Giardia Lamblia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

GIARDIA LAMBLIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AM...

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GIARDIA LAMBLIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Giardia Lamblia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00477-1 1. Giardia Lamblia-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Giardia lamblia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GIARDIA LAMBLIA .................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Giardia Lamblia............................................................................. 7 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 17 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 26 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GIARDIA LAMBLIA .......................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Finding Nutrition Studies on Giardia Lamblia ........................................................................... 69 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 72 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GIARDIA LAMBLIA.................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 73 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 78 General References ....................................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON GIARDIA LAMBLIA...................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Dissertations on Giardia Lamblia ................................................................................................ 81 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON GIARDIA LAMBLIA .................................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 83 Chapters on Giardia Lamblia ....................................................................................................... 84 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 89 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 91 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 95 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 98 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 101 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 101 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 101 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 107 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 107 GIARDIA LAMBLIA DICTIONARY ........................................................................................ 109 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 153

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Giardia lamblia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Giardia lamblia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Giardia lamblia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Giardia lamblia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Giardia lamblia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Giardia lamblia. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GIARDIA LAMBLIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Giardia lamblia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Giardia lamblia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Giardia lamblia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Gastrointestinal Manifestations Source: Medical Clinics of North America. 76(1): 45-62. January 1992. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company, Periodicals Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 654-2452. Summary: Gastrointestinal (GI) involvement is common during the course of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this article, the authors review the GI symptoms that attend AIDS and their causes. Topics include esophageal symptoms; abdominal pain; biliary tract disease; pancreatic disorders; obstruction and perforation of the GI tract; GI bleeding; general considerations regarding diarrhea; protozoal causes of diarrhea, including coccidiosis, microsporidia, entamoeba histolytica, and giardia lamblia; bacterial and fungal causes of diarrhea, including mycobacterium avium-

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intracellulare infections, salmonella, shigellosis, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium difficile, and chlamydia trachomatis; and viral causes of diarrhea, including HIV itself, cytomegalovirus, and herpes. The authors conclude with a brief discussion of AIDS enteropathy and its treatment. 1 table. 95 references. •

Review Article: The Management of Giardiasis Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 13(7): 843-850. July 1999. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: Giardiasis is the intestinal infection resulting from infestation with the human parasite Giardia intestinalis, also called Giardia lamblia. This article reviews the management of patients with Giardiasis. The infection may be asymptomatic or present with a variety of symptoms such as diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal cramps, and failure to thrive. Giardiasis is most often diagnosed after recent travel or in day care centers. The organism has two stages in its life cycle. It is usually ingested as a cyst, with as few as 10 to 25 cysts being sufficient to cause infection. After excystation, the organism is a replicative trophozoite that may attach to the small bowel wall. Giardia intestinalis does not invade the bowel wall. Trophozoites may encyst and be shed in feces for future ingestion by another host. Diagnosis of infection is by stool examination, which may also eliminate other possible infectious agents. Small bowel biopsy may be necessary in difficult individual cases or to rule out noninfectious illnesses, and stool ELISA may serve for large population screening examinations. The mainstay of treatment is metronidazole 250 to 400 mg three times per day by mouth for 5 days. 2 figures. 1 table. 44 references.

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Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 7(1): 97-102. February 1991. Summary: Gut parasites affect millions of people around the world, particularly in developing countries. This article reviews recent advances on the topic of parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract. The authors note that, because of economic restraints, maximal reduction of morbidity at minimal cost is the goal of health programs aimed at mass control treatment of parasitic diseases in developing countries. Infections discussed include protozoal infections, including entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia, and coccidia; and helminth infections, including nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes. The authors conclude that total control of the problem is not feasible in the near future, but the development of effective vaccines is probably the best option. 47 references. (AA-M).

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Trends in Intestinal Parasitology. Part II: Commonly Reported Parasites, and Therapeutics Source: Practical Gastroenterology. 16(10): 38, 40-41, 45-46. November/December 1992. Summary: In this article, the authors discuss intestinal parasites commonly found in patients visiting a doctor's office, when to suspect and look for parasitic infections, and clinical therapeutics. Organisms covered include Blastocystis hominis; Dientamoeba fragilis; amebae; Giardia lamblia; yeasts; and intestinal helminths, including nematodes. The authors contend that clinical parasitology is a neglected discipline in the United States, because of the inaccurate assumption that parasitic infection is a problem

Studies

5

only in developing nations. Modern isolation techniques have shown that a significant percentage of U.S. patients with gastrointestinal complaints may have treatable infections. Attention to these causes of illness may significantly reduce health care expenditures or obviate unnecessary invasive tests. 5 figures. 1 table. 26 references. (AAM). •

Treatment of Gastrointestinal Infections Source: Gastroenterology. 118(2, Supplement 1): S48-S67. February 1999. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 19106-3399. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Summary: Of all the treatment options available to gastroenterologists, therapies for enteric infections are the most complex because of the large number of antimicrobials, and the most changeable because of emerging infections and evolving drug resistance. This review article covers all common gastrointestinal infections and most uncommon ones. For infections encountered only rarely in a typical clinical setting, the authors provide recommendations in a table. The authors also indicate any recommendations that are controversial or for which acceptable alternatives are available. Conditions covered are infective esophagitis, including candidal esophagitis, herpes simplex virus esophagitis, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) esophagitis; protozoal infections, including Giardia lamblia, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belli, Cryptosporidium parvum, Microsporidia, Entameba histolytica, Balantidium coli, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania donovani; intestinal nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes; viral gastroenteritis, including viral diarrhea, and CMV colitis; bacterial food poisoning, including enterotoxin induced disease and Listeria monocytogenes; bacterial diarrhea, including Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, Yersinia enterocolitica, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Mycobacterium avium complex, and Whipple's disease; bacterial overgrowth syndromes; and traveler's diarrhea, including preventive measures and treatment. 4 tables. 211 references.

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Chronic Diarrhea in Infancy and Childhood Source: Contemporary Gastroenterology. 4(3): 30-35, 38. May-June 1991. Summary: Sources of persistent diarrhea early in life are many: infectious agents, intolerance to milk protein or gluten, reactivity to antibiotics, even genetic predisposition. This article discusses chronic diarrhea in infancy and childhood, focusing on patients who have diarrhea with or without significant malabsorption that persists beyond 14 days. Topics include the clinical approach to the child with abnormal stools and common causes of diarrhea, including chronic nonspecific diarrhea, antibiotic-induced diarrhea, giardia lamblia infestation, gluten-sensitive enteropathy or celiac disease, milk protein enteropathy, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, notably cystic fibrosis and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. 1 figure. 1 table. 30 references.

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Making Sure Your Drinking Water is Safe Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. 4(3): 14-17. May-June 2002. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected].

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Summary: The United States water supply is arguably the safest in the world, but spot contaminations occur from time to time and cause gastrointestinal illness. This article describes the causes of and solutions to these occasional incidents and helps readers find out how to ensure the safety of their own water supply. Topics include the presence of minerals and trace elements in groundwater, water treatment methods, microbial agents that are resistant to existing treatment methods, problems with the parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia, the bacterium Escherichia coli, Brainerd diarrhea, the possibility of Helicobacter pylori being transmitted through water, special precautions for people with compromised immune systems, home treatment systems, gastrointestinal symptoms that should trigger a visit to a health care provider, and information for people who get their water from a private well. The article concludes with a list of five websites and the telephone number of the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791) for readers wanting to obtain additional information on water safety. •

Vacation Diarrhea: How Should It Be Managed? Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 88(1): 83-87, 90. July 1990. Summary: This article discusses the causes and management of traveler's diarrhea in North America. The author notes that this condition is most often a self-limited disease that requires little medical intervention unless the course is prolonged or especially severe. Diagnosis is almost always made by a stool examination or culture. The most common causative organisms are Campylobacter jejuni and Giardia lamblia. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is a less frequent cause. The author concludes that patients should be advised regarding the need for fluid replacement and that antibiotic therapy should be considered only in rare circumstances. Three case studies are presented. 2 tables. 11 references. (AA-M).

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Treatment of Non-Bacterial Sexually Transmissible Diseases Source: Australian Prescriber. 14(3): 54-56. 1991. Summary: This article focuses on the treatment of non-bacterial sexually transmissible diseases (STDs), i.e., those caused by viral, fungal, or protozoal organisms. Viral STDs are common and responsible for enormous morbidity and increasing mortality worldwide; therapeutic options for these conditions are currently limited, with the exception of the vaccine against hepatitis B. Diseases covered include hepatitis A, B, and C; human immunodeficiency viruses; candidiasis; and sexually transmitted gastrointestinal disorders including anorectal lesions, and shigella, campylobacter, entamoeba histlytica, giardia lamblia, and salmonella infections. 3 tables. 4 references.

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Giardiasis: An Elusive Cause of Gastrointestinal Distress Source: Physician and Sportsmedicine. 28(7). July 2000. Contact: Available from Physician and Sportsmedicine. 4530 West 77th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55435. (952) 835-3222. Fax (952) 835-3460. Also available for free at www.physsportsmed.com. Summary: This article reviews giardiasis, an protozoan infection that can cause subacute intestinal symptoms that, in turn, cause discomfort and fatigue. The article is written for physicians working in the field of sports medicine. The protozoa, Giardia lamblia, has a fecal-to-oral mode of transmission, usually from contaminated water or food or person to person contact. Infection may be asymptomatic or result in a broad spectrum of symptoms including, most commonly, subacute illness that is mistaken for other

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gastrointestinal problems. Although most infections are self limited, treatment is indicated due to the long duration and the risk of transmission. Several therapeutic agents are available, but none is 100 percent effective. Three groups of drugs are currently being used for these infections: nitromidazoles (metronidazole, tinidazole, albendazole, ornidazole, and nimorazole), nitrofuran derivatives (furazolidone), and acridine compounds (mepacrine and quinacrine). Prevention for people involved in outdoor sports or recreation and for international travelers includes treatment of all surface water (before drinking) and rigorous personal hygiene. Clinicians are reminded that Giardia is the most common intestinal parasite in the United States, and that subacute symptoms often suggest other intestinal ailments, resulting in expensive evaluations that miss the diagnosis. 1 figure. 3 tables. 10 references. •

Diagnostic Tests in Gastrointestinal Infections Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 8: 134-144. February 1992. Summary: This review article summarizes recent research in diagnostic testing for gastrointestinal infections. The author discusses means of diagnosing various gastrointestinal infections and infectious agents, including Aeromonas, Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium difficile, pathogenic Escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic escherichia coli, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, adherent Escherichia coli, yersinia, cyanobacterialike bodies, Entomoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, intestinal helminths, and adenoviruses types 40 and 41. 59 annotated references.

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Chronic Diarrhea and Malabsorption Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 43(2): 307-331. April 1996. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 654-2452. Summary: This review article, from an issue on pediatric gastroenterology that focuses on diarrheal diseases in children, discusses chronic diarrhea and malabsorption. The authors summarize some of the specific causes of malabsorptive diarrhea in infancy and childhood, emphasizing pathophysiology and approaches to therapy. Specific topics include the mechanisms of diarrhea; the etiology of chronic diarrhea; infections, including those with Giardia lamblia, or amebiasis; tropical sprue; Whipple's disease; parenteral diarrhea; postinfectious diarrhea; dietary causes, including cow's milk protein hypersensitivity, soy protein hypersensitivity, and irritable bowel syndrome; carbohydrate malabsorption, including lactase deficiency, congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, and glucoamylase deficiency; immune deficiencies, including autoimmune enteropathy, abetalipoproteinemia, Wolman's disease, acrodermatitis enteropathica, and familial microvillous atrophy; endocrine disorders, including hyperthyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, hypoparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus, intestinal lymphangiectasia, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, and enterokinase deficiency; hepatic disorders; vascular lesions, notably necrotizing enterocolitis; anatomic lesions, including Hirschsprung's disease; and pseudomembranous enterocolitis. 1 table. 107 references.

Federally Funded Research on Giardia Lamblia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Giardia lamblia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of

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Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Giardia lamblia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Giardia lamblia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Giardia lamblia: •

Project Title: ANNEXIN INTERACTIONS

CRYSTAL

STRUCTURES

AND

MEMBRANE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Seaton, Barbara A.; Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1990; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Proteins that act at the membrane-aqueous interface operate in a unique environment, and their molecular mechanisms represent a current frontier of cell biology. Annexins comprise a large family of structurally homologous, interfacial proteins that bind membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. Found in large amounts (1-2 percent total cell protein) in various sources, annexins are widely distributed in humans and other eukaryotes. In recent years, annexin V has emerged as a mechanistic paradigm for the annexin family and other peripheral membrane proteins, particularly those that bind calcium. For structural biologists, annexin V presents an unusual opportunity for study since the protein can adopt stable water-soluble or membranebound forms that are amenable to characterization. The long-term goal of this research project is to develop an integrated picture of annexin behavior at the membrane, and to probe the biological roles of annexins by characterizing their interactions with membrane components and influence on membrane properties. In the proposed studies, we will continue to focus on annexin V interactions with the membrane. We will also investigate a new area, the annexin surface facing away from the membrane toward the aqueous milieu. This surface contains the N-terminus, which is believed to confer individual annexin function. In this context, we will broaden our view further to include annexin IV, a close structural homolog of annexin V but which is distinct in several key properties, including the ability to be phosphorylated by protein kinase C, promote vesicle aggregation, and inhibit chloride channel activity. These properties are most closely associated with the N-terminal region of the annexin IV molecule. We will also introduce studies of a-giardin, a "primitive" annexin from the protozoan Giardia lamblia, which appears to assist in attaching the parasite to its host. A common theme in the systems under investigation is that annexin-membrane attachment is a major component of cellular organization on multiple levels, influencing protein-membrane, membrane-membrane, protein-protein, and cell-cell interactions. For the proposed studies, we will use a complementary set of approaches including x-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis, spectroscopy and other biophysical or biochemical methods. 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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We anticipate that these combined studies will lead to an understanding of both the common features of annexins, primarily calcium-membrane binding, and the features that endow individual annexins with distinct functions. Taken together, the results from these studies will add to our understanding of interfacial proteins, provide a unifying structural basis for annexin action at the membrane, and propose structural bases for annexin functions as they relate to human health and disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROTISTS

BIOCHEMICAL

CYTOLOGY

OF

ANAEROBIC

PARASITIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Muller, Miklos; Associate Professor; Lab/Biochemical Parasitology; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1978; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The goal of the proposed project is to test the hypothesis that core metabolism of the medically important cavity parasites of humans, the amitochondriate Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis differs markedly from that of their human host. It will also be explored to what extent the unique and diverse "chimeric" metabolic patterns of these organisms are due to evolutionary losses or new acquisitions of enzymes. In the next grant period emphasis will be placed on two critical but essentially unexplored aspects of "amitochondriate" parasites, a) carbohydrate (glycogen) reserves and their regulation and, b) enzymes involved in electron transport, to complement accumulating data on glycolysis and its distal extensions. a) Enzymes involved in the mobilization of glucose from glycogen and of glycogen synthesis will be expressed in heterologous systems, purified and studied with biochemical methods, with special emphasis on their regulatory properties. In addition, both the sequences and physiological characteristics of the enzymes will be evaluated in comparison with existing data in order to obtain insight into their evolutionary relationships. b ) Enzymes transferring reducing equivalents from glycolytically reduced NADH and ferredoxin to diverse electron acceptors and O2 will be explored with essentially the same approaches. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS, AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF GIARDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Samuelson, John C.; Professor; Molecular and Cell Biology; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Giardia lamblia is an amitochondriate, binucleate protist that causes diarrhea in the U.S. and the developing world. Our preliminary results make numerous important contributions to the understanding of the cell biology, genetics, and biochemistry of G. iamblia. Cell biology: Nuclear membranes remain intact during cell division. Giardia divides with mirror image symmetry in the plane of the adherence disc. Pairs of nuclei of dividing giardia are tethered together by arrays of microtubules. The Giardia [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin has an organelle-targeting sequence. Genetics: The GS strain, which was used to prove Koch's postulates, has symmetric nuclei that are each diploid. The WB strain, which is presently being sequenced, has asymmetric nuclei that are a mixture of monosomic and trisomic chromosomes. Four copies of each Giardia gene all have the same sequence. Giardia lack most of the machinery for sex. Giardia have a spliceosomal intron. Biochemistry: Genes encoding the majority of Giardia fermentation enzymes were laterally transferred from

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Giardia Lamblia

anaerobic prokaryotes. Giardia contain genes encoding nitroreductases, which are similar to those that activate metronidazole in bacteria. Giardia have an Fe-hydrogenase. These results suggest multiple hypotheses that will be tested in three Specific Aims. Major hypothesis for Aim 1 (cell biology): Perinuclear microtubules tether together pairs of nuclei of dividing Giardia, so nuclei are correctly distributed to mother and daughter Giardia. Major hypotheses for Aim 2 (genetics): Giardia are tetraploid but sequence like haploids; symmetric diplomonad nuclei are diploid for each chromosome (like GS); while asymmetric diplomonad nuclei have a mixture of monosomic and trisomic chromosomes (like WB). Minor hypothesis: Giardia are capable of splicing heterologous introns. Major hypothesis for Aim 3 (biochemistry): Giardia is sensitive to metronidazole and furazolidone, because of the presence of nitroreductases, like those of anaerobic bacteria, which reduce and activate these drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION TRANSCRIPTOME

OF

THE

GIARDIA

LAMBLIA

Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcarthur, Andrew G.; Marine Biological Laboratory 7 Mbl St Woods Hole, Ma 02543 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: This is a proposal to determine patterns of genome-wide gene expression throughout the life cycle of the important environmentally transmitted human pathogen Giardia lamblia. Giardiasis is a major contributor to the enormous worldwide burden of human diarrheal diseases, yet the basic biology of this parasite is not well understood. No giardial virulence factor is known and this protist's ability to survive in diverse, hostile environments may be a key to its pathophysiology, as Giardia must be able to respond to large and small changes in its external environment for appropriate timing of crucial events in its life cycle. Examination of genome-wide gene expression patterns will provide a coherent picture of activation and inactivation of biological pathways throughout Giardia's life cycle. As the genome sequence of Giardia will soon be known and because we are able to reproduce Giardia's life cycle in vitro, we propose to utilize Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) to monitor genome-wide levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression throughout Giardia's life cycle. We will perform SAGE for Giardia lamblia by generating approximately 12,2000 15 bp nucleotide sequence tags from the mRNA of 14 stages of its life cycle, modeled in vitro. We will detect up- and down-regulation of genes related to giardial infection (excystation), pathogenicity (trophozoites), transmission (encystation), and survival in the environment (cysts). We will additionally predict which genes and biochemical pathways are constitutively expressed in Giardia lamblia. We will confirm mRNA expression levels of genes with the most variable expression levels predicted by SAGE using semi- quantitative Northern blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This research will provide a comprehensive understanding of changes in giardial gene expression in response to important host physiological signals and will serve as a valuable model for study of other parasites and complex eukaryotes, such as yeast and animals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMMUNITY INTERVENTION FOLLOW UP OF COLOMBIAN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Goodman, Karen J.; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, La 70112

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 08-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Little is known about the short-term consequences of persistent H. pylori infection in apparently healthy children. Short-term consequences such as impacts on growth, nutritional status and susceptibility to co-infections may influence overall health status throughout life as well as risk of cancer and other chronic disease in adulthood. Such short-term consequences can be examined in a community intervention approach that begins with two comparable populations of H. pyloriinfected children, eliminates the infection in one of the populations and follows both groups over time to observe differences between children whose infection persists and those who remain uninfected. The proposed study will undertake such an intervention in two rural communities in the Andean region of Narino, Colombia, where H.pylori infection is nearly universal by adolescence and gastric cancer rates are among the highest in the world. The design of this study will also facilitate secondary aims of identifying factors that predict successful elimination of infection in a high prevalence population, as well as identifying determinates of persistence and reinfection. Another secondary aim will be to study the histopathologic features of H.pylori infection in pediatric gastroenterology patients form this geographic region. Accessibility to biopsies form such patients will also permit validation of diagnostic cutoff values for noninvasive H. pylori detection methods in our study population. In addition, we will pursue supplemental studies to evaluate methods for obtaining bacterial specimens form the community-based population of children in order to investigate the role of strain differences in the shortterm consequences of infection. The major specific aim of this study are: 1) To conduct a community intervention in two rural Andean populations (children in the Narino-Genoy community will be maintained clear of H.pylori infection with anti-H.pylori therapy and monitored for H.pylori status and selected health indicators during a period of four years; children in the La LagunaCabrera community will receive no anti-H.pylori therapy and will be monitored for H.pylori status and selected health indicators during a period of four years); 2) To compare anthropometric health-status indicators in children with persistent H.pylori infection and those who remain free of H.pylori infection; 3) To compare hematocrit levels in children with persistent H.pylori infection and those who remain free of H.pylori infection; 4)To compare the incidence of diarrheal disease in children with persistent H.pylori infection and those who remain free of H.pylori infection; 5) To compare the occurrence of the following coinfections in children with persistent H.pylori infection and those who remain free of H.pylori infection: ova and parasites (in particular, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica and Ascaris lumbricoides); 6) To investigate whether the presence of co-infections modifies the effect of H.pylori persistence on general health status and diarrheal disease. In addition the proposed study has the following secondary aims; 1) To identify predictors of successful elimination of H.pylori infection in children from a high prevalence population as well as determinants of persistence and reinfection; 2) To describe the histopathologic features of H.pylori infection in pediatric gastroenterology patients from this geographic region; 3) To assess the accuracy of noninvasive diagnostic methods for H.pylori infection (urea breath test; stool antigen test) against biopsy-based diagnosis in the local pediatric population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DOUBLE STRANDED RNA VIRUS IN GIARDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, C C.; Professor; Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747

12

Giardia Lamblia

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Giardia lamblia has been proposed as a primitive eukaryotic microorganism. Double-stranded (ds) RNA viruses, using RNAdependent RNA polymerases for replication, have been regarded as the most ancient form of viruses. Giardiavirus (GLV) is such a virus that infects Giardia. The virus was recently developed into a transfecting vector capable of either over expressing a foreign gene or knocking out the expression of a specific gene in Giardia. These technical advantages enabled us to identify a downstream 264-nucleotide sequence in the viral transcript that acted as the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) for translation initiation. The finding is particularly meaningful in Giardia, because its mRNAs have 5'untranslated regions of only 0 to 14 nucleotides, which may have to depend on an IRES element inside the open reading frame for translation initiation. A knockout of the expression of pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) from Giardia by the viral vector enabled the organism to grow aerobically with enhanced metronidazole resistance. Furthermore, recombinant GLV RDRP has been successfully expressed. A putative GLV receptor was identified on the membrane surface of GLV-susceptible Giardia. The receptor was isolated and cloned recently. A cysteine protease CP2 in Giardia was found responsible for the maturation of GLV. These experimental outcomes prompted us to enlist four specific aims in our future research plan. We intend to perform a thorough structure-function analysis of the viral IRES and use the information for a search of similar IRESs among the cellular mRNAs in Giardia. A double knockout of PFOR and alcohol dehydrogenase E (ADHE) coupled with an over expressed Fesuperoxide dismutase will be attempted to convert Giardia into an obligated aerobe. Conversely, an overexpression of ADHE or lactate dehydrogenase may turn Giardia into a strict anaerobe. Analyses of the interactions between GLV RDRP and the viral replication and viral transcription initiation sites and the viral packaging site will be pursued. Two distinct forms of the same enzyme protein performing the functions of replicase and transcriptase, respectively, will be determined. The GLV-receptor will be further characterized, and the encoding gene will be expressed in Giardia originally missing the receptor for verification. CP2 will be expressed arid characterized and its Specific modification of GLV capsid protein for viral maturation will be further verified. Valuable knowledge will be gained on the primitive organism and the ancient virus from these future studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FIELD VALIDATION OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND CORRELATION OF PROTOZOAL GENOTYPE Principal Investigator & Institution: Haque, Rashidul; International Centre/Diarrhoeal Dis Res Diarrhoeal Disease Research Dacca, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: The enteric protozoa Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica, and the enteric bacteria Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Enterohemorrhagic E. coli are the highest priority enteric pathogens in Category B according to the NIAID Blue Ribbon Panel. An important reason is because they are difficult to accurately diagnose. This is due to the insensitivity of our best methods to detect the pathogen and, because all major Category B enteropathogens are capable of causing asymptomatic intestinal infection, the weak positive predictive value of a positive stool result in implying disease causation even when the pathogen is accurately detected. Therefore the first need is for highly sensitive tests for detecting Category B pathogens in stool, and Aim 1 will rigorously validate such tests that come on-line from

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Projects 1 and 2. This validation will occur in Bangladesh and Tanzania because of the hyperendemic rates of diarrheal illness due to Category B enteropathogens and will be expeditious due to ongoing, productive collaborations between Techlab, the University of Virginia, the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases and Research in Bangladesh, and the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Tanzania. The second need for Category B enteric diagnostics is for enhanced specificity in the setting of a positive test result. This is particularly problematic for the Category B protozoa because of their high rates of asymptomatic carriage and widespread environmental contamination. Aim 2, therefore, will correlate Giardia and Cryptosporidium genotype with clinical symptomatology through a case-control study. This will also occur in Bangladesh in Tanzania because of high local rates of asymptomatic infection from Category B protozoa, which permits a highly-powered analysis. Through the work of Project 3 we envision having sensitive diagnostics for the field and the public health laboratory, and an ability to streamline outbreak investigations by knowing which virulence genotypes to track and which asymptomatic, incidentally-detected infections to ignore. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNE RESPONSES TO GIARDIA LAMBLIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Singer, Steven M.; Assistant Professor; None; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant):Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite which replicates in the small intestine of many species of mammals, and infections with G. lamblia are one of the most common human infections in the word. Most infections are self-limiting and acquired immune responses are essential for controlling G. lamblia infections in humans and other host species. Understanding the immune response to G. lamblia is therefore essential for better control of this disease. We have recently shown that B cell, gamma-delta T cell, IL-4 and IFN-gamma deficient mice can control acute infections with G. lamblia. In contrast, CD4+, alpha-beta T cells are required to control infections. Thus, a T cell-dependent, but antibody-independent. mechanism exists which can control G. lamblia. We have also shown that mast cell-deficient mice and IL-6 deficient mice cannot control G. lamblia infections. Also, in vitro studies have shown that nitric oxide and anti-microbial peptides known as defensins can inhibit G. lamblia. Based on these findings, the following hypothesis has been formulated: CD4+ T cells activate mast cells to produce IL-6 during G. lamblia infections. IL-6 production then leads to epithelial cell production of nitric oxide and defensins that control acute G. lamblia infections. We will test this hypothesis with the following specific aims: 1.To determine the importance of IL-6 production during G. lamblia infections. We will confirm the importance of IL-6 by treating immnunodeficjent mice with recombinant IL6 during infections. IL-6 production will also be measured in vivo during infections in wild type and immunodeficient mice using RT-PCR. 2. To determine the importance of mast cell IL-6 production during G. lamblia infections. We will confirm the role of mast cells during infections by measuring mast cell responses during infections, by immunodepletion of mast cells, and by reconstitution of mast cell deficient mice. We will examine mast cell production of IL-6 using immunohistochemistry and adoptive transfers. 3. To determine the mechanism of mast cell activation during G. lamblia infections. We will examine cytokine production by T cells in vivo and in vitro. We will also examine infections in cytokine deficient mice. We will examine intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) production of stem cell factor in vitro and in vivo. 4. To determine the mechanisms by which IL-6 production leads to control of acute G. lamblia infections. We

