GANGLIONS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Ganglions: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84431-3 1. Ganglions-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on ganglions. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GANGLIONS .............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Ganglions ...................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 23 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GANGLIONS .................................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Finding Nutrition Studies on Ganglions..................................................................................... 41 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 42 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON GANGLIONS ................................................................................ 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Dissertations on Ganglions.......................................................................................................... 45 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON GANGLIONS ........................................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Patents on Ganglions................................................................................................................... 49 Patent Applications on Ganglions ............................................................................................... 57 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON GANGLIONS .............................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 63 Chapters on Ganglions................................................................................................................. 64 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GANGLIONS ................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 65 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 66 Academic Periodicals covering Ganglions ................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 71 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 73 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 77 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 82 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 85 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 85 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 85 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 91 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 91 GANGLIONS DICTIONARY ....................................................................................................... 93 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 141
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with ganglions is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about ganglions, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to ganglions, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on ganglions. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to ganglions, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on ganglions. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GANGLIONS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on ganglions.
Federally Funded Research on Ganglions The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to ganglions. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to ganglions. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore ganglions. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for ganglions: •
Project Title: AGE-RELATED EXCITABILITY
CHANGE
IN
TRIGEMINAL
GANGLION
Principal Investigator & Institution: Baumann, Thomas K.; Family Medicine; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2004
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Summary: Age is a risk factor for neuropathic pain such as trigeminal neuralgia. Trigeminal neuralgia is a severe, recurrent (episodic, but otherwise chronic) neuropathic facial pain syndrome that is rarely observed in children or young adults. The incidence of trigeminal neuralgia increases substantially with advancing age. While vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve root appears to be the main element in the etiology of trigeminal neuralgia, an age-related change in the intrinsic electrical properties of trigeminal ganglion neurons could be a significant contributing factor. Rise in the amplitude of (normally sub-threshold) membrane oscillations in the somata would facilitate abnormal action potential discharge in trigeminal ganglion neurons. The goal of this pilot research proposal is to determine if advanced age is associated with an increase in the background electrical activity of neuronal cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion. The project will examine trigeminal ganglion neurons from 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month old rats. Tight-seal, whole-cell (patch-clamp) techniques will be used in both current- and voltage-clamp recording mode. Current-clamp measurements will record the excursions in membrane potential (i.e., fluctuations, oscillations, and action potential discharge) that occur either spontaneously or in response to current injection. Voltageclamp recordings will measure the effect of aging on the time course and amplitude of inward and outward membrane currents. The experiments will contribute to a better understanding of the factors which may contribute to the age-related increase in the incidence of trigeminal neuralgia and other types of oro-facial neuropathic pain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT & CONNECTIONS OF COCHLEAR SPINAL GANGLION Principal Investigator & Institution: Leake, Patricia A.; Professor in Residence; Otolaryngology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1980; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposed research addresses specific questions regarding the development of the cochlea and the establishment of the topographic organization of spiral ganglion projections to the cochlear nuclei (CN). Cytochemical labeling techniques (NB and Dil) for neuronal tract tracing combined with electrophysiological recording and extensive quantitative light and electron microscopic analyses will be employed. Our recent studies have shown that projections from basal sectors of the spiral ganglion to each subdivision of the CN undergo significant refinement during early postnatal development. Projections to the anteroventral subdivision (AVCN) are more than 50% broader in neonates than in adults when normalized for CN size, and the descending collaterals of these same neurons projecting to the dorsal (DCN) and posteroventral (PVCN) subdivisions are 30% broader than their adult counterparts. Goals of proposed experiments include: 1) To further investigate the details of timing and sequence of topographic refinement during late gestation and early postnatal development of the projections to each subdivision of the CN. 2) To examine projections from the apical cochlea to determine if maturation of its CN projections parallels the basal-to-apical maturation of the organ of Corti. 3) To complete quantitative studies of the effects of neonatal deafening upon the specificity of CN projections examined in adulthood after a lifetime of severe auditory deprivation. 4) To determine whether CN projections develop normally or if significant reorganization occurs as a consequence of restricted lesions of the spiral ganglion created during early development. 5) To determine whether anatomical remodeling of CN projections underlies the apparent loss of frequency selectivity induced by chronic intracochlear
Studies
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electrical stimulation. 6) To explore the mechanisms which underlie normal development of the auditory nerve projections by examining the nature of spontaneous activity (if any) in spiral ganglion. 7) To characterize selected ultrastructural features of postnatal development of the cat organ of Corti at specific frequency locations. The proposed experiments will increase our understanding of the anatomical framework for information processing mechanisms in the developing auditory system and will address important questions regarding critical periods and plasticity. In addition, studies to be conducted in deafened animals have practical implications regarding application of cochlear implants in children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTION OF THE TRIGEMINAL GANGLION-COCHLEAR NUCLEUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shore, Susan E.; Otolaryngology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): We have demonstrated that the trigeminal ganglion sends a projection to the auditory brain stem and to the cochlear vasculature. The terminations in the brainstem end in granular and magnocellular regions of the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and at the locations of olivocochlear neurons in the superior olivary complex. The cochlear portion of the innervation modulates blood flow within the cochlea. However, the function of the brainstem projection is unknown. Preliminary findings suggest that the projection to the VCN is excitatory. The axons of granule' cells (parallel fibers) project to the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). Therefore, excitation by the trigeminal innervation could affect most of the output neurons of the cochlear nucleus (CN). A series of studies is designed to elucidate the function of the CN portion of this new projection and define its neurotransmitters: The trigeminal ganglion will be electrically stimulated while observing the responses of single units in the CN. The candidate neurotransmitters, Substance P and Nitric Oxide, will be evaluated using immunocytochemistry and neuropharmacology. A role for the trigeminal ganglion in the generation and modulation of tinnitus will be explored: As many as two thirds of tinnitus patients are able modulate their tinnitus by clenching the jaw or touching the skin on the face, areas innervated by the trigeminal ganglion. Others can attribute the onset of tinnitus to a somatic insult in the head and neck region ("somatic tinnitus"). On the assumption that increased spontaneous rate is a manifestation of tinnitus, its modulation by somatosensory input to the CN could play a role in the generation and modulation of tinnitus. The hypothesis wifi be tested by electrically stimulating the trigeminal ganglion while recording spontaneous activity in single units of the CN. Identifying the neurotransmitter used in this pathway could then set the stage for later drug treatments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: GABAC RECEPTORS & MOUSE RETINAL GANGLION CELL RESPONSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccall, Maureen A.; Assistant Professor; Psychological and Brain Sciences; University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2008
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Summary: (provided by applicant): Vision requires the integration of many aspects of the visual field into a cohesive whole that is used by the organism to navigate its environment. The mammalian retina is a laminar structure and each layer is populated by several cell types that combine to define the response properties of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which transmit the signal to the brain. The many aspects of the visual scene are encoded by two parallel pathways within the retina that either detect increases or decreases in light intensity. There are many types of RGCs and their responses are defined by the inputs they receive. One key element in shaping their response properties is inhibition, which like other regions of the brain is mediated by glycine and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). GABA inhibition is mediated by three receptors, GABAA, GABAB and GABAC, all of which are present in the retina. One challenge then is to determine how each of these inhibitory and excitatory inputs shapes the responses of the RGCs. A new tool towards attaining this goal is the ability to manipulate the mouse genome and selectively remove specific inputs, the effect of which then can be assessed on the RGCs. However, unlike the extensive literature for cat, rabbit and primate, relatively little is known about the fundamental properties of murine RGCs. The goal of this proposal is to characterize the response properties of mouse RGCs both in vivo and in vitro, and in particular determine the role that GABACR-mediated input plays in shaping the responses. The specific aims are (1) to determine the effect of eliminating, genetically, GABACR-mediated inhibition on a subset of RGC response properties recorded in vivo, and (2) correlate structure and function of a diverse set of RGCs, and determine the impact of eliminating GABACRmediated input on the response properties of each of these cell types. These data will enhance our understanding of the role of inhibition in shaping the response of the output cells of the retina, and therefore important aspects of integration of information in the visual field. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION IN AXOTOMIZED RETINAL GANGLION CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Levin, Leonard A.; Associate Professor; Ophthalmology and Visual Sci; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 04-AUG-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death is the final common pathway for glaucoma and virtually all other optic neuropathies. The initial insult in most optic nerve diseases is injury to the RGC axon, from either compression, ischemia, inflammation, or transection. Optic nerve injury results in RGC apoptosis, and this has been theorized to occur by interference with retrograde transport of target-derived neurotrophic factors or other mechanisms. Given that (1) axotomy induces RGC apoptosis and (2) most optic neuropathies are associated with initial axonal damage and subsequent RGC loss, RGC axotomy is an experimental model for understanding the pathophysiology of glaucomatous and other optic neuropathies. Our overall goal is to ascertain the molecular changes that occur within the RGC after axotomy, particularly those leading to induction of the apoptosis cascade, as well as hypothetical protective mechanisms. Our working hypothesis is that one of the critical molecular events underlying RGC death after axonal injury is generation of an intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal. Our long-term goal is to find ways of preventing RGC death from axonal injury by modulating these mechanisms. To test this hypothesis, we propose the following: (1) Determine whether generation of ROS is a necessary and sufficient step for initiation of a series of events leading to RGC apoptosis after axotomy;
Studies
7
(2) Test whether endogenous regulation of ROS can act as a defense mechanism governing the RGC response to axotomy; (3) Test whether the mechanism by which ROS signal RGC death after axotomy involves opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Almost all optic neuropathies involve RGC axonal injury, except for a few disorders where the locus of injury is unknown. If ROS generation is essential for RGC death after axotomy, then this could serve as a critical point for therapeutic intervention. The health-relatedness of this proposal is that an understanding of the molecular response of the RGC to axonal injury would be applicable to a wide variety of diseases of the optic nerve, independent of the mechanism by which the nerve is injured. As many of these diseases (e.g., normaltension glaucoma and ischemic optic neuropathy) are not easily treatable, determination of the regulation of cell destructive and protective mechanisms could lead to innovative new therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF RETINAL GANGLION CELL FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Glaser, Thomas M.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the sole projection neurons of the vertebrate eye, and their axons comprise the optic nerve. Defects involving the optic nerve are a significant cause of blindness in childhood and RGCs are the common final target of glaucoma pathogenesis. RGCs are the first neurons born in the optic cup, from multipotent progenitor cells which later give rise to amacrines, cone and rod photoreceptors, horizontal and bipolar cells, and Muller glia. The mechanisms underlying retinal histogenesis are poorly understood, but are thought to involve intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Recently, we identified a mouse basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, Math5, that is homologous to the Drosophila atonal and whose specific expression pattern in the retina is correlated with birth of RGCs (Brown et al. 1998). We have created Math5 knockout mice. The homozygotes are viable but lack RGCs and optic nerves (Brown et al 2001a). They have a concomitant increase in cone photoreceptors, consistent with a cell-fate shift. Their eyes also lack the central artery and vein, and exhibit a neovascularization phenotype with some laminar alterations, but otherwise appear normal This deletion of a single retinal neuron class is a unique finding, and significant important aspects of the adult and embryonic phenotype remain unexplored. Our preliminary data and evolutionary comparisons suggest that Math5 is downstream of Hes1 and upstream of Brn3b (Pou4f2) the transcription factor in a hierarchy of retinogenesis. Math5 -/- eyes are expected to lack all mRNAs that are uniquely required for RGC determination, differentiation and maintenance. We have characterized the human ATH5 ortholog (Brown et al. 2001b) and collected samples from patients with optic nerve aplasia, hypoplasia and glaucoma for mutation screening. Apart from Math5, three loci are known to control RGC development or number in mice-Brn3b, the Nnc1 QTL, and the classical spontaneous mutation Bst (belly spot and tail). Bst/+ mice have a similar but less marked reduction in RGCs compared to Math5 -/- mice and a comparable retinal neovascularization phenotype. Using an intersubspecific backcross, we have mapped Bst to a-1 cM interval on mouse chromosome 16, close to Hes1 and bridging two YAC contigs. Finally, using the lacZ knock-in allele we have identified a late Math5 expression domain in the hindbrain (trapezoid body) and cerebellum. These findings, and the observation of a small number
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of ataxic Math5 mutant mice in the N2F2 generation, suggest that Math5 may also have a secondary role in auditory processing and coordination. In this proposal, we aim: (1) to characterize the adult Math5 eye phenotype in detail, including histological analysis with a panel of retinal neuron and vascular markers, ERG and circadian rhythm physiological studies, and quantitative analysis of RGCs in Math5-/+ heterozygotes; (2) to investigate the embryological basis for the Math5 -/- phenotype, by exploring the attenuated optic stalk development and the interdependence between neuronal, vascular, and astrocyte development in Math5 -/- retinas, by using BrdU birth-dating methods to directly test the RGC-to-cone cell-fate switch model, and by generating Math5-Cre transgenic mice to fully define the lineage of Math5-positive precursor cells and test the roles of specific signaling pathways (e.g. Notch-delta) in RGC development; (3) to define target genes for Math5 and the transcriptome of developing and adult RGCs using I-gene cDNA microarrays (Farjo et al. 2001) and subtractive PCR techniques; (4) to test the role of ATH5 and POU4F2 mutations in human optic nerve a/hypoplasia and glaucoma; (5) to finely map and clone Bst, and order Bst relative to Math5 in a developmental hierarchy; and (6) to characterize the hindbrain and cerebellar Math5 expression domains, and test the role of Math5 in auditory processing and motor control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GROWTH OF RETINAL GANGLION CELL AXONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lemmon, Vance P.; Professor; Genetics; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1988; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Learning how axons of retinal ganglion cells grow from their origins in the retina to their targets in the brain is an important goal for understanding how the visual system develops. A number of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) have been found in the optic fiber layer and optic nerve and are thought to be important in axon growth and guidance. A basic idea in the field has been that CAMs mediate cell-cell interactions via cell-cell binding. Over the past few years a more complex concept has evolved, i.e., that CAMs not only mediate cell adhesion but are also capable of signaling by influencing intracellular second messenger systems. One CAM, called L1, is present on axons of retinal ganglion cells. We have shown that L1 is a potent substrate for growth of retinal ganglion cell axons in vitro. We have also identified several kinases that interact with L1 and are activated by L1 signaling. The L1 cytoplasmic domain (L1CD) is 114 amino acids long and is identical in mice and humans. Mutations of the L1 gene in humans and mice cause X-Iinked hydrocephalus and disrupt development of the visual system, including the retina. Interestingly, mutations that only affect the L1CD also cause brain abnormalities.The experiments in this proposal will use biochemical, immunological, molecular biological and cell biological experiments to study the function of the L1CD. We will determine if L1 heterophilic binding partners activate different signaling pathways than L1 homophilic binding. We will examine how phosphorylation and palmitoylation of L1 is regulated and how these post-translational modifications influence L1 function, especially interactions with other intracellular proteins. This aim includes yeast 2-hybrid approaches and proteomics. Finally, site directed mutagenesis will be performed on the cytoplasmic domain of L1 to clarify how they participate in neurite growth in vitro. These experiments will provide new information about how cell adhesion modulates intracellular processes and also how changes in intracellular second messenger systems
Studies
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can alter cell adhesion. Finally, these experiments will provide a detailed description of how one cell adhesion molecule regulates growth cone behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INDUCIBLE GENE EXPRESSION IN RETINAL GANGLION CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kerrison, John B.; Assistant Professor; Ophthalmology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2007 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) This proposal outlines a clinician-scientist training program in molecular biology, which includes didactic course work and laboratory investigation. It will be conducted under the supervision of an experienced mentor in a supportive research environment with the ultimate goal of transitioning the applicant to an independent physician/research. The broad objective of the applicant is to better understand the molecular basis of retinal development, particularly retinal ganglion cell determination and differentiation. The ultimate goal is to assimilate this information into an integrated understanding of retinal development that may advance future transplantation and/or regeneration therapies for retinal and optic nerve disease. The proposed research plan endeavors to develop an inducible system for retinal ganglion cell specific expression in order to further characterize retinal transcription factors and their networks in vivo with the use of microarray analysis. The initial specific aim of the project is to develop a doxycycline mediated system for in vivo retinal ganglion cell specific gene expression in transgenic mice. This system permits the control of both the timing and dosage of gene expression by the administration of doxycycline in drinking water. The second specific aim is to use this system to induce the expression of the POU domain containing retinal ganglion cell development as evidenced by a 70% reduction in retinal ganglion cell number in Brn3b knockout mice. The final specific aim is to ascertain the network of genes regulated by Brn3b using microarrays. Microarray analysis, which offers an opportunity to identify and quantify the simultaneous expression of a large number of genes, is well suited for the identification of those genes that are up-regulated or down-regulated by a particular transcription factor under various conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INFORMATION TRANSFER THROUGH RETINAL GANGLION CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Barry B.; Biological Sciences; State College of Optometry 33 W. 42Nd St. New York, Ny 10036 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): This project defines features of primate retinal function in the magnocellular (MC) and parvocellular (PC) pathways at the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) level. These features are adaptation and its spatial spread, the structure of RGC spike trains and the chromatic response of cells of the MCpathway. It tests hypotheses about retinal physiology and about how retinal signals underlie performance. Precise knowledge obtained about retinal output provides a reference for interpreting cortical and behavioral data and for interpreting visual deficits in retinal disease. When a background continuously changes in luminance or chromaticity, as it does in most environments, the psychophysical detectability of superimposed test stimuli changes in complex ways. Under such conditions, the responses of RGCs are likely determined both by early retinal adaptation processes and
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Ganglions
by interactions of the response to the test with the response to the background. The relative influences of these effects on detection, and their spatial characteristics, will be measured. New techniques make it possible to measure information content and stimulus detectability in neuronal spike trains. Luminance and chromatic information contents (i.e., bits/sec, bits/spike) transmitted by cells of the MC- and PC-pathways will be measured using natural time series. In separate experiments, the detectability and spatiotemporal precision in responses to more conventional stimuli will be assessed. The MC-pathway provides a physiological substrate for a psychophysical luminance channel tapped in photometric tests. However, the MC-pathway shows chromatic response components whose signature is apparent psychophysically. The underlying physiological mechanism of these responses, and their spatial properties will be assessed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LEARNING MECHANISMS IN ABDOMINAL GANGLION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hawkins, Robert D.; Ctr for Neurobiology Behavior; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1977; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Although many theories of learning have proposed that plasticity at specific synapses in the central nervous system is critical to memory storage, there have been very few experimental preparations in which it has been possible to test this hypothesis rigorously. For this reason, the past program of research supported by this grant has been devoted to studies of the cellular mechanisms of simple forms of learning of the gill-and siphon-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Previous has suggested that a mechanism to dishabituation and sensitization of the reflex is presynaptic facilitation of the siphon sensory neurons, and that a mechanism contribution to classical conditioning of the reflex is an amplification of this mechanism by sensitization by the occurrence of spike activity in the sensory neurons just before the sensitizing stimulus. Recent results have suggested that in addition to this presynaptic mechanism, Hebbian long-term potentiation (LTP) may also contribute to conditioning of the reflex. However, the studies performed at the behavioral and cellular levels have generally used different preparations and procedures, so that the relationship between the two was inferred rather than tested directly. To test the relationship between cellular events and behavior more rigorously, we developed two simplified preparations with which it is relatively easy to record the activity of single identified neurons during behavior. Our initial studies with these preparations provided the first direct evidence that habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization of the reflex involve plasticity at the sensory-motor neuron synapses. In addition, our results have indicated that other sites and mechanisms of plasticity also contribute. Thus, these preparations provide an opportunity to analyze parallel processing and examine mechanisms contribution to learning at the system level as well as the cellular level. We now propose to utilize these simplified preparations to examine in more detail the mechanisms contribution to dishabituation and sensitization, and to perform a similar analysis of classical conditioning. Specifically, we will test the contributions of activity-dependent presynaptic facilitation and Hebbian long-term potentiation to conditioning, differential conditioning, and second-order conditioning, and also examine the contribution of their cellular mechanisms and explore how they are integrated at the behavioral level. In addition to these studies attempting to relate cellular events to behavior, we also plan to perform experiments on single sensory and motor neurons in cell culture to analyze
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mechanisms of activity-dependent plasticity (post-tetanic potentiation, activitydependent facilitation by serotonin, and LTP) that may contribute to the learning. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LOCAL CA2+ SIGNALING IN SYMPATHETIC GANGLION NEURONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schneider, Martin F.; Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 03-JUL-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this project is to gain further insight into local Ca2+ signaling in neurons. Local spatio-temporal differences in cytosolic (Ca2+), together with localized intracellular Ca2+ receptor molecules, provide one mechanism for selective modulation of diverse cellular functions by the single messenger Ca2+ in the same cell. Our recent confocal imaging of ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ release channels, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ pumps and mitochondria in cultured dissociated frog sympathetic ganglion neurons has indicated six specialized cellular sub-domains in these neurons: a peripheral ER-rich shell, an underlying mitochondria-rich shell, a central cytoplasm, a peripheral and a central perinuclear ER and the nucleus at the nuclear pole. Our recent video rate confocal fluorescent Ca2+ indicator (fluo-4) imaging in these neurons has revealed discrete subplasma membrane sites of preferential initiation of Ca2+ release activated either by caffeine or by a single action potential. The peripheral Ca2+ transients presumably occur via Ca2+ release from peripheral ER since they are eliminated by ER Ca2+ depletion. We now propose to address the following aims. (1) To characterize Ca2+ release, Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+ propagation in and between each of the identified sub-domains in these neurons, and to simulate our observations with a 6 interconnected sub-domain model of the neurons. (2) To study the basis for local peripheral sites of preferential Ca2+ release during single action potentials, and to determine whether these preferential release sites may also generate discrete local Ca2+ release events (Ca2+) "sparks"). (3) To determine the effects of transmitter-induced activation and other physiological perturbations in neurons in culture as well as in ganglia. We will combine high speed "band scan" (4 or 8 ms per band) and line scan (63 us per line) confocal fluorescent Ca2+ imaging of neurons in culture and in partially dissected fresh ganglia, electrophysiology, rapid extracellular perfusion, release of caged compounds, cytosolic injection of cDNA and/or proteins and histochemical study of live and fixed neurons. Our results will provide new insights regarding local Ca2+ signaling mechanisms that could be compromised in neuronal disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISMS GANGLION CELL
FOR
TEMPORAL
CODING
BY
RETINAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Freed, Michael A.; Neuroscience; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Description): When a visual stimulus is presented repeatedly, a ganglion cell fires spikes at nearly identical times, often within 1 ms. This remarkable precision may support a timing code, which compared to a rate code can carry more information per spike. Previous research used extracellular recording to characterize the temporal precision of the ganglion cell's spike output. I propose to use whole-cell and
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Ganglions
intracellular recordings to identify mechanisms (microcircuits and ion channels) that set the timing of the ganglion cell's synaptic inputs. This effort has three parts: (1) Identify mechanisms that cause precise timing of the ganglion cell's input. Preliminary studies show ganglion cells with sequences of spontaneous postsynaptic currents (PSC) whose times are strongly correlated, often within 2 ms. Thus, precise timing of synaptic input might contribute to precise timing at the spike output. I will determine the mechanism(s) responsible for setting the timing of PSC inputs and determine how altering these mechanisms affects PSC timing. For example, preliminary studies show that inhibiting L-type calcium currents decorrelates PSCs. (2) Test the hypothesis that distinct microcircuits cause distinct patterns of input timing. Ganglion cells exhibit various cross-correlation patterns between glutamatergic (bipolar) PSCs and autocorrelations between GABA/Glycinergic (amacrine) PSCs. I will identify these patterns for specific morphological types of ganglion cell. I will then examine their synaptic input with the electron microscope to determine which circuit features, such as feedforward or feedback synapses, correspond to different correlation patterns. (3) Determine how efficiently the ganglion cell encodes its input as a spike train output. This will be accomplished in the intact retina by intracellularly injecting random amplitude currents (simulated postsynaptic currents) and measuring the ganglion cell's intrinsic temporal precision and information coding capacity. Then, by stimulating with random light intensities, I will measure the actual rate of information transmission. To transmit information requires metabolic energy, thus there may be selective pressure to match the ganglion cell's intrinsic information capacity to the amount of information that it actually transmits. These studies will advance a basic understanding of how discrete neural events (vesicular synaptic release and spike generation) might implement a timing code in the mammalian retina. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF RETINAL GANGLION CELL DEATH Principal Investigator & Institution: Barnstable, Colin J.; Professor; Ophthalmology and Visual Sci; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (From the Applicant's Abstract): Retinal ganglion cell death is the final common pathway of almost all diseases of the optic nerve including glaucoma. Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness and, although a number of risk factors have been identified, its causes remain unclear. Excitotoxins may be a major cause of cell death in glaucoma and the overall goal of this project is to determine the molecular mechanisms by which a variety of excitotoxic agents induce ganglion cell apoptosis. The proposal has four specific aims. In the first aim the hypothesis that glutamate induces apoptosis through a caspase-9 mediated pathway will be tested. In addition, other factors, including ischemia will be tested to determine whether they can act synergistically to exacerbate the effects of low concentrations of excitotoxins. In the second specific aim the hypothesis that mitochondrial uncoupling proteins can reduce excitotoxic ganglion cell death will be tested. The sensitivity of ganglion cells to excitotoxic and ischemic insults will be tested in culture and in the intact eye using genetically engineered mouse strains that overexpress or under express the protein UCP2. The third aim will test the hypothesis that functional disorders of Muller glial cells may contribute to excitotoxic ganglion cell death. In particular, a variety of agents will be tested for their ability to inhibit Muller cell glutamate uptake. The final aim will test the hypothesis that direct cell contact can protect ganglion cells from the toxic effects of nitric oxide. The specificity of this effect will be tested with a variety of cell
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types and the need for membrane contact by living cells will be tested using a variety of biochemical fractions. Overall, the experiments in this proposal will shed light on mechanisms of cell death of particular relevance to glaucoma. They will also further elucidate mechanisms of interaction between retinal ganglion cells and Muller glial cells. By identifying molecules that can alter responses to excitotoxins or ischemia, this proposal is likely to provide potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions to prevent or slow the progression of blindness resulting from glaucoma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF RETINAL GANGLION CELL DEATH Principal Investigator & Institution: Nickells, Robert W.; Professor; Ophthalmology and Visual Sci; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Retinal ganglion cells die in a variety of optic nerve diseases, the most prevalent of which is glaucoma. Previous studies conducted by the investigator and others showed that ganglion cells died in experimental glaucoma and other models of optic nerve disease with characteristics of a form of programmed cell death known as apoptosis. This form of cell death is genetically controlled and it is likely that a better understanding of the genes that regulate this process in ganglion cells will lead to better treatments that can be used to block the death process. This proposal is aimed at determining the role of three genes in the regulation of ganglion cell death. These genes, p53, bcl-x, and bax, appear to form a molecular switch that acts as one of the early control steps in regulating apoptosis in a variety of cell types. Early work has shown that these genes are expressed in ganglion cells. One set of specific aims in this proposal is to determine, using a combined quantitative and localization study, if the expression of these genes in ganglion cells is altered in a fashion predicted by the molecular switch hypothesis (e.g., that p53 expression increases causing a decrease in bcl-x expression and an increase in bax expression). The remaining specific aims involve direct tests of the functions of these genes in the ganglion cell death process. These direct tests will be carried out on genetically altered transgenic mice that have either defective p53 or bax expression or overexpress bcl-x, The basic experimental design of these experiments is to stimulate ganglion cell death in mice using two different approaches (thus the functions of these genes can be tested in diverse pathways leading to ganglion cell death), which include a partial crush of the optic nerve and intravitreal injection of varying doses of the glutamate analog N-methyl-D-aspartate, followed by a quantitative analysis of the rate of cell death. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: N- AND R-CADHERINS DEVELOPMENT ZEBRAFISH GANGLION CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Liu, Qin; Biology; University of Akron 302 Buchtel Mall Akron, Oh 44325 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The long-term goal of this research is to understand molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal differentiation and the formation of specific neuronal connections in the visual system. The objective of the proposed studies is to determine the roles of cadherin molecules in regulating neurite
14
Ganglions
outgrowth and axonal pathfinding of retinal ganglion cells in developing zebrafish. Cadherins are Ca-dependent cell adhesion molecules that have been demonstrated to play critical roles in cell differentiation and tissue formation. Both in vitro and in vivo studies using a variety of vertebrate species have shown that cadherins are involved in retinal axon fasciculation, axonal outgrowth and pathfinding, retinotectalsynaptic formation and stabilization. However, most of the studies to date have focused on Ncadherin, and there is relatively little information on the role(s), and in particular the in vivo functions, of other cadherins, in these processes. Moreover, little is known about relative roles of different cadherin molecules in the development of retinal ganglion cells. I propose to study the expression patterns and functions of both R- and Ncadherins in the visual system of developing zebrafish. This proposal has three specific aims: A) to generate neutralizing antibodies, B) to further characterize the expression patterns of R- and N-cadherins, and C) to assess the relative roles of R- and N-cadherins by application of neutralizing antibodies to the eye and optic pathway, and application of dominant negative constructs to the eye. The proposed studies, designed to uncover mechanisms underlying retinal ganglion cell differentiation, outgrowth and pathfinding of their axons, may provide insights into therapies for injured or congenitally defective human retinal and optic nerve tissues. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEURAL TASTE AN THERMAL CODING IN GENICULATE GANGLION Principal Investigator & Institution: Contreras, Robert J.; Professor and Director; Psychology; Florida State University 97 South Woodward Avenue Tallahassee, Fl 323064166 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Taste is a critical sensory system for sorting the rich array of potential foods in the environment into beneficial nutrient categories to be ingested, items not needed, and toxins to be avoided. There is an extensive research literature from a variety of species focused on gaining an understanding on how taste is capable of accomplishing this amazing feat for the health and welfare of the organism. There is a growing body of evidence that suggests that the gustatory system may be divisible into a small number of sub-modalities (e.g., sweet for carbohydrate, etc.), although the exact number awaits additional investigation. Further, a unique set of receptor mechanisms and group of neurons that are responsible for transmitting the information to the brain may serve each sub-modality. Our overall goal is to use extracellular single-cell recording techniques to define the number of sub modalities in the gustatory system and characterize their receptor and neural response properties. We have recently developed a new preparation for stable long-term recording of taste neuron responses. Our proposed recording studies will be from the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve. Within the ganglion are the unipolar cell bodies of neurons that innervate the taste receptors on the tongue and palate. We propose to characterize the chemical and thermal sensitivity of the rat geniculate ganglion to lingual and palatal stimulation, and to examine the effects of specific pharmacological antagonists on taste transduction mechanisms. The rat will be studied because the vast background of neural and behavioral research comes largely from rats, it is an excellent model of human ingestion, and we have extensive experience with this species. The specific aims of this proposal are: (1) to characterize the responses of salt-sensitive and sweetsensitive neurons to a broad array of stimuli across several stimulus concentrations; (2) to examine the effects of specific pharmacological antagonists on salt and sweet transduction mechanisms; (3)
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to characterize the responses of various neuron groups to thermal stimulation and to assess taste-thermal interaction; and (4) to determine whether fat and protein can be included into primary taste traditionally restricted to sweet, salt, sour, and bitter. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RESPONSES
NEUROMODULATION
OF
RETINAL
GANGLION
CELL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Akopian, Abram; Ophthalmology; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Verbatim from applicant's abstract): The major focus of this application is to explore the intracellular Ca2+-dependent mechanisms which control the light-induced membrane conductance changes that underlie the spiking patterns of retinal ganglion cells. Multiple types of voltage-gated conductances are involved in the generation of somatic action potentials and the regulation of the frequency of spike firing in ganglion cells. Although light exerts an important influence on the regulation of the frequency of ganglion cell firing by triggering direct, ionotropic excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs, it is often overlooked that both ligand- and voltage-activated conductances are subject to modulation by neuromodulators, which alter the electrical characteristics of channels through various intracellular processes. The experimental hypothesis of this application is that certain Ca2+-dependent intracellular processes, triggered by activation of neurotransmitter receptors, modify the input/output relation of ganglion cells by modulating both intrinsic ion channels and synaptically-gated channels. To test my hypothesis, I will study ganglion cells in turtle retinal slices. Both electrically- and synaptically-evoked responses will be recorded, whereby the contribution of excitatory inputs, as well as different types of voltage-gated K+ currents to the spiking patterns of the ON, OFF and ON-OFF ganglion cells will be evaluated. The interrelationship between light-activated excitatory synaptic inputs, intracellular Ca2+-dependent processes, and ganglion cell spiking responses will be investigated by manipulating intracellular Ca2+, and using selective inhibitors of Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent enzymes. To supplement results obtained by patch clamp experiments, Ca2+-imaging technique will be used to test directly whether glutamate raises intracellular Ca2+ in ganglion cells, to identify the type of glutamate receptor responsible for [Ca2+]i increase, and the pathways of [Ca2+ ]i elevation (e.g., influx through receptor- or voltage-activated channels, or release from internal stores). The effect of intracellular Ca2+ on the functioning of glutamate receptors, and on activation/inactivation properties of voltage-gated currents will be studied under whole-cell and perforated versions of patch clamp. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEURONAL SUBSETS IN THE GENICULATE GANGLION Principal Investigator & Institution: Farbman, Albert I.; Professor; Neurobiology and Physiology; Northwestern University 633 Clark Street Evanston, Il 60208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: Neurons in the geniculate ganglion provide sensory innervation to: 1) taste buds on the anterior region of the tongue, via the chorda tympani nerve; 2) taste buds on the incisive papilla and the soft palate, via the greater superficial petrosal nerve; and 3) the skin near the ear via a cutaneous nerve. Preliminary studies in our laboratory showed that three high affinity neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinases (trkA, trkB and
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Ganglions
trkC) are found in neurons of the geniculate ganglion. The ligands for these receptors are a family of secreted neurotrophic factors: trkA binds Nerve Growth Factor, trkB binds Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurotrophin-4, and trk C binds Neurotrophin-3. In pilot studies on identified single neurons of the rat geniculate ganglion we have found that they can be divided into subsets according to the trk genes they express. Moreover, we have evidence suggesting that trk expression by rat geniculate ganglion neurons changes during development. This research will test two hypotheses: 1) The division of geniculate ganglion neurons into sub-populations based on differences in trk gene expression is related to one or more of the following: a) the projection of 3 main nerve branches from the ganglion, b) the taste and other modalities associated with neurons in the geniculate ganglion, or c) possible differences in central projections of the neurons. We shall use tracer molecules and electrophysiology to identify specific neurons, and subject these to RNA amplification and PCR methodology to look for functional correlates of the differences in trk expression. Hypothesis 2: The changes in trk gene expression in geniculate ganglion neurons reflect major developmental events, such as axon outgrowth, innervation of the peripheral target tissue, naturally occurring cell death, or innervation of the central target. We shall use in vitro and in vivo methods to relate changes in trk expression during development to other major developmental events. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROPROTECTION AND RETINAL GANGLION CELL DEATH Principal Investigator & Institution: Grosskreutz, Cynthia L.; Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary 243 Charles St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Retinal ganglion cells die by apoptosis after optic nerve crush and in glaucoma, causing irreversible visual loss. Current therapies lower intraocular pressure, but are not designed specifically to prevent retinal ganglion cell death and blindness. Apoptosis can be initiated by at least two different pathways: activation of death receptors such as Fas, leading to recruitment of FADD, and caspase 8 to form the active caspase 8 containing death inducing signaling complex. This leads to cleavage and activation of downstream caspases and cell death. Alternatively, pro- apoptotic Bcl2 family members (dephosphorylated pBAD) can translocate to the mitochondrion, leading to release of cytochrome c, APAF-1, and activation of caspase-9, again initiating downstream caspases including caspase 3. We have observed that optic nerve crush induces rapid, stereotyped death of retinal ganglion cells, and that both of these pathways may well be involved. Although conceptualized as distinct pathways, they are likely points of intersection and regulation of these upstream initiating phenomenon. We propose that calcineurin activity is a major regulator of upstream caspases, because calcineurin inhibition protects against death receptor-initiated apoptosis and also prevents pBad phosphorylation. We demonstrated that treatment of rats with FK506, a widely clinically used immunosuppressant agent that is a potent calcineurin inhibitor, led to statistically significant retinal ganglion cell protection after optic nerve crush. The goals of the current application are (Aim 1) to determine whether inhibition of calcineurin underlies the observed neuroprotective effect of FK506, AND (Aim 2) to examine the effect of FK506 on the caspase 8/death receptor and pBad/cytochrome c initiating cascades. Aim 3 builds on the first 2 aims, and takes advantage of a microsurgical vascular sclerosis model of experimental glaucoma in the rat. We observe that RGC are lost over the course of several weeks by apoptosis, with many of the same characteristics as we observe in the subacute optic nerve crush model. We will now
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further characterize this model, and determine whether calcineurin inhibition by FK506 is neuroprotective in this setting. Taken together, the broad, long-term aims of the studies outlined in this application are to characterize the cell death pathways involved in retinal ganglion cell death so that neuroprotective treatments can be developed for diseases in which retinal ganglion cells die, such as glaucoma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROTRANSMISSION IN DEVELOPING COCHLEAR GANGLION CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Manning, Brian P.; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary 243 Charles St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Experiments are proposed to elucidate roles of glutamate receptors in the cochlear ganglion that are in addition to moment-by-moment transmission of auditory signals. The project arises from preliminary fura-2 calciumimaging studies in which isolated chick ganglion cells show cyclic changes in intracellular calcium lasting for several minutes after injection of glutamate receptor agonists. This response is present only until embryonic day 16, raising the possibility that an alteration in glutamate receptor subtype underlies a shift in signal processing from primordial rhythmic bursting needed to develop and refine neural connections to the stochastic transmission of acoustic signal information needed for perception of sound. We will combine a pharmacological and molecular biological approach to characterize this transition in glutamate receptor expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ORGANIZATION OF RETINAL GANGLION CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, Guo-Yong; Neurobiol/Physiol & Behavior; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): All information about the visual world is conveyed from the eyes to the visual centers of the brain by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The overall objective of the proposed research program is to further our understanding of the functional organization of these neurons using the mouse retina as a model system. The potential advantage of this approach is the possibility of using the tools of molecular biology to engineer animals (commonly referred to as knockouts) which lack specific cellular attributes. Before taking advantage of the knockout technology, it is essential to obtain information about the organizational properties of RGCs in the normal mouse. For this purpose, we will make patch-clamp recordings in conjunction with Lucifer yellow filling of RGCs to document the structural and functional properties of wild-type mouse RGCs. As the first specific aim, we will assess the visual receptive field properties of these neurons using an isolated retinal whole mount preparation in order to determine how the morphologically defined RGC classes correlate with their salient responses to light. This will provide the first structural/functional information about RGCs in the mouse retina. Specific aim 2 will document the intrinsic membrane properties of the different classes of RGCs to test the hypothesis that they express different excitable membrane properties. Our preliminary results indicate that only alpha-type cells manifest T-type currents that regulate bursting activity. Specific aim 3 will assess the functional properties of RGCs in knockouts lacking nitric oxide (NO), a gas that been suggested to act as a retinal neurotransmitter. As yet, however, little is
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Ganglions
known about the involvement of NO in the functional organization of the mammalian retina. In the ferret, I have found that increasing NO selectively blocks "Off" responses in retinal ganglion cells, so it will be particularly interesting to assess whether or not On and Off channels are differentially modified in these genetically altered mice. NO has also been implicated in the refinement of early projection patterns in the developing CNS. Specific aim 4 will determine whether this gas acts to regulate the structural properties of ganglion cells. In particular, we will test the hypothesis that NO is required for the normal stratification of ganglion cell dendrites into On and Off sublaminae of the IPL. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PATHFINDING OF GANGLION CELL AXONS AND OCULAR ALBINISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Farber, Debora B.; Professor; Jules Stein Eye Institute; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) Individuals with ocular albinism (OA) lack stereoscopic vision due to a reduction of the ipsilateral component of the optic tract and have deficient melanin levels in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The gene that causes the X-linked form of this disease, 0A1, has been identified and characterized. It encodes a G-protein coupled-receptor of unknown function that is localized on the membrane of melanosomes. Melanogenesis occurs in these organelles and tyrosinase is the key enzyme involved in this process. Melanosornes are present in the melanocytes, of the skin and in the RPE. The goal of this proposal is to investigate the molecular mechanisms of axon guidance that lead to the formation of abnormal synaptic connections in the brain of individuals affected with OA. The mouse albino mutant, that carries a point mutation in tyrosinase leading to decreased numbers of uncrossed retinal axons, offers a genetic model to address why the deficiency in melanin results in the abnormality at the optic chiasm seen in OA. We propose to use a genetic approach to identify the cues provided by tyrosinase, RPE cells and Oal that direct retinal axon divergence at the chiasm, and the mechanisms underlying specification of retinal ganglion cells to respond to these cues. Initially, we will genetically engineer mice having Cre-recombinase. These animals will allow us to control the timing of expression of specific genes. The Cre-mice will be crossed with transgenic albino mice expressing tyrosinase or diphteria toxin, and with transgenic mice carrying a conditional allele of 0al. The inducible restoration of melanine by tyrosinase will allow us to determine whether pigmentation has a role in axonal pathfinding. The inducible expression of diphteria toxin to ablate the RPE will indicate whether these cells influence both the differentiation of ganglion cells and their axonal pathfinding. The introduction of an "on/off" switch to flip Oal coding sequences will allow us to determine whether the stages of axonal crossing can be reversed by the re-expression of the wild type gene. The information obtained with these studies will. increase our understanding of the pathology of ocular albinism and will help us. to unravel molecular mechanisms of pathfinding in the optic chiasm, a "choice point" where growth cones navigate to the same or opposite side of the brain. Finding how pigmentation defects in the RPE cause abnormalities in axonal guidance and in retinal development may provide insights applicable to future therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHARMACOLOGY & PHYSIOLOGY OF RETINAL GANGLION CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ishida, Andrew T.; Professor; Neurobiol/Physiol & Behavior; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1989; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Verbatim from applicant's abstract): The major objective of this application is to understand how retinal ganglion cells function by using electrophysiology and pharmacology to identify distinct ion currents that depolarize ganglion cells to action potential threshold; identify ion current properties that modulate repetitive action potential firing in these cells; and determine whether these properties are controlled over slow time-scales by cytoplasmic messengers. These experiments stem directly from measurements and calculations published during the previous funding period. The hypothesis that low-threshold Na+, Ca2+ and mixed-cation currents produce "nonsynaptic excitatory potentials" in retinal ganglion cells will be tested by investigating whether low-threshold ion currents depolarize ganglion cells to action potential threshold, and whether they do so separately or sequentially. The hypothesis that slow changes in retinal ganglion cell excitability results from modulation of low-threshold ion currents by neurotransmitters will be tested by investigating whether modulatory neurotransmitters (dopamine) alter spike frequency by modulating the amplitude, gating kinetics, and/or voltage-sensitivity of Na+ currents, low-threshold Ca2+ currents and/or Ih currents. The last hypothesis, that mammalian retinal ganglion cells' excitability is influenced by low-threshold ion currents similar to those found in fish, will be tested by comparing the amplitude and kinetics of fish and mammalian ganglion cell ion currents, and by determining the ion currents responsible for the previous reports of voltage-rectification, and of tetrodotoxin-induced hyperpolarization in mammalian preparations. These experiments will be performed with whole-cell patchclamp methods to voltage-clamp and current-clamp goldfish retinal ganglion cells. Recordings will be made from freshly dissociated ganglion cells and ganglion cells in retinal slices. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RETINAL INFORMATION
GANGLION
CELL
PROCESSING
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Troy, John B.; Biomedical Northwestern University 633 Clark Street Evanston, Il 60208
SPATIAL
Engineering;
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1986; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The long-term objective of this research project is to fully characterize the retinal input to the mammalian brain. This information is essential if we hope to restore vision, either through synthetic or biological means, to those blinded through retinal diseases. Through decades of research we have learned much about how the mammalian retina encodes the visual world, but substantial gaps in our knowledge remain before realistic quantitative models of retinal image coding can be developed. The research proposed in this application seeks to fill two of these gaps. First, evidence is growing which threatens the foundation of our understanding of how the eye encodes visual information. Traditionally, retinal ganglion cells have been though to transmit neural messages by independently modulating their rates of discharge of action potentials. Simultaneous recordings from pairs or more of neurons in cats and other vertebrates have shown, however, that the spike trains of retinal ganglion cells are
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temporally correlated. The correlated firing events have the potential to encode more information than is possible were ganglion cells independent encoders of the visual scene. One major objective of this proposal is too determine whether a coding scheme based on correlated firing of cell groups is more plausible than one based on single cell firing for the mammalian retina. Second, a realistic model of how the retina represents visual images requires detailed information about the array of ganglion cell receptive fields and the spatiotemporal integrative properties of these fields. While we recently have very good quantitative descriptions of the spatiotemporal transfer functions of ganglion cells, we lack physiological maps of the array of ganglion cell receptive fields. Instead, we have anatomical maps of the array of ganglion cell dendritic fields. The other major objective of this proposal is to determine whether these anatomical maps can correctly substitute for the physiological maps which are more difficult to measure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RETINAL GANGLION CELLS--ION CHANNELS & TRANSMITTERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lipton, Stuart A.; Professor and Director; Burnham Institute 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla, Ca 920371005 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1984; Project End 29-SEP-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The dual role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in the normal and abnormal functioning of the retina imposes important constraints on possible therapeutic strategies aimed at ameliorating NMDARmediated insults to retinal ganglion cells such as ischemia and glaucoma. Block of NMDAR overactivity must be achieved without interference with normal function. Two groups of drugs show promise for safe but effective pharmacological intervention to curtail excessive activity of the NMDAR: (i) memantine, a use-dependent and uncompetitive antagonist that is an NMDA open-channel blocker, and (ii) nitric oxide (NO)-related species (e.g. provided by nitroglycerin) that interact with redox modulatory site(s) on the NMDAR. Preliminary results demonstrate that 1) glutamine/arginine/asparagine (Q/R/N) sites in the second membrane spanning (M2) domain of NR1 and NR2 subunits of the NMDARs strongly affect memantine binding 2) there are three kinetically distinct components of redox modulation on NR1a/NR2a heterometric channels that are affected by redox agents; 3) each kinetic component of redox modulation can be attributed to interaction between with a pair of Cys residues on the NR1 or NR2A subunits, and these subunits also affect modulation by Zn; and 4) one Cys residue on NR2A is mainly responsible for inhibition of NMDAR activity by NO-related species via S-nitrosylation (transfer of NO+ to thiol). To avoid systemic side effects NO-related species will be chemically linked to memantine to target the NO group to its NMDAR Cys redox site. Based on Cys residues in the redox site, a novel NMDAR subunit, NMDAR3 has been cloned from the rat retina and recently a second DNA has been cloned which encodes another NMDAR subunit, NR3b. The following aims are proposed: [1] To study the structural determinants of memantine binding in the channel pore of the NMDAR. [2] To characterize the Cys residues that underlie redox Zn and No modulation of the NMDAR and to develop combinatorial NOmemantine drugs designed to target NO group transfer to Cys residues of the NMDAR. Importantly, the novel NMDAR antagonist drugs designed here can then be developed for neuroprotection of RGCs from ischemic and glaucomatous insults. [3] To elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of NR3A whereby it decreases NMDAR-activated current. [4] To clone and characterize a second NMDAR subunit, NR3B, isolated from the rat retina. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RETINAL ISCHEMIA-INDUCED MMPS AND GANGLION CELL DEATH Principal Investigator & Institution: Chintala, Shravan K.; None; Oakland University Rochester, Mi 483094401 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Retinal ischemia is defined as an arrest of blood flow and reduction of oxygen supply to the retina. Ischemic damage to the retina is a common pathological factor in a number of blinding diseases in humans including central retinal artery and vein occlusions, diabetes, retinopathy of prematurity, and glaucoma to name a few. Although ischemia-induced damage to the retina is known to lead to irreversible loss of ganglion cells, the pathophysiology underlying this process is not clearly understood. The long-term goal of this laboratory is to determine the triggering mechanisms that lead to ganglion cell loss in retinal ischemia because a complete understanding of the disease process will help us in designing preventative strategies to rescue ganglion cells in sight-threatening ischemic retinal diseases. Preliminary findings, using a central retinal ligation model in mice, support the hypothesis that retinal ischemia induces expression of matrix metalloproteinase gelatinase B (MMP-9) by cells in the ganglion cell layer; that MMP-9 mediates degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) composing of retinal inner limiting membrane (ILM); and that this leads to apoptosis of ganglion cells. Experiments are now proposed to determine (a) the timing and localization of MMPs in the ganglion cell layer, (b) the cell types that synthesize these MMPs in the ganglion cell layer, (c) the role of a particular MMP that leads to ganglion cell loss, (d) the ECM components that are degraded in the ILM, and (e) the neuroprotective effects of MMP inhibition on ganglion cell loss. The proposed studies would not only facilitate our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie ischemia-induced ganglion cell loss in this model system, but in the long-run would also help us in designing neuroprotective strategies to prevent loss of retinal ganglion cells in blinding ischemic retinal diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STIMULI PROMOTING SURVIVAL OF SPIRAL GANGLION NEURONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Green, Steven H.; Associate Professor; Biology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) die gradually following the loss of hair cells by the process of apoptosis. Electrical stimulation promotes the survival of such deafferented SGNs in vivo, raising the possibility of using electrical stimulation to maintain survival of SGNs in deaf individuals - in effect allowing cochlear implants to replace the trophic as well as the sensory function of hair cells. Our first goal is to provide a detailed timecourse of the key molecular events characteristic of apoptosis during the death of SGNs following deafening and describe how these events are affected by electrical stimulation. Rats will be deafened using ototoxin to destroy the hair cells and, during the approximately 100 day period over which SGNs die, the levels, the phosphorylation state and the subcellular localization of key representative apoptosis regulators and mediators will be determined immunohistochemically and biochemically. This will reveal at what stage(s) in the apoptotic process the SGNs exist following loss of hair cells, thereby identifying the time during which potential therapies for preventing SGN death would be most successfully applied. The second
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goal is to test the hypothesis implied by our previous studies: depolarization recruits three distinct kinase systems that independently and additively promote SGN survival, acting in distinct cellular compartments and on distinct substrates. Cyclic AMPdependent protein kinase and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) II, appear to function in the cytoplasm and phosphorylate mitochondrial apoptotic regulators, with CaMKII doing so by an indirect route involving tyrosine kinases. CaMKIV functions in the nucleus, phosphorylating the transcription factor CREB. To test this hypothesis, a lentiviral vector will be used to introduce genes encoding activated protein kinase mutants or kinase inhibitor proteins into SGNs, with these proteins restricted to specific subcellular locations, e.g., mitochondria or nucleus, by means of physiological targeting sequences. For these studies, we use the system we have developed, in which SGNs are electrically stimulated or depolarized in vitro to maintain their survival. In parallel, we will infuse pharmacological inhibitors or activators of these kinase systems into the cochleae of hearing or deafened rats, or deafened rats with implanted stimulating electrodes. These experiments will determine the extent to which these intracellular signals promote survival in vivo and verify that they mediate the survival-promoting effect of electrical stimulation in vivo as they do in vitro. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MAMMALIAN GANGLION CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Berson, David M.; Professor; Neuroscience; Brown University Providence, Ri 02912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 07-FEB-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Mammalian ganglion cells (GCs) comprise more than a dozen distinct types, differing in structure, light responses, projections to the brain, and probable function. The long-term goal of this research is to understand the functional significance of this diversity and its anatomical and physiological substrates. The experiments proposed here focus on ON-OFF GCs, a group of cells excited by both light and dark stimuli in their receptive field centers. ONOFF GCs are ubiquitous among vertebrates, including primates, and are more common in mammals than generally appreciated. Their transient light responses, motion sensitivity and strong preferences for spatially-restricted stimuli point to possible roles in detection and localization of moving objects. Though extensively studied in coldblooded vertebrates, ON-OFF GCs have been largely neglected in mammals because of the relative prominence and ease of study of other types (e.g., X and Y; M and P). The proposed research will exploit new methods that overcome technical barriers to the study of ON-OFF GCs. Pilot structure-function data in cat suggest marked heterogeneity among these cells. They belong to at least five distinct morphological types, differing in dendritic form and central projections. One goal of this study is to provide comprehensive descriptions of these types and a sound empirical basis for distinguishing them. The structural heterogeneity is presumably related to the functional diversity among this cell population (e.g., in direction selectivity and the relative strength of ON and OFF channel input). Thus, a second goal is to compare and contrast the visual response properties of ON-OFF GCs belonging to each of these morphological types. These cells have receptive fields with powerful suppressive surrounds, which strongly constrain optimal stimulus size. The synaptic basis of this property has been well studied in amphibians, but it is unknown whether the emerging circuit model applies to the mammalian retina. Proposed studies will address this
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question. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of light-responsive ON-OFF cells will be made in an intact superfused retina-choroid preparation that preserves the spatial structure of receptive fields. Light stimulation of the receptive field will be combined with pharmacological perturbation of synaptic networks and manipulation of transmembrane voltage. Cells will be stained by intracellular injection, in some cases after retrograde labeling from specific visual nuclei of the brain. The study will expand our understanding of how diverse GC types implement the range of transformations of the retinal image carried out by the mammalian retina. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SURVIVAL/PLASTICITY OF RETINAL GANGLION CELLS INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Blanco, Rosa E.; University of Puerto Rico Med Sciences Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, Pr 00936 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: WHY DO RETINAL GANGLION CELLS LOSE REGENERATIVE ABILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Christopherson, Karen S.; Neurobiology; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002 Summary: Unlike most other organs, the brain and other CNS tissues cannot repair itself after injury. The failure of axons to regenerate in these situations is a major cause of sustained neurological deficits after events such as trauma and stroke. This proposal is designed to answer basic questions about why this regeneration fails to occur in order to informatively design therapeutic methods to promote regeneration in vivo. The model system used in this proposal is the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neuron. RGCs are an excellent tool because they are the only CNS neurons that do not regenerate and can be cultured under conditions in which they will survive but do not regrow axons, allowing axonal regeneration to be specifically addressed. Postnatal (P8) cells re-extend axons in purified cultures at a rate approximately ten times slower than embryonic (E19) cells. This proposal examines why there is a difference in regenerative ability between embryonic and postnatal RGCs, and whether it is a result of intrinsic or extrinsic changes that have occurred in vivo between E19 and P8. In addition to being applicable to other CNS neurons, the use of RGCs allows regeneration in the visual system itself to be specifically elucidated. Glaucoma, optic neuritis, optic nerve ischemia and optic neuropathies all may result in the severing of RGC axons that results in blindness when they fail to regenerate. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National
3
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “ganglions” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for ganglions in the PubMed Central database: •
Immune responses in mice against herpes simplex virus: mechanisms of protection against facial and ganglionic infections. by Zweerink HJ, Martinez D, Lynch RJ, Stanton LW.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351779
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Initial herpes simplex virus type 1 infection prevents ganglionic superinfection by other strains. by Centifanto-Fitzgerald YM, Varnell ED, Kaufman HE.; 1982 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351163
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Latency-associated transcript but not reactivatable virus is present in sensory ganglion neurons after inoculation of thymidine kinase-negative mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1. by Tenser RB, Hay KA, Edris WA.; 1989 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250801
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with ganglions, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “ganglions” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for ganglions (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A case of arteriosclerosis obliterans with monitored regional oxygen saturation during treatment with a lumbar sympathetic ganglion block. Author(s): Goto S. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 September-October; 28(5): 485-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14556145
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A contribution to the structural pattern differences between the apical and basal spiral ganglions in mammals. Author(s): Sanchez-Fernandez JM, Sanchez-del Rey A, Santaolalla-Montoya F, Martinez Ibarguen A. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1997 March; 117(2): 250-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105460
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A method for intraoperative microneurographic recording of unitary activity in the trigeminal ganglion of patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Author(s): Baumann TK, Burchiel KJ. Source: Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 2004 January 15; 132(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14687671
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Age-related change in the number of neurons in the human vestibular ganglion. Author(s): Park JJ, Tang Y, Lopez I, Ishiyama A. Source: The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2001 March 19; 431(4): 437-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11223813
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All wrist masses are not ganglions. A review of the extensor digitorum brevis manus. Author(s): Wise DM, Weeks PM. Source: Mo Med. 1981 November; 78(11): 694-6,700. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7311962
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An intraligamentous ganglion cyst of the anterior cruciate ligament after a traumatic event. Author(s): Kakutani K, Yoshiya S, Matsui N, Yamamoto T, Kurosaka M. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 November; 19(9): 1019-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14608325
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An ultrastructural study of the myelination of the trigeminal ganglion in human foetuses aged 10 to 23 weeks. Author(s): Bruska M. Source: Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2003; 62(3): 231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507054
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Anatomic dissections relating the posterior interosseous nerve to the carpus, and the etiology of dorsal wrist ganglion pain. Author(s): Dellon AL, Seif SS. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1978 July; 3(4): 326-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=681715
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Anterior wrist ganglion. Author(s): Wright TW, Cooney WP, Ilstrup DM. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1994 November; 19(6): 954-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7876494
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Arthrographic studies of wrist ganglions. Author(s): Andren L, Eiken O. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1971 March; 53(2): 299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5546702
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Arthroscopic resection of volar ganglion of the wrist: A new technique. Author(s): Ho PC, Lo WN, Hung LK. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 February; 19(2): 218-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12579157
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Arthroscopically assisted treatment of intraosseous ganglions of the lunate: a new technique. Author(s): Ashwood N, Bain GI. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2003 January; 28(1): 62-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12563639
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Attempts to isolate virus from human trigeminal and facial ganglions. Author(s): Degre M, Bukholm G, Lund EE, Djupesland G. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 1978 November 17; 166(1-4): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=214678
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Autoimmune ganglionic blockade. A cause of autonomic failure. Focus on “Experimental Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy”. Author(s): Biaggioni I. Source: Journal of Neurophysiology. 2003 September; 90(3): 1377-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966172
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Bursitis, tenosynovitis, ganglions, and painful lesions of the wrist, elbow, and hand. Author(s): Canoso JJ. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1990 April; 2(2): 276-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2203403
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CD117-expressing cells in the human gastrointestinal tract with particular emphasis on its localization in myenteric ganglion cells (MGC). Author(s): Min KW, Seo I, Goldblum JR. Source: Human Pathology. 2003 August; 34(8): 825-6; Author Reply 827. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14506650
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Comparative study of the three neurofilament subunits within pig and human retinal ganglion cells. Author(s): Ruiz-Ederra J, Garcia M, Hicks D, Vecino E. Source: Molecular Vision [electronic Resource]. 2004 February 10; 10: 83-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14961007
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Compression of the palmar cutaneous nerve by ganglions of the wrist. Author(s): Gessini L, Jandolo B, Pietrangeli A, Senese A. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 1983 October-December; 27(4): 241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6674421
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Deep posterior knee pain caused by a ganglion of the popliteus tendon--a case report. Author(s): Weber D, Friederich NF, Nidecker A, Muller W. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1996; 4(3): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8961231
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Diagnosis of ganglions in the hand and wrist by sonography. Author(s): Hoglund M, Tordai P, Muren C. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1994 January; 35(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8305270
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Diagnostic validity of ultrasound in patients with persistent wrist pain and suspected occult ganglion. Author(s): Osterwalder JJ, Widrig R, Stober R, Gachter A. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1997 November; 22(6): 1034-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9471072
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Dorsal wrist ganglions in children. Author(s): MacCollum MS. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1977 July; 2(4): 325. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=893988
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Efficacy of immobilization following aspiration of carpal and digital ganglions. Author(s): Korman J, Pearl R, Hentz VR. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1992 November; 17(6): 1097-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1430949
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Entrapment neuropathy of the inferior branch of the suprascapular nerve by a ganglion cyst mimicking cervical disk disease. Author(s): Akgun K, Erdogan F, Aydingoz O, Kanberoglu K. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 October; 62(10): 1025-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12972493
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Exogenous erythropoietin protects against dorsal root ganglion apoptosis and pain following peripheral nerve injury. Author(s): Campana WM, Myers RR. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 September; 18(6): 1497-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511329
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Experimental implication of celiac ganglionotropic invasion of pancreatic-cancer cells bearing c-ret proto-oncogene with reference to glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Author(s): Okada Y, Takeyama H, Sato M, Morikawa M, Sobue K, Asai K, Tada T, Kato T, Manabe T. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1999 March 31; 81(1): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10077155
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Familial calcification of the basal ganglions: a metabolic and genetic study. Author(s): Moskowitz MA, Winickoff RN, Heinz ER. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1971 July 8; 285(2): 72-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4326703
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Fine needle aspiration in the treatment of ganglion cysts. Author(s): Esteban JM, Oertel YC, Mendoza M, Knoll SM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1986 June; 79(6): 691-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3715531
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Fingernail deformities secondary to ganglions of the distal interphalangeal joint (mucous cysts). Author(s): Brown RE, Zook EG, Russell RC, Kucan JO, Smoot EC. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1991 April; 87(4): 718-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2008470
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Ganglion affection in the invasive vulvar carcinoma. Author(s): Lopez Garcia N, Recio Sanchez S, Sanchez Clemente C, Garcia Gallego A. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1987; 8(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3569318
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Ganglion cysts of the shoulder: technique of arthroscopic decompression and fixation of associated type II superior labral anterior to posterior lesions. Author(s): Westerheide KJ, Karzel RP. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 2003 October; 34(4): 521-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984191
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Ganglions in the sinus tarsi. Author(s): Light M, Pupp G. Source: J Foot Surg. 1991 July-August; 30(4): 350-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1940036
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Ganglions of the foot and ankle. A retrospective analysis of 63 procedures. Author(s): Pontious J, Good J, Maxian SH. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1999 April; 89(4): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10220985
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Ganglions of the foot. Author(s): Wu KK. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1993 May-June; 32(3): 343-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8339089
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Ganglions of the foot: a six-year retrospective study and a review of the literature. Author(s): Slavitt JA, Beheshti F, Lenet M, Sherman M. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1980 September; 70(9): 459-65. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7440888
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Ganglions of the hand and wrist. Author(s): Thornburg LE. Source: J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999 July-August; 7(4): 231-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10434077
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Ganglions of the hand and wrist. Author(s): Young L, Bartell T, Logan SE. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1988 June; 81(6): 751-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3287641
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Ganglions of the proximal interphalangeal joint. Author(s): Busch CC, Cable BM, Dabezies EJ. Source: Orthopedics. 2000 August; 23(8): 839-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10952047
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Ganglions of the proximal interphalangeal joint. Author(s): Cheng CA, Rockwell WB. Source: Am J Orthop. 1999 August; 28(8): 458-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10470671
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Ganglions of the temporomandibular joint: case report and review of literature. Author(s): Copeland M, Douglas B. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1988 May; 81(5): 775-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3283792
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Ganglions of the wrist and digits: results of treatment by aspiration and cyst wall puncture. Author(s): Richman JA, Gelberman RH, Engber WD, Salamon PB, Bean DJ. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1987 November; 12(6): 1041-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3693833
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Ganglions of the wrist and hand. Author(s): Nelson CL, Sawmiller S, Phalen GS. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1972 October; 54(7): 1459-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4653631
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Ganglions. Author(s): Lapidus PW, Guidotti FP. Source: Med Trial Tech Q. 1968 September; 15(1): 15-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5746093
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Giant ganglion cyst of the quadriceps femoris tendon. Author(s): Vayvada H, Tayfur V, Menderes A, Yilmaz M, Barutcu A. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 2003 July; 11(4): 260-2. Epub 2003 May 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12740653
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Giant ganglion of the proximal tibiofibular joint: a case report. Author(s): O'Rourke PJ, Byrne JJ. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1995 October-December; 164(4): 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8522435
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Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor normalizes neurochemical changes in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons and prevents the expression of experimental neuropathic pain. Author(s): Wang R, Guo W, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Lai J. Source: Neuroscience. 2003; 121(3): 815-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14568039
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Herniated lumbar disc material as a source of free glutamate available to affect pain signals through the dorsal root ganglion. Author(s): Harrington JF, Messier AA, Bereiter D, Barnes B, Epstein MH. Source: Spine. 2000 April 15; 25(8): 929-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10767804
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Histochemical observation of nitric oxide synthase in trigeminal ganglion of rats with experimental pulpitis. Author(s): Cao Y, Deng Y. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 1999; 19(1): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12840884
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Identification of two distinct subpopulations in a ganglioneuroblastoma: lack of colocalization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and calcitonin in ganglionic cells at the ultrastructural level. Author(s): Schellscheidt J, Baas S, Schmid KW, Vormoor J, Zimmer KP. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2003 December; 41(6): 571-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595721
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Immunohistochemical classification and functional morphology of human choroidal ganglion cells. Author(s): May CA, Neuhuber W, Lutjen-Drecoll E. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2004 February; 45(2): 361-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744873
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Isolated ganglions of the anterior cruciate ligament. Author(s): Maffulli N, Binfield PM, King JB. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1993 May; 25(5): 550-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8492681
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Isolation of latent herpes simplex virus from the superior cervical and vagus ganglions of human beings. Author(s): Warren KG, Brown SM, Wroblewska Z, Gilden D, Koprowski H, SubakSharpe J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 May 11; 298(19): 1068-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=205790
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Letter: Herpes simplex virus in sensory ganglions. Author(s): Finelli PF, McDonald SD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1975 January 2; 292(1): 51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=162788
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Loss of nerve function in the hand caused by ganglions. Author(s): Trevaskis AE, Tilly D, Marcks KM, Heffernan AH. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1967 January; 39(1): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6018816
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Management of flexor tendon sheath ganglions: a cost analysis. Author(s): Bittner JG 4th, Kang R, Stern PJ. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2002 July; 27(4): 586-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12132080
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Morphology and topography of intraosseous ganglion cysts in the carpus: an anatomic, histopathologic, and magnetic resonance imaging correlation study. Author(s): Schrank C, Meirer R, Stabler A, Nerlich A, Reiser M, Putz R. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2003 January; 28(1): 52-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12563638
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MRI of an intratendinous ganglion cyst of the peroneus brevis tendon. Author(s): Costa CR, Morrison WB, Carrino JA, Raiken SM. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 September; 181(3): 890-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12933504
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Multiple ganglions of tendon sheaths. A case report. Author(s): Sarpyener MA, Ozcurumez O, Seyhan F. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1968 July; 50(5): 98590. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5676835
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Nerve fibre interaction with large ganglion cells in the human spiral ganglion. A TEM study. Author(s): Rask-Andersen H, Tylstedt S, Kinnefors A, Schrott-Fischer A. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1997; 24(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9148720
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Neural interaction in the human spiral ganglion: a TEM study. Author(s): Tylstedt S, Kinnefors A, Rask-Andersen H. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1997 July; 117(4): 505-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9288204
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Neuronal ganglionic acetylcholine receptor autoimmunity. Author(s): Vernino S, Lennon VA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 September; 998: 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14592878
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Neurophysiological diagnosis of acquired sensory ganglionopathies. Author(s): Lauria G, Pareyson D, Sghirlanzoni A. Source: European Neurology. 2003; 50(3): 146-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530620
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On the duality of the facial nerve ganglion. Author(s): Gacek RR. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1998 July; 108(7): 1077-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9665260
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Peculiarities of the thyroid gland structure (with special reference to the presence of ganglion cells). Author(s): Sarrat R, Torres A, Whyte J, Lostale F. Source: Histology and Histopathology. 1994 January; 9(1): 95-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7516207
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Percutaneous trigeminal ganglion balloon compression for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia--part I: pressure recordings. Author(s): Wilkinson HA. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2003 November; 60(5): 470. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572977
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Perimetric defects and ganglion cell damage: interpreting linear relations using a twostage neural model. Author(s): Swanson WH, Felius J, Pan F. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2004 February; 45(2): 466-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744886
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Peripheral resolution for achromatic and SWS gratings in early to moderate glaucoma and the implications for selective ganglion cell density loss. Author(s): Beirne RO, Logan JF, Zlatkova MB, Jackson AJ, Rankin SJ, Demirel S, Anderson RS. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 November; 44(11): 4780-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14578399
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Phenol cauterization for ganglions of the hand, wrist, and foot: a preliminary report. Author(s): Park S, Iida T, Yoshimura K, Kawasaki Y. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2002 June; 48(6): 582-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12055425
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Pisotriquetral joint ganglion. Author(s): Vosburgh CL, Rayan GM. Source: Orthop Rev. 1994 May; 23(5): 435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8041577
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Posterior interosseous nerve palsy caused by ganglions of the proximal radioulnar joint. Author(s): McCollam SM, Corley FG, Green DP. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1988 September; 13(5): 725-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3241045
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Presentation of a unique ganglionic cyst. Author(s): Schram AJ, Kirschenbaum SE. Source: J Foot Surg. 1988 November-December; 27(6): 530-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3072367
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Protection of the radial artery in the resection of adherent ganglions of the wrist. Author(s): Lister GD, Smith RR. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1978 January; 61(1): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=619378
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Pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the Gasserian ganglion in patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Author(s): Van Zundert J, Brabant S, Van de Kelft E, Vercruyssen A, Van Buyten JP. Source: Pain. 2003 August; 104(3): 449-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12927617
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Quantitative evaluation of cochlear neurons and computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction of spiral ganglion cells in humans with a peripheral loss of nerve fibres. Author(s): Felder E, Kanonier G, Scholtz A, Rask-Andersen H, Schrott-Fischer A. Source: Hearing Research. 1997 March; 105(1-2): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9083815
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Radical distal pancreatectomy with en bloc resection of the celiac artery, plexus, and ganglions for advanced cancer of the pancreatic body: a preliminary report on perfect pain relief. Author(s): Kondo S, Katoh H, Omi M, Hirano S, Ambo Y, Tanaka E, Okushiba S, Morikawa T, Kanai M, Yano T. Source: Jop [electronic Resource] : Journal of the Pancreas. 2001 May; 2(3): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11870330
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Recovery of herpes simplex virus from human sacral ganglions. Author(s): Baringer JR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1974 October 17; 291(16): 828-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4371760
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Recovery of herpes-simplex virus from human trigeminal ganglions. Author(s): Baringer JR, Swoveland P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 March 29; 288(13): 648-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4347057
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Report on the treatment of one hundred and two ganglions. Author(s): Lapidus PW, Guidotti FP. Source: Bull Hosp Joint Dis. 1967 April; 28(1): 50-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6040418
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Retinal ganglion cells resistant to advanced glaucoma: a postmortem study of human retinas with the carbocyanine dye DiI. Author(s): Pavlidis M, Stupp T, Naskar R, Cengiz C, Thanos S. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 December; 44(12): 5196-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14638717
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Retropharyngeal or cervicomediastinal haematomas following stellate ganglion block. Author(s): Okuda Y, Urabe K, Kitajima T. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2003 September; 20(9): 757-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12974602
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Serpiginous ganglion cyst of the foot mimicking cutaneous larva migrans. Author(s): Friedli A, Saurat JH, Harms M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 November; 47(5 Suppl): S266-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399746
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Specific and somatotopic functional magnetic resonance imaging activation in the trigeminal ganglion by brush and noxious heat. Author(s): Borsook D, DaSilva AF, Ploghaus A, Becerra L. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 August 27; 23(21): 7897-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944520
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Stellate ganglion block increases blood flow into the optic nerve head and the peripapillary retina in human. Author(s): Yu HG, Chung H, Yoon TG, Yum KW, Kim HJ. Source: Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic & Clinical. 2003 November 28; 109(1-2): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14638313
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Stereospecific interaction of ketamine with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human sympathetic ganglion-like SH-SY5Y cells. Author(s): Friederich P, Dybek A, Urban BW. Source: Anesthesiology. 2000 September; 93(3): 818-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10969316
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Surgical treatment of ganglions of the wrist by partial excision of the joint capsule. Report on 303 cases. Author(s): Razemon JP. Source: Ann Chir Main. 1983; 2(3): 230-43. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9336642
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The distribution of fibrous flexor sheath ganglions. Author(s): al-Khawashki H, Hooper G. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1997 April; 22(2): 226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9149993
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The dorsal ganglion of the wrist: its pathogenesis, gross and microscopic anatomy, and surgical treatment. Author(s): Angelides AC, Wallace PF. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1976 November; 1(3): 228-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1018091
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The human celiac ganglion and its splanchnic nerves. Author(s): Paz Z, Rosen A. Source: Acta Anatomica. 1989; 136(2): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2816261
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The lipofuscin content of Scarpas ganglion of normal and Meniere's disease patients related to age: a histologic and morphometric study. Author(s): Galic M, Schmelzer A. Source: Clin Neuropathol. 1987 March-April; 6(2): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3594979
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The office treatment of simple paronychias and ganglions. Author(s): Lee TC. Source: Med Times. 1981 September; 109(9): 49-51, 54-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7289828
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The simple wrist ganglion--more than a minor surgical procedure? Author(s): Faithfull DK, Seeto BG. Source: Hand Surgery : an International Journal Devoted to Hand and Upper Limb Surgery and Related Research : Journal of the Asia-Pacific Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand. 2000 December; 5(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11301508
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The spatiotemporal precision of ganglion cell signals: a comparison of physiological and psychophysical performance with moving gratings. Author(s): Sun H, Ruttiger L, Lee BB. Source: Vision Research. 2004 January; 44(1): 19-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14599568
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The vascular pattern of the human dorsal root ganglion and its probable bearing on a compartment syndrome. Author(s): Parke WW, Whalen JL. Source: Spine. 2002 February 15; 27(4): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11840098
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Treatment of fingernail deformities secondary to ganglions of the distal interphalangeal joint. Author(s): Gingrass MK, Brown RE, Zook EG. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1995 May; 20(3): 502-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7642938
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Treatment of flexor tendon sheath ganglions using ultrasound imaging. Author(s): Kato H, Minami A, Hirachi K, Kasashima T. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1997 November; 22(6): 1027-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9471071
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Ultrasound findings of ganglions of the wrist. Author(s): Paivansalo M, Jalovaara P. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1991 November-December; 13(3): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1756743
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Unusual presentation of a cervical ganglion cyst. A case report. Author(s): Katsiva V, Mantaki A, Kailidoy E, Rizos K, Seretis A. Source: Radiol Med (Torino). 2003 July-August; 106(1-2): 123-5. English, Italian. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12951561
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Utility of color duplex sonography in the assessment of efficacy of the stellate ganglion blockade. Author(s): Celiktas M, Birbicer H, Aikimbaev K, Ozbek H, Akgul E, Binokay F. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2003 September; 44(5): 494-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510755
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Viral culture and electron microscopy of ganglion cells in Meniere's disease and Bell's palsy. Author(s): Palva T, Hortling L, Ylikoski J, Collan Y. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1978 September-October; 86(3-4): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=212928
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You can't teach a middle-aged ganglion new tricks. Author(s): Denk W. Source: Nature Neuroscience. 2003 September; 6(9): 908-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12939615
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GANGLIONS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and ganglions.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Ganglions The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “ganglions” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “ganglions” (or a synonym): •
Lipofuscin pigments in the spiral ganglion of the rat. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Source: Igarashi, Y Ishii, T Eur-Arch-Otorhinolaryngol. 1990; 247(3): 189-93 0937-4477
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The effects of H1- and H2-receptor blocking agents on postsynaptic potentials recorded from the bull-frog sympathetic ganglion. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan. Source: Tasaka, K Takaoka, M Kamei, C Pharmacol-Toxicol. 1988 September; 63(3): 15662 0901-9928
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
Nutrition
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON GANGLIONS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to ganglions. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “ganglions” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ganglions, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Ganglions ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to ganglions. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Chemokine, SDF-1, Promotes Embryonic Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Reduces the Effectiveness of Multiple Axonal Repellents by Chalasani, Sreekanth Hanumanth; PhD from University of Pennsylvania, 2003, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087376
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Activation of Presynaptic Opiate and Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors Alters Acetylcholine Release from a Sympathetic Ganglion by Araujo, Dalia M; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL34337
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Cell Birth and Death in the Ganglion Cell Layer of Mouse Retina by Farah, Mohamed Hassan; PhD from University of Michigan, 2003, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079439
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Characterization of Sympathetic Ganglion Sensitivity to Substance P in a Genetic and a Non-Genetic Rat Model of Hypertension by Tompkins, John Daniel; PhD from East Tennessee State University, 2003, 77 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083442
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Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases of the Superior Cervical Ganglion by Boudreau, Robert James; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK25803
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Effects of Preganglionic Stimulation and Hemicholinium No. 3 on Cholinergic Mechanisms in a Sympathetic Ganglion by Khatter, Jagdish C; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK21042
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Control of Axon Growth by Retinal Ganglion Cells by Goldberg, Jeffrey Louis; PhD from Stanford University, 2003, 293 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090597
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Mechanisms of Retinal Ganglion Cell Differentiation in the Vertebrate Retina by Hutcheson, David Andrew; PhD from The University of Utah, 2003, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079044
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Microstructural and Ultrastructural Studies on Identified Neurons of the Abdominal Ganglion of Aplysia Californica by Gillette, Rhanor; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK27855
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Morphological and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Dissociated Chick Embryonic Spinal Ganglion Cells in Culture by Scott, Brian S; ADVDEG from University of Toronto (Canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01847
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Neurotrophic Factor Receptors in the Normal and Injured Visual System. Focus on Retinal Ganglion Cells by Lindqvist, Niclas Erik Hansson; PhD from Uppsala Universitet (Sweden), 2003, 71 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f77441
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Regulation of Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels by Transforming Growth Factor Beta1 in Developing Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons by Lhuillier, Loic Charles; PhD from University of Houston, 2003, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085611
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Studies of Single Neurone Activity in the Cochlear Ganglion of the Guinea Pig by Robertson, Donald; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK24409
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The Expression of the Growth-associated Protein Gap-43 in Injured and Regenerating Retinal Ganglion Cells of the Adult Rat by Lozano, Andres M; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL52193
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The Recapture of Acetylcholine and Its Metabolic Products by a Sympathetic Ganglion by Katz, Howard S; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK15891
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The Role of Neuronal Coupling Via Gap Junctions in the Correlated Spike Firing of Alpha Ganglion Cells in the Rabbit Retina by Hu, Edward Hsu; PhD from New York University, 2003, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075502
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The Statistical Properties of Images As Determinants of Ganglion Cell Activity in the Vertebrate Retina by Krishnaswamy, Jennifer Theresa; PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 2003, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3105278
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Use of Sigma Receptor Ligands to Prevent Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis Characteristic of Diabetic Retinopathy by Martin, Pamela Moore; PhD from Medical College of Georgia, 2003, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082739
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON GANGLIONS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “ganglions” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ganglions, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Ganglions By performing a patent search focusing on ganglions, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on ganglions: •
Method and apparatus for determining electrical activity in the retinal nerve fiber layer using intrinsic birefringent properties of retinal ganglion cell axons Inventor(s): Hare; William A. (Tustin, CA) Assignee(s): Allergan, Inc. (irvine, Ca) Patent Number: 5,485,229 Date filed: May 24, 1994 Abstract: Apparatus and method for measuring retinal function in discrete regions of a retina includes selecting a discrete region of a retina having ganglion cell axons extending therefrom and to an optic nerve head and directing a linearly polarized beam of light on a probe region of retinal nerve fibers proximate the optic nerve head. Thereafter the discrete region is stimulated with light. Apparatus is provided for detecting light reflected from the probe region, before, during and after stimulation for producing an electrical signal corresponding to the amount of shifted linearly polarized light as a function of time. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for measuring retinal function and is more particularly directed to probing of the electrical activity in the retinal nerve fiber layer utilizing the intrinsic birefringent properties of the retinal ganglion cell axons. In general, an object exhibits birefringent, or optically anisotropic characteristics, if its refractive index as observed in polarized light is not the same in every plane. Early work by D. K. Hill and R. D. Keynes (1949, "Opacity Changes in Stimulated Nerve," J. Physiol., 108, 278-281) reported changes in the amount of light scattered by crab nerves during and after stimulation. Subsequently, D. K. Hill (1950, "Effect of Stimulation on the Opacity of a Crustacean Nerve Trunk and Its Relation to Fiber Diameter," J. Physiol., 111, 283-303) proposed that the scattering of light was related to a swelling of the fibers and thereafter confirmed this phenomenon by direct measurement in Sepia axons. Earlier work to record birefringence changes in squid axon was generally unsuccessful because of the lack of instrumental sensitivity. However, later work by L. B. Cohen, R. D. Keynes and Bertil Hille (1968, "Light Scattering and Birefringence Changes during Nerve Activity," Nature, 218, 438-441) confirmed changes in birefringence. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05485229__
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Method for three-dimensional image reconstruction of basal ganglion Inventor(s): Chang; Chi-Shun (Taipei Hsien, TW), Lee; Jiann-Der (Taoyuan Hsien, TW), Lee; Shih-Tsang (Taipei, TW) Assignee(s): National Science Council (taipei, Tw) Patent Number: 6,574,356 Date filed: April 19, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for three-dimensional image reconstruction of basal ganglion. A novel geometrical algorithm has been developed to calculate the correction coordinates of the target based on the reference axial shift in the CT scan coordinate system. Furthermore, wavelet transform along with interpolation
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techniques are used to obtain continuous sectional images and three-dimensional image reconstruction is then performed to form the stereotactic atlas of basal ganglion. Therefore, the stereotactic atlas of basal ganglion established in this invention can be used as references for assisting operation and training for neurosurgeons. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for three-dimensional image reconstruction. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for threedimensional image reconstruction of basal ganglion. In the late 1950's and 1960's, the most common use of stereotactic surgery was the placement of subcortical lesions to treat movement disorders, primarily the tremor of Parkinson's disease. After the introduction of L-Dopa in 1968 for treating Parkinson's disease, indication for stereotactic surgery decreased due to its complexity. However, long term treatment with large doses of L-Dopa can result in decreased therapeutic effects and cause serious complications, such as, paranoia and agitated melancholia. In the past ten years, rapid advances in computer technologies have rekindled interest in stereotactic surgery that can replace medicinal intake and prevent the derived complications. Furthermore, more details of the structure and the functions for basal ganglion have been realized. Therefore, stereotactic surgery has become one of the most important therapies for basal ganglion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06574356__ •
Method for treating retinal ganglion cell injury using glial cell line-derived neurothrophic factor (GDNF) protein product Inventor(s): Louis; Jean-Claude (Thousand Oaks, CA), Yan; Qiao (Thousand Oaks, CA) Assignee(s): Amgen Inc. (thousand Oaks, Ca) Patent Number: 5,641,749 Date filed: November 29, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates generally to methods for treating injury or degeneration of retinal ganglion cells by administering glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). The invention relates specifically to methods for treating optic nerve injury or degeneration associated with glaucoma. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to methods for treating injury or degeneration of retinal ganglion cells by administering glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protein product. The invention relates specifically to methods for treating glaucoma or other diseases/conditions involving retinal ganglion cell degeneration. Neurotrophic factors are natural proteins, found in the nervous system or in non-nerve tissues innervated by the nervous system, that function to promote the survival and maintain the phenotypic differentiation of certain nerve and/or glial cell populations (Varon et al., Ann. Rev. Neuroscience, 1:327, 1979; Thoenen et al., Science, 229:238, 1985). Because of this physiological role, neurotrophic factors are useful in treating the degeneration of such nerve cells and the loss of differentiated function that results from nerve damage. Nerve damage is caused by conditions that compromise the survival and/or proper function of one or more types of nerve cells, including: (1) physical injury, which causes the degeneration of the axonal processes (which in turn causes nerve cell death) and/or nerve cell bodies near the site of injury, (2) temporary or permanent cessation of blood flow (ischemia) to parts of the nervous system, as in stroke, (3) intentional or accidental exposure to neurotoxins, such as the cancer and AIDS chemotherapeutic agents cisplatinum and dideoxycytidine,
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respectively, (4) chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes or renal dysfunction, or (5) neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, which result from the degeneration of specific neuronal populations. In order for a particular neurotrophic factor to be potentially useful in treating nerve damage, the class or classes of damaged nerve cells must be responsive to the factor. It has been established that all neuron populations are not responsive to or equally affected by all neurotrophic factors. The first neurotrophic factor to be identified was nerve growth factor (NGF). NGF is the first member of a defined family of trophic factors, called the neurotrophins, that currently includes brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), NT-4/5, and NT-6 (Thoenen, Trends. Neurosci., 14:165-170, 1991; Snider, Cell, 77:627-638, 1994; Bothwell, Ann. Rev. Neurosci, 18:223253, 1995). These neurotrophins are known to act via the family of trk tyrosine kinase receptors, i.e., trkA, trkB, trkC, and the low affinity p75 receptor (Snider, Cell, 77:627638, 1994; Bothwell, Ann. Rev. Neurosci, 18:223-253, 1995; Chao et al., TINS 18:321-326, 1995). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05641749__ •
Method of reducing retinal ganglion cell degeneration Inventor(s): Levin; Leonard A (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (madison, Wi) Patent Number: 6,291,506 Date filed: August 3, 1999 Abstract: Disclosed is a method of reducing intraocular pressure or retinal ganglion cell death caused by specific reactive oxygen species by delivering carvedilol or a derivative or metabolite thereof having beta-adrenergic antagonist activity or specific reactive oxygen species scavenging activity to the retinal ganglion cells of a subject having or at risk of developing glaucomatous or other optic neuropathy. Excerpt(s): Glaucomatous optic neuropathy, the second leading cause of permanent blindness in the United States, is associated with an increased rate of retinal ganglion cell death. Epidemiological studies have shown that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most common risk factor associated with primary open angle glaucoma, the most common form of the disease. It is hypothesized that chronically elevated IOP creates a pressure gradient along the course of exiting optic nerve axons, and thereby interferes with axonal transport or circulation, ultimately causing death of retinal ganglion cells. Because there is a high correlation between glaucomatous optic neuropathy and increased IOP, strategies for treating glaucomatous optic neuropathy have been directed almost exclusively toward methods of reducing IOP. Currently, the pharmacological treatment of choice consists primarily of the topical application of ocular hypotensive agents (Sugrue, Pharmacol. Ther. 43:91-138, 1989). Despite their widespread use in the treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, ocular hypotensive agents are not effective in treating a large percentage of people with glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Many people with glaucomatous optic neuropathy have a normal IOP. From 30-50% of people with open angle glaucoma do not initially have ocular hypertension, and as many as 1550% of patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy do not have elevated IOP. Therefore, considerable effort has been directed toward developing suitable methods for treating glaucomatous optic neuropathy in patients with normal or high IOP, as well as for treating several other optic neuropathies that are not associated with increased IOP. The absence of increased IOP in certain glaucomatous optic neuropathy patients
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suggests that there is at least one mechanism other than elevated intraocular pressure that contributes to the optic neuropathy associated with glaucomatous optic neuropathy (Levin, Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 8:9-15, 1997; Levin, Mediguide to Ophthalmology 8:1-5, 1999). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06291506__ •
Perimetric measurement apparatus for measuring characteristics of X ganglion cells Inventor(s): Niimura; Satoru (Tokyo, JP), Obata; Nobusuke (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Topcon Corporation (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,717,481 Date filed: October 20, 1995 Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a visual field of a patient, especially characteristics of X ganglion cells, displays a series of targets to a patient. A ramp stimulus is used to measure characteristics of X ganglion cells. A target size setting device sets targets of various sizes. A stimulus intensity changing device changes the intensity of the stimulus in accordance with the size set by the target size setting device. A response device measures the response from the patient, that is, whether the patient senses the target. A memory stores the intensity of stimulus and target size corresponding to the patient's responses. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a perimetric measurement apparatus for measuring characteristics of nerve cells in a patient's eye. More specifically, the invention relates to an apparatus for measuring characteristics of X ganglion cells in a patient's eye. A perimeter is a device used to make measurements of a patient's eye. The retina of a human eye contains two types of nerve cells--X ganglion cells and Y ganglion cells. Recently, a few papers discuss measurement of characteristics of X ganglion cells. See, for example, "Characteristics of two systems of human vision using fundus perimetry" by Y. Okamoto, O. Mimura, K. Xani and T. Inui appearing in Doc Ophthalmol Proceedings, Series 49 (1986). However, the design of an acceptable apparatus for measuring characteristics of the X ganglion cells has not been reported. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05717481__
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System and method for preventing Sudden Cardiac Death by nerve sprouting from right stellate ganglion Inventor(s): Chen; Peng-Sheng (La Canada, CA) Assignee(s): Cedars-sinai Medical Center (los Angeles, Ca) Patent Number: 6,487,450 Date filed: February 24, 2000 Abstract: A system and method are described for reducing the likelihood of the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia in the heart of a patient having a myocardial infarction and an atrioventricular block, particularly a ventricular arrhythmia of the type potentially leading to Sudden Cardiac Death. The likelihood of the occurrence of the ventricular arrhythmia is reduced by stimulating myocardial hyperinnervation in the sinus node and right ventricle of the heart of the patient. Myocardial hyperinnervation in the sinus node and right ventricle is stimulated by applying electrical stimulation to
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the right stellate ganglion of the patient or by applying Nerve Growth Factor or other neurotrophic substance to the right stellate ganglion. The system and method may also be advantageously exploited for use with patients having myocardial infarction but no atrioventricular block and for patients have other heart conditions such as Brugada syndrome. Excerpt(s): The invention generally relates to techniques for preventing heart arrhythmias and in particular to techniques for preventing ventricular arrhythmias of the type that can result in Sudden Cardiac Death. Sudden Cardiac Death ("SCD") claims about 300,000 lives a year in the United States alone. In most cases, the direct cause of SCD is a ventricular tachycardia ("VT") which triggers a ventricular fibrillation ("VF"). VT and VF are different types of ventricular arrhythmias. VT is an abnormally fast ventricular heart rhythm which is, by itself, typically not fatal. VF is a chaotic ventricular heart rhythm which produces little or no net blood flow from the heart, such that there is little or no net blood flow to the brain and other organs. VF, if not terminated, results in death. In most cases of SCD, the victim has a previous myocardial infarction ("MI"), i.e. the patient had a previous heart attack caused by blockage of a portion of the coronary artery which supplies blood to the heart muscle. As a result of the blockage, a portion of the heart muscle does not receive blood and therefore becomes scarred and diseased. The scarred and diseased portion of the heart is referred to as the MI. For several days immediately subsequent to the occurrence of an MI, numerous episodes of VT--referred to as phase one episodes--typically occur. Eventually, the phase one VT episodes largely disappear. Several days or weeks later, though, additional episodes of VT--referred to as phase two episodes--typically begin to occur. It is the phase two episodes of VT that often transition to VF resulting in SCD of the patient. The risk of SCD is even greater if the patient also has an atrioventricular (AV) block, i.e. there is a partial or total interruption of the conduction of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles. AV block is common in patients who have had a MI. Accordingly, it would be highly desirable to develop techniques for preventing VT from occurring, particularly phase two VT in a patients having an MI and, if VT does occur, for preventing the VT from transitioning to a VF. One technique employed in an attempt to prevent VT from occurring is overdrive pacing of the heart. With overdrive pacing, the heart is paced at a rate higher than is intrinsic pacing rate. If VT nevertheless occurs, one or more electrical cardioversion pulses are typically applied to the heart in an attempt to terminate the VT so that the VT does not transition to VF. If VF nevertheless occurs, one or more stronger electrical defibrillation pulses are typically applied to the heart in an attempt to terminate the VF thereby preventing SCD. Hence, for patients that have an MI, particularly a significant one, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is often implanted into the patient. The ICD includes components for overdrive pacing the heart and for detecting VT or VF and for administering the appropriate therapy. However, the need to frequently overdrive pace the heart and to deliver cardioversion or defibrillation pulses can quickly deplete the battery power of the ICD requiring frequent replacement. Also, the therapies administered by the ICD, particularly the application of cardioversion pulses, may be extremely painful to the patient. Moreover, in some cases, the conventional therapy provided by the ICD is not sufficient to prevent or terminate VF and, accordingly, the patient succumbs to SCD. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06487450__
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•
Training splint for wrist-ganglion Inventor(s): Ford; Robert S. (701 Beach Blvd., Pascagoula, MS 39567) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,292,963 Date filed: July 25, 1979 Abstract: An orthopedic forearm splint intended to limit dorsiflexion of the wrist, without interfering with volarflexion and use of the hand, whereby ganglions of the wrist may be caused to regress. Applies the inventor's discovery that extreme dorsiflexion is the causative or aggravating factor in wrist ganglion. Comprises a light cantilever splint secured to the dorsum of the arm by one bracelet, with the distal end elongated beyond the bracelet in cantilever fashion past the wrist and freely apposing the hand, whereby it will strike the back of the hand if dorsiflexion is attempted, but does not interfere with volarflexion or normal work. Reversible to dodge ganglions and prevent chafing. Excerpt(s): I discovered by experimenting with my own wrist-ganglion that ganglions are caused and aggravated by extreme dorsiflexion of the wrist, and that if dorsiflexion is limited without immobilizing the wrist, the ganglions will regress and disappear in a few weeks. My discovery indicates that immobilization of the joint with a cast or full arm-and-hand splint is adverse to regression of ganglions. As long as dorsiflexion is limited, other wrist movements such as volarflexion, lateral flexing, and rotation seem to help ganglions regress, by massaging them and putting them under momentary repetitive pressure. These motions tend to literally pump out the the fluid, break up the capsules, and cause them to be worn away and resorbed. Daily soaking in hot water with the wrist volarflexed is believed to speed up the resorptive action by increasing the phagocytic activity. I invented the splint, made a series of gradually improved test samples, and wore the two-bracelet basic model about a month to obtain a permanent cure of my own ganglion. It has previously been known in the medical arts that the fluid-filled sacs called ganglions often appear from previously unknown causes and sometimes fade away likewise. Also that they appear as immediate results of injuries such as falls on the palm of the hand, or unusually heavy strains on the wrist. Some of these injury cases have been successfully treated by conventional immobilizing casts or splints like the Futura glove-splint, but apparently there has been no previous understanding of the special aggravating effects of dorsiflexion, or the benefits obtainable by avoiding dorsiflexion without immobilization. The usual treatment for chronic ganglion in the past has been by surgical excision, resulting in unsightly scars, cratering, and a high rate of recurrence, as well as great expense from hospitalization, often at federal expense. Conservative permanent cure by this new splinting treatment is therefore an improvement much needed by both the public and the government. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04292963__
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Use of autonomic nervous system neurotransmitters inhibition and atrial parasympathetic fibers ablation for the treatment of atrial arrhythmias and to preserve drug effects Inventor(s): Rahme; Marc Mounir (5128 Bowden Ave., San Diego, CA 92117) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,511,500 Date filed: June 6, 2000 Abstract: Atrial arrhythmias, a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity, are believed to be influenced by autonomic nervous system tone. The main purpose of this invention was to highlight new findings that have emerged in the study of effects of autonomic nervous system tone on atrial arrhythmias, and its interaction with class III antiarrhythmic drug effects. This invention evaluates the significance of sympathetic and parasympathetic activation by determining the effects of autonomic nervous system using a vagal and stellar ganglions stimulation, and by using autonomic nervous system neurotransmitters infusion (norepinephrine, acetylcholine). This invention evaluates the autonomic nervous system effects on the atrial effective refractory period duration and dispersion, atrial conduction velocity, atrial wavelength duration, excitable gap duration during a stable circuit (such atrial flutter circuit around an anatomical obstacle), and on the susceptibility of occurrence (initiation, maintenance and termination) of atrial re-entrant arrhythmias in canine. This invention also evaluates whether autonomic nervous system activation effects via a local neurotransimitters infusion into the right atria can alter those of class III antiarrhythmic drug, sotalol, during a sustained right atrial flutter. This invention represents an emergent need to setup and develop a new class of anti-cholinergic drug therapy for the treatment of atrial arrhythmias and to combine this new anti-cholinergic class to antiarrhythmic drugs. Furthermore, this invention also highlights the importance of a local application of parasympathetic neurotransmitters/blockers and a catheter ablation of the area of right atrium with the highest density of parasympathetic fibers innervation. This may significantly reduce the occurrence of atrial arrhythmias and may preserve the antiarrhythmic effects of any drugs used for the treatment of atrial re-entrant arrhythmias. Excerpt(s): Cardiac rhythm disturbances are a major cause of morbidity and even mortality in our ageing population. Most of these rhythms are based on reentry, i.e. the continuous circulation of a wavefront of excitation around a functional or anatomical circuit such atrial fibrillation and flutter. Atrial fibrillation could exist as a stable state, self-sustained and independent of its initiating trigger in the presence of non-uniform distribution (i.e. dispersion) of atrial refractory periods. In addition, maintenance of atrial fibrillation may require a critically short wavelength in order to sustain reentry. However, the cellular and pathophysiological mechanisms in the initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation remain poorly understood. It has been reported that inducibility and maintenance of this atrial arrhythmia are associated with an increased dispersion in atrial refractoriness. In addition, alterations in the electrophysiologic properties of the atria affecting wavelength may led to persistence of atrial fibrillation and to the occurrence of reentrant atrial arrhythmias in both in vitro and in vivo models. Furthermore, electrical remodeling of the atria may also increase the likelihood to the maintenance of this atrial arrhythmia. Electrophysiological studies suggest that the mechanism of type I atrial flutter in humans and in canine models involves a macroreentrant circuit around an anatomically or anisotropically defined obstacle with either a partially or fully excitable gap. The excitable gap is one of the determinant of the
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continued circulation of the abnormal atrial impulse and in its presence an extrastimulus may excite the circuit and reset the tachycardia. Furthermore, the persistent circulation of this wavefront is determined by the effective refractory period, the conduction velocity, the wavefront and the nature and duration of the excitable gap, i.e. that portion of the circuit which has partially or fully recovered its excitability. This excitable gap, in part, determined by the size of the reentry circuit and the electrophysiological properties of its tissue components. However, external influences may also significantly modify the susceptibility for the occurrence of atrial arrhythmias via different electrophysiological mechanisms such as the excitable gap characteristics, the effective refractory period duration and dispersion, the conduction velocity, the wavefront duration and propagation forms and the number of the wavelets. Autonomic nervous system tone may implicitly have a role in the pathogenesis of initiation and persistence of supraventricular arrhythmias. In experimental models, both vagal stimulation and acetylcholine application to the heart can nonhomogeneously shorten atrial refractory period and produce either paroxysmal atrial arrhythmia, flutter or fibrillation. In man, the onset of atrial fibrillation has a diurnal distribution with a statistically significant peak occurring at night which correlates with an immediately preceding increase in vagal drive. Catecholamine administration (Isoproterenol) also shortens the atrial action potential and stimulation of sympathetic nerves shortens atrial refractoriness and increases its dispersion facilitating the induction of atrial fibrillation. In man, attacks of atrial fibrillation have also been reported to be associated with adrenergic activation. Little is known, however, on the possible influence of autonomic nervous system tone on an established stable reentry circuit such as is seen in atrial flutter, an arrhythmia which is frequently difficult to interrupt by pharmacological means, and also on the occurrence of the leading circle phenomena during atrial fibrillation episodes. In a human study of parasympathetic and sympathetic blockade, observations limited to effects on atrial flutter cycle length did not detect any change either in the supine or upright position. No study has yet addressed the effects of autonomic neurotransmitters on the refractory period, duration and composition of the excitable gap and thus, on the viability of an atrial reentry circuit. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06511500__
Patent Applications on Ganglions As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to ganglions: •
Method and apparatus for stimulating the sphenopalatine ganglion to modify properties of the bbb and cerebral blood flow Inventor(s): Gross, Yossi; (Mazor, IL), Shalev, Alon; (Raanana, IL) Correspondence: Abelman Frayne & Schwab; 150 East 42nd Street; New York; NY; 10017-5612; US Patent Application Number: 20040015068 Date filed: January 22, 2003
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Abstract: Apparatus for modifying a property of a brain of a patient is provided, including one or more electrodes (7), adapted to be applied to a site selected from a group of sites consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) (6) of the patient and a neural tract originating in or leading to the SPG. A control unit (8) is adapted to drive the one or more electrodes to apply a current to the site capable of inducing (a) an increase in permeability of a blood-brain barrier (BBB) of the patient, (b) a change in cerebral blood flow of the patient, and/or (c) an inhibition of parasympathetic activity of the SPG. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to medical procedures and electronic devices. More specifically, the invention relates to the use of electrical devices for implantation in the head, for example, in the nasal cavity. The invention also relates to apparatus and methods for administering drugs, for treating stroke and migraine, and for improving cerebral blood flow. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a unique feature of the central nervous system (CNS) which isolates the brain from the systemic blood circulation. To maintain the homeostasis of the CNS, the BBB prevents access to the brain of many substances circulating in the blood. The BBB is formed by a complex cellular system of endothelial cells, astroglia, pericytes, perivascular macrophages, and a basal lamina. Compared to other tissues, brain endothelia have the most intimate cell-tocell connections: endothelial cells adhere strongly to each other, forming structures specific to the CNS called "tight junctions" or zonula occludens. They involve two opposing plasma membranes which form a membrane fusion with cytoplasmic densities on either side. These tight junctions prevent cell migration or cell movement between endothelial cells. A continuous uniform basement membrane surrounds the brain capillaries. This basal lamina encloses contractile cells called pericytes, which form an intermittent layer and probably play some role in phagocytosis activity and defense if the BBB is breached. Astrocytic end feet, which cover the brain capillaries, build a continuous sleeve and maintain the integrity of the BBB by the synthesis and secretion of soluble growth factors (e.g., gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) essential for the endothelial cells to develop their BBB characteristics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Mucosally targeted immunization Inventor(s): Jourdier, Therese; (Francheville, FR), Meignier, Bernard; (Thurins, FR), Moste, Catherine; (Charbonnieres les Bains, FR) Correspondence: Michael S. Greenfield; Mcdonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff; 32nd Floor; 300 S. Wacker Drive; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20010021384 Date filed: December 21, 2000 Abstract: The invention concerns the use of an immunogen specific of a pathogenic agent with a gateway in the buccal mucous membrane region, for producing a vaccine composition to be administered in the floor of the mouth in a human being so as to develop directly a local response in IgA antibodies and in B cells secreting IgA in the buccal mucous membrane, saliva and ganglions draining said mucous membrane. The invention also concerns a vaccine composition capable of being applied in the floor of the mouth in a human being to induce local and systemic immunity in IgA antibodies, substantially consisting of a material adhering or not to the buccal mucous membrane and containing an immunogen specific of the pathogenic agent with a gateway into the buccal mucous membrane.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an immunization method which makes it possible to induce a local immune response in the buccal mucous membrane region. It also relates to the use of immunogens for preparing vaccine compositions intended to be administered according to said method. The main route of transmission of the AIDS virus consists of the mucous membranes, in particular genital and rectal mucous membranes, or even buccal mucous membranes. From these mucous membranes, the virus rapidly disseminates toward the draining lymph nodes, before entering the peripheral blood. As in the case of other pathogenic agents (virus, bacterium, etc.) with a mucosal gateway, the induction of immunity capable of blocking the virus as it enters into the mucous membrane or in the first steps of its dissemination in the lymph nodes appears to be important. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Suppression of eIF5A1 expression to prevent retinal ganglion cell death in the glaucomatous eye Inventor(s): Cliche, Dominic; (Kitchener, CA), Flanagan, John Gerard; (Waterloo, CA), Heikkila, Elizabeth Margaret; (Waterloo, CA), Senchyna, Diane Michelle; (Waterloo, CA), Taylor, Catherine; (Waterloo, CA), Thompson, John E.; (Waterloo, CA) Correspondence: Kenyon & Kenyon; Suite 700; 1500 K Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-1257; US Patent Application Number: 20030225022 Date filed: March 10, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides methods for preventing retinal ganglion cell death in the glaucomatous eye and methods for suppressing apoptosis-specific eIF5A1 expression through the use of antisense oligonucleotides targeted to human apoptosisspecific eIfF5A1. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to provisional application 60/______ filed Mar. 5, 2003, and also claims priority to continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/200,148, filed on Jul. 23, 2002, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/141,647, filed May 7, 2002, which is a continuation-in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 9/909,796, filed Jul. 23, 2001. The present invention relates to apoptosis-specific eucaryotic initiation Factor-5A (eIF-5A or also referred to herein as eIF5A1) and methods for suppression of eIF5A1 expression by the use of antisene oligonucleotides for the prevention of rentinal cell death in the glaucomatous eye. Apoptosis is a genetically programmed cellular event that is characterized by well-defined morphological features, such as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and membrane blebbing. Kerr et al. (1972) Br. J. Cancer, 26, 239-257; Wyllie et al. (1980) Int. Rev. Cytol., 68, 251-306. It plays an important role in normal tissue development and homeostasis, and defects in the apoptotic program are thought to contribute to a wide range of human disorders ranging from neurodegenerative and autoimmunity disorders to neoplasms. Thompson (1995) Science, 267, 1456-1462; Mullauer et al. (2001) Mutat. Res, 488, 211-231. Although the morphological characteristics of apoptotic cells are well characterized, the molecular pathways that regulate this process have only begun to be elucidated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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System for preventing Sudden Cardiac Death by nerve sprouting from right stellate ganglion Inventor(s): Chen, Peng-Sheng; (La Canada, CA) Correspondence: Sidley Austin Brown & Wood Llp; 555 West Fifth Street; Los Angeles; CA; 90013; US Patent Application Number: 20030078629 Date filed: November 25, 2002 Abstract: A system or apparatus is described for reducing the likelihood of the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia in the heart of a patient having a myocardial infarction and an atrioventricular block, particularly a ventricular arrhythmia of the type potentially leading to Sudden Cardiac Death. The likelihood of the occurrence of the ventricular arrhythmia is reduced by stimulating myocardial hyperinnervation in the sinus node and right ventricle of the heart of the patient. Myocardial hyperinnervation in the sinus node and right ventricle is stimulated by applying electrical stimulation to the right stellate ganglion of the patient or by applying Nerve Growth Factor or other neurotrophic substance to the right stellate ganglion. The apparatus can also be advantageously exploited for use with patients having myocardial infarction but no atrioventricular block and for patients have other heart conditions such as Brugada syndrome. Excerpt(s): The present application is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 09/513,059, filed Feb. 24, 2000, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,487,450, on Nov. 26, 2002. The invention generally relates to a system or apparatus for preventing heart arrhythmias, and in particular for preventing ventricular arrhythmias of the type that can result in Sudden Cardiac Death. Sudden Cardiac Death ("SCD") claims about 300,000 lives a year in the United States alone. In most cases, the direct cause of SCD is a ventricular tachycardia ("VT") which triggers a ventricular fibrillation ("VF"). VT and VF are different types of ventricular arrhythmias. VT is an abnormally fast ventricular heart rhythm which is, by itself, typically not fatal. VF is a chaotic ventricular heart rhythm which produces little or no net blood flow from the heart, such that there is little or no net blood flow to the brain and other organs. VF, if not terminated, results in death. In most cases of SCD, the victim has a previous myocardial infarction ("MI"), i.e. the patient had a previous heart attack caused by blockage of a portion of the coronary artery which supplies blood to the heart muscle. As a result of the blockage, a portion of the heart muscle does not receive blood and therefore becomes scarred and diseased. The scarred and diseased portion of the heart is referred to as the MI. For several days immediately subsequent to the occurrence of an MI, numerous episodes of VT--referred to as phase one episodes-typically occur. Eventually, the phase one VT episodes largely disappear. Several days or weeks later, though, additional episodes of VT--referred to as phase two episodestypically begin to occur. It is the phase two episodes of VT that often transition to VF resulting in SCD of the patient. The risk of SCD is even greater if the patient also has an atrioventricular (AV) block, i.e. there is a partial or total interruption of the conduction of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles. AV block is common in patients who have had a MI. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with ganglions, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “ganglions” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on ganglions. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning ganglions. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON GANGLIONS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to ganglions. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on ganglions include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “ganglions” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Descriptive and physiological anatomy of the brain, spinal cord, and ganglions, and of their coverings. Adapted for the use of students. Author: Todd, Robert Bentley, 1809-1860; Year: 1845
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Essay on the use of the ganglions of the nerves. Author: Johnstone, James, 1730?-1802; Year: 1771
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Treatise on the use of the sympathetic nerve and its ganglions, with their influence on various diseases of the abdominal and pelvic viscera. Author: Procter, Thomas Benjamin, 1800-1872; Year: 1844
10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Variations in the level of eosinophils in the wall of the small intestine in the rat, response to pituitary-adrenocortical hormones, to blocking of the reticulo-endothelial system and ganglions, as well as to histamine and histamine-releasers. [Tr. by Maj. Author: Sundell, Börje; Year: 1958
Chapters on Ganglions In order to find chapters that specifically relate to ganglions, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and ganglions using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “ganglions” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GANGLIONS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover ganglions.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on ganglions is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “ganglions” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to ganglions. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “ganglions” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for ganglions: •
Retinal laser photocoagulation protects ganglion cells in experimental glaucoma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 20, 2000
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “ganglions” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “ganglions” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to ganglions, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “ganglions” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly
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to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “ganglions” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on ganglions: •
Ganglion Cyst Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 20(7): 7. July 2002. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. (800) 333-9037 or (303) 604-1465. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article presents information on ganglion cysts. A ganglion cyst is a benign tumor that appears as a smooth lump, usually on the wrist. These cysts are most often painless and sometimes disappear on their own. They are filled with a jelly-like liquid and are often connected to the wrist by a stalk from a joint cavity. Needle aspiration is used for diagnosis as well as to drain the cyst. However, this often only provides temporary relief. In order to permanently remove the cyst a ganglionectomy is required. This procedure, which can also be performed arthroscopically, removes the cyst as well as the connecting stalk and is effective in avoiding recurrence in 90 percent of cases. Recovery usually takes a few weeks.
Academic Periodicals covering Ganglions Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to ganglions. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering ganglions that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “ganglions” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 432 20 201 2 3 658
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “ganglions” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on ganglions can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to ganglions. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to ganglions. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “ganglions”:
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Guides on ganglions Ganglion Cysts http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/ganglioncystsloader.html
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Other guides Colonic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/colonicdiseases.html Hand Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/handinjuriesanddisorders.html Parkinson's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html Tendinitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tendinitis.html Wrist and Arm Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/wristandarminjuriesanddisorders.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to ganglions, the following was listed: •
Diagnosis/Symptoms Arthrography Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/arthrography.htm Bone Radiography Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/bone_radiography.htm Hand/Wrist/Arm Problems Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/526.xml MR Imaging (MRI)-Musculoskeletal Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/mr_musculoskeletal.htm
•
Treatment Bone Lengthening Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=310&topcategory=Abou t%2520Orthopaedics Hand Surgery Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/brochure/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=48&topcategory= Hand&all=all Injections Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=PN00046
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Wrist Arthroscopy Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=330&topcategory=Hand Wrist Arthroscopy Source: American Society for Surgery of the Hand http://www.assh.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Patients_and_Public/Hand_Pro blems_and_Diseases/Wrist_Arthroscopy/Wrist_Arthroscopy.htm Wrist Joint Replacement (Arthroplasty) Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=347&topcategory=Hand •
Specific Conditions/Aspects Arthritis of the Wrist Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=261&topcategory=Arthr itis Broken Arm Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=326&topcategory=Arm Colles Fracture Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=150&topcategory=Arm Compartment Syndrome Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=287&topcategory=Abou t%2520Orthopaedics Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/238.xml Computer-Related Repetitive Stress Injuries Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/firstaid_safe/home/ergonomics.html Congenital Abnormalities of the Upper Extremity Source: American Society for Surgery of the Hand http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ5QG8UIPC &sub_cat=601 Cubital Tunnel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/cubitaltunnelloader.html DeQuervain's Tendinitis Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Association for Hand Surgery http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/brochure/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=52&topcategory= Hand Ganglion Cysts http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/ganglioncystsloader.html
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Kienböck’s Disease Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=311&topcategory=Hand Limb Length Discrepancy Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=312&topcategory=Abou t%2520Orthopaedics Radial Head Fractures Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=227&topcategory=Arm Scaphoid (Wrist Bone)Fracture Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=253&topcategory=Hand &all=all Wrist Sprains Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=322&topcategory=Hand •
Children Forearm Fractures in Children Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=249&topcategory=Arm
•
Organizations American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://www.aaos.org/ American Society for Surgery of the Hand http://www.hand-surg.org/ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/
•
Prevention/Screening Taking Care of Your Hand, Wrist, and Elbow Source: American Physical Therapy Association http://www.apta.org/Consumer/ptandyourbody/hand
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.
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The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on ganglions. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Orthopaedic Foot Surgery: Relieving Pain and Improving Function Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 1999. 16 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 940663030. (800) 333-3032. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: Call or write for current pricing on single and bulk orders. Summary: This illustrated booklet provides people who have a foot problem with information on foot surgery. Conservative measures may not relieve symptoms, so orthopedic surgery may be needed to relieve pain and restore the foot to full function. The booklet describes the anatomy of a healthy foot and identifies areas where problems may occur, including the first toe, the lesser toes and forefoot, and the midfoot and hindfoot. This is followed by an explanation of the orthopedic evaluation for a foot problem, focusing on the medical history, the physical examination, and diagnostic tests. The booklet then presents guidelines on preparing for foot surgery. In addition, the booklet describes various foot problems, such as bunions, degenerative joint disease, ingrown nails, curled toes, corns and calluses, neuromas, curved toes, ganglions, bone spurs, and fallen arches, and presents the procedures used to correct these problems. Other topics include bearing weight after surgery, relieving pain, driving a car, following up with the surgeon, and strengthening the foot. Numerous figures. Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Ganglions (cysts) of the Wrist Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7409 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to ganglions. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or
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specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to ganglions. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with ganglions. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about ganglions. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “ganglions” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.
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Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “ganglions”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “ganglions” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “ganglions” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 87 •
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries 89 •
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
91
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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GANGLIONS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH]
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Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Albinism: General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation
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of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. [NIH] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a
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specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriosclerosis Obliterans: Arteriosclerosis in which proliferation of the intima leads to occlusion of the lumen of the arteries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthrography: Roentgenography of a joint, usually after injection of either positive or negative contrast medium. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH]
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Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrial Flutter: Rapid, irregular atrial contractions due to an abnormality of atrial excitation. [NIH]
Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrioventricular Node: A small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. It gives rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory Cortex: Area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing. [NIH] Auditory nerve: The eight cranial nerve; also called vestibulocochlear nerve or acoustic nerve. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Axotomy: Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease. [NIH] Backcross: A cross between a hybrid and either one of its parents. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects
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bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists
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mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Cadherins: A group of functionally related glycoproteins responsible for the calciumdependent cell-to-cell adhesion mechanism. They are divided into subclasses E-, P-, and Ncadherins, which are distinct in immunological specificity and tissue distribution. They promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These compounds play a role in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcineurin: A calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein present in highest concentrations in the central nervous system. Calcineurin is composed of two subunits. A catalytic subunit, calcineurin A, and a regulatory subunit, calcineurin B, with molecular weights of about 60 kD and 19 kD, respectively. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of
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phosphoproteins including histones, myosin light chain, and the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes in T-lymphocytes that act by inhibiting T-cell activation. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Calcitonin: A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardioversion: Electrical reversion of cardiac arrhythmias to normal sinus rhythm, formerly using alternatic current, but now employing direct current. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH]
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Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheter Ablation: Removal of tissue with electrical current delivered via electrodes positioned at the distal end of a catheter. Energy sources are commonly direct current (DCshock) or alternating current at radiofrequencies (usually 750 kHz). The technique is used most often to ablate the AV junction and/or accessory pathways in order to interrupt AV conduction and produce AV block in the treatment of various tachyarrhythmias. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cauterization: The destruction of tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance. [NIH] Celiac Artery: The arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central retinal artery: The blood vessel that carries blood into eye; supplies nutrition to the retina. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle
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hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Ceroid: A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to lipofuscin. It accumulates in various tissues in certain experimental and pathological conditions. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorda Tympani Nerve: A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public,
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interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Implants: Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Nucleus: The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable
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compounds at once. [NIH] Common Bile Duct: The largest biliary duct. It is formed by the junction of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of
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the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide,
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from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Defibrillation: The act to arrest the fibrillation of (heart muscle) by applying electric shock across the chest, thus depolarizing the heart cells and allowing normal rhythm to return. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Depth Perception: Perception of three-dimensionality. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disparity: Failure of the two retinal images of an object to fall on corresponding retinal points. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a
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molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyskinesias: Abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes (movement disorders). Dyskinesias are also a relatively common manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electric shock: A dangerous patho-physiological effect resulting from an electric current passing through the body of a human or animal. [NIH] Electron microscope: A microscope (device used to magnify small objects) that uses electrons (instead of light) to produce an enlarged image. An electron microscopes shows tiny details better than any other type of microscope. [NIH]
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Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH]
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Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergonomics: Study of the relationships between man and machines; adjusting the design of machines to the need and capacities of man; study of the effect of machines on man's behavior. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU]
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Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciculation: A small local contraction of muscles, visible through the skin, representing a spontaneous discharge of a number of fibres innervated by a single motor nerve filament. [EU]
Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Flutter: A rapid vibration or pulsation. [EU] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH]
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Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Functional Disorders: Disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome. These conditions result from poor nerve and muscle function. Symptoms such as gas, pain, constipation, and diarrhea come back again and again, but there are no signs of disease or damage. Emotional stress can trigger symptoms. Also called motility disorders. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]
Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in many tissues. The fluorescent and chelating properties of Fura-2 aid in the quantitation of endothelial cell injury, in monitoring ATP-dependent calcium uptake by membrane vesicles, and in the determination of the relationship between cytoplasmic free calcium and oxidase activation in rat neutrophils. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Ganglionectomy: Removal of an autonomic or sensory ganglion by any means. [NIH] Ganglioneuroblastoma: A moderately malignant neoplasm composed of primitive neuroectodermal cells dispersed in myxomatous or fibrous stroma intermixed with mature ganglion cells. It may undergo transformation into a neuroblastoma. It arises from the sympathetic trunk or less frequently from the adrenal medulla, cerebral cortex, and other locations. Cervical ganglioneuroblastomas may be associated with Horner syndrome and the tumor may occasionally secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide, resulting in chronic diarrhea. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes
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are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genes, p53: Tumor suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53. [NIH] Geniculate Ganglion: The sensory ganglion of the facial (7th cranial) nerve. The geniculate ganglion cells send central processes to the brain stem and peripheral processes to the taste buds in the anterior tongue, the soft palate, and the skin of the external auditory meatus and the mastoid process. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth Cones: Bulbous enlargement of the growing tip of nerve axons and dendrites. They are crucial to neuronal development because of their pathfinding ability and their role in
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synaptogenesis. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH] Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Helix-loop-helix: Regulatory protein of cell cycle. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH]
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Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue
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(thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunophilin: A drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incisive: 1. Having the power or quality of cutting. 2. Pertaining to the incisor teeth. [EU] Incisor: Anything adapted for cutting; any one of the four front teeth in each jaw. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infuse: To pour (a liquid) into something. [EU] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous
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energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jealousy: An irrational reaction compounded of grief, loss of self-esteem, enmity against the rival and self criticism. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Joint Capsule: The sac enclosing a joint. It is composed of an outer fibrous articular capsule and an inner synovial membrane. [NIH]
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Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. [NIH] Larva Migrans: Infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in man. Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipofuscin: A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to ceroid. It accumulates in various normal tissues and apparently increases in quantity with age. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by
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appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lunate: A curved sulcus of the lateral surface which forms the anterior limit of the visual cortex. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mandibular Nerve: A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms
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the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura. [NIH]
Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanophores: Chromatophores (large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates) which contain melanin. Short term color changes are brought about by an active redistribution of the melanophores pigment containing organelles (melanosomes). Mammals do not have melanophores; however they have retained smaller pigment cells known as melanocytes. [NIH] Melanosomes: Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores. [NIH]
Memantine: Amantadine derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Fusion: The adherence of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artifical membrane models of either to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to
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the body wall. [EU] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate muscle cells. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of
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the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Myenteric: On stimulation of an intestinal segment, the segment above contracts and that below relaxes. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH]
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Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropharmacology: The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neurotrophins: A nerve growth factor. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14.
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Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ocular Hypertension: A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH] Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the
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suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Nerve Diseases: Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect. [NIH] Optic nerve head: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatectomy: Surgery to remove the pancreas. In a total pancreatectomy, a portion of the stomach, the duodenum, common bile duct, gallbladder, spleen, and nearby lymph nodes also are removed. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH]
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Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranoia: A psychotic disorder marked by persistent delusions of persecution or delusional jealousy and behaviour like that of the paranoid personality, such as suspiciousness, mistrust, and combativeness. It differs from paranoid schizophrenia, in which hallucinations or formal thought disorder are present, in that the delusions are logically consistent and that there are no other psychotic features. The designation in DSM III-R is delusional (paranoid) disorders, with five types : persecutory, jealous, erotomanic, somatic, and grandiose. [EU] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericytes: Smooth muscle cell that wraps around normal blood vessels. [NIH] Perimetry: Determination of the extent of the visual field for various types and intensities of stimuli. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral vision: Side vision; ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision. [NIH]
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Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylate: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylating: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Phototransduction: The transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses, such as takes place in the retinal rods and cones. After light photons are absorbed by the photopigments, the signal is transmitted to the outer segment membrane by the cyclic GMP second messenger system, where it closes the sodium channels. This channel gating ultimately generates an action potential in the inner retina. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of
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organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for
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exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulsation: A throb or rhythmical beat, as of the heart. [EU] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radial Artery: The direct continuation of the brachial trunk, originating at the bifurcation of the brachial artery opposite the neck of the radius. Its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to the three regions in which the vessel is situated, the forearm, wrist, and hand. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects
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are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reentry: Reexcitation caused by continuous propagation of the same impulse for one or more cycles. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU]
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Retinal Artery: Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina. [NIH] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinal Neovascularization: Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina. [NIH] Retinal pigment epithelium: The pigment cell layer that nourishes the retinal cells; located just outside the retina and attached to the choroid. [NIH] Retinal Vein: Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus. [NIH]
Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Ryanodine: Insecticidal alkaloid isolated from Ryania speciosa; proposed as a myocardial depressant. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of
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thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell
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activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH]
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Spiral Ganglion: The sensory ganglion of the cochlear nerve. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem. [NIH] Splanchnic Nerves: The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. The greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of deformity. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stellate: Star shaped. [NIH] Stellate Ganglion: A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stereoscopic: Accurate depth perception in the presence of binocular single vision, due to the slight disparity in the two retinal images of the same object. [NIH] Stereotactic: Radiotherapy that treats brain tumors by using a special frame affixed directly to the patient's cranium. By aiming the X-ray source with respect to the rigid frame, technicians can position the beam extremely precisely during each treatment. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU]
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Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Superinfection: A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies. [NIH] Supine: Having the front portion of the body upwards. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Supraventricular: Situated or occurring above the ventricles, especially in an atrium or atrioventricular node. [EU] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release
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occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tarsi: An inflammatory affection of the Meibomian glands. [NIH] Taste Buds: Small sensory organs which contain gustatory receptor cells, basal cells, and supporting cells. Taste buds in humans are found in the epithelia of the tongue, palate, and pharynx. They are innervated by the chorda tympani nerve (a branch of the facial nerve) and the glossopharyngeal nerve. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tenosynovitis: Inflammation of a tendon sheath. [EU] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Tetrodotoxin: Octahydro-12-(hydroxymethyl)-2-imino-5,9:7,10a-dimethano10aH(1,3)dioxocino(6,5-a)pyrimidine-4,7,10,11,12-pentol. An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order Tetradontiformes (pufferfish, globefish, toadfish), which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
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Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]
Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Total pancreatectomy: Surgery to remove the entire pancreas. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances
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usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocate: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Ganglion: The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves. [NIH]
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Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Uncompetitive: A type of enzyme inhibition that arises when the inhibitor cannot combine with the free enzyme, but is capable of combining only with the substrate-enzyme complex. [NIH]
Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, single-chain polypeptide isolated from the intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. It is also found in several parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems and is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling
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prey or predator. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular fibrillation: Rapid, irregular quivering of the heart's ventricles, with no effective heartbeat. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Visceral Larva Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is
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dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zebrafish: A species of North American fishes of the family Cyprinidae. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 46, 63, 93, 101, 124 Ablate, 18, 93, 101 Ablation, 56, 93 Acceptor, 93, 124, 136 Acetylcholine, 33, 36, 45, 46, 56, 57, 93, 102, 122 Acoustic, 17, 93, 97, 139 Action Potentials, 11, 15, 19, 93 Adaptability, 93, 101 Adaptation, 9, 93, 127 Adenosine, 93, 99, 126 Adjustment, 93 Adrenal Medulla, 93, 100, 108, 109, 111, 123 Adrenergic, 45, 52, 57, 93, 107, 109, 132, 134 Adverse Effect, 93, 131 Aerobic, 93, 120 Afferent, 93, 110, 124, 126 Affinity, 15, 52, 94 Ageing, 56, 94 Agonist, 94, 107 Albinism, 18, 94 Alertness, 94, 99 Algorithms, 94, 98 Alkaline, 94, 95, 100 Alkaloid, 94, 130 Alleles, 94, 113 Allergen, 94, 131 Alternative medicine, 66, 94 Ameliorating, 20, 94 Amine, 94, 114 Amino acid, 8, 94, 95, 96, 112, 114, 125, 126, 128, 131, 134, 137, 138 Amino Acid Sequence, 95 Ammonia, 94, 95, 112 Amplification, 10, 16, 95 Anaesthesia, 95, 115 Anal, 95, 110 Analog, 13, 95 Anaplasia, 95 Anatomical, 4, 20, 22, 56, 95, 97, 131 Anesthesia, 25, 95, 117 Angina, 95, 123 Angiogenesis, 95, 118 Ankle, 29, 95 Antagonism, 95, 99
Anterior Cruciate Ligament, 25, 32, 95 Antiarrhythmic, 56, 95 Antibodies, 14, 58, 95, 113, 114, 127 Antibody, 94, 95, 96, 104, 113, 114, 115, 119, 131, 132 Anticoagulant, 95, 128 Antigen, 94, 95, 104, 114, 115, 119, 131 Antimicrobial, 96, 107 Anus, 95, 96, 129 Aorta, 96, 101, 139 Aplasia, 7, 96 Aponeurosis, 96, 111 Apoptosis, 6, 12, 13, 16, 21, 28, 47, 59, 96, 100 Aqueous, 96, 98, 105, 108 Arginine, 20, 96, 122 Arrhythmia, 53, 56, 60, 95, 96 Arterial, 96, 101, 123, 128 Arteries, 96, 98, 99, 101, 105, 120, 121 Arterioles, 96, 98 Arteriolosclerosis, 96 Arteriosclerosis, 25, 96 Arteriosclerosis Obliterans, 25, 96 Artery, 7, 54, 60, 96, 99, 105, 108, 119, 130 Arthrography, 78, 96 Articular, 96, 116 Aspartate, 13, 20, 96, 117 Aspiration, 28, 30, 67, 97 Atrial, 56, 97 Atrial Fibrillation, 56, 97 Atrial Flutter, 56, 97 Atrioventricular, 53, 54, 60, 97, 134 Atrioventricular Node, 97, 134 Atrium, 56, 97, 134, 139 Atrophy, 97, 122 Auditory, 4, 5, 8, 17, 97, 103, 112, 113, 119, 138 Auditory Cortex, 97, 103 Auditory nerve, 5, 97, 119 Autoimmune disease, 97, 121 Autoimmunity, 33, 59, 97 Autonomic, 26, 36, 56, 57, 93, 97, 111, 112, 123, 125, 132, 134 Autonomic Nervous System, 56, 57, 97, 125, 132, 134 Axonal, 6, 14, 18, 23, 45, 51, 52, 97 Axons, 5, 7, 8, 14, 18, 23, 50, 52, 97, 112, 121, 123, 130
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Axotomy, 6, 97 B Backcross, 7, 97 Bacteria, 96, 97, 98, 108, 120, 129, 137, 138 Bacterial Physiology, 93, 97 Bacteriophage, 97, 137 Bacterium, 59, 98 Basal cells, 98, 135 Basal Ganglia, 98, 107, 111 Base, 98, 106, 117, 127, 135 Basement Membrane, 58, 98, 109, 117 Benign, 67, 96, 98, 111, 113, 121 Biochemical, 8, 13, 94, 98, 131 Biological therapy, 98, 113 Biotechnology, 23, 24, 63, 66, 73, 98 Bladder, 98, 111, 121 Blood Coagulation, 98, 100, 135 Blood Platelets, 98, 131 Blood pressure, 98, 114, 120 Blood vessel, 95, 98, 100, 101, 108, 116, 118, 125, 126, 130, 132, 133, 136, 138 Blood-Brain Barrier, 58, 98 Bone Marrow, 98, 109, 115, 118 Bowel, 95, 99, 111, 116 Brachial, 99, 128 Brachial Artery, 99, 128 Bradykinin, 99, 122 Brain Stem, 5, 99, 102, 103, 112, 133, 138 Branch, 28, 89, 99, 102, 108, 118, 119, 122, 125, 132, 135 Breakdown, 99, 111, 123 Bronchial, 99, 114 Buccal, 58, 59, 99 Butyric Acid, 6, 99 C Cadherins, 14, 99 Caffeine, 11, 99 Calcification, 28, 96, 99 Calcineurin, 16, 99 Calcitonin, 31, 100 Calcium, 12, 17, 46, 99, 100, 104, 111, 118, 120, 131 Calmodulin, 15, 22, 99, 100 Capsules, 55, 100, 111 Carbohydrate, 14, 100, 112 Carbon Dioxide, 100, 105, 110 Carcinogenic, 100, 115 Carcinogens, 100, 123 Carcinoma, 29, 100 Cardiac, 53, 54, 56, 60, 95, 97, 99, 100, 109, 121 Cardiovascular, 56, 100, 131, 132, 138
Cardioversion, 54, 100 Carotene, 100, 129 Case report, 27, 30, 31, 33, 38, 100 Caspase, 12, 16, 100 Catecholamine, 57, 100, 107 Catheter, 56, 101 Catheter Ablation, 56, 101 Caudal, 101, 114, 127 Caustic, 101 Cauterization, 34, 101 Celiac Artery, 35, 101 Cell Adhesion, 8, 14, 99, 101 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 8, 14, 101 Cell Death, 12, 13, 16, 51, 52, 59, 96, 101 Cell Differentiation, 14, 46, 101, 131 Cell Division, 97, 101, 113, 119, 120, 126, 128 Cell membrane, 101, 106, 111, 119, 126, 140 Cell Movement, 58, 101 Cell proliferation, 96, 101, 131 Cell Respiration, 101, 120 Cell Survival, 45, 101, 113 Central Nervous System, 10, 58, 93, 97, 99, 101, 107, 111, 112, 113, 121, 124, 127, 131 Central retinal artery, 21, 101, 130 Cerebellar, 8, 101, 103, 137 Cerebellar Diseases, 101, 137 Cerebellum, 7, 101, 102, 127 Cerebral, 57, 58, 98, 99, 102, 109, 110, 111, 137 Cerebral Cortex, 102, 109, 110, 111 Cerebral hemispheres, 98, 99, 102 Cerebrum, 102 Ceroid, 102, 117 Cervical, 28, 32, 38, 46, 102, 111, 133 Cervix, 102 Character, 102, 106 Chemotherapeutic agent, 51, 102 Cholinergic, 46, 56, 102 Chorda Tympani Nerve, 15, 102, 135 Choroid, 23, 102, 129, 130 Chromatin, 59, 96, 102, 108, 118, 122 Chromosomal, 95, 102 Chromosome, 7, 102, 112, 137 Chronic, 4, 52, 55, 102, 111, 115, 133 Circadian, 8, 102 Circadian Rhythm, 8, 102 CIS, 102, 129 Clamp, 4, 15, 17, 19, 23, 103 Clear cell carcinoma, 103, 106 Clinical Medicine, 103, 127
Index 143
Clinical trial, 3, 73, 103, 128 Clone, 8, 20, 103 Cloning, 98, 103 Cochlea, 4, 5, 103 Cochlear, 4, 5, 17, 21, 35, 46, 103, 133, 136, 139 Cochlear Diseases, 103, 136 Cochlear Implants, 5, 21, 103 Cochlear Nerve, 103, 133, 139 Cochlear Nucleus, 5, 103, 139 Cofactor, 103, 128, 135 Collagen, 95, 98, 103, 109, 111, 118, 127 Combinatorial, 20, 103 Common Bile Duct, 104, 124 Complement, 104, 131 Computational Biology, 73, 104 Concomitant, 7, 104 Conduction, 54, 56, 57, 60, 97, 101, 104, 135 Cone, 7, 9, 104 Conjugated, 104, 105, 112 Conjunctiva, 104, 137 Connective Tissue, 99, 103, 104, 110, 111, 118, 135 Constipation, 104, 111 Constriction, 104, 116 Contraindications, ii, 104 Contralateral, 104, 123 Contrast medium, 96, 104 Contrast Sensitivity, 105, 124 Conventional therapy, 54, 105 Conventional treatment, 105 Coordination, 8, 102, 105, 121 Coronary, 54, 60, 97, 105, 120, 121, 123 Coronary Thrombosis, 105, 120, 121 Cortex, 105 Cortical, 9, 105, 109, 131 Cranial, 97, 102, 103, 105, 110, 112, 113, 116, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124, 125, 137, 138, 139 Craniocerebral Trauma, 105, 113, 136 Cues, 18, 105 Cutaneous, 15, 27, 36, 105, 117, 125 Cyclic, 17, 22, 46, 99, 100, 105, 113, 122, 126, 131 Cyst, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 67, 105 Cytochrome, 16, 105 Cytoplasm, 11, 22, 96, 101, 105, 108, 118, 122, 134 D Decarboxylation, 105, 114 Decompression, 29, 106
Defibrillation, 54, 106 Degenerative, 81, 106, 121, 130 Deletion, 7, 96, 106 Delusions, 106, 125 Dendrites, 18, 106, 112, 122 Dendritic, 20, 22, 106, 119, 130, 132 Density, 34, 56, 106, 123, 132 Depolarization, 22, 106, 132 Deprivation, 4, 106 Depth Perception, 106, 133 DES, 106 Diabetic Retinopathy, 47, 106, 126 Diagnostic procedure, 49, 66, 106 Diarrhea, 106, 111 Digestive tract, 106, 132 Dilatation, 106, 127 Dilator, 106, 123 Direct, iii, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 50, 54, 60, 100, 101, 103, 106, 107, 125, 128, 129, 134 Discrete, 11, 12, 50, 106, 135 Disparity, 106, 133 Dissociation, 94, 106 Distal, 29, 35, 38, 55, 97, 101, 107, 128 Diuresis, 99, 107 Diurnal, 57, 107 Dopamine, 19, 107, 122, 126 Dorsal, 4, 5, 26, 28, 31, 37, 38, 103, 107, 127 Doxycycline, 9, 107 Drive, ii, vi, 41, 57, 58, 107 Duodenum, 107, 124, 133 Dyskinesias, 107, 120 E Effector, 93, 104, 107 Efferent, 107, 110, 120 Efficacy, 28, 38, 107, 117 Elasticity, 96, 107 Electric shock, 106, 107 Electron microscope, 12, 107 Electrophysiological, 4, 46, 56, 108 Embolus, 108, 115 Embryo, 101, 108, 115 Empirical, 22, 108 Emulsion, 108, 110 Endocrine Glands, 108 Endogenous, 7, 107, 108, 137 Endorphins, 108, 122 Endothelial cell, 58, 98, 108, 111, 135 Endothelium, 108, 122 Endothelium-derived, 108, 122 Enkephalins, 108, 122 Environmental Exposure, 108, 123 Environmental Health, 72, 74, 108
144
Ganglions
Enzymatic, 95, 100, 104, 108, 114, 129 Enzyme, 18, 100, 107, 108, 113, 131, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140 Eosinophils, 64, 108, 117 Epinephrine, 93, 107, 109, 122, 123, 138 Epithelium, 98, 108, 109 Ergonomics, 79, 109 Erythrocytes, 99, 109, 131 Erythropoietin, 28, 109 Eukaryotic Cells, 109, 124 Evoke, 109, 133 Excitability, 19, 57, 109 Excitation, 5, 56, 97, 109, 122 Excitatory, 5, 6, 15, 19, 109, 112 Exogenous, 28, 108, 109 Extensor, 25, 109 Extracellular, 11, 14, 21, 104, 109, 118 Extracellular Matrix, 21, 104, 109, 118 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 109, 118 Extracellular Space, 109 Extrapyramidal, 107, 109 F Facial, 4, 14, 24, 26, 33, 102, 109, 110, 112, 119, 132, 135 Facial Expression, 110 Facial Nerve, 14, 33, 110, 135 Facial Pain, 4, 110 Family Planning, 73, 110 Fasciculation, 14, 110 Fat, 15, 99, 100, 108, 110, 117, 121 Femur, 95, 110, 136 Fetus, 109, 110, 138 Fibrillation, 56, 106, 110 Fibrosis, 110, 131 Fissure, 102, 110 Fixation, 29, 110, 131 Flatus, 110, 111 Flexor, 32, 37, 38, 109, 110 Flutter, 56, 110 Forearm, 55, 80, 98, 110, 128 Fossa, 102, 110 Fovea, 110, 111 Functional Disorders, 12, 111 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 36, 111 Fundus, 53, 111, 123 Fura-2, 17, 111 G Gallbladder, 93, 111, 124 Ganglia, 11, 93, 111, 121, 125, 133, 134 Ganglionectomy, 67, 111 Ganglioneuroblastoma, 31, 111
Gap Junctions, 47, 111 Gas, 17, 95, 100, 110, 111, 114, 122, 123 Gastric, 101, 111, 114 Gastrointestinal, 27, 99, 109, 111, 131, 132, 134, 138 Gastrointestinal tract, 27, 111, 131 Gelatin, 111, 112 Gene, 8, 9, 16, 18, 63, 94, 98, 111, 112, 123, 127 Gene Expression, 9, 16, 112 Genes, p53, 13, 112 Geniculate Ganglion, 14, 15, 112 Genital, 59, 103, 112 Genotype, 112, 126 Gestation, 4, 112 Gland, 93, 112, 118, 124, 131, 133, 136 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 110, 112, 135 Glutamate, 12, 13, 15, 17, 31, 112 Glutamic Acid, 112, 122 Glutamine, 20, 112 Glycerol, 99, 112, 126 Glycine, 6, 95, 112, 122 Glycoproteins, 99, 101, 112, 116, 128 Governing Board, 112, 127 Grafting, 112, 115 Granule, 5, 112 Growth, 8, 18, 46, 58, 94, 95, 96, 101, 112, 113, 118, 121, 123, 126, 131, 136, 138 Growth Cones, 18, 112 Growth factors, 58, 113 Guanylate Cyclase, 113, 122 H Habituation, 10, 113 Hair Cells, 21, 103, 113, 133 Haptens, 94, 113 Headache, 99, 113 Heart attack, 54, 60, 113 Heartbeat, 113, 139 Helix-loop-helix, 7, 113 Heme, 105, 113 Hemorrhage, 105, 106, 113, 133 Hemostasis, 113, 131 Hepatic, 101, 104, 113 Hereditary, 113, 121, 122 Heredity, 111, 113 Herpes, 24, 32, 35, 113 Herpes Zoster, 113 Heterogeneity, 22, 94, 113 Heterozygotes, 8, 113 Histamine, 64, 114 Histidine, 114 Homeostasis, 58, 59, 114, 132
Index 145
Homologous, 7, 94, 113, 114, 131, 134, 137 Hormone, 100, 102, 106, 109, 114, 131, 136 Host, 97, 114, 134, 139 Hybrid, 8, 97, 103, 114 Hydrogen, 93, 94, 98, 100, 109, 114, 120, 124 Hydroxyproline, 95, 103, 114 Hypersensitivity, 94, 114, 131 Hypoplasia, 7, 114 Hypotensive, 52, 114 Hypothalamus, 97, 114 I Id, 42, 78, 82, 88, 90, 114 Idiopathic, 35, 114 Immune response, 24, 59, 96, 97, 113, 114, 115, 131, 134, 139 Immune Sera, 114 Immune system, 97, 98, 114, 115, 121, 138 Immunity, 58, 59, 114, 137 Immunization, 58, 59, 114, 131 Immunogen, 58, 115 Immunologic, 114, 115 Immunology, 26, 94, 115 Immunophilin, 100, 115 Immunosuppressant, 16, 115 Immunosuppressive, 100, 115 Implantation, 58, 115 In vitro, 6, 8, 14, 16, 22, 56, 115, 134 In vivo, 6, 9, 14, 16, 21, 23, 56, 115 Incision, 115, 116 Incisive, 15, 115 Incisor, 115 Indicative, 115, 125, 138 Induction, 6, 57, 59, 115, 117 Infarction, 54, 60, 115 Infection, 24, 98, 114, 115, 118, 122, 134 Inflammation, 6, 110, 113, 115, 122, 124, 127, 130, 135 Infuse, 22, 115 Infusion, 56, 115 Ingestion, 14, 115 Initiation, 6, 11, 56, 59, 115, 137 Inlay, 115, 129 Innervation, 5, 15, 56, 110, 115, 133 Inositol, 116, 131 Inotropic, 107, 116 Insight, 11, 116 Intermittent, 58, 116 Interstitial, 109, 116, 119 Intestinal, 31, 100, 116, 121, 138 Intestine, 99, 116, 117 Intoxication, 116, 140
Intracellular, 6, 8, 11, 12, 15, 17, 22, 23, 99, 111, 115, 116, 119, 122, 129, 131 Intracellular Membranes, 116, 119 Intracranial Hypertension, 113, 116, 136 Intraocular, 16, 52, 116, 123 Intraocular pressure, 16, 52, 116, 123 Intravenous, 115, 116 Intrinsic, 4, 7, 12, 15, 17, 23, 46, 50, 54, 94, 98, 116 Invasive, 29, 114, 116, 118 Involuntary, 107, 110, 116, 121, 129 Ion Channels, 12, 15, 116 Ions, 98, 100, 107, 114, 116 Ipsilateral, 18, 116 Ischemia, 6, 12, 20, 21, 23, 51, 97, 116 J Jealousy, 116, 125 Joint, 26, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 55, 67, 79, 81, 96, 110, 116, 135 Joint Capsule, 36, 116, 135 K Kb, 72, 117 Ketamine, 36, 117 Kinetic, 20, 117 L Labyrinth, 103, 117, 139 Lacrimal, 110, 117 Laminin, 98, 109, 117 Large Intestine, 106, 116, 117, 129, 132 Larva, 36, 117 Larva Migrans, 36, 117 Latent, 32, 117 Leukocytes, 99, 108, 117, 122 Library Services, 88, 117 Life cycle, 117 Ligament, 95, 117 Ligands, 16, 47, 101, 117 Ligation, 21, 117 Lipid, 96, 102, 112, 117, 121 Lipofuscin, 37, 42, 102, 117 Liver, 93, 108, 109, 111, 113, 117, 135 Localization, 13, 21, 22, 27, 31, 117 Localized, 11, 18, 110, 115, 117, 126, 135 Long-Term Potentiation, 10, 117 Loop, 118 Lumbar, 25, 31, 118, 133 Lumen, 96, 118 Lunate, 26, 118 Lymph, 59, 102, 108, 118, 124 Lymph node, 59, 102, 118, 124 Lymphatic, 108, 115, 118, 127, 133, 136 Lymphatic system, 118, 133, 136
146
Ganglions
Lymphocytes, 96, 100, 114, 117, 118, 133, 136 Lymphoid, 95, 118 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 32, 118 Malignant, 96, 111, 118, 121 Mammogram, 99, 118, 120 Mandibular Nerve, 118, 137 Manifest, 17, 97, 118 Mastication, 118, 137, 138 Matrix metalloproteinase, 21, 118 Maxillary, 118, 119, 137, 138 Maxillary Nerve, 119, 138 Meatus, 112, 119, 138 Medial, 96, 103, 119, 123, 136 Mediate, 8, 22, 101, 103, 107, 119 Mediator, 119, 131 Medical Records, 119, 130 MEDLINE, 73, 119 Meiosis, 119, 134 Melanin, 18, 119, 126, 138 Melanocytes, 18, 119 Melanophores, 119 Melanosomes, 18, 119 Memantine, 20, 119 Membrane Fusion, 58, 119 Memory, 10, 53, 118, 119 Meninges, 101, 105, 119 Mental, iv, 3, 72, 74, 102, 107, 119, 128, 130 Mesenteric, 119, 133 Metabolite, 52, 120 Metastasis, 101, 118, 120 MI, 54, 60, 91, 120 Microbiology, 26, 93, 120 Microcalcifications, 99, 120 Microorganism, 103, 120, 125, 140 Micro-organism, 120, 126 Microscopy, 38, 98, 120 Migration, 58, 120 Mitochondria, 11, 22, 120, 124 Mitosis, 96, 120 Modification, 95, 120 Molecular, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 27, 59, 73, 75, 98, 99, 100, 104, 120, 129, 137 Molecule, 9, 96, 98, 104, 107, 108, 109, 120, 124, 127, 129, 131, 138 Monitor, 120, 123 Morphological, 12, 22, 46, 59, 94, 108, 119, 120 Morphology, 31, 32, 120 Motility, 111, 120, 131
Motor nerve, 110, 120 Motor Neurons, 10, 120 Movement Disorders, 51, 107, 120 Mucinous, 111, 121 Mucins, 112, 121, 130 Mucosa, 121, 138 Mucositis, 121, 136 Multiple sclerosis, 121, 124 Myenteric, 27, 121 Myocardial infarction, 53, 54, 60, 105, 120, 121 Myocardium, 120, 121 Myosin, 100, 121 N Nasal Cavity, 58, 121 Nasal Septum, 121 Need, 13, 54, 56, 64, 66, 83, 93, 109, 118, 121 Neonatal, 4, 121 Neoplasm, 111, 121, 138 Neoplastic, 95, 110, 121 Nerve Fibers, 50, 103, 121, 124 Nerve Growth Factor, 16, 52, 54, 60, 121, 122 Networks, 9, 23, 121 Neural, 12, 14, 17, 19, 33, 34, 58, 93, 122 Neuralgia, 4, 25, 34, 35, 122 Neuritis, 122, 124, 139 Neuroblastoma, 111, 122 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 52, 122 Neuromuscular, 93, 122, 135 Neuromuscular Junction, 93, 122 Neuronal, 4, 8, 10, 11, 13, 33, 47, 52, 97, 112, 122 Neuropathy, 7, 26, 28, 52, 122 Neuropharmacology, 5, 122 Neurophysiology, 26, 106, 122 Neurotoxic, 122 Neurotoxins, 51, 122 Neurotransmitter, 5, 15, 17, 93, 95, 99, 107, 112, 114, 116, 122, 123, 131, 134, 138 Neurotrophins, 52, 122 Neutrophils, 111, 117, 122 Nitric Oxide, 5, 12, 17, 20, 31, 122 Nitrogen, 94, 109, 110, 112, 122, 138 Nitroglycerin, 20, 123 Norepinephrine, 56, 93, 107, 122, 123 Nuclear, 11, 59, 98, 109, 111, 123, 130 Nuclei, 4, 23, 103, 118, 120, 123, 124, 133, 139 Nucleus, 5, 11, 22, 96, 102, 103, 105, 108, 109, 118, 119, 122, 123, 128, 132, 138
Index 147
O Occult, 27, 123 Ocular, 18, 52, 123 Ocular Hypertension, 52, 123 Oncogene, 28, 123 Opacity, 50, 106, 123 Ophthalmic, 123, 130, 137, 138 Ophthalmology, 6, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 31, 34, 36, 53, 110, 123 Opsin, 123, 129, 130 Optic Chiasm, 18, 114, 123, 124 Optic cup, 7, 123 Optic disc, 123, 124 Optic Disk, 106, 123, 124 Optic Nerve, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 23, 36, 50, 51, 52, 123, 124, 129, 130, 131 Optic Nerve Diseases, 6, 13, 124 Optic nerve head, 36, 50, 124 Optic Neuritis, 23, 124 Orbital, 124 Organelles, 18, 105, 119, 124, 127 Orofacial, 110, 124 Osteoclasts, 100, 124 Ovaries, 124, 135 Overexpress, 12, 13, 124 Ovum, 112, 117, 124 Oxidation, 93, 105, 124 P Palate, 14, 15, 112, 124, 135 Palsy, 34, 38, 124 Pancreas, 35, 93, 124, 136 Pancreatectomy, 35, 124 Pancreatic, 28, 35, 124 Papilla, 15, 125 Paralysis, 125, 135 Paranoia, 51, 125 Paresthesia, 125, 135 Paroxysmal, 57, 125 Patch, 4, 15, 17, 19, 23, 125 Pathogen, 125, 134 Pathogenesis, 7, 37, 57, 125 Pathologic, 96, 105, 114, 125 Pathologic Processes, 96, 125 Pathophysiology, 6, 21, 125 Patient Education, 81, 86, 88, 91, 125 Pelvic, 63, 125 Pelvis, 118, 124, 125, 138 Peptide, 94, 100, 125, 128 Perception, 17, 104, 106, 125, 131 Perfusion, 11, 125, 136 Pericytes, 58, 125 Perimetry, 53, 125
Peripheral blood, 59, 125 Peripheral Nervous System, 108, 122, 124, 125, 134, 138 Peripheral vision, 125, 140 Perivascular, 58, 126 Phagocytosis, 58, 126 Phallic, 110, 126 Pharmacologic, 95, 126, 136, 137 Pharynx, 121, 126, 135, 138 Phenotype, 7, 126 Phenylalanine, 126, 138 Phospholipids, 110, 116, 126 Phosphorus, 100, 126 Phosphorylate, 22, 126 Phosphorylating, 22, 126 Phosphorylation, 8, 16, 21, 126 Photocoagulation, 65, 126 Photoreceptors, 7, 126 Phototransduction, 126, 131 Physical Examination, 81, 126 Physiologic, 94, 126, 129, 137 Physiology, 9, 15, 97, 108, 122, 126, 134 Pigmentation, 18, 126 Pigments, 42, 100, 126, 127, 129 Plants, 94, 100, 120, 122, 123, 126, 137 Plasma, 11, 58, 95, 100, 101, 111, 113, 127, 136 Plasma cells, 95, 127 Plasticity, 5, 10, 127 Plastids, 124, 127 Platelet Aggregation, 122, 127 Platelets, 122, 127, 136 Plexus, 35, 127 Pneumonia, 104, 127 Point Mutation, 18, 127 Pons, 99, 127, 130 Posterior, 26, 27, 29, 34, 95, 102, 107, 112, 124, 127, 131 Postnatal, 4, 23, 127, 133 Postsynaptic, 12, 42, 127, 131 Post-translational, 8, 127 Post-traumatic, 121, 127 Potentiation, 10, 118, 127, 132 Practice Guidelines, 74, 127 Precursor, 8, 107, 108, 123, 126, 127, 138 Presynaptic, 10, 45, 122, 127, 134 Probe, 50, 127 Progression, 13, 128 Progressive, 96, 101, 112, 122, 128, 138 Projection, 5, 7, 16, 18, 123, 128 Prophase, 128, 134 Protein C, 15, 18, 95, 98, 128
148
Ganglions
Protein S, 63, 98, 128, 135 Proteins, 8, 11, 12, 22, 51, 94, 95, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 109, 111, 118, 120, 123, 125, 127, 128, 129, 137 Proteoglycans, 98, 109, 128 Proximal, 30, 31, 34, 107, 121, 127, 128 Psychiatry, 110, 128 Psychoactive, 128, 140 Public Policy, 73, 128 Pulmonary, 98, 128, 139 Pulmonary Artery, 98, 128, 139 Pulsation, 110, 128 Pupil, 124, 128 R Race, 120, 128 Radial Artery, 35, 128 Radioactive, 114, 115, 123, 128 Radiography, 78, 128 Radioisotope, 128, 137 Radius, 128 Randomized, 107, 128 Reactive Oxygen Species, 6, 52, 129 Receptor, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 33, 42, 47, 52, 93, 96, 104, 107, 129, 131, 135 Receptors, Serotonin, 129, 131 Recombinant, 129, 138 Rectal, 59, 129 Rectum, 96, 106, 110, 111, 117, 129 Recurrence, 55, 67, 102, 129 Reentry, 56, 129 Refer, 1, 99, 104, 108, 110, 113, 117, 129, 137, 139 Reflex, 10, 129 Refractory, 56, 129 Regeneration, 9, 23, 129 Regimen, 107, 129 Remission, 129 Research Support, 10, 129 Resection, 26, 35, 129 Restoration, 18, 129, 140 Retinal Artery, 130 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 46, 51, 52, 123, 130 Retinal Neovascularization, 7, 130 Retinal pigment epithelium, 18, 130 Retinal Vein, 130 Retinol, 129, 130 Retinopathy, 21, 106, 130 Retrobulbar, 124, 130 Retrograde, 6, 23, 130 Retrospective, 29, 130 Retrospective study, 29, 130
Reversion, 100, 130 Rhodopsin, 123, 129, 130 Risk factor, 4, 12, 52, 130 Rod, 7, 98, 103, 130 Ryanodine, 11, 130 S Saliva, 58, 130 Salivary, 102, 110, 130 Salivary glands, 102, 110, 130 Schizoid, 130, 140 Schizophrenia, 125, 130, 131, 140 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 130, 140 Sclera, 102, 104, 131 Sclerosis, 16, 52, 96, 121, 131 Screening, 7, 80, 103, 131 Second Messenger Systems, 8, 131 Secretion, 58, 102, 114, 121, 131, 138 Secretory, 131 Seizures, 125, 131 Sensitization, 10, 131 Serotonin, 11, 122, 129, 131, 138 Shock, 101, 131, 137 Side effect, 20, 93, 98, 131, 137 Signal Transduction, 100, 116, 131 Skeletal, 103, 132 Skeleton, 110, 116, 132, 136 Skull, 105, 132, 135 Small intestine, 64, 107, 114, 116, 132 Smooth muscle, 99, 114, 123, 125, 132, 134 Solitary Nucleus, 97, 132 Soma, 132 Somatic, 5, 15, 112, 119, 120, 125, 132, 138 Sotalol, 56, 132 Sound wave, 104, 132 Specialist, 82, 132 Species, 14, 20, 52, 107, 109, 114, 119, 120, 128, 129, 132, 134, 137, 139, 140 Specificity, 4, 12, 94, 99, 132, 136 Sperm, 102, 132 Spike, 9, 10, 11, 15, 19, 47, 132 Spinal cord, 63, 99, 101, 111, 119, 121, 122, 125, 129, 132, 133, 134 Spiral Ganglion, 4, 25, 33, 35, 42, 103, 133, 139 Splanchnic Nerves, 37, 133 Spleen, 118, 124, 133 Splint, 55, 133 Sporadic, 122, 133 Stabilization, 14, 133 Statistically significant, 16, 57, 133 Steel, 103, 133 Stellate, 36, 38, 53, 54, 60, 133
Index 149
Stellate Ganglion, 36, 38, 53, 54, 60, 133 Stem Cells, 109, 133 Stereoscopic, 18, 133 Stereotactic, 51, 133 Stimulant, 99, 114, 133 Stimulus, 10, 11, 14, 22, 53, 107, 109, 116, 129, 133, 135 Stomach, 93, 106, 111, 114, 124, 126, 132, 133 Stress, 79, 97, 100, 111, 133 Stroke, 23, 51, 58, 72, 133 Stroma, 111, 133 Subacute, 16, 115, 133 Subclinical, 115, 131, 134 Subspecies, 132, 134 Substance P, 5, 46, 120, 131, 134 Substrate, 8, 10, 134, 138 Superinfection, 24, 134 Supine, 57, 134 Suppression, 59, 134 Suppressive, 22, 134 Supraventricular, 57, 134 Sympathetic Nervous System, 97, 134 Sympathomimetic, 107, 109, 123, 134 Synapse, 93, 122, 127, 134, 137 Synapsis, 134 Synaptic, 12, 15, 18, 19, 22, 117, 122, 132, 134 Synaptic Vesicles, 134 Synovial, 116, 135 Synovial Membrane, 116, 135 Systemic, 20, 58, 96, 98, 109, 115, 116, 135, 137 T Tachycardia, 54, 57, 60, 135 Tarsi, 29, 135 Taste Buds, 15, 112, 135 Temporal, 11, 97, 119, 135, 137 Tendinitis, 78, 79, 135 Tendon, 27, 31, 32, 33, 38, 111, 135 Tenosynovitis, 27, 135 Tetanic, 11, 135 Tetanus, 135 Tetracycline, 107, 135 Tetrodotoxin, 19, 135 Thermal, 14, 107, 135 Thoracic, 133, 135, 140 Thorax, 118, 135, 138 Threshold, 4, 19, 109, 135 Thrombin, 127, 128, 135 Thrombomodulin, 128, 135 Thrombosis, 128, 133, 136
Thrombus, 105, 115, 127, 136 Thymidine, 24, 136 Thymidine Kinase, 24, 136 Thymus, 115, 118, 136 Thyroid, 33, 100, 136, 138 Thyroid Gland, 33, 136 Thyroid Hormones, 136, 138 Tibia, 95, 136 Tinnitus, 5, 136, 139 Tissue Distribution, 99, 136 Tone, 56, 57, 136 Tonus, 136 Tooth Preparation, 93, 136 Topical, 52, 136 Torsion, 115, 136 Total pancreatectomy, 124, 136 Toxic, iv, 12, 108, 114, 122, 136, 137 Toxicology, 74, 137 Toxin, 18, 135, 137 Tracer, 16, 137 Trachea, 126, 136, 137 Traction, 103, 137 Transcription Factors, 9, 137 Transduction, 14, 131, 137 Transfection, 98, 137 Transfer Factor, 114, 137 Translation, 94, 137 Translational, 137 Translocate, 16, 137 Transmitter, 11, 93, 107, 116, 119, 123, 134, 137 Transplantation, 9, 114, 137 Trauma, 23, 137 Tremor, 51, 137 Trigeminal, 4, 5, 25, 26, 31, 34, 35, 36, 110, 118, 119, 137, 138 Trigeminal Ganglion, 4, 5, 25, 31, 34, 35, 36, 137, 138 Trigeminal Nerve, 4, 137, 138 Trophic, 21, 52, 138 Tryptophan, 103, 131, 138 Tumour, 111, 138 Tyrosine, 15, 22, 52, 107, 138 U Uncompetitive, 20, 138 Unconscious, 114, 138 Uterus, 102, 111, 124, 138 V Vaccine, 58, 59, 138 Vacuoles, 124, 138 Vagal, 56, 57, 138 Vagina, 102, 106, 138
150
Ganglions
Vagus Nerve, 132, 138 Vascular, 4, 8, 16, 38, 102, 108, 115, 122, 136, 138 Vasoactive, 31, 111, 138 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, 111, 138 Vasodilator, 99, 107, 114, 138 Vector, 22, 137, 138 Vein, 7, 21, 116, 123, 130, 138 Venoms, 122, 138 Venous, 123, 128, 139 Venter, 139 Ventral, 5, 103, 114, 127, 139 Ventricle, 53, 60, 97, 114, 128, 139 Ventricular, 53, 54, 60, 139 Ventricular fibrillation, 54, 60, 139 Vertebrae, 132, 139 Vesicular, 12, 113, 139 Vestibular, 25, 113, 139 Vestibule, 103, 139 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 97, 103, 136, 139 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 136, 139 Veterinary Medicine, 73, 139 Viral, 38, 137, 139
Virulence, 134, 139 Virus, 24, 26, 32, 35, 59, 97, 137, 139 Visceral, 97, 112, 117, 138, 139 Visceral Afferents, 97, 112, 138, 139 Visceral Larva Migrans, 117, 139 Visual Acuity, 105, 124, 139 Visual Cortex, 118, 140 Visual field, 6, 53, 123, 125, 140 Vitreous, 106, 129, 140 Vitreous Body, 129, 140 Vitro, 8, 22, 140 Vivo, 6, 9, 14, 22, 23, 140 Voltage-gated, 15, 140 W Windpipe, 126, 136, 140 Withdrawal, 10, 140 Wound Healing, 101, 118, 140 X X-ray, 105, 118, 123, 133, 140 Y Yeasts, 126, 140 Z Zebrafish, 14, 140 Zymogen, 128, 140
Index 151
152
Ganglions
