Gas Gangrene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

GAS GANGRENE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES...

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GAS

GANGRENE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Gas Gangrene: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84433-X 1. Gas Gangrene-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on gas gangrene. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GAS GANGRENE ....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Gas Gangrene................................................................................ 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 7 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GAS GANGRENE .......................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 49 Academic Periodicals covering Gas Gangrene............................................................................. 50 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 53 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 54 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 57 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 59 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 63 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 67 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 67 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 73 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 76 GAS GANGRENE DICTIONARY ............................................................................................... 77 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 103

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with gas gangrene is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about gas gangrene, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to gas gangrene, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on gas gangrene. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to gas gangrene, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on gas gangrene. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GAS GANGRENE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on gas gangrene.

Federally Funded Research on Gas Gangrene The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to gas gangrene. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to gas gangrene. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore gas gangrene. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for gas gangrene: •

Project Title: COMPARATIVE PERFRINGENS

GENOMIC

ANALYSIS

OF

CLOSTRIDIUM

Principal Investigator & Institution: Paulsen, Ian T.; Assistant Investigator; Institute for Genomic Research Rockville, Md 20850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 02-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (Applicant?s Abstract): Clostridium perfringens has a long history of being associated with a high level of morbidity and mortality in battlefield and clinical settings, due to its ability to produce a wide range of deadly toxins and cause diseases such as gas gangrene and enteric infections. C. perfringens has also been tested as a potential biological warfare (BW) agent in World War II and the Iraqi government is suspected of attempting to develop C. perfringens as a BW agent before the Gulf War. Because most of the genes encoding the toxins have been cloned and sequenced, it is feared that these may be used to produce these toxins on a large scale and inflict casualties on military and civilian populations. In addition, C. perfringens is genetically tractable and is capable of producing a heat resistant spore; these qualities make it an inviting target for developing BW methods for producing and delivering deadly toxins. The information obtained from genomic sequencing of C. perfringens will permit the development of vaccines and diagnostic reagents that can be used to combat and diagnose the disease caused by this bacterium. The genetic sequence will also allow production of DNA microarrays, to determine which genes are turned on in infections and identify host specificity factors that differentiate human and veterinary pathogenic strains. The genome sequence will also provide important information on fundamental biological processes such as spore production and basic metabolism in the Clostridia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MEETING ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF CLOSTRIDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Sonenshein, Abraham L.; Professor; Molecular Biol & Microbiology; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-2003; Project End 14-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Fourth International Conference on the Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of the Clostridia will be held April 26-30, 2003 at the Marine Biological laboratories in Woods Hole, MA. This meeting will attract about 150 leading international clostridial researchers from universities, government laboratories, and commercial organizations. The conference will focus on new developments regarding the virulence and basic biology of the pathogenic clostridia, which remain major causes of natural enteric, histotoxic, and neurotoxic disease in humans and economically-important domestic animals. In addition, toxins produced by the pathogenic Clostridia have become major biodefense concerns, with botulinum toxins and C. perfringens epsilon toxin listed as Class A and B select agents, respectively. The conference's goal is two-fold: i) providing a common forum to discuss recent research findings in order to stimulate future progress, and it) training the next generation of clostridial researchers. To accomplish these purposes, the meeting consists of 10 sessions combining talks and posters. The first session will address the clostridial enterotoxins, which cause symptoms of several extremely important noscomial and foodborne diseases. The following session will concern the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of clostridial infections. Promising new practical medical and biotechnology applications of the pathogenic clostridia (and their toxins) will then be discussed in the third conference session. Session Four will then specifically focus on membrane-active clostridial toxins, which are so important for histotoxic infections such as gas gangrene. In the fifth session, the economically important clostridial veterinary diseases will be discussed. Exciting new insights provided by several clostridial genome projects will be presented in the 6th session, along with new information about clostridial mobile genetic elements, which are important for virulence. The seventh session will have considerable biodefense relevance since it includes the clostridial neurotoxins, including botulinum toxins. How clostridia regulate virulence gene expression will be the topic of

Studies

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the 8th session, to be followed in session 9 by a discussion of the linkage between clostridial physiology and virulence. The conference will conclude with an in-depth analysis of interactions between the pathogenic clostridia and their hosts in Session 10. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR & CELLULAR BASIS OF HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bohach, Gregory A.; Professor; Microbiol/Molec Biol & Biotech; University of Idaho Moscow, Id 838443020 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: Although the number of faculty engaged in biomedical research at the University of Idaho (U of I) is not large, our institution is strongly committed to research related to microbial pathogenesis and food-borne illness. The overall objective of this project is to build upon our current core of strength in the "study of the molecular and cellular basis of host- pathogen interactions". We will establish the U of I as a premier institutional having a nationally recognized biomedical program with this thematic focus. COBRE funding will allow us to integrate the programs of several established biomedical scientists with those of tow new tenure- track faculty (a virologist and cell biologist) on the main campus in Moscow, ID. In doing so, we will emphasize career development, mentoring, and grantsmanship of all faculty in the Center. We will strengthen our graduate training and research collaboration with the Infectious Diseases Unit of Boise Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Finally, we will integrate the five-state (Wyoming, Washing, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho) WWAMI Medical Program into the COBRE Center to provide a unique opportunity for medical students to become immersed in biomedical research. COBRE center research projects will initially be led by four Co-Investigators , each of whom has proposed an area of multi-disciplinary research relevant to human health and to the overall theme of the Center. This team and their collaborators will work under the administrative and collaborative guidance of Dr. Gregory A. Bohach an investigator established in several areas of microbial pathogenesis. The four independent but complementary projects include: 1) An investigation of the anti-viral activity of Escherichia coli Shiga toxin; 2) Mx expression and uterine mucosal immunity; 3) The mechanism and significance of the internalization of Staphylococcus aureus by epithelial cells; and 4) Phospholipase-C induced plateletleukocyte interactions and defective diapedesis in gas gangrene. In addition to these four projects, our new virologist and cell biologist will submit research proposal to the COBRE Center and our Advisory Board for approval. A plan to develop funding independence following termination of COBRE support has been developed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PLATELET-LEUKOCYTE INTERACTIONS & DIAPEDESIS IN GAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bryant, Amy E.; University of Idaho Moscow, Id 838443020 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Clostridium perfringens gas gangrene is the most fulminant necrotizing infection affecting humans. In victims of traumatic injury, the infection can become well established in as little as 6-8 hours and the destruction of adjacent healthy muscle can progress several inches per hour despite appropriate antibiotic coverage. Despite modern medical advances and intensive care regimens, radical amputation is often required and mortality remains between 40-70%. The rapid tissue destruction

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Gas Gangrene

characteristic of clostridial myonecrosis has been attributed, in part, to the absence of a tissue inflammatory response with concomitant vascular leukostasis. We have previously shown that, in vivo, the clostridial phospholipase C (PLC) stimulates the formation of large intra intravascular aggregates of platelets and granulocytes and that formation of these heterotypic complexes is the result of PLC-induced activation of the platelet fibrinogen receptor, gpIIbIIIa. We hypothesize that formation of these complexes prevents normal granulocyte diapedesis and enhances respiratory burst activity of hyperadherent leukocytes, resulting in vascular leukostasis and injury with concomitant ischemic tissue necrosis. Specifically, this proposal will investigate the effects of PLC-stimulated platelets on neutrophil chemotaxis, transendothelial cell migration (adherence and diapedesis), and respiratory burst activity in vitro, and will determine the role of PLC-induced gpIIbIIIa activation in these events. Given the increasing antibiotic resistance among human pathogens, results of this work will provide important new information for the development of a host response-based immunologic strategy to restore the tissue inflammatory response, prevent vascular occlusion and injury, maintain tissue viability, and therefore provide a more modern treatment alternative to radical amputation for patients with this devastating infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STUDIES ON CLOSTRIDIUM SEPTICUM LETHAL TOXIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Tweten, Rodney K.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Oklahoma Hlth Sciences Ctr Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Ok 73126 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1993; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Clostridium septicum causes several life-threatening infections that, without treatment, are fatal. The most devastating of these diseases is non-traumatic gas gangrene. The only lethal factor secreted by C. septicum is alpha toxin. It is a cytolytic, pore-forming toxin that is produced as an inactive protoxin which requires proteolytic activation by normal cellular proteases such as furin. The investigators propose to continue the detailed study of the cytolytic mechanism of alpha toxin in order to gain insight into its biology and to explore ways that may be used to ameliorate its effect in vivo. They propose to: 1) identify the crucial residues of the propeptide of alpha toxin which facilitate its noncovalent interactions with the main body of the toxin and generate derivatives with a greater inhibitory activity towards alpha toxin, 2) identify the transmembrane domains(s) of alpha toxin, 3) identify the residues of the toxin involved in receptor binding, and 4) crystallize a more soluble derivative of alpha toxin and the complex of this derivative with one of the GPI-anchored receptors for alpha toxin. To achieve the first aim, the residues of the propeptide will be sequentially substituted with glycine, isolated and the affinity of the propeptide for the toxin determined. In aim 2 they will utilize two approaches to map out the membrane-penetrating domains(s) of alpha toxin. The first approach will be to substitute suspected membrane-spanning residues of alpha toxin with cysteine purify these derivatives and then form channels with each toxin in a planar bilayer. Charged derivatives of the sulfhydryl-specific reagent methanethiosulfonate (MTS) are then introduced into aqueous phase on either side of the bilayer. The charged MTS reagent will cause a change in the channel conductance only if the cysteine has been substituted for a channel-lining residue. The same cysteinesubstituted residues (in a cysteine-less derivative of alpha toxin) will also be modified with the environmentally sensitive fluorescent probe NBD and the fluorescence examined before and after the toxin have been allowed to insert into membranes. If

Studies

7

alpha toxin interacts with the membrane via either an amphipathic beta sheet or an alpha helix they will observe a difference in the periodicity of the response from both assays. The receptor-binding domain has tentatively been localized to a region near C55 of alpha toxin. Thus, in aim 3, residues near C55 in the structural model of alpha toxin will be changed by in vitro mutagenesis to determine which residues participate in receptor binding. In aim 4 they propose to crystallize alpha toxin and the alpha toxinreceptor complex. This is made possible by the availability of large quantities of a more soluble form of alpha toxin and one of its GPI-anchored receptors, the human folate receptor (hFR). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “gas gangrene” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for gas gangrene in the PubMed Central database: •

Comparison of single and combination antimicrobial agents for prevention of experimental gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens. by Stevens DL, Laine BM, Mitten JE.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174712

•

Isolation of Clostridium perfringens Type D from a Case of Gas Gangrene. by Morinaga G, Nakamura T, Yoshizawa J, Nishida S.; 1965 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=315734

•

Isolation of Clostridium pseudotetanicum from a patient with gas gangrene. by Katoh N, Watanabe K, Miki Y, Muro T, Ueno K.; 1983 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270840

•

Synergistic Effects of Alpha-Toxin and Perfringolysin O in Clostridium perfringensMediated Gas Gangrene. by Awad MM, Ellemor DM, Boyd RL, Emmins JJ, Rood JI.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98889

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Gas Gangrene

Use of Genetically Manipulated Strains of Clostridium perfringens Reveals that Both Alpha-Toxin and Theta-Toxin Are Required for Vascular Leukostasis To Occur in Experimental Gas Gangrene. by Ellemor DM, Baird RN, Awad MM, Boyd RL, Rood JI, Emmins JJ.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96825

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with gas gangrene, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “gas gangrene” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for gas gangrene (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

“Cold spot” imaging with gas gangrene in three phase skeletal scintigraphy. Author(s): Greene G, Maurer AH, Malmud LS, Charkes ND. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1983 September; 8(9): 410-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6641073

•

“Spontaneous” non clostridial gas gangrene: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Hubens G, Carly B, De Boeck H, Vansteenland H, Wylock P. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 1989 January-February; 89(1): 25-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2655357

•

A case of nontraumatic clostridial gas gangrene occurring in a patient with colon adenocarcinoma, liver cirrhosis, and diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Takeyama M, Mori H, Nagareda T, Kuroda H, Yamane T, Matsumoto K, Terada N, Terai C, Nishide K. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1986 May; 36(5): 757-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3739709

•

A comparison of the treatment of gas gangrene with and without hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Schweigel JF, Shim SS. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1973 June; 136(6): 969-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4349983

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

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•

A fatal case of gas gangrene resulting from an attempted suicide. Author(s): Mottonen M, Karkola K. Source: Med Sci Law. 1971 January; 11(1): 46-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5575829

•

A fatal case of gas gangrene. Author(s): Wakkerman CT. Source: Dermatologica. 1967; 134(5): 395. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6048412

•

A patient with gas gangrene. Author(s): Hughes EM. Source: Nurs Times. 1973 February 15; 69(7): 204-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4688752

•

A rare case of orbital mucormycosis with gas gangrene panophthalmitis. Author(s): Gupta VK, al-Tuwarqui W. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1993 December; 77(12): 824-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8110685

•

A survived case of diabetes with nonclostridial gas gangrene. Author(s): Tanaka S, Fujii S, Ohashi M, Yamamoto M, Seki J, Wada M. Source: Jpn J Med. 1983 January; 22(1): 40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6405067

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A survived case of diabetic nonclostridial gas gangrene and the review of the literatures on microbiological findings. Author(s): Yasuda K, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Goshima E, Miura K. Source: Jpn J Med. 1986 May; 25(2): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3091889

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Adenocarcinoma of the colon presenting as lower extremity gas gangrene (metastatic myonecrosis). Case report. Author(s): Sjolin SU, Andersen JC. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1986 November; 152: 715-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3564828

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Aeromonas hydrophila gas gangrene: a case report of management with surgery and hyperbaric oxygenation. Author(s): Hennessy MJ, Ballon-Landa GR, Jones JW, Farrell T. Source: Orthopedics. 1988 February; 11(2): 289-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3282228

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Aeromonas hydrophila myonecrosis and gas gangrene in a nonimmunocompromised host. Author(s): Heckerling PS, Stine TM, Pottage JC Jr, Levin S, Harris AA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1983 October; 143(10): 2005-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6625789

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Aeromonas hydrophila necrotizing fasciitis and gas gangrene in a diabetic patient on haemodialysis. Author(s): Furusu A, Yoshizuka N, Abe K, Sasaki O, Miyazaki K, Miyazaki M, Hirakata Y, Ozono Y, Harada T, Kohno S. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1997 August; 12(8): 1730-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9269663

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Aeromonas hydrophila wound infection associated with myonecrosis and gas gangrene. Author(s): Bloch T, Hochstetler M, Waller BF, Clark SA. Source: Indiana Med. 1987 November; 80(11): 1090-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3693881

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An immunoassay for the rapid and specific detection of three sialidase-producing clostridia causing gas gangrene. Author(s): Roggentin T, Kleineidam RG, Majewski DM, Tirpitz D, Roggentin P, Schauer R. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 1993 January 4; 157(1-2): 125-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8423355

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An unusual case of gas gangrene. Author(s): Willis RG, Green DM, Inglis TJ. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1987 August; 38(2): 140-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3651645

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An unusual presentation of gas gangrene complicated by penicillin allergy. Author(s): Woo PL, Eastaway A, Soutar DS. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1994 November-December; 48(6): 337-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7848804

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An unusual presentation of gas gangrene. Author(s): Fraser-Moodie A. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1973 August; 60(8): 621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4579514

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Anaerobic streptococcal infections simulating gas gangrene. Author(s): Anderson CB, Marr JJ, Jaffe BM. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1972 February; 104(2): 186-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5008911

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Anesthetic considerations in patients with gas gangrene. Author(s): Laflin MJ, Tobey RE, Reves JG. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1976 March-April; 55(2): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=943986

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Antiserum in gas gangrene. Author(s): Schraibman IG. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 March 16; 1(593): 704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5640658

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Aortitis due to metastatic gas gangrene. Author(s): Momont SL, Overholt EL. Source: Wis Med J. 1989 December; 88(12): 28-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2618068

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Behavior of leukocyte elastase and immunglobulins in septic toxic multiorgan involvement: observations on 50 gas gangrene cases. Author(s): Tirpitz D. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1989; 308: 1007-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2476821

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Between gargoylism and gas gangrene. Author(s): Morowitz HJ. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1981 September; 16(9): 173, 176. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6792040

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Bilateral gas gangrene of the hand - a unique case. Author(s): Goyal RW, Ng AB, Bale RS. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2003 November; 85(6): 4089. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14629884

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Case report. Fatal gas gangrene following intra-articular steroid injection. Author(s): Yangco BG, Germain BF, Deresinski SC. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1982 March-April; 283(2): 94-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6801976

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Gas Gangrene

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Clinical case study: pediatric gas gangrene. Author(s): Ladebauche P. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1994 May-June; 20(3): 255-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8008473

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Clinicobacteriological study of gas gangrene. Author(s): Udgaonkar US, Dharmadhikari CA, Kulkarni RD, Kulkarni V, Pawar SG. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1990 January; 88(1): 8-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2362145

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Clostridial (gas gangrene) infection in a general hospital. Author(s): Shaw J, Vellar ID, Vellar D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1973 June 2; 1(22): 1080-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4715764

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Clostridial gas gangrene and septicemia in a patient with light chain disease. Author(s): Wu CH, Tsung SH. Source: Indiana Med. 1984 May; 77(5): 368-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6427326

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Clostridial gas gangrene associated with congenital generalized lipodystrophy: report of a case. Author(s): Nakae H, Endo S, Yamada Y, Takakuwa T, Taniguchi S, Kikuchi M. Source: Surgery Today. 1994; 24(12): 1097-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7780235

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Clostridial gas gangrene complicating Colles' fracture. Author(s): Werry DG, Meek RN. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1986 March; 26(3): 280-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3951009

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Clostridial gas gangrene complicating leukemia. Author(s): Sawhney R, Rees JH, Markowitz SK. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 1994 September-October; 19(5): 451-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7950826

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Clostridial gas gangrene of the abdominal wall after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Author(s): Samel S, Post S, Martell J, Becker H. Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 1997 August; 7(4): 245-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9448120

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Clostridial gas gangrene. I. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of microvascular dysfunction induced by exotoxins of Clostridium perfringens. Author(s): Bryant AE, Chen RY, Nagata Y, Wang Y, Lee CH, Finegold S, Guth PH, Stevens DL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 September; 182(3): 799-807. Epub 2000 August 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10950774

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Clostridial gas gangrene: a review of 48 consecutive cases. Author(s): Close P, Ectors M, Thys JP, Cornil A. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1988; 43(6): 411-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2907224

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Clostridial infections (gas gangrene). Diagnosis and early treatment. Author(s): Pappas AM, Filler RM, Eraklis AJ, Bernhard WF. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1971 May; 76: 177-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5578140

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Clostridial myonecrosis ('gas gangrene') during cephalosporin prophylaxis. Author(s): Mohr JA, Griffiths W, Holm R, Garcia-Moral C, Flournoy DJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 February 27; 239(9): 847-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=245409

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Clostridial ocular infections. Case report of gas gangrene panophthalmitis. Author(s): Walsh TJ. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1965 September; 49(9): 472-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4284144

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Clostridium absonum from gas gangrene. Author(s): Masaki T, Umehashi H, Miyazaki H, Takano M, Yamakawa K, Nakamura S. Source: Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1988 February; 41(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2903940

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Clostridium perfringens within intracardiac thrombus: a case of intracardiac gas gangrene. Author(s): Chowdhury PS, Timmis SB, Marcovitz PA. Source: Circulation. 1999 November 16; 100(20): 2119. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10562270

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Gas Gangrene

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Clostridium septicum gas gangrene and an intestinal malignant lesion. A case report. Author(s): Sjolin SU, Hansen AK. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1991 June; 73(5): 7723. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2045404

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Clostridium septicum gas gangrene following intramuscular infection from an influenza vaccine booster. Author(s): Thomas MG. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1990 December; 44(12): 709-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2102204

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Clostridium septicum gas gangrene of the gluteus maximus and an ascending colon malignant tumor. A case report. Author(s): Fernandez RJ, Gluck JL. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1994 November; (308): 178-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7955680

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Clostridium-produced gas gangrene of the colon. Author(s): Rudikoff JC. Source: Radiology. 1977 July; 124(1): 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=866650

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Combined therapy in post-operative gas gangrene. Author(s): Bittner J, Racovita C, Crivda S, Ardeleanu J. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1970 May; 3(2): 325-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4318554

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Crepitation simulating gas gangrene. A case report. Author(s): Sambandan S. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1985 December; 67(9): 1449. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4077916

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Crepitation simulating gas gangrene. A case report. Author(s): Friedman RJ, Gumley GJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1985 April; 67(4): 6467. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3980513

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CT of pancreatic gas gangrene. Author(s): McCloskey M, Low VH. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1996 February; 40(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8838895

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Delayed antemortem diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the cecum presenting as lower extremity gas gangrene. Author(s): Hallock GG. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1984 February; 27(2): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6697832

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Diabetic non-clostridial gas gangrene. A case report. Author(s): Corso RE, Brady FJ Jr. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1983 January; 73(1): 27-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6822717

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Diagnosis and management of clostridium perfringens sepsis and uterine gas gangrene. Author(s): Halpin TF, Molinari JA. Source: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 2002 January; 57(1): 53-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11773832

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Endogenous gas gangrene. Author(s): Himal HS, Duff JH. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1968 February 3; 98(5): 264. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5635722

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Endogenous gas gangrene. Author(s): Klotz PG. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1968 February 3; 98(5): 264. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5635721

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Endogenous gas gangrene: a report of three cases. Author(s): Himal HS, Duff JH. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1967 December 16; 97(25): 1541-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4229911

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Exogenously acquired Clostridium septicum gas gangrene--a case report. Author(s): Winter E, Dommke A, Bongers-Binder S, Eiring P, Weise K. Source: Swiss Surg. 1998; (6): 316-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9887679

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Eyelid gas gangrene. Author(s): Lyon DB, Lemke BN. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989; 5(3): 212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2487226

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Facial gas gangrene after penetrating injury. Author(s): Brook I. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1990 March; 9(3): 222-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2336305

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Fatal case of gas gangrene associated with intramuscular injections. Author(s): Harvey PW, Purnell GV. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 March 23; 1(594): 744-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5641440

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Fatal nonclostridial gas gangrene in a diabetic: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Sambandan S. Source: Singapore Med J. 1986 August; 27(4): 341-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3798149

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Fournier's gangrene: non-clostridial gas gangrene of the perineum and diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Lamerton AJ. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1986 April; 79(4): 212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3701767

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Gas composition in Clostridium septicum gas gangrene. Author(s): Chi CH, Chen KW, Huang JJ, Chuang YC, Wu MH. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1995 December; 94(12): 757-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8541740

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Gas gangrene - need it occur? Author(s): Cameron HU, Ford M. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1978 November 18; 119(10): 1207-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=743660

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Gas gangrene (abscess) of heart. Author(s): Guneratne F. Source: N Y State J Med. 1975 September; 75(10): 1766-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1059902

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Gas gangrene abscess of the brain. Author(s): Clarke PR. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1968 August; 31(4): 391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4301553

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'Gas gangrene' after a below-knee amputation. Author(s): DuPont HL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1983 July; 18(7): 82A, 82D. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6305823

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Gas gangrene after abdominal surgery. A report of three cases. Author(s): Fieber SS. Source: J Med Soc N J. 1974 February; 71(2): 136-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4521665

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Gas gangrene after amputation for peripheral vascular disease. Author(s): Schraibman IG. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1968 July; 44(513): 551-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5662196

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Gas gangrene after burns. Author(s): Eastcott HH. Source: British Medical Journal. 1979 April 14; 1(6169): 1021. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=435938

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Gas gangrene after colonoscopy. Author(s): Jamieson NF, Willoughby CP. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 January; 77(903): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11123397

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Gas gangrene after hip nailing. Author(s): Dykes RG. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1977 December; 47(6): 7902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=274125

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Gas gangrene after intramuscular injection of adrenaline. Author(s): Teo WS, Balasubramaniam P. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1983 April; (174): 206-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6831805

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Gas gangrene after intramuscular injection: report of two cases. Author(s): Giusti GV, Fiori A. Source: Acta Med Leg Soc (Liege). 1982; 32: 271-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6820756

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Gas gangrene and Clostridium perfringens septicemia associated with the use of an indwelling radial artery catheter. Author(s): Rose HD. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1979 December 22; 121(12): 1595-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=534977

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Gas gangrene and congenital agranulocytosis. Author(s): Seidel M, Weiss M, Nicolai T, Roos R, Grantzow R, Belohradsky BH. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1990 June; 9(6): 437-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2195460

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Gas gangrene and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Kizer KW. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1981 March; 136(3): 635-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6781318

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Gas gangrene and hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Maudsley RH, Arden GP. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 November 11; 4(836): 362. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4637524

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Gas gangrene and hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Irvin TT. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 October 7; 4(831): 47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5078421

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Gas gangrene and intramuscular injection. Author(s): Gaylis H. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 July 6; 3(609): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5661927

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Gas gangrene and its management. Author(s): Maudsley RH. Source: Nurs Times. 1973 February 15; 69(7): 201-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4688750

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Gas gangrene and mixed-clostridial infections of muscle complicating deep thermal burns. Author(s): Monafo WW, Brentano L, Gravens DL, Kempson R, Moyer CA. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1966 February; 92(2): 212-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5902850

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Gas gangrene and purulent pericarditis during Clostridium septicemia revealing a cecal carcinoma. Author(s): Francois B, Delaire L, Vignon P, Niquet L, Gobeaux RF, Gay R. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1994; 20(4): 309. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8046131

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Gas gangrene and related infection: classification, clinical features and aetiology, management and mortality. A report of 88 cases. Author(s): Darke SG, King AM, Slack WK. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1977 February; 64(2): 104-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=196711

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Gas gangrene as a complication of burns. Author(s): Davies DM. Source: Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1979; 13(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=451482

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Gas gangrene complicating aortic dissection. Report of a case. Author(s): Prabhakar MJ, Redding ME, Anagnostopoulos CE, Kittle CF. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1971 July; 103(1): 96-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5088442

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Gas gangrene complicating femoral head replacement. Author(s): Brotherton BJ. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1982 November; 27(6): 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7175787

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Gas gangrene complicating fracture of the tibia. Author(s): Aufranc OE, Jones WN, Bierbaum BE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1969 September 29; 209(13): 2045-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5820269

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Gas gangrene complicating limb trauma. Author(s): Kerner M, Meakins JL, Wilson WE, McLean P. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1976 February; 16(2): 106-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1255823

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Gas gangrene complicating open forearm fractures. Report of five cases. Author(s): Fee NF, Dobranski A, Bisla RS. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1977 January; 59(1): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=833168

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Gas gangrene complicating pregnancy. Author(s): Jones DH. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1965 October; 72(5): 785-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5889671

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Gas gangrene complicating surgery of the colon: report of two cases. Author(s): MacGregor KH. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1965 November-December; 8(6): 431-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5891692

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Gas gangrene following an adrenaline-in-oil injection into the left thigh with survival. Author(s): Maguire WB, Langley NF. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1967 May 13; 1(19): 973-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4290503

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Gas gangrene following an injection. Author(s): Kakande I. Source: East Afr Med J. 1977 August; 54(8): 434-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=598316

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Gas gangrene following antibiotic-associated enterocolitis in hereditary neutropenia. Author(s): Gruter H. Source: Arch Anat Cytol Pathol. 1985; 33(1): 23-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3985683

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Gas gangrene following cholecystectomy. Author(s): Gledhill T. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1982 January; 36(1): 23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7082550

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Gas gangrene following compound fracture of femur. Author(s): Fulford PC. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1969 July 7; 62(7): 644. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4896054

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Gas gangrene following intra-arterial injection of oral medication in a drug abuser. Author(s): Haiart DC, Andrade B, Murie JA. Source: Eur J Vasc Surg. 1992 September; 6(5): 565-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1397355

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Gas gangrene following intramuscular injection of vitamin B-complex. Author(s): Chaudhry R, Dhawan B. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1998 July; 41(3): 357-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9805861

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Gas gangrene following intramuscular injection. Author(s): Chowdhary GN, Misra MC. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 November; 47(11): 1125. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10862335

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Gas gangrene following perforation of the colon. Author(s): Reddy ER, Williams JH, Fitzgerald GW, Gray JM. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1982 September 1; 127(5): 398-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6286082

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Gas gangrene following sacral pressure sores. Author(s): Shibuya H, Terashi H, Kurata S, Ishii Y, Takayasu S, Murakami I, Takasaki S, Nawata T, Noguchi T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1994 July; 21(7): 518-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8089375

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Gas gangrene from subcutaneous insulin administration. Author(s): Chin RL, Martinez R, Garmel G. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1993 November; 11(6): 622-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8240568

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Gas gangrene in a diabetic after intramuscular injection. Author(s): Kershaw CJ, Bulstrode CJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1988 October; 64(756): 812-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2908251

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Gas gangrene in a metropolitan community. Author(s): Brown PW, Kinman PB. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1974 October; 56(7): 1445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4447658

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Gas gangrene in a patient with severe haemophilia A. Author(s): Ghosh K, Jijina F, Pathare AV, Mohanty D. Source: Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia. 1999 November; 5(6): 450-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10583535

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Gas gangrene in a pediatric liver transplant due to infection by Enterobacter cloacae. Author(s): Pariente D. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1993; 23(4): 331. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8414771

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Gas gangrene in a wound treated without skin closure: a case report. Author(s): Buchanan JR, Gordon SL. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1980 May; (148): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7379398

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Gas gangrene in abdominal surgery. Author(s): Allcock EA. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1968 February; 37(3): 2604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4296734

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Gas gangrene in an immunocompromised girl due to a Clostridium ramosum infection. Author(s): van der Vorm ER, von Rosenstiel IA, Spanjaard L, Dankert J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 April; 28(4): 923-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10825071

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Gas gangrene in intestinal angina. Author(s): Marston A. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1981 June; 68(6): 445-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7237081

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Gas gangrene in intestinal angina. Author(s): McLenachan J, McLatchie GR, Browne MK. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1981 January; 68(1): 38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7459601

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Gas gangrene in New South Wales. Author(s): Unsworth IP. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1973 June 2; 1(22): 1077-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4736717

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Gas gangrene in patient with atherosclerosis obliterans. Author(s): Niimi M, Ikeda Y, Kan S, Takami H. Source: Asian Cardiovascular & Thoracic Annals. 2002 June; 10(2): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12079950

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Gas gangrene in traumatic hand injuries. Report of three cases. Author(s): Boisdenghien A, Zorman D. Source: Ann Chir Main. 1984; 3(3): 245-51. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6529302

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Gas gangrene infection of the eyes and orbits. Author(s): Crock GW, Heriot WJ, Janakiraman P, Weiner JM. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1985 February; 69(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3967002

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Gas gangrene infection: combined treatment including 3,432,000 international units of polyvalent gas gangrene antitoxin. Author(s): Hamsa WR, Burney DW Jr. Source: Nebr State Med J. 1966 March; 51(3): 85-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4221920

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Gas gangrene infections of the small intestine, colon and rectum. Author(s): Hitchcock CR, Bubrick MP. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1976 March; 19(2): 112-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1253651

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Gas gangrene infections related to compound fractures. Author(s): Nelson GD, Gustilo RB, Hitchcock CR. Source: Minn Med. 1971 April; 54(4): 249-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4324351

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Gas gangrene limited to the right lobe of the liver after orthotopic liver transplant: sonographic, plain film and CT findings. Author(s): Patrick LE, Atkinson GO, Dodson TF, Niemer P. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1994; 24(5): 340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7824369

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Gas gangrene occurring soon after compound depressed skull fracture. Author(s): Sutcliffe JC, Miller JD, Whittle IR, Steers AJ. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1988; 95(1-2): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3218554

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Gas gangrene of abdominal wall after appendectomy. Author(s): Roesel RW, O'Sullivan DD, Baffes TG. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1969 November; 136(5): 580-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4393541

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Gas gangrene of pregnant uterus. Author(s): De Lima GR, Delascio D. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1966 February; 27(2): 280-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5909547

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Gas gangrene of the abdominal wall: management after extensive debridement. Author(s): Morgan A, Morain W, Eraklis A. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1971 April; 173(4): 617-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4252412

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Gas gangrene of the anterior abdominal wall. Author(s): Wapnick S, Cleg D. Source: Int Surg. 1973 July; 58(7): 504-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4352173

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Gas gangrene of the anterior abdominal wall. Author(s): McNally JB, Price WR, Wood M. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1968 November; 116(5): 779-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4301024

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Gas gangrene of the arm due to Enterobacter cloacae in a neutropenic patient. Author(s): Fata F, Chittivelu S, Tessler S, Kupfer Y. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1996 November; 89(11): 1095-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8903295

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Gas gangrene of the bladder complicating cyclophosphamide cystitis. Author(s): Galloway NT. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1984 February; 56(1): 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6697098

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Gas gangrene of the extremities. Author(s): Morgan TH, Chiu SH. Source: Md State Med J. 1973 January; 22(1): 52-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4683702

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Gas gangrene of the extremity: the presenting clinical picture in perforating carcinoma of the caecum. Author(s): Mzabi R, Himal HS, MacLean LD. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1975 May; 62(5): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1139132

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Gas gangrene of the gallbladder or gangrenous pneumocholecystitis. Author(s): Lemmens HA, Louyest J. Source: Arch Chir Neerl. 1969; 21(4): 332-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5372576

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Gas gangrene of the heart in clostridial septicemia. Author(s): Roberts WC, Berard CW. Source: American Heart Journal. 1967 October; 74(4): 482-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6047770

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Gas gangrene of the lower limb following femoral venepuncture. Author(s): Dikshit SK, Mehrotra SN. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1968 June; 71(6): 162-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5657271

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Gas gangrene of the omental bursa following acute pancreatitis. Author(s): Raahave D, Horn T. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1984; 16(2): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6740250

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Gas gangrene of the scalp: a case report. Author(s): Willett K, Whiteway J. Source: Injury. 1987 May; 18(3): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3508856

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Gas gangrene of the scrotum and perineum. Author(s): Himal HS, McLean AP, Duff JH. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1974 August; 139(2): 176-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4841845

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Gas gangrene of the scrotum. Author(s): Smulewicz JJ, Donner D. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1974 May; 111(5): 621-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4823970

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Gas gangrene or anaerobic cellulitis? Author(s): Dellinger EP. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1988 May; 148(5): 584. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3176468

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Gas gangrene panophthalmitis is a rare condition that can occur following penetrating injury with retained intraocular foreign body. Author(s): Gopal L, Basti S, Parikh V, Badrinath SS. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 1992; 12(1): 74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1565874

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Gas gangrene panophthalmitis treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Bristow JH, Kassar B, Sevel D. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1971 February; 55(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5550538

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Gas gangrene panophthalmitis. Author(s): Bhargava SK, Chopdar A. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1971 February; 55(2): 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5550537

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Gas gangrene panophthalmitis. A case from Greenland. Author(s): La Cour M, Norgaard A, Prause JU, Scherfig E. Source: Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1994 August; 72(4): 524-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7825424

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Gas gangrene panophthalmitis. Report of a case. Author(s): Kurz GH, Weiss JF. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1969 May; 53(5): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5772617

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Gas gangrene pyaemia with myocardial abscess formation--fatal outcome from a rare infection nowadays. Author(s): Keese M, Nichterlein T, Hahn M, Magdeburg R, Karaorman M, Back W, Sturm J, Kerger H. Source: Resuscitation. 2003 August; 58(2): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12909385

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Gas gangrene salpingo-oophoritis. Author(s): Piper JV. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1968 March; 55(3): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4295301

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Gas gangrene secondary to subcutaneous insulin injection. Author(s): Rodriguez Higueras I, Arruego Minguillon MA, Gonzalez de Velasco Soleta JP, Bonet Saris A. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1996 January; 14(1): 98-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8630171

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Gas gangrene septicemia. A late complication of portacaval shunt. Author(s): Haynes JD. Source: Int Surg. 1969 June; 51(6): 504-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5788661

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Gas gangrene treated by hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Gunter V. Source: Nurs Times. 1969 April 24; 65(17): 526-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5780645

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Gas gangrene with tetanus. Author(s): Morley BW. Source: Nurs Times. 1972 August 31; 68(35): 1093-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5057281

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Gas gangrene, diabetes, and cholecystitis. Author(s): Mayer G, Kang R. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1985 January; 3(1): 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3970753

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Gas gangrene. Author(s): Bouachour G, Gouello JP, Harry P, Alquier P. Source: Lancet. 1996 April 20; 347(9008): 1116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8602086

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Gas gangrene. Author(s): Pitt M, Purser NJ. Source: Lancet. 1996 April 20; 347(9008): 1116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8602084

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Gas gangrene. Author(s): Mercer N, Davies DM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 October 5; 303(6806): 854-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1932988

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Gas gangrene. Author(s): Lehner PJ, Powell H. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 July 27; 303(6796): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1884064

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Gas gangrene. Author(s): Bignardi GE. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 June 11; 296(6637): 1671. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3135069

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Gas gangrene. Author(s): Hart GB, Lamb RC, Strauss MB. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1983 November; 23(11): 991-1000. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6355502

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Gas gangrene. Author(s): Weinstein L, Barza MA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 November 22; 289(21): 1129-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4585357

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Gas gangrene. Author(s): Stratford BC. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1973 July 7; 2(1): 47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4353508

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Gas gangrene. Author(s): Deveridge RJ, Unsworth IP. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1973 June 2; 1(22): 1106-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4715768

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Gas gangrene. Author(s): Hampton OP Jr. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1971 December; 11(12): 1050-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5124058

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Gas gangrene. Author(s): Yacoubian V, Nsouli A, Egbert LD, Uwaydah M. Source: J Med Liban. 1971; 24(1): 67-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5581156

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Gas gangrene. Author(s): Lulu DJ, Rivera FJ. Source: The American Surgeon. 1970 September; 36(9): 528-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5457880

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Gas gangrene. A patient's history from an OR nurse's perspective. Part 2. Author(s): Aboud D, Williams J. Source: Can Oper Room Nurs J. 1991 March-April; 9(1): 13-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2018949

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Gas gangrene. A review. Author(s): Present DA, Meislin R, Shaffer B. Source: Orthop Rev. 1990 April; 19(4): 333-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2185454

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Gas gangrene. A surgical emergency--Part 1. Author(s): Aboud D, Williams J. Source: Can Oper Room Nurs J. 1991 March-April; 9(1): 11-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2018948

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Gas gangrene. An 11-year review of 73 cases managed with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Unsworth IP, Sharp PA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1984 March 3; 140(5): 256-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6700457

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Gas gangrene. Diagnostic problems and the use of the fluorescent-antibody technique for the study of Clostridium perfringens infections. Author(s): Clark WR Jr, Bernard HR, Gray VC. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1969 August; 99(2): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4307526

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Gas gangrene. Recent experience in Huntsville. Author(s): Harris LF. Source: Ala Med. 1988 April; 57(10): 30-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3381716

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Gas gangrene: a cautionary tale. Author(s): Kirk CR, Dorgan JC, Hart CA. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 April 30; 296(6631): 1236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3133027

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Gas gangrene: a postoperative complication. Author(s): Cohen RF, Yourofsky LA. Source: J Foot Surg. 1980 Winter; 19(4): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7264230

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Gas gangrene: acute medical emergency; the role of hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Kindwall EP. Source: Wis Med J. 1970 December; 69(12): 261-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5487383

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Gas gangrene: an unusual cause of graft failure in an orthotopic pediatric liver transplant. Author(s): Hall TR, Poon A, Yaghsczian H, Boechat MI. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1992; 22(8): 579-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1491933

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Gas gangrene: an unusual manifestation of Aeromonas infection. Author(s): Suthipintawongs C, Wanvaree S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1982 December; 65(12): 678-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7161594

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Gas gangrene: certain diagnosis or certain death. Author(s): Corry M, Montoya L. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 1989 November-December; 9(10): 30-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2598680

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Gas gangrene: following intramuscular injection of aqueous solution. Author(s): Nahir AM, Hashmonai M, Merzbach D, Scharf J. Source: N Y State J Med. 1978 October; 78(12): 1948-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=279840

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Gas gangrene: necropsy is imperative. Author(s): Hengster P, Pernthaler H. Source: Lancet. 1996 February 24; 347(9000): 553. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8596307

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Gas gangrene: potential for hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Stephens MB. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1996 April; 99(4): 217-20, 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8604409

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Gas gangrene: review of 34 cases. Author(s): Caplan ES, Kluge RM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1976 July; 136(7): 788-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=180918

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Gas gangrene: successful treatment with hyperbaric oxygenation. Author(s): Kokame GM, Olinde HD, Krementz ET, Creech O. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1967 May; 119(5): 193-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6025500

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Gas gangrene: the spectre still looms. Author(s): Roberts MD, Reckling FW. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1970 March; 71(3): 79-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4313571

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Gas gangrene--a ten-year survey from the Royal Adelaide Hospital. Author(s): McKinnon D, McDonald P. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1973 June 2; 1(22): 1087-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4351870

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Gas gangrene-like infection with Bacillus cereus in a lymphoma patient. Author(s): Groschel D, Burgress MA, Bodey GP Sr. Source: Cancer. 1976 February; 37(2): 988-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=814994

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Gas gangrene-on the basis of 19 observations. Advantages of combining surgery with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Larcan A, Laprevote-Heully MC, Lambert H, Fievet G. Source: Mater Med Pol. 1974 April-June; 6(2): 116-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4372493

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Gas gangrene--prophylaxis and treatment. Author(s): Bradley RL, Carey JP, Bradley EJ. Source: W V Med J. 1966 March; 62(3): 73-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5216675

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HBO and gas gangrene. A case report. Author(s): Ferrau S, Sallusti R, Lozano Valdes A, Gonzales C, Jonsson M, Gunnlaugsson G, Gullo A. Source: Minerva Anestesiol. 2001 October; 67(10): 745-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740423

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Hepatic artery thrombosis resulting in gas gangrene of the transplanted liver. Author(s): Shaked A, McDiarmid SV, Harrison RE, Gelebert HA, Colonna JO 3rd, Busuttil RW. Source: Surgery. 1992 April; 111(4): 462-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1557692

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High-dose penicillin and gas gangrene. Author(s): Unsworth IP. Source: Lancet. 1976 December 25; 2(8000): 1417. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=63886

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Histochemical and electron microscopical studies of skeletal muscle affected by gas gangrene. Author(s): Jozsa L. Source: Folia Histochem Cytochem (Krakow). 1975; 13(3-4): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1205413

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Hyperbaric oxygen and gas gangrene. Author(s): Lindsey D. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1996 February 7-20; 55(3): 147. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8907883

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Hyperbaric oxygen in gas gangrene. Author(s): Howell LM. Source: Northwest Med. 1969 November; 68(11): 1016-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4311130

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Hyperbaric oxygen in the management of clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene). Author(s): Jackson RW, Waddell JP. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1973 October; 96: 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4749823

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Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of clostridial gas gangrene. Author(s): Hirn M, Niinikoski J. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1988; 77(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3207345

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Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of gas gangrene and clostridial infection. A report of 40 patients treated in a single-person hyperbaric oxygen chamber. Author(s): Slack WK, Hanson GC, Chew HE. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1969 July; 56(7): 505-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5815868

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Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of gas gangrene and perineal necrotizing fasciitis. A clinical and experimental study. Author(s): Hirn M. Source: Eur J Surg Suppl. 1993; (570): 1-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7690268

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Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of gas gangrene. Author(s): Durrant CJ, Bailey AS. Source: Radiography. 1971 March; 37(435): 61-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5552513

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Hyperbaric oxygen in therapy of gas gangrene. Report of a case following induced abortion. Author(s): Schaupp KL Jr, Pinto D, Valentine RJ. Source: Calif Med. 1966 August; 105(2): 97-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5949926

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for gas gangrene casualties in the Lebanon War, 1982. Author(s): Shupak A, Halpern P, Ziser A, Melamed Y. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1984 April; 20(4): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6735705

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for gas gangrene in war wounds. Author(s): Johnson JT, Gillespie TE, Cole JR, Markowitz HA. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1969 December; 118(6): 839-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5358892

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for gas gangrene. Author(s): Spaccavento LJ, Ruxer RL Jr, Lohr DC. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 April 17; 302(16): 920-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7360182

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for gas gangrene. Author(s): Poulton TJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 April 17; 302(16): 920. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7360181

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in anaerobic infections: gas gangrene. Author(s): Slack WK. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1976 May; 69(5): 326-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1273078

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of gas gangrene. Author(s): Beavis JP, Watt J. Source: J R Nav Med Serv. 1970 Spring; 56(1): 26-38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5452483

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of orbital gas gangrene. Author(s): Fielden MP, Martinovic E, Ells AL. Source: J Aapos. 2002 August; 6(4): 252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185353

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy of gas gangrene. Author(s): Alvis HJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1971 October 18; 218(3): 445. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5109871

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Hyperbaric oxygen used in the treatment of gas gangrene. Author(s): Bayliss GJ, Cass C. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1967 November 25; 2(22): 991-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6081093

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Hyperbaric oxygenation in the management of gas gangrene. Author(s): Trippel OH, Ruggie AN, Staley CJ, Van Elk J. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 1967 February; 47(1): 17-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6016959

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Identification of residues critical for toxicity in Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C, the key toxin in gas gangrene. Author(s): Alape-Giron A, Flores-Diaz M, Guillouard I, Naylor CE, Titball RW, Rucavado A, Lomonte B, Basak AK, Gutierrez JM, Cole ST, Thelestam M. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 2000 August; 267(16): 5191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10931204

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Images in clinical medicine. Gas gangrene associated with occult cancer. Author(s): Schneider DJ, Reid JS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 November 30; 343(22): 1615. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11096169

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Intra-abdominal gas gangrene occurring during cancer chemotherapy. Author(s): Brandon LH. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1983 March; 24(3): 59-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6842584

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Intramuscular injections and gas gangrene. Author(s): Rubbo SD, Gardner JF. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 April 27; 2(599): 241. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5653039

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Intramuscular injectionsand gas gangrene. Author(s): Birch GA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 April 27; 2(599): 242. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5653040

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Isolation of Clostridium absonum from a case of gas gangrene. Author(s): Nakamura S, Yamakawa K, Hashimoto H, Nishida S. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1979; 23(7): 685-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=502904

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Isolation of Clostridium pseudotetanicum from a patient with gas gangrene. Author(s): Katoh N, Watanabe K, Miki Y, Muro T, Ueno K. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1983 September; 18(3): 491-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6630439

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Letter: Gas gangrene after intramuscular injection of epinephrine: report of fatal case. Author(s): Van Hook R, Vandevelde AG. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1975 November; 83(5): 669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1200501

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Letter: Gas gangrene and air evacuation. Author(s): Unsworth IP. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1974 February 16; 1(7): 240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4821531

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Letter: Gas gangrene. Author(s): Lindsey D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1973 November 24; 2(21): 988. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4358989

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Letter: Gentamicin and gas gangrene. Author(s): Rycroft JA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 April 19; 2(5963): 140. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1125712

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Letter: The management of gas gangrene. Author(s): Unsworth IP. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1975 February 22; 1(8): 255. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1128413

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Liability for gas gangrene. Author(s): Holder AR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1972 August 28; 221(9): 1083-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5068301

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Liver cirrhosis with synchronous gas gangrene and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to E. coli. Author(s): Murata K, Shimizu A, Takase K, Nakano T, Tameda Y. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997 April; 32(2): 264-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9085180

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Management of clostridial gas gangrene and the role of hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Korhonen K, Klossner J, Hirn M, Niinikoski J. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1999; 88(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10392252

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Marlex mesh in gas gangrene. Author(s): Long WB 3rd, Howatson A, Gill W. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1976 December; 16(12): 948-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=794509

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Metastatic gas gangrene of the leg due to acute emphysematous cholecystitis. Author(s): Ito T, Shiraki K, Sekoguchi K, Hamada M, Yamanaka T, Takase K, Nakano T. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2001 November; 46(11): 2480-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11713957

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Metronidazole in the treatment of gas gangrene following lower limb amputation. Author(s): Pashby NL. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1981 July; 8(1): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7251543

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Monoplace hyperbaric oxygen therapy for gas gangrene. Author(s): Fowler DL, Evans LL, Mallow JE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1977 August 22; 238(8): 882-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=196119

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Myonecrotic gas gangrene of the extremities. Author(s): Kofoed H, Riegels-Nielsen P. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1983 April; 54(2): 220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6845998

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Non-clostridial gas gangrene caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae: a case report. Author(s): Li CM, Chen PL, Ho YR. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(8): 629-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11525362

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Nonclostridial gas gangrene due to Streptococcus anginosus in a diabetic patient. Author(s): Shimizu T, Harada M, Zempo N, Sadamitsu D, Furumoto H, Uchida H, Yasui H, Ofuji R, Muto M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 February; 40(2 Pt 2): 347-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10025866

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Non-clostridial gas gangrene in the diabetic lower limb. Author(s): Bird D, Giddings AE, Jones SM. Source: Diabetologia. 1977 August; 13(4): 373-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=410694

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Nonclostridial gas gangrene. Author(s): Weisenfeld LS, Luzzi A, Picciotti J. Source: J Foot Surg. 1990 March-April; 29(2): 141-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2187029

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Nonclostridial gas gangrene. Author(s): Markantone SS, Vinikoor J, Vinikoor L, Weiss G. Source: J Foot Surg. 1989 May-June; 28(3): 213-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2696745

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Nonclostridial gas gangrene. Report of 48 cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Bessman AN, Wagner W. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 September 1; 233(9): 958-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1173916

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Nonclostridial gas gangrene: late infection after hip pinning. Author(s): Mabie KN, Kulund DN, Whitehill R. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1983 February; 76(2): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6337410

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Nontraumatic embolic clostridial gas gangrene. Involvement of an extremity associated with endoscopy. Author(s): Halpern AA, Jameson RM, Nagel DA, Schurman DJ. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1978 August; 129(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=695565

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Non-traumatic gas gangrene in the abdomen: report of six autopsy cases. Author(s): Sasaki T, Nanjo H, Takahashi M, Sugiyama T, Ono I, Masuda H. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000; 35(5): 382-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10832675

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Nontraumatic gas gangrene. Author(s): Valentine EG. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1997 July; 30(1): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9209235

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Non-traumatic gas gangrene. Author(s): el-Dahha A. Source: J Egypt Med Assoc. 1971; 54(11): 841-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5162726

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Nontraumatic gas gangrene: case report and review of emergency therapeutics. Author(s): Corey EC. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1991 November-December; 9(6): 431-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1787289

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Non-traumatic gas gangrene: report of a case with long term survival. Author(s): Kapusta MA, Mendelson J, Niloff P. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1972 April 22; 106(8): 863 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5026722

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Nontraumatic, clostridial, gas gangrene of the right arm and adenocarcinoma of the cecum: report of a case. Author(s): Gazzaniga AB. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1967 July-August; 10(4): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6037410

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On the anaerobic streptococcus isolated from a case of gas gangrene. Author(s): Miyasaki S, Kato K, Ariki R, Okada N. Source: Jpn J Exp Med. 1966 February; 36(1): 33-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5297254

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Oxygen in the therapy of gas gangrene. Author(s): Lambertsen CJ. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1972 September; 12(9): 825-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5073407

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Penicillin allergy, gas gangrene and casualty treatment regime. Author(s): Millar KN. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1988 October; 134(3): 156. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3193397

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Perirectal gas gangrene. Author(s): Schreiber G. Source: Proc Rudolf Virchow Med Soc City N Y. 1967; 26: 84-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5264647

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Pleural gas gangrene secondary to esophageal injury by an ingested fish bone. Author(s): Endo S, Kobayashi A, Hasegawa T, Yamaguchi T, Murayama F, Sohara Y. Source: Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002 April; 50(4): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11993201

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Postoperative gas gangrene in abdomen and in extremity. A comparison in nine cases of clostridial myonecrosis. Author(s): Knutson L. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1983; 149(6): 567-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6650068

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Post-operative gas gangrene managed by early hyperbaric oxygen therapy (two cases). Author(s): Taylor AR, Maudsley RH. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1968 July; 61(7): 661. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5664283

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Postoperative gas gangrene. Author(s): Meltzer RM, Engel ED, Turf R. Source: J Foot Surg. 1983 Summer; 22(2): 126-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6863834

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Postoperative gas gangrene. Author(s): Maudsley R, Arden GP. Source: British Medical Journal. 1969 November 1; 4(678): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5345948

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Post-traumatic crepitation falsely suggesting gas gangrene. Author(s): Filler RM, Griscom NT, Pappas A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1968 April 4; 278(14): 758-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5638714

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Prevention and treatment of gas gangrene. Author(s): Altemeier WA, Fullen WD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1971 August 9; 217(6): 806-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5109333

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Radiological diagnosis of gas gangrene of the uterus. Author(s): Bennett MJ, Strasburg ER, Kottler RE. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1973 October 27; 47(42): 2019-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4755013

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Radiology case of the month no. 33: gas gangrene. Author(s): Stegman CJ, Levy JM. Source: Ariz Med. 1978 August; 35(8): 541-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=697596

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Recovery from non-traumatic localised gas gangrene and clostridial septicaemia. Author(s): Marty AT, Filler RM. Source: Lancet. 1969 July 12; 2(7611): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4182764

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Renal adenocarcinoma complicated by clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene) myocarditis. Author(s): Hooper AD. Source: W V Med J. 1978 August; 74(8): 184-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=278322

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Retroperitoneal gas gangrene complicating elective inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Privitera A, Edwards DP, Cunningham C. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 2001 October; 147(3): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11766214

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Retroperitoneal rupture of duodenum with complicating gas gangrene. Author(s): Yeo CK, McNamara JJ. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1973 June; 106(6): 856-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4705966

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Role of chelating agents in gas gangrene. Author(s): Lichtigfeld FJ. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1987 April 18; 71(8): 541. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3563828

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Role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the rapid control of gas gangrene infection and its toxaemia. Author(s): Trivedi DR, Raut VV. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1990 January; 36(1): 13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2097348

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Role of theta toxin, a sulfhydryl-activated cytolysin, in the pathogenesis of clostridial gas gangrene. Author(s): Stevens DL, Bryant AE. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 June; 16 Suppl 4: S195-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8324118

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•

Sacral chordoma, gas gangrene and bilateral renal cell carcinomas. Author(s): Harrington KJ, Kelly LF, Pandha HS, McKenzie CG. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1996; 8(2): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8859613

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Salvage of a lower limb after gas gangrene. Author(s): Hoffman S, Katz JF, Jacobson JH. Source: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1971 January; 47(1): 40-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5275923

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Small intestine perforation because of capacitive coupling as a cause of abdominal wall gas gangrene and clostridial sepsis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Author(s): Zadrozny D, Sledzinski Z. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2000 December; 10(6): 412-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11147921

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Sources of gas gangrene in hospital. Author(s): Ayliffe GA, Lowbury EJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1969 May 10; 2(653): 333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4305849

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Spontaneous bifocal Clostridium septicum gas gangrene. Author(s): Pritchett JW. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2001 May; 83(4): 621. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11380147

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Spontaneous bifocal Clostridium septicum gas gangrene. Author(s): Rai RK, Londhe S, Sinha S, Campbell AC, Aburiziq IS. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2001 January; 83(1): 1156. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11245518

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Spontaneous clostridia gas gangrene of uterus associated with endometrial malignancy. Author(s): Braverman J, Adachi A, Lev-Gur M, Fallen S, Rosenzweig M, Greston WM, Kleiner GJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 May; 156(5): 1205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3578439

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Spontaneous gas gangrene at a site of remote injury--localization due to circulating antitoxin. Author(s): Stevens DL, Laposky LL, McDonald P, Harris I. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1988 February; 148(2): 204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3348030

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Spontaneous gas gangrene due to Clostridium perfringens. Author(s): Minutti CZ, Immergluck LC, Schmidt ML. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 January; 28(1): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10028101

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Spontaneous gas gangrene in malignant lymphoma: an underreported complication? Author(s): Garcia-Suarez J, de Miguel D, Krsnik I, Barr-Ali M, Hernanz N, Burgaleta C. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2002 June; 70(2): 145-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12111788

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Spontaneous gas gangrene of the pancreas. Author(s): Sadeghi-Nejad H, O'Donnell KF, Banks PA. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1994 March; 18(2): 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8189009

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Spontaneous gas gangrene: an unusual complication of colonic carcinoma. Author(s): Hawkins C, Riley JL. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1997; 9(3): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9269553

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Spontaneous intrahepatic gas gangrene. Author(s): Norgaard N, Gehrchen PM, Nielsen KK, Slots P. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1993 April; 159(4): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8102550

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Strangulated appendix in an obturator hernia presenting as gas gangrene of the thigh. Author(s): Hartley BE, Davies MS, Bowyer RC. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1994 August; 81(8): 1135. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7953339

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Structure of the key toxin in gas gangrene. Author(s): Naylor CE, Eaton JT, Howells A, Justin N, Moss DS, Titball RW, Basak AK. Source: Nature Structural Biology. 1998 August; 5(8): 738-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9699639

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Successful treatment of mediastinal gas gangrene due to esophageal perforation. Author(s): Salo JA, Savola JK, Toikkanen VJ, Perhoniemi VJ, Pettila VY, Klossner JA, Toivonen HJ. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2000 December; 70(6): 2143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156138

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Sucking injury or gas gangrene? Author(s): Williams AB, Aston NO. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1999 March; 81(2): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10364969

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Sucking wound of the knee: not gas gangrene. Author(s): Saleh M, Bollen SR. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 November 17; 289(6455): 1348. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6437544

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Survival after major burn complicated by gas gangrene, acute renal failure, and toxic myocarditis. Author(s): Davies DM, Brown JM, Bennett JP, Rainford DJ, Pusey CD, Chesshire A, Maw DS. Source: British Medical Journal. 1979 March 17; 1(6165): 718-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=435749

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Survival from non-traumatic clostridial gas gangrene. Author(s): Gunning KA, Griffith CD. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1994 August; 39(4): 258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7807462

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Ten years of experience in the treatment of gas gangrene with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Roding B, Groeneveld PH, Boerema I. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1972 April; 134(4): 579-85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5015519

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Testicular gas gangrene after hernia repair with cord division. Author(s): Morton A. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1967 September 23; 2(13): 605-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4293364

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Tetanus and gas gangrene. Present attitudes. Author(s): Jones RC. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1967 June; 41(6): 641-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4859786

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The combined use of hyperbaric oxygen, antibiotics and surgery in the treatment of gas gangrene. Author(s): Guidi ML, Proietti R, Carducci P, Magalini SI, Pelosi G. Source: Resuscitation. 1981 December; 9(4): 267-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7335962

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The continuing problem of gas gangrene: a review and report of illustrative cases. Author(s): DeHaven KE, Evarts CM. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1971 December; 11(12): 983-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4330877

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The incidence and significance of gas gangrene in a diabetic population. Author(s): Kahn O. Source: Angiology. 1974 July-August; 25(7): 462-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4602046

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The management of gas gangrene with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Colwill MR, Maudsley RH. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1968 November; 50(4): 732-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5706879

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The obscure object of knowledge: German military medicine confronts gas gangrene during World War I. Author(s): Linton DS. Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 2000 Summer; 74(2): 291-316. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10863830

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The place of hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of gas gangrene. Author(s): Morgan MS, Lytle J, Bryson PJ. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1995 May 3-16; 53(9): 424-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7613711

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The role of clostridial toxins in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. Author(s): Stevens DL, Bryant AE. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 September 1; 35(Suppl 1): S93-S100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12173116

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The significance of tissue gas and clostridial organisms in the differential diagnosis of gas gangrene. Author(s): Brightmore T, Greenwood TW. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1974 February; 28(2): 43-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4376414

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Tissue emphysema of the hand and fore-arm simulating gas gangrene infection, following minimal injury. Report on six cases. Author(s): Brummelkamp WH. Source: Arch Chir Neerl. 1964; 16(4): 227-35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5890095

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Traditional bone setters and gas gangrene. Author(s): Brume J, Ijagha EO. Source: Lancet. 1985 April 6; 1(8432): 813. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2858683

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Treatment of gas gangrene. Interest of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Blaise G, Noel F, Lamy M. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 1977 March; 28(1): 41-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=920108

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Treatment outcome of nonclostridial gas gangrene at a Level 1 trauma center. Author(s): Takahira N, Shindo M, Tanaka K, Soma K, Ohwada T, Itoman M. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 2002 January; 16(1): 12-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11782626

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Two cases of gas gangrene complicating uterine rupture and fetal death at term. Author(s): Habeebullah S, Bupathy A, Rajaram P. Source: Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994 June; 20(2): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8092966

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Unusual surgical infections. Gas gangrene necrotizing fasciitis phycomycosis synergistic bacterial gangrene. Author(s): Andrews EC, Rockwood CA, Cruz AB Jr. Source: Tex Med. 1969 October; 65(10): 44-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5384660

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Veno-atrial bypass for the operative treatment of septic gas gangrene secondary to delayed hepatic artery thrombosis. Author(s): Chan G, Tchervenkov J, Cantarovich M, Alpert E, Deschenes M, Ergina P, Metrakos P, Barkun J. Source: American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2003 June; 3(6): 760-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12780569

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Wound infection and gas gangrene. Author(s): Farrell J. Source: Ona J. 1975 March; 2(3): 64-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1038597

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CHAPTER 2. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GAS GANGRENE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover gas gangrene.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on gas gangrene is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “gas gangrene” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to gas gangrene. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “gas gangrene” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for gas gangrene: •

Structure of C. perfringens alpha-toxin gives clues to gas gangrene pathophysiology Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 28, 1998

•

Structure of gas gangrene toxin discovered Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 27, 1998

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “gas gangrene” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “gas gangrene” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to gas gangrene, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “gas gangrene” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Gas Gangrene Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to gas gangrene. In addition to

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these sources, you can search for articles covering gas gangrene that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 3. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for gas gangrene. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with gas gangrene. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to gas gangrene: Penicillins •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amoxil; Bactocill; Beepen-VK; Betapen-VK; Bicillin L-A; Cloxapen; Crysticillin 300 A.S.; Dycill; Dynapen; Geocillin; Geopen; Ledercillin VK; Mezlin; Nafcil; Nallpen; Omnipen; Omnipen-N; Pathocil; Pen Vee K; Pentids; Permapen; Pfizerpen; Pfizerpen-AS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202446.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “gas gangrene” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1899 30 90 1 3 2023

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “gas gangrene” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on gas gangrene can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to gas gangrene. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to gas gangrene. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “gas gangrene”:

64

•

Gas Gangrene

Other guides Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html Circulatory Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/circulatorydisorders.html Streptococcal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/streptococcalinfections.html Vasculitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vasculitis.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to gas gangrene. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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65

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to gas gangrene. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with gas gangrene. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about gas gangrene. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “gas gangrene” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “gas gangrene”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “gas gangrene” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “gas gangrene” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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Gas Gangrene

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 69 •

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 71 •

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

73

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on gas gangrene: •

Basic Guidelines for Gas Gangrene Gas gangrene Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000620.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Gas Gangrene Anxiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Blister Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Blisters Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Coma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm

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Crepitus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003286.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Hypotension Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003083.htm Jaundice Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm Low blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003083.htm Pale Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Pallor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Rapid heart rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm Stupor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Subcutaneous emphysema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003286.htm Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Tachycardia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm Vesicle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Yellow skin color Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Gas Gangrene ANA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm

Online Glossaries 75 CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm Heart rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm •

Background Topics for Gas Gangrene Anaerobic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002230.htm Analgesics Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Hemolysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002372.htm Hyperbaric Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002375.htm Necrosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002266.htm Serosanguineous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002306.htm Shock Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm Toxins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002331.htm Vasoconstriction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002338.htm Wound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000043.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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GAS GANGRENE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agranulocytosis: A decrease in the number of granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils). [NIH]

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Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a

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particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antitoxin: A purified antiserum from animals (usually horses) immunized by injections of a toxin or toxoid, administered as a passive immunizing agent to neutralize a specific bacterial toxin, e.g., botulinus, tetanus or diphtheria. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Appendectomy: An operation to remove the appendix. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascending Colon: The part of the colon on the right side of the abdomen. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH]

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Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Botulinum Toxins: Toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. There are at least seven different substances, most being proteins. They have neuro-, entero-, and hemotoxic properties, are immunogenic, and include the most potent poisons known. The most commonly used apparently blocks release of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caecum: The blind pouch in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens from one side. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU]

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Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Celiac Artery: The arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chordoma: A type of bone cancer that usually starts in the lower spinal column. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH]

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Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals. [NIH] Clostridium perfringens: The most common etiologic agent of gas gangrene. It is differentiable into several distinct types based on the distribution of twelve different toxins. [NIH]

Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH]

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Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diapedesis: The emigration of leucocytes across the endothelium. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]

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Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enterotoxins: Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi

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and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Perforation: A dilated vessel in the lower end of the esophagus that result from portal hypertension. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exotoxins: Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetal Death: Death of the young developing in utero. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH]

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Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas Gangrene: A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus Clostridium. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH]

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Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulomatous Disease, Chronic: A recessive X-linked defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haematuria: Blood in the urine. [EU] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Haemophilia: A haemorrhagic diathesis occurring in two main forms: 1. Haemophilia A (classic haemophilia, factor VIII deficiency), an X-linked disorder due to deficiency of coagulation factor VIII; 2. Haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease), also Xlinked, due to deficiency of coagulation factor IX. Both forms are determined by a mutant gene near the telomere of the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq), but a different loci, and are characterized by subcutaneous and intramuscular haemorrhages; bleeding from the mouth, gums, lips, and tongue; haematuria; and haemarthroses. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Hand Injuries: General or unspecified injuries to the hand. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody

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response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Artery: A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU]

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Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inguinal Hernia: A small part of the large or small intestine or bladder that pushes into the groin. May cause pain and feelings of pressure or burning in the groin. Often requires surgery. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role

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in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrahepatic: Within the liver. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intramuscular injection: IM. Injection into a muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukemic Infiltration: A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central

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nervous system too is a common site. [NIH] Leukocyte Elastase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins, including elastin. It cleaves preferentially bonds at the carboxyl side of Ala and Val, with greater specificity for Ala. EC 3.4.21.37. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukostasis: Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from leukemic infiltration which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipodystrophy: A collection of rare conditions resulting from defective fat metabolism and characterized by atrophy of the subcutaneous fat. They include total, congenital or acquired, partial, abdominal infantile, and localized lipodystrophy. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

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Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Military Medicine: The practice of medicine as applied to special circumstances associated with military operations. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH]

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Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Omentum: A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen. [NIH] Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It

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is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Panophthalmitis: Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture. [NIH]

Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian). [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their

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cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyvalent: Having more than one valence. [EU] Portacaval: Surgical creation of an anastomosis between the portal and caval veins. [NIH] Portal Hypertension: High blood pressure in the portal vein. This vein carries blood into the liver. Portal hypertension is caused by a blood clot. This is a common complication of cirrhosis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora,

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Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radial Artery: The direct continuation of the brachial trunk, originating at the bifurcation of the brachial artery opposite the neck of the radius. Its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to the three regions in which the vessel is situated, the forearm, wrist, and hand. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH]

Dictionary 97

Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH]

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Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the

Dictionary 99

tarsus. [NIH] Telomere: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living

100

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organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterine Rupture: A tearing of uterine tissue; it may be traumatic or spontaneous due to multiple pregnancy, large fetus, previous scarring, or obstruction. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virologist: A specialist of the study of viruses and viral disease. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH]

Dictionary 101

Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH]

103

INDEX , , 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 67, 68, 69, 71, 76, 80, 84, 86, 90 A Abdomen, 38, 40, 77, 79, 80, 84, 87, 90, 91, 93, 94, 98, 99 Abdominal, 12, 17, 22, 24, 35, 42, 77, 81, 91, 93, 94 Abdominal Pain, 77, 94 Abortion, 33, 77 Abscess, 16, 17, 27, 77 Acetylcholine, 77, 80, 81, 93 Acute renal, 44, 77, 88 Adenocarcinoma, 8, 9, 15, 39, 41, 77 Adrenal Medulla, 77, 84 Adrenaline, 17, 20, 77 Adrenergic, 77, 84, 98 Adverse Effect, 77, 97 Aetiology, 19, 77 Affinity, 6, 77 Agranulocytosis, 18, 77 Algorithms, 78, 80 Alopecia, 78, 83 Alternative medicine, 50, 78 Amino acid, 78, 87, 94, 95, 100 Amputation, 5, 17, 37, 78 Anaerobic, 11, 26, 34, 39, 75, 78 Anastomosis, 78, 95 Anesthetics, 78, 85 Angina, 22, 23, 78 Antibiotic, 5, 20, 78, 94 Antibodies, 78, 79, 87 Antibody, 29, 77, 78, 87, 89, 96, 98 Antigen, 77, 78, 79, 89 Antimicrobial, 7, 37, 78 Antineoplastic, 78, 83 Antiserum, 11, 78, 79 Antitoxin, 23, 43, 79 Anus, 79, 82, 94 Appendectomy, 24, 79 Aqueous, 6, 30, 79 Arterial, 21, 79, 81, 95 Arteries, 79, 80, 81, 83, 92 Artery, 32, 79, 80, 83 Articular, 11, 79 Ascending Colon, 14, 79

Assay, 79, 89 Asymptomatic, 79, 93 Atmospheric Pressure, 79, 88 Atrial, 47, 79 Atrium, 79 Atrophy, 79, 91 Autodigestion, 79, 93 Autopsy, 38, 79 B Bacteria, 78, 79, 84, 86, 87, 92, 97, 98, 99, 100 Bacterial Infections, 64, 79, 87, 96 Bacterial toxin, 79 Bacterium, 4, 79, 88 Base, 79, 90, 99, 100 Basophils, 77, 79, 87, 91 Bilateral, 11, 42, 80 Bile, 80, 86, 91, 98 Biliary, 80, 94 Biliary Tract, 80, 94 Biological Warfare, 4, 80 Biotechnology, 4, 7, 8, 50, 59, 80 Bladder, 25, 80, 83, 89, 100 Blood pressure, 74, 80, 94, 95 Blood vessel, 80, 84, 88, 94, 97, 99, 100 Body Fluids, 80 Botulinum Toxins, 4, 80 Bowel, 80, 84, 90, 94, 98 Brachial, 80, 96 Brachial Artery, 80, 96 Branch, 71, 80, 88, 97, 99 Breakdown, 80, 83, 86 Bronchi, 80, 84 Burns, 17, 19, 80 Burns, Electric, 80 Bypass, 47, 80 C Caecum, 25, 80 Carcinogenic, 80, 98 Carcinoma, 19, 25, 43, 80, 81 Cardiac, 81, 85, 92, 98 Case report, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 25, 32, 37, 39, 81, 85 Catheter, 18, 81 Causal, 81, 97, 99 Cecum, 15, 39, 81, 90 Celiac Artery, 81, 88

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Cell, 5, 6, 79, 80, 81, 87, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 101 Cellulitis, 26, 81 Cerebral, 81, 85 Cerebrospinal, 81, 97 Cerebrospinal fluid, 81, 97 Cervix, 77, 81 Chelating Agents, 41, 81 Chemotaxis, 6, 81 Chemotherapy, 35, 37, 81, 91 Chlorophyll, 81 Cholecystectomy, 12, 20, 42, 81 Cholecystitis, 27, 37, 81 Cholesterol, 80, 81, 98 Cholinergic, 80, 81 Chordoma, 42, 81 Chromosome, 81, 87, 91, 99 Chronic, 82, 89, 93, 97, 98, 100 Cirrhosis, 36, 82, 95 Clinical Medicine, 35, 82 Clinical trial, 3, 59, 82 Cloning, 80, 82 Clostridium, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 22, 29, 35, 41, 42, 43, 80, 82, 86, 99 Clostridium perfringens, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 15, 18, 29, 35, 41, 43, 82 Coagulation, 82, 87, 99 Colon, 8, 9, 14, 15, 20, 21, 23, 39, 79, 82, 90 Colonoscopy, 17, 82 Computational Biology, 59, 82 Conception, 77, 82, 85, 98 Concomitant, 6, 82 Conjunctiva, 82, 89 Connective Tissue, 81, 82, 86 Constipation, 82, 94 Contraindications, ii, 82 Coordination, 81, 82 Cornea, 83, 94, 97 Coronary, 83, 92 Coronary Thrombosis, 83, 92 Curative, 83, 99 Cyclophosphamide, 25, 83 Cystitis, 25, 83 Cytochrome, 83, 96 Cytochrome b, 83, 96 D Diabetes Mellitus, 8, 16, 83, 87, 88 Diagnostic procedure, 50, 83 Diapedesis, 5, 6, 83 Diarrhea, 83, 84 Diathesis, 83, 87 Digestion, 80, 83, 90, 91, 98

Digestive tract, 83, 97 Dilatation, 77, 83, 95 Diphtheria, 79, 83 Direct, iii, 53, 82, 83, 96, 98 Dissection, 19, 84 Dissociation, 77, 84 Drug Interactions, 54, 84 Duodenum, 41, 80, 84, 88, 98 E Elastin, 84, 91 Elective, 41, 84 Embryo, 77, 84 Emphysema, 46, 74, 84 Endometrial, 42, 84 Endometrium, 84 Endophthalmitis, 84, 94 Endoscopy, 38, 42, 84 Endothelium, 83, 84 Enterocolitis, 20, 84 Enterotoxins, 4, 84 Environmental Health, 58, 60, 84 Enzyme, 84, 91, 95, 99, 101 Eosinophilia, 84, 85 Eosinophils, 77, 84, 87, 91 Epidemiological, 84, 85 Epigastric, 84, 93 Epinephrine, 35, 77, 84, 93 Epithelial, 5, 77, 85 Epithelial Cells, 5, 85 Esophageal, 39, 44, 85 Esophageal Perforation, 44, 85 Esophagus, 83, 85, 94, 98 Evacuation, 36, 82, 85 Exocrine, 85, 93 Exotoxins, 13, 85 Extremity, 9, 15, 25, 38, 40, 85 F Family Planning, 59, 85 Fasciitis, 10, 33, 46, 85 Fat, 85, 91, 97 Fatal Outcome, 27, 85 Femoral, 19, 25, 85 Femur, 21, 85, 99 Fetal Death, 46, 85 Fetus, 77, 85, 100 Fibrin, 85, 94, 99 Fibrinogen, 6, 85, 99 Fibroblasts, 85 Fibrosarcoma, 85, 86 Fibula, 86, 99 Flatus, 86 Fluorescence, 6, 86

Index 105

Folate, 7, 86 Fold, 4, 86, 93 Folic Acid, 86 Forearm, 20, 80, 85, 86, 96 Fungi, 84, 86, 92 G Gallbladder, 25, 77, 80, 81, 86, 88 Gangrenous, 25, 86 Gastrointestinal, 86 Gelatin, 86, 87 Gene, 4, 80, 86, 87 Gene Expression, 4, 86 Gland, 77, 86, 93 Glucose, 83, 87, 88, 90, 97 Glucose Intolerance, 83, 87 Glycine, 6, 78, 87, 93 Glycoprotein, 85, 87 Gonadal, 87, 98 Governing Board, 87, 95 Graft, 30, 87, 88 Gram-positive, 82, 87, 98 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 82, 87 Granulocyte, 6, 87 Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, 87, 96 Groin, 87, 89 Growth, 78, 85, 87, 91, 93, 95 H Haematuria, 87 Haemodialysis, 10, 87 Haemophilia, 22, 87 Haemorrhage, 77, 87 Hand Injuries, 23, 87 Haptens, 77, 87 Headache, 88, 89 Hemoglobin, 81, 88 Hemoglobin A, 81, 88 Hemolytic, 85, 88 Hepatic, 32, 47, 81, 88, 91 Hepatic Artery, 47, 88 Hereditary, 20, 88 Heredity, 86, 88 Hernia, 43, 44, 88 Heterogeneity, 77, 88 Hormonal, 79, 88, 94 Hormone, 77, 84, 88, 89, 95 Host, 4, 5, 6, 10, 88, 100 Hydrolysis, 88, 91, 95 Hyperbaric, 8, 9, 18, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 75, 88 Hyperbaric oxygen, 8, 9, 18, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 88 Hyperreflexia, 88, 99

I Id, 5, 64, 70, 72, 89 Ileum, 80, 81, 89, 90 Immune system, 89, 100, 101 Immunity, 5, 89 Immunoassay, 10, 89 Immunocompromised, 22, 89 Immunogenic, 80, 89 Immunologic, 6, 89 Immunology, 6, 35, 77, 89 Immunosuppressive, 83, 89 In vitro, 6, 7, 89 In vivo, 6, 89 Indicative, 89, 100 Infarction, 83, 89, 92 Infection, 5, 12, 14, 19, 22, 23, 27, 30, 31, 33, 38, 41, 46, 47, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91, 94, 97, 98, 101 Inflammation, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 100 Influenza, 14, 89 Inguinal, 41, 89 Inguinal Hernia, 41, 89 Insight, 6, 89 Insulin, 21, 27, 89, 90 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 90 Intensive Care, 5, 19, 90 Intestinal, 14, 22, 23, 82, 84, 90 Intestinal Mucosa, 84, 90 Intestine, 80, 90 Intracellular, 89, 90 Intrahepatic, 43, 90 Intramuscular, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 30, 35, 87, 90 Intramuscular injection, 16, 17, 18, 21, 30, 35, 90 Intraocular, 26, 84, 90 Intravascular, 6, 90, 91 Intrinsic, 77, 90 Invasive, 89, 90 Ions, 79, 81, 84, 90 J Joint, 14, 20, 22, 42, 45, 79, 90 K Kb, 58, 90 L Laceration, 90, 99 Large Intestine, 80, 81, 83, 90, 96, 97 Lethal, 6, 90 Leukemia, 12, 90, 91 Leukemic Infiltration, 90, 91 Leukocyte Elastase, 11, 91

106

Gas Gangrene

Leukocytes, 6, 79, 84, 91, 92 Leukostasis, 6, 8, 91 Library Services, 70, 91 Linkage, 5, 91 Lipid, 90, 91 Lipodystrophy, 12, 91 Liver, 8, 22, 24, 30, 32, 36, 77, 80, 82, 83, 86, 88, 90, 91, 95 Liver Cirrhosis, 8, 91 Lobe, 24, 91 Localization, 43, 91 Localized, 7, 77, 83, 89, 91, 95, 97, 99, 100 Loop, 88, 91 Lymphatic, 84, 89, 91 Lymphocytes, 78, 91, 101 Lymphoid, 78, 91 Lymphoma, 31, 43, 91 M Malignancy, 42, 91 Malignant, 14, 43, 77, 78, 85, 91, 92 Malignant tumor, 14, 92 Medial, 92, 99 MEDLINE, 59, 92 Membrane, 4, 6, 82, 87, 92, 93, 98 Metastasis, 92 Metastatic, 9, 11, 37, 92 MI, 30, 76, 92 Microbe, 92, 99 Microbiological, 9, 92 Microbiology, 4, 6, 14, 35, 92 Microcirculation, 91, 92 Microorganism, 92, 94, 101 Micro-organism, 92, 97 Migration, 6, 92 Military Medicine, 45, 92 Molecular, 4, 5, 13, 59, 61, 78, 80, 82, 85, 92, 98, 100 Molecule, 78, 79, 84, 88, 92, 96 Monocytes, 91, 92 Mononuclear, 85, 92 Myalgia, 89, 92 Myocarditis, 41, 44, 83, 92 Myocardium, 92 N Nasal Mucosa, 89, 93 Need, 16, 65, 93 Neoplastic, 91, 93 Nerve, 77, 93, 97 Nervous System, 77, 88, 91, 93, 98 Neural, 93, 94 Neurotoxic, 4, 93 Neurotoxins, 4, 93

Neurotransmitter, 77, 78, 87, 93 Neutrophil, 6, 93 Nitrogen, 83, 93 O Occult, 35, 93 Ocular, 13, 93 Omentum, 88, 93 Oophoritis, 27, 93 Orbit, 93, 94 Orbital, 9, 34, 93 Ovary, 93 Oxygenation, 93 P Palliative, 93, 99 Pancreas, 43, 77, 88, 89, 93 Pancreatic, 15, 93 Pancreatitis, 25, 93 Panophthalmitis, 9, 13, 26, 94 Pathogen, 5, 94 Pathogenesis, 4, 5, 41, 46, 94 Pathophysiology, 49, 94 Pelvis, 77, 94, 100 Penicillin, 10, 32, 39, 94 Peptide, 78, 94, 95 Perforation, 21, 42, 94 Pericarditis, 19, 94 Pericardium, 94 Perineal, 33, 94 Perineum, 16, 26, 94 Periodicity, 7, 94 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 17, 94 Peritoneum, 93, 94 Peritonitis, 36, 94 Pharmacologic, 94, 99 Pharynx, 89, 94 Physiologic, 94, 96 Physiology, 5, 94 Plants, 80, 81, 87, 93, 95, 97, 99 Platelets, 6, 95, 99 Pneumonia, 82, 95 Poisoning, 81, 95, 97 Polyvalent, 23, 95 Portacaval, 27, 95 Portal Hypertension, 85, 95 Posterior, 93, 95, 97 Postoperative, 30, 40, 95 Practice Guidelines, 60, 95 Probe, 6, 95 Progesterone, 95, 98 Progressive, 82, 87, 95 Prophylaxis, 13, 32, 95 Protein S, 80, 95

Index 107

Proteins, 78, 80, 83, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97 Proteolytic, 6, 85, 95 Protozoa, 92, 95 Public Policy, 59, 96 Pulmonary, 80, 96 Pulmonary Artery, 80, 96 Purulent, 19, 84, 96 Putrefaction, 86, 96 Pyogenic, 96, 97 R Race, 92, 96 Radial Artery, 18, 96 Radiation, 86, 88, 96 Radiation therapy, 88, 96 Radius, 96 Reagent, 6, 96 Receptor, 6, 78, 96 Rectum, 15, 20, 23, 39, 79, 82, 83, 86, 90, 96 Recur, 94, 96 Recurrence, 94, 96 Refer, 1, 86, 91, 96, 99 Renal cell carcinoma, 42, 96 Respiratory Burst, 6, 96 Rod, 79, 97 S Saponins, 97, 98 Sclera, 82, 94, 97 Scleroderma, 85, 97 Screening, 82, 97 Scrotum, 26, 97, 99 Sepsis, 15, 42, 97 Septic, 11, 47, 97 Septicaemia, 41, 97 Septicemia, 12, 18, 19, 25, 27, 97 Sequencing, 4, 97 Serologic, 89, 97 Serum, 78, 94, 97 Shock, 75, 97, 100 Shunt, 27, 97 Side effect, 53, 77, 83, 97, 99 Skeletal, 8, 32, 97 Skeleton, 85, 90, 97, 99 Skull, 24, 93, 97 Small intestine, 23, 42, 81, 84, 88, 89, 90, 97 Soft tissue, 85, 86, 97 Specialist, 65, 97, 100 Species, 82, 84, 92, 96, 98, 100 Specificity, 4, 77, 91, 98 Sterility, 83, 98 Steroid, 11, 97, 98 Stomach, 77, 79, 83, 85, 86, 88, 90, 93, 94, 97, 98

Stool, 82, 90, 98 Streptococcal, 11, 64, 98 Streptococcal Infections, 11, 64, 98 Streptococcus, 37, 39, 85, 98 Subacute, 89, 98 Subclinical, 89, 98 Subcutaneous, 21, 27, 74, 81, 86, 87, 91, 98 Superoxide, 96, 98 Sympathomimetic, 84, 98 Symptomatic, 93, 98 Synapses, 80, 98 Synergistic, 7, 46, 98 Systemic, 54, 75, 80, 83, 84, 89, 96, 97, 98 T Talus, 98, 99 Telomere, 87, 99 Testicles, 97, 99 Tetani, 99 Tetanic, 99 Tetanus, 27, 45, 79, 99 Therapeutics, 39, 54, 99 Thermal, 19, 84, 99 Thigh, 20, 43, 85, 87, 99 Thorax, 77, 99 Thrombin, 85, 99 Thrombocytes, 95, 99 Thrombosis, 32, 47, 95, 99 Thrombus, 13, 83, 89, 99 Tibia, 19, 86, 99 Tissue, 5, 46, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 99, 100 Toxaemia, 41, 99 Toxic, iv, 11, 44, 79, 83, 84, 89, 93, 99, 100 Toxicity, 35, 84, 99 Toxicology, 60, 99 Toxin, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 35, 41, 43, 49, 79, 83, 99, 100 Toxoid, 79, 100 Transfection, 80, 100 Trauma, 12, 20, 28, 29, 36, 39, 45, 46, 88, 94, 100, 101 U Ulcer, 81, 100 Unconscious, 78, 89, 100 Uraemia, 94, 100 Urinary, 83, 100 Urine, 80, 87, 100 Uterine Contraction, 77, 100 Uterine Rupture, 46, 100 Uterus, 24, 40, 42, 77, 81, 84, 95, 100 V Vaccine, 14, 100

108

Gas Gangrene

Vascular, 6, 8, 84, 89, 91, 92, 99, 100 Vasculitis, 64, 94, 100 Vasoconstriction, 75, 84, 100 Veins, 80, 95, 100 Venoms, 93, 100 Veterinary Medicine, 59, 100 Viral, 5, 89, 100 Virologist, 5, 100 Virulence, 4, 99, 100

Virus, 100, 101 Vitro, 101 Vivo, 101 W War, 4, 33, 45, 101 White blood cell, 78, 87, 91, 93, 101 Womb, 100, 101 Wound Infection, 10, 101

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