14

Giardia Lamblia

will examine production of defensins and nitric oxide by IEC in vivo using RT-PCR and in vitro by Northern blots and biochemistry. Mice deficient in defensin expression and nitric oxide production will then be infected to determine their importance in controlling infections. Successful completion of these experiments will give us insights into immunity to G. lamblia, as well as developing this organism as a model system for understanding mucosal immune responses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF GIARDIA IAMBLIA EXCYSTATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Gillin, Frances D.; Adjunct Professor; Pathology; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Giardia lamblia, an important human pathogen, must successfully excyst in order to infect a new host. Since excystation is too rapid to rely entirely on new gene expression, the unifying hypothesis of this proposal is that second messenger pathways may be central for regulation. While we can reproduce the entire life cycle in vitro, neither the precise stimuli nor the second messenger pathways that regulate excystation are known. Based on extensive Preliminary Data, we propose these Specific Aims: Specific Aim 1 is to define the key physiological excystation stimuli, and to test the hypothesis that Giardia cysts' responses to these signals are mediated by or reflected in changes in cytosolic calcium and/or cyclic AMP. We will ask whether pharmacological release of "caged" Ca 2v and/or cAMP into the cytosol can bypass the corresponding excystation stimulus. Specific Aim 2 is to define the role(s) of calmodulin (CAM) in regulating excystation and to identify specific "downstream" effectors that carry out its function. gCaM co-localizes with protein kinase A to the flagellar basal bodies-centrosomes, suggesting a key role in coordinating these pathways. We will use in vivo cross-linking and genomic data to functionally identify downstream effectors that specifically interact with CaM during excystation. Specific Aim 3 is to test the hypothesis that changes in protein phosphorylation may be important in regulating excystation, compared with de novo protein synthesis. We will compare changes in protein phosphorylation (the "phosphoproteome"), with overall changes in the protein expression in excysting cells. Sequence analyses and genomic data will permit us to identify key excystation proteins. This proteomic approach will test our overall hypothesis and complement the cellular and molecular data of Aims 1 and 2. Our proposed studies will reveal important insights into regulation of G lamblia excystation. Many other parasites have cystic forms whose excystation is required for transmission. Giardia may be a valuable model for understanding parasite differentiation in the intestinal tract. On a basic level, Giardia excystation is a unique model for cellular awakening from dormancy in response to environmental signals in an early-diverging eukaryotes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: PATHWAYS

NUCLEOTIDE

DONORS

AFFECTING

GLYCOSYLATION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Varki, Ajit P.; Professor of Cellular & Molecular Medici; Cellular & Molecular Medicine; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004

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Summary: All living cells synthesize glycan chains. The process of glycosylation is catalyzed by highly specific glycosyltransferases that require specific sugar nucleotide donors. These donors are derived from monosaccharide precursors via a variety of cytosolic/nuclear biosynthetic pathways. The monosaccharide precursors arise from de novo or salvage pathways and can also come in from nutritional sources. Modifications of glycans such as sulfation and acetylation also involve specific nucleotide donors. The pathways for biosynthesis of all these donors are currently assumed to be the same for all cell types. It is also presumed that all molecules in these pathways are already discovered. The true concentrations of these nucleotide donors in the cytosol of living cells are largely unknown. These concentrations could affect glycosylation reactions, as can the concentrations of related nucleotide precursors and products. UCSD has 7 GM R01-funded investigators carrying out various projects that share the need to understand the regulation of synthesis and turnover of these nucleotide donors in intact cells. We have organized these investigators into an interactive group, facilitating knowledge transfer with in this field. We now propose to work together to set up several new and published methods for manipulating and analyzing the components of the nucleotide donor pathways in intact cells and cell lysates. Support of this "Glue grant " application will accelerate progress on some existing aims of the R01 grants, as well as generate new avenues to extend these aims. Examples of new questions to be explored include: do animal mutant cells with major blocs in glycan biosynthesis have altered levels of intracellular PAPS? Is fungal chitin synthase action in the intact cell affected by UDP-GlcNAc levels, and how does exogenous GlcNAc affect this level? How does nutritional mannose supply affect GDP-Man and GDP-Fuc pools in intact mice or in mice with PMI deficiency? What are the donors present in the primitive eukaryote Giardia lamblia, and how do they affect Giardia cell wall biosynthesis? What happens to the levels of sugar nucleotide donors during the process of mitosis, when glycan biosynthesis appears to cease? What is the fate of the nonhuman sialic acid Neu5Gc in human cells? Is there really a pool of CMP-Sia in the nucleus? What are the intracellular levels of UDP-GlcA, and how do they affect the efficiency of glucuronidation of drugs? Are there novel byproducts of sugar nucleotide pathways that are heretofore unknown? The approach we propose to these and other questions will insure that useful new knowledge will emerge, and that the sum of efforts will be greater than the parts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS BY GIARDIA LAMBLIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Das, Siddhartha; Associate Professor; University of Texas El Paso El Paso, Tx 79968 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The ancient protist, Giardia lamblia colonizes the small intestine of humans and animals. This protozoan parasite lacks mitochondria, highly evolved Golgi structures, and other organelles typical of higher eukaryotes. Nonetