1979 February; 136(2): 223-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=760557
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Psychological state in primary idiopathic galactorrhea. Author(s): Megido D, Yodfat Y, Kedar H. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1987 June; 24(6): 634-5, 638. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3585269
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Psychosomatic aspects of galactorrhea. Author(s): Langer M, Fiegl J, Riegel V, Prohaska R, Kubista E, Ringler M. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1991; 248(4): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1898123
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Psychosomatic factors in patients with hyperprolactinemia and/or galactorrhea. Author(s): Nunes MC, Sobrinho LG, Calhaz-Jorge C, Santos MA, Mauricio JC, Sousa MF. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 May; 55(5): 591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7189268
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Psychotic exacerbation attributed to low-dose bromocriptine treatment of galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Author(s): Dorevitch A, Aronzon R, Stark M. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1991; 70(4-5): 375-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1746267
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Quetiapine for olanzapine-induced galactorrhea. Author(s): Kingsbury SJ, Castelo C, Abulseoud O. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 June; 159(6): 1061. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12042203
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Recent advances in diagnosis and management of galactorrhea. Author(s): Ansari AH, Pearson OH. Source: Int J Fertil. 1978; 23(4): 262-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=33919
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Recurrent goiter, hyperthyroidism, galactorrhea and amenorrhea due to a thyrotropin and prolactin-producing pituitary tumor. Author(s): Horn K, Erhardt F, Fahlbusch R, Pickardt CR, Werder KV, Scriba PC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1976 July; 43(1): 137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=985824
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Report of a case of amenorrhea-galactorrhea associated with tubo-ovarian hypogenesis in a sterile woman, successfully treated with clomiphene citrate. Author(s): Guastella G. Source: Acta Eur Fertil. 1970 June; 2(2): 275-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5526572
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Resolution of acromegaly, amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome, and hypergastrinemia after resection of jejunal carcinoid. Author(s): Spero M, White EA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1985 February; 60(2): 392-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4038403
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Restoration of ovarian function by low nocturnal single daily doses of bromocriptine in patients with the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome. Author(s): de Bernal M, de Villamizar M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1982 March; 37(3): 392-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6800849
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Restoration of ovarian function in patients with the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome after long-term therapy with L-dopa. Author(s): Zarate A, Canales ES, Jacobs LS, Maneiro PJ, Soria J, Daughaday WH. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1973 May; 24(5): 340-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4735421
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Reversible galactorrhea and prolactin elevation related to fluoxetine use. Author(s): Peterson MC. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2001 February; 76(2): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11213313
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Risk factors for secondary amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Author(s): Gold EB, Bush T, Chee E. Source: Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1994 May-June; 39(3): 177-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7920755
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Risperidone induced galactorrhea: a case analysis. Author(s): Hariharan J, Mohsin J. Source: Wmj. 2002; 101(8): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12557612
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Risperidone-associated galactorrhea in a male teenager. Author(s): Gupta S, Frank B, Madhusoodanan S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 May; 40(5): 504-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11349691
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Risperidone-induced galactorrhea associated with a prolactin elevation. Author(s): Popli A, Gupta S, Rangwani SR. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1998 March; 10(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9622047
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Risperidone-induced galactorrhea. Author(s): Schreiber S, Segman RH. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1997 April; 130(3): 300-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9151366
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Role of prolactin in human milk composition and serum lipids studied during suppression of galactorrhea with bromocriptine. Author(s): Kandan S, Gopalakrishnan V, Govindarajulu P, Indira R, Malathi T. Source: Hormone Research. 1983; 17(2): 93-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6682397
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Selective transsphenoidal adenomectomy in women with galactorrhea-amenorrhea. Author(s): Post KD, Biller BJ, Adelman LS, Molitch ME, Wolpert SM, Reichlin S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1979 July 13; 242(2): 158-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=448889
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Serial plasma prolactin levels in neuroleptic-induced galactorrhea: a case report. Author(s): Gioia P, Asnis G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1988 January; 49(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2891689
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Sertraline and galactorrhea. Author(s): Lesaca TG. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 August; 16(4): 333-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8835712
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Serum prolactin levels in galactorrhea. Author(s): Board JA, Bhatnagar AS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 September 1; 123(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1180281
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Somatotropic adenoma manifested by galactorrhea without acromegaly. Author(s): Tourniaire J, Trouillas J, Chalendar D, Bonneton-Emptoz A, Goutelle A, Girod C. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1985 September; 61(3): 451-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4040530
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Spectrum of nonpuerperal galactorrhea: report of two cases evolving through the various syndromes. Author(s): Young RL, Bradley EM, Goldzieher JW, Myers PW, Lecocq FR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1967 April; 27(4): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6067055
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Sphenoethmoid sinus mucocele presenting with amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Author(s): Green DC, Calcaterra TC. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1991 June; 104(6): 856-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1908980
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Spinal cord surgery and galactorrhea: a case report. Author(s): Faubion WA, Nader S. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 August; 177(2): 465-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9290472
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Studies of male hypogonadism. I. Androgen metabolism in a male with gynecomastia and galactorrhea. Author(s): Wieland RG, Folk RL, Taylor JN, Hamwi GJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1967 June; 27(6): 763-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4226021
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Study of nucleolar organizer in women with galactorrhea, or polycystic ovaries, or using oral contraceptive. Author(s): Li XZ, Zhou XT. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1983 August; 15(4): 567-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6193710
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Subcutaneous mastectomy as ultimate treatment of galactorrhea. Author(s): Meuwissen JH, Pol M. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1979 April; 9(2): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=264084
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Successfully treated nonpuerperal galactorrhea-amenorrhea: a comment on the fallacy of eponymic classification. Author(s): Sandler R, Gardner HM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 March 15; 115(6): 861-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4631822
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Superiority of bromocriptine over pyridoxine in the treatment of patients with acromegaly or galactorrhea. Author(s): Blum I, Segal S, Kaufman H, Sagiv M, Shalit M, Chowers I. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1980 January; 16(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7188934
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Syndrome of galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and obesity as possible indicators of prolactinoma: a case study approach. Author(s): Shaw B, Creary L, Rao V. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1986 December; 78(12): 1197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3806693
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The amenorrhea galactorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Ngan A, Wong WP. Source: Singapore Med J. 1978 September; 19(3): 132-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=751196
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The amenorrhea, galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia syndromes. Author(s): Molitch ME, Reichlin S. Source: Adv Intern Med. 1980; 26: 37-65. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6111899
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The amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome following oral contraceptives. Author(s): Arrata WS, Howard A. Source: J Reprod Med. 1972 March; 8(3): 139-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5030410
•
The amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Young RL. Source: Compr Ther. 1978 September; 4(9): 40-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=710061
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Galactorrhea
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The amenorrhoea-galactorrhea syndrome: present diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives. Author(s): Venturini PL, Capitanio GL, Boccardo E, Ferraro R, Rossato P, De Cecco L. Source: Acta Eur Fertil. 1975 December; 6(4): 331-8. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1243606
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The effect of amantadine on prolactin levels and galactorrhea on neuroleptic-treated patients. Author(s): Siever LJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1981 January; 1(1): 2-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6117579
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The effect of lergotrile on galactorrhea and gonadotropin secretion. Author(s): Cleary RE, Crabtree R, Lemberger L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1975 May; 40(5): 830-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=165221
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The effect of levodopa on galactorrhea in the Forbes-Albright syndrome. Author(s): Edmonds M, Friesen H. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1972 September 23; 107(6): 534 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5066538
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The effect of pregnancy on suspected pituitary adenomas after conservative management of ovulation defects associated with galactorrhea. Author(s): Shewchuk AB, Adamson GD, Lessard P, Ezrin C. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 March 1; 136(5): 659-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7355945
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The effects of pyridoxine on pituitary hormone secretion in amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndromes. Author(s): Kidd GS, Dimond R, Kark JA, Whorton N, Vigersky RA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1982 April; 54(4): 872-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6801073
•
The efficacy of bromocriptine in patients with ovulatory dysfunction and normoprolactinemic galactorrhea. Author(s): Padilla SL, Person GK, McDonough PG, Reindollar RH. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1985 November; 44(5): 695-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4054349
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The evaluation of galactorrhea. Author(s): Adler RA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 March 15; 127(6): 569-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=842582
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The significance of galactorrhea in patients with normal menses, oligomenorrhea, and secondary amenorrhea. Author(s): Davajan V, Kletzky O, March CM, Roy S, Mishell DR Jr. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 April 15; 130(8): 894-904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=565142
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The treatment with 2-brom-alfa ergocriptine in the syndrome amenorrheagalactorrhea. Author(s): Sirbu P, Cioltei A, Simionescu L, Dumbravescu A, Sedan E, Titiriga L, Mitulescu V. Source: Acta Eur Fertil. 1979 December; 10(4): 177. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=552769
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The use of bromocriptine in hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea in Singapore. Author(s): Tsakok FH, Yong YM, Ng CS. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1985 April; 23(2): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2862070
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Therapeutic use of bromocriptine in women with amenorrhea-galactorrhea and suspected pituitary microadenoma. Author(s): Jewelewicz R. Source: Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 1980; 23: 209-15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7395612
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Thyrotropin releasing hormone, somatostatin, and galactorrhea. Author(s): DiNicola AF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1979 February; 32(2): 279-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=105619
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Tomographic diagnosis of pituitary microadenomas in Forbes-Albright syndrome (amenorrhea-galactorrhea). Author(s): Cohen GH, Dorfman S, Norwood C. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 April 1; 130(7): 822-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=637106
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Tranquillizer-induced galactorrhea. Author(s): Hussain MZ, Harinath M, Murphy J. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1972 May 20; 106(10): 1107-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5064121
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Transient bitemporal hemianopsia during pregnancy after treatment of galactorrheaamenorrhea syndrome with bromocriptine. Author(s): Lamberts SW, Seldenrath HJ, Kwa HG, Birkenhager JC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1977 January; 44(1): 1804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=576229
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Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary gigantism and galactorrhea in a 3.5 year old child. Author(s): Flitsch J, Ludecke DK, Stahnke N, Wiebel J, Saeger W. Source: Pituitary. 2000 May; 2(4): 261-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11081147
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Treatment of functional amenorrhea-galactorrhea with 2-bromoergocryptine. Author(s): Wiebe RH, Hammond CB, Handwerger S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1977 April; 28(4): 426-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=321260
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Treatment of galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome with 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptin (CB 154). Clinical response and pattern of pituitary and steriod hormones before and during therapy. Author(s): Kunzig HJ, Geiger W, Schulz KD, Lose KH. Source: Arch Gynakol. 1975; 218(2): 85-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1174026
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Treatment of galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome with Br-ergocryptine (CB 154): restoration of ovulatory function and fertility. Author(s): Varga L, Wenner R, Del Pozo E. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 September 1; 117(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4722381
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Treatment of galactorrhea-amenorrhea. Author(s): De Leon FD. Source: American Family Physician. 1985 December; 32(6): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4072865
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Treatment of women with the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome with pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Author(s): McIntosh EN. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1976 June; 42(6): 1192-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=945301
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Twenty-four-hour prolactin secretory patterns in women with galactorrhea, normal menses, normal random prolacting levels and abnormal sellar tomograms. Author(s): Kapcala LP, Molitch ME, Arno J, King LW, Reichlin S, Wolpert SM. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1984 October; 7(5): 455-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6439770
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Unusual case presentation of lichen simplex chronicus, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and nonpuerperal hyperprolactinemia-galactorrhea. Author(s): Win PK, Popescu I, Nicoloff R. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2001 September-October; 7(5): 388-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11585377
•
Unusual complication of thoracotomy: galactorrhea. Author(s): Rozencwajg J, Fortune RL. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 1984 March-April; 84(2): 115. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6539548
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Use of brom-ergocryptine in treating amenorrhea/galactorrhea. Author(s): Shapiro AG. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1977 June; 70(6): 720-1, 725. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=577621
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Variation of serum prolactin-releasing activity in women with the galactorrheaamenorrhea syndrome after bromocriptine treatment. Author(s): Takahashi K, Minato K, Ikeno N, Watanabe M, Endo H, Yamamoto H. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 May 1; 146(1): 74-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6405619
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Venlafaxine-induced galactorrhea. Author(s): Sternbach H. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 February; 23(1): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544389
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Verapamil-induced hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea. Author(s): Gluskin LE, Strasberg B, Shah JH. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1981 July; 95(1): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7195677
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Ziprasidone-associated galactorrhea in a female teenager. Author(s): Jordan MP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 January; 42(1): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12500070
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GALACTORRHEA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and galactorrhea.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Galactorrhea The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “galactorrhea” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Galactorrhea
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “galactorrhea” (or a synonym): •
Evidence for morphine-induced galactorrhea in male cynomolgus monkeys. Author(s): Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Malaivijitnond, S Varavudhi, P J-Med-Primatol. 1998 February; 27(1): 1-9 00472565
•
Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea associated with mammary prostheses and unresponsive to bromocriptine. A case report. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109. Source: Mason, T C J-Reprod-Med. 1991 July; 36(7): 541-2 0024-7758
•
Isolated galactorrhea in sarcoidosis: a case report. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814. Source: Bledsoe, L D Cunningham, D S Mil-Med. 1994 August; 159(8): 584-5 0026-4075
•
Psychotic exacerbation attributed to low-dose bromocriptine treatment of galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Misgav Ladach General Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. Source: Dorevitch, A Aronzon, R Stark, M Acta-Obstet-Gynecol-Scand. 1991; 70(4-5): 375-6 0001-6349
•
Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary gigantism and galactorrhea in a 3.5 year old child. Author(s): Clinic of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Eppendorf, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Flitsch, J Ludecke, D K Stahnke, N Wiebel, J Saeger, W Pituitary. 2000 May; 2(4): 261-7 1386-341X
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
Nutrition
49
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER
3.
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE GALACTORRHEA
AND
Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to galactorrhea. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to galactorrhea and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “galactorrhea” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to galactorrhea: •
A case of hysteria, with a note on biology. Author(s): Meyer JK. Source: J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1988; 36(2): 319-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3403908
•
A neglected Mayan galactagogue - ixbut (Euphorbia lancifolia). Author(s): Rosengarten F Jr. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1982 January; 5(1): 91-112. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7033669
•
Activity of bromoergocryptine, Mucuna pruriens and L-dopa in the control of hyperprolactinaemia. Author(s): Vaidya RA, Aloorkar SD, Sheth AR, Pandya SK.
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Galactorrhea
Source: Neurology India. 1978 December; 26(4): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=572921 •
Acupuncture therapy does not change metoclopramide-induced prolactin secretion in normoprolactinaemic galactorrhea syndrome. Author(s): Komorowski JM, Reterski Z, Owczarczyk I. Source: Endokrynol Pol. 1984; 35(4): 231-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6542492
•
Alveolar soft-part sarcoma: a hormone-sensitive tumour? Author(s): Pang JA, Yeung TF, Cockram CS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1988 May; 64(751): 386-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3200782
•
Drugs affecting lactation. Author(s): Dickey RP. Source: Semin Perinatol. 1979 July; 3(3): 279-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=392769
•
Galactorrhoea following acupuncture. Author(s): Jenner C, Filshie J. Source: Acupuncture in Medicine : Journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society. 2002 August; 20(2-3): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12216598
•
Prolactin, psychological stress and environment in humans: adaptation and maladaptation. Author(s): Sobrinho LG. Source: Pituitary. 2003; 6(1): 35-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674722
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
Alternative Medicine 53
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to galactorrhea; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nipple Discharge Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
55
APPENDICES
57
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
5
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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Galactorrhea
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
6
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “galactorrhea” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 2178 66 0 1 35 2280
HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “galactorrhea” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
8
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
9
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
13 Adapted 14
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on galactorrhea can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to galactorrhea. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to galactorrhea. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “galactorrhea”:
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Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastcancer.html Breast Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastdiseases.html Cervical Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cervicalcancer.html Endocrine Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/endocrinediseases.html Genetic Brain Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticbraindisorders.html Hemochromatosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hemochromatosis.html HPV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hpv.html Infant and Toddler Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerhealth.html Male Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malebreastcancer.html Metabolic Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicdisorders.html Pituitary Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pituitarydisorders.html Teen Sexual Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teensexualhealth.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to galactorrhea. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or
Patient Resources
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specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to galactorrhea. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with galactorrhea. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about galactorrhea. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “galactorrhea” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.
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Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “galactorrhea”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “galactorrhea” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “galactorrhea” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
67
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
16
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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Galactorrhea
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
17
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
71
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
73
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on galactorrhea: •
Basic Guidelines for Galactorrhea Galactorrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001515.htm Nipple discharge - abnormal Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003154.htm
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Signs & Symptoms for Galactorrhea Amenorrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003149.htm Breast lump Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003155.htm Breast pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003152.htm
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Galactorrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003154.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Galactorrhea Breast biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003920.htm Dopamine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003561.htm FSH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003710.htm Growth hormone Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003706.htm Head CT scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003786.htm Hormone levels Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003445.htm Mammography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003380.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm Pregnancy test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003432.htm Prolactin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003718.htm Transillumination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003389.htm Ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003336.htm Visual field Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003879.htm
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Background Topics for Galactorrhea Endocrine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002351.htm Hormone levels Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003445.htm
Online Glossaries 75
Metabolism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002257.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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GALACTORRHEA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring
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substances. [EU] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amantadine: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of Influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent loxapine that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both. It also blocks dopamine receptors. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Anovulation: Suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals and humans. [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this
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binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidepressive Agents: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (antidepressive agents, secondgeneration) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipsychotic Agents: Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in schizophrenia, senile dementia, transient psychosis following surgery or myocardial infarction, etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH]
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Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses
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prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]
Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure: Manometric pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid as measured by lumbar, cerebroventricular, or cisternal puncture. Within the cranial cavity it is called intracranial pressure. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing
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acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomiphene: A stilbene derivative that functions both as a partial estrogen agonist and complete estrogen antagonist depending on the target tissue. It antagonizes the estrogen receptor thereby initiating or augmenting ovulation in anovulatory women. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy,
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spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU]
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Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniopharyngioma: A benign brain tumor that may be considered malignant because it can damage the hypothalamus, the area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cyproterone Acetate: An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for
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its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]
Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU]
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External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is effective in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, and alcohol amnestic disorders. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gigantism: The condition of abnormal overgrowth or excessive size of the whole body or any of its parts. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Gonadotropic: Stimulating the gonads; applied to hormones of the anterior pituitary which influence the gonads. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gonads: The gamete-producing glands, ovary or testis. [NIH]
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Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granulosa Cell Tumor: An ovarian tumor originating in the cells of the primordial membrana granulosa of the graafian follicle. It may be associated with excessive production of estrogen. [NIH] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hemianopsia: Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field(s) of one or both eyes. Subtypes include altitudinal hemianopsia, characterized by a visual defect above or below the horizontal meridian of the visual field. Homonymous hemianopsia refers to a visual defect that affects both eyes equally, and occurs either to the left or right of the midline of the visual field. Binasal hemianopsia consists of loss of vision in the nasal hemifields of both eyes. Bitemporal hemianopsia is the bilateral loss of vision in the temporal fields. Quadrantanopsia refers to loss of vision in one quarter of the visual field in one or both eyes. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]
Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Human growth hormone: A protein hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary, which promotes growth of the whole body by stimulating protein synthesis. The human gene has already been cloned and successfully expressed in bacteria. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH]
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Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypopituitarism: Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FSH; somatotropin; and corticotropin). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory pituitary neoplasms, metastatic tumors, infarction, pituitary apoplexy, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Hysteria: Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local
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infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH]
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Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in schizophrenia. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammaplasty: Surgical reconstruction of the breast including both augmentation and reduction. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use. [NIH] Mastectomy: Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible). [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone: (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: An injectable contraceptive, generally marketed under the name Depo-Provera. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities,
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or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Meningeal: Refers to the meninges, the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningioma: A type of tumor that occurs in the meninges, the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas usually grow slowly. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]
antibiotic
effective
against
tetracycline-resistant
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit.
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Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nipple discharge: Fluid coming from the nipple. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU]
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Oligo: Chemical and mineral elements that exist in minimal (oligo) quantities in the body, in foods, in the air, in soil; name applied to any element observed as a microconstituent of plant or animal tissue and of beneficial, harmful, or even doubtful significance. [NIH] Oligomenorrhea: Abnormally infrequent menstruation. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Nerve Diseases: Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsies: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH]
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Papilledema: Swelling around the optic disk. [NIH] Paradoxical: Occurring at variance with the normal rule. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which is effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and hyperprolactinemia. It has also been observed to have antihypertensive effects. [NIH]
Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pituitary Apoplexy: Sudden hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis involving the pituitary gland which may be associated with acute visual loss, severe headache, meningeal signs, cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism, and rarely coma. The most common cause is hemorrhage (intracranial hemorrhages) related to a pituitary adenoma. Ischemia, meningitis, intracranial hypertension, and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pituitary Neoplasms: Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the pituitary gland. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (adenoma, basophil; adenoma, acidophil; and adenoma, chromophobe). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the hypothalamus, several cranial
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nerves, and the optic chiasm. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal hemianopsia. [NIH]
Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Clinical symptom complex characterized by oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, anovulation, and regularly associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of
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about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Prolactinoma: A pituitary adenoma which secretes prolactin, leading to hyperprolactinemia. Clinical manifestations include amenorrhea; galactorrhea; impotence; headache; visual disturbances; and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents). [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is
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both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Renal tubular acidosis: A rare disorder in which structures in the kidney that filter the blood are impaired, producing using that is more acid than normal. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rhinorrhea: The free discharge of a thin nasal mucus. [EU] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts
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as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Ritodrine: Adrenergic beta-agonist used to control premature labor. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sella Turcica: A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the pituitary gland. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU]
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Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of
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disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thoracotomy: Surgical incision into the chest wall. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances
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usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
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Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH]
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INDEX A Ablation, 77, 88 Acidosis, 77 Acne, 77, 84 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 31, 77 Acute myeloid leukemia, 77 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 77 Adaptation, 52, 77, 81 Adenoma, 13, 20, 40, 77, 94, 96 Adjustment, 77 Adrenergic, 15, 77, 78, 79, 85, 96, 98, 99 Affinity, 77 Agonist, 15, 77, 80, 82, 85, 94, 98 Akathisia, 78, 79 Algorithms, 78, 80 Alkaloid, 78, 80, 91 Alternative medicine, 78 Amantadine, 42, 78 Amino acid, 78, 84, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101 Amnestic, 78, 86 Amoxapine, 20, 78 Anaesthesia, 78, 88 Analgesic, 78, 89, 91, 93 Aneurysm, 25, 78 Anovulation, 78, 95 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 78, 96, 101 Antibiotic, 78, 91, 100 Antibody, 77, 78, 82, 88, 89, 90, 91, 97, 102 Antidepressive Agents, 79, 96 Antiemetic, 79, 81, 91 Antihypertensive, 79, 94 Antipsychotic, 28, 78, 79, 81, 90, 92, 98, 101 Antipsychotic Agents, 28, 79, 101 Antiviral, 78, 79 Anxiety, 78, 79, 86, 92, 93, 96 Apathy, 79, 92 Arrhythmia, 79, 101 Arteries, 79, 80, 83, 91 Artery, 25, 78, 79, 83, 94, 101 Atenolol, 24, 79 Atypical, 79, 98 Autonomic, 79, 92, 94 Autosuggestion, 79, 88 B Bacteria, 78, 80, 85, 87, 91, 99 Bacterial Physiology, 77, 80 Basal Ganglia, 79, 80, 82
Benign, 7, 8, 77, 80, 81, 84, 87, 92, 97 Bilateral, 80, 87, 95 Bile, 80, 89 Bioassay, 16, 80 Biochemical, 12, 80, 98 Biopsy, 74, 80 Biotechnology, 3, 59, 80 Blastomycosis, 11, 80 Blood Platelets, 80, 98 Blood vessel, 80, 81, 83, 98, 100, 101 Blood-Brain Barrier, 80, 89 Bone Marrow, 77, 80, 91 Brachytherapy, 80, 89, 97, 102 Bromocriptine, 9, 10, 15, 24, 29, 31, 34, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 80 C Calcium, 81, 82, 101 Calcium channel blocker, 81, 101 Carcinoid, 38, 81 Carcinoma, 6, 81, 84 Cardioselective, 79, 81, 96 Cardiovascular, 81, 98 Case report, 5, 7, 10, 12, 17, 19, 21, 24, 25, 27, 32, 39, 40, 48, 81 Catecholamine, 79, 81, 84 Caudal, 81, 88, 95 Cell, 77, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101 Central Nervous System, 81, 87, 89, 91, 93, 98 Cerebrospinal, 10, 35, 81, 96 Cerebrospinal fluid, 10, 35, 81, 96 Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure, 35, 81 Chemoreceptor, 79, 81 Chest wall, 18, 81, 100 Chlorpromazine, 17, 81 Cholinergic, 79, 81 Chorea, 79, 82 Chronic, 11, 80, 82, 84, 85, 88, 89, 95, 96 Chronic renal, 82, 95 Cirrhosis, 11, 82, 87 Clinical trial, 3, 59, 82, 97 Clomiphene, 31, 33, 37, 82 Cloning, 80, 82 Cognition, 82, 92 Complement, 82, 83 Complementary and alternative medicine, 51, 53, 82
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Complementary medicine, 51, 83 Computational Biology, 59, 83 Conception, 83, 99 Confusion, 83, 92 Congestion, 79, 83 Connective Tissue, 80, 83, 86, 90, 98 Constipation, 79, 83 Constriction, 83, 96 Contraceptive, 5, 20, 29, 30, 40, 83, 90 Contraindications, ii, 83 Cor, 83, 88 Coronary, 83, 91 Coronary Thrombosis, 83, 91 Cortex, 83, 85, 95 Cranial, 81, 84, 87, 89, 93, 94, 99 Craniopharyngioma, 6, 7, 84 Cutaneous, 80, 84 Cyproterone, 15, 84 Cyproterone Acetate, 15, 84 Cyst, 7, 8, 19, 84 D Delirium, 79, 84 Dementia, 79, 84 Diabetes Insipidus, 33, 84 Diagnostic procedure, 84 Diaphragm, 84, 87, 95 Digestion, 80, 84, 89, 99 Dihydrotestosterone, 84 Direct, iii, 84, 85, 97, 100 Dopa, 8, 15, 17, 38, 51, 84, 89 Dopamine, 14, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 89, 91, 92, 94, 97 Dorsal, 85, 95 Dyskinesia, 79, 85 E Efficacy, 42, 85 Elective, 39, 85 Embryo, 85, 88 Emesis, 79, 85 Endocrine System, 85, 92 Endogenous, 84, 85 End-stage renal, 82, 85, 95 Environmental Health, 58, 60, 85 Epinephrine, 77, 84, 85, 92, 101 Epithelial, 77, 85 Ergot, 11, 80, 85 Esophagitis, 20, 85 Esophagus, 85, 99 Estradiol, 15, 85 Estrogen, 16, 26, 82, 84, 85, 87, 96 Estrogen receptor, 82, 85 Excrete, 85, 97
Exogenous, 26, 85 External-beam radiation, 86, 89, 97, 102 Extrapyramidal, 78, 79, 84, 86 F Family Planning, 59, 86 Famotidine, 24, 86 Fibrosis, 86, 98 Fluoxetine, 38, 86 Fluvoxamine, 5, 17, 86 Fungus, 85, 86 G Gastric, 86, 87 Gastrin, 86, 87 Gastrointestinal, 81, 85, 86, 98, 99 Gastrointestinal tract, 86, 98, 99 Gene, 24, 80, 86, 87, 99 Giant Cells, 86, 98 Gigantism, 44, 48, 86 Gland, 86, 90, 93, 94, 98, 100 Goiter, 37, 86 Gonadotropic, 21, 86 Gonadotropin, 12, 42, 86 Gonads, 86, 88 Governing Board, 87, 95 Granulosa Cell Tumor, 6, 87 H Haloperidol, 9, 87 Headache, 35, 87, 94, 96 Hemianopsia, 44, 87, 95 Hemochromatosis, 64, 87 Hemorrhage, 87, 94 Hemostasis, 87, 98 Hiccup, 81, 87 Hirsutism, 84, 87 Histamine, 79, 86, 87 Histiocytosis, 13, 87 Hormonal, 11, 32, 87 Human growth hormone, 23, 26, 87, 99 Hyperthyroidism, 37, 87, 96 Hypertrophy, 26, 83, 88 Hypogonadism, 26, 40, 88 Hypopituitarism, 25, 88 Hypotension, 79, 88 Hypothalamic, 6, 13, 25, 29, 88, 99 Hypothalamus, 25, 84, 88, 94, 99 Hypothyroidism, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 18, 19, 24, 26, 34, 35, 88 Hysterectomy, 30, 88 Hysteria, 51, 88 I Iatrogenic, 24, 88 Idiopathic, 9, 26, 36, 88, 98
105
Implant radiation, 88, 89, 97, 102 Impotence, 15, 88, 96 Incision, 88, 100 Induction, 10, 79, 88, 96 Infarction, 79, 83, 88, 91, 96 Infection, 80, 84, 88, 90, 99, 101 Infertility, 10, 81, 89 Inotropic, 79, 85, 89 Internal radiation, 89, 97, 102 Interstitial, 80, 89, 102 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 89, 94 Intracranial Hypertension, 87, 89, 94, 100 Intracranial Pressure, 81, 89, 96 Irradiation, 29, 89, 102 K Kb, 58, 89 L Lactation, 9, 14, 30, 52, 89, 96 Lesion, 80, 89, 100 Lethargy, 88, 89 Leukemia, 89 Levo, 84, 89 Levodopa, 28, 42, 84, 89 Lithium, 79, 89 Liver, 11, 80, 82, 87, 89, 98 Lobe, 87, 89, 94 Loxapine, 5, 78, 90 Lumbar, 81, 90 Luteal Phase, 19, 90 Lutein Cells, 90, 96 Lymph, 90, 98 Lymph node, 90, 98 Lymphocytes, 90, 99, 101 Lymphocytic, 19, 90 Lymphoid, 90 Lymphoma, 45, 90 M Malignant, 84, 87, 90, 92, 97, 98 Mammaplasty, 18, 90 Mammary, 24, 48, 90 Manic, 79, 89, 90, 96 Maprotiline, 19, 90 Mastectomy, 40, 90 Mastitis, 30, 90 Mediate, 84, 90 Mediator, 84, 90, 98 MEDLINE, 59, 90 Medroxyprogesterone, 13, 90 Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, 13, 90 Membranes, 90, 91, 99 Meningeal, 91, 94 Meninges, 81, 91
Meningioma, 12, 21, 91 Meningitis, 91, 94 Menstruation, 78, 90, 91, 93 Mental, iv, 3, 58, 60, 82, 83, 84, 88, 91, 96, 98 Mesolimbic, 79, 91 Metabolic disorder, 84, 91 Metastatic, 88, 91 Metoclopramide, 11, 29, 52, 91 MI, 25, 75, 91 Microbiology, 77, 79, 91 Minocycline, 8, 91 Molecular, 59, 61, 80, 83, 91, 95, 97, 101 Molecule, 82, 91, 97 Monoclonal, 89, 91, 97, 102 Morphine, 48, 91, 93 Morphology, 31, 91 Motility, 91, 98 Mucosa, 91, 96 Myelogenous, 91 Myocardium, 91 N Narcotic, 91 Nausea, 79, 91, 93, 96 Necrosis, 88, 91, 92, 94, 98 Neonatal, 18, 92 Neoplasm, 92, 98, 101 Neoplastic, 90, 92 Nerve, 77, 90, 92, 93, 94, 100, 101 Nervous System, 81, 90, 92, 94, 99 Neuroendocrine, 23, 29, 92 Neuroleptic, 15, 39, 42, 78, 79, 92 Neurons, 89, 92, 100 Neurotransmitter, 78, 84, 87, 92, 99 Neutrons, 89, 92, 97 Nipple discharge, 28, 73, 92 Norepinephrine, 77, 78, 84, 92 O Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 86, 92 Occult, 6, 92 Oligo, 17, 22, 93 Oligomenorrhea, 32, 43, 93, 95 Opiate, 91, 93 Opium, 91, 93 Optic Nerve, 93, 96 Optic Nerve Diseases, 93, 96 Orthostatic, 79, 93 Ovaries, 40, 93, 95, 98 Ovary, 85, 86, 93 Ovulation, 17, 31, 34, 42, 78, 82, 90, 93 Ovum, 93, 95, 96
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Galactorrhea
P Palliative, 84, 93 Palsies, 93, 94 Pancreas, 87, 93, 99 Panic, 86, 93 Panic Disorder, 86, 93 Papilledema, 94, 96 Paradoxical, 13, 94 Parietal, 94, 95 Parkinsonism, 79, 89, 94 Parotid, 94, 98 Paroxetine, 4, 17, 21, 31, 94 Partial remission, 94, 97 Parturition, 94, 96 Pathologic, 77, 80, 83, 94 Pelvis, 90, 93, 94, 101 Peptide, 78, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100 Pergolide, 11, 94 Peripheral Nervous System, 92, 93, 94, 99 Pharmacodynamic, 86, 94 Pharmacologic, 94, 101 Physiologic, 77, 84, 91, 94, 97 Pituitary Apoplexy, 27, 88, 94 Pituitary Gland, 88, 94, 98 Pituitary Neoplasms, 88, 94 Placenta, 85, 95 Plants, 78, 91, 92, 95 Plasma, 26, 33, 35, 39, 87, 95 Pleura, 95 Pleural, 11, 95 Pneumonia, 83, 95 Poisoning, 84, 85, 92, 95 Polycystic, 18, 40, 95 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, 18, 95 Polypeptide, 78, 95, 99 Posterior, 19, 85, 93, 95, 99 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 78, 95 Practice Guidelines, 60, 95 Precursor, 84, 89, 92, 95, 101 Progesterone, 95, 96 Progressive, 82, 84, 92, 95, 101 Prolactinoma, 41, 96 Propranolol, 79, 96 Protein S, 80, 87, 96, 100 Proteins, 78, 82, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 Pruritus, 25, 79, 96 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 21, 89, 96 Psychic, 91, 96 Psychogenic, 32, 96 Psychomotor, 84, 92, 96 Psychosis, 79, 96 Psychotropic, 16, 20, 96
Psychotropic Drugs, 16, 20, 96 Puberty, 15, 96 Public Policy, 59, 96 R Race, 84, 96, 97 Racemic, 84, 97 Radiation, 86, 88, 89, 97, 102 Radiation therapy, 86, 89, 97, 102 Radioactive, 88, 89, 97, 102 Radiography, 12, 97 Radiolabeled, 89, 97, 102 Radiotherapy, 80, 89, 97, 102 Randomized, 85, 97 Receptor, 14, 77, 81, 84, 86, 97, 98 Receptors, Serotonin, 97, 98 Refer, 1, 82, 92, 96, 97 Refractory, 33, 97 Regimen, 85, 97 Remission, 8, 97 Renal tubular, 35, 97 Renal tubular acidosis, 35, 97 Resection, 38, 97 Retrospective, 24, 97 Rhinorrhea, 96, 97 Risperidone, 18, 38, 39, 97 Ritodrine, 9, 98 S Sarcoidosis, 21, 27, 48, 98 Sarcoma, 52, 98 Schizophrenia, 79, 90, 98 Screening, 82, 98 Secretion, 9, 14, 15, 27, 32, 36, 42, 52, 81, 86, 87, 88, 89, 98 Secretory, 32, 45, 88, 98 Sella Turcica, 12, 94, 98 Semisynthetic, 80, 91, 98 Senile, 79, 98 Serotonin, 17, 78, 79, 86, 92, 94, 97, 98, 101 Sertraline, 21, 39, 98 Serum, 12, 15, 28, 39, 45, 82, 86, 98 Sex Characteristics, 96, 98, 100 Side effect, 78, 79, 90, 98, 101 Signs and Symptoms, 97, 98 Small intestine, 87, 98 Smooth muscle, 87, 91, 98, 99 Somatic, 88, 94, 98 Somatostatin, 43, 99 Somatotropin, 88, 99 Specialist, 65, 99 Sphenoid, 98, 99 Spinal cord, 22, 24, 40, 81, 91, 92, 94, 99 Spleen, 98, 99
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Staphylococcus, 91, 99 Sterile, 37, 99 Sterility, 7, 10, 12, 14, 23, 28, 31, 32, 34, 38, 42, 44, 89, 99 Stomach, 85, 86, 87, 91, 98, 99 Stress, 52, 81, 92, 99 Subarachnoid, 27, 87, 89, 99 Subclinical, 19, 88, 99 Substance P, 98, 99 Suppression, 28, 39, 99 Sympathomimetic, 85, 92, 99 Symptomatic, 31, 78, 99 Symptomatic treatment, 78, 99 Synapse, 77, 100, 101 Synergistic, 96, 100 Systemic, 84, 85, 89, 97, 98, 100, 102 T Tardive, 79, 100 Temporal, 87, 100 Testicular, 20, 100 Testis, 85, 86, 100 Testosterone, 6, 100 Tetracycline, 91, 100 Thoracotomy, 45, 100 Thrombosis, 25, 96, 100 Thyroid, 33, 34, 86, 87, 88, 100, 101 Thyroid Gland, 86, 87, 100 Thyroid Hormones, 100, 101 Thyrotropin, 12, 16, 37, 43, 88, 100 Thyroxine, 12, 100 Tinnitus, 96, 100 Tissue, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101
Tomography, 12, 100 Tooth Preparation, 77, 100 Toxic, iv, 100, 101 Toxicology, 60, 101 Trachea, 100, 101 Tranquilizing Agents, 96, 101 Transfection, 80, 101 Transmitter, 84, 90, 92, 101 Trauma, 84, 85, 87, 92, 100, 101 Tricyclic, 79, 90, 101 Trigger zone, 79, 101 Tryptophan, 98, 101 Tumour, 52, 101 Tyrosine, 84, 101 U Urine, 84, 101 Uterus, 88, 91, 93, 95, 101 V Vasodilator, 85, 87, 101 Vein, 78, 94, 101 Ventricle, 83, 88, 101 Ventricular, 19, 83, 101 Verapamil, 25, 46, 101 Vertebrae, 99, 101 Veterinary Medicine, 59, 101 Visual field, 74, 87, 96, 101 W White blood cell, 78, 90, 101 Windpipe, 100, 102 X X-ray, 89, 97, 102 X-ray therapy, 89, 102
108
Galactorrhea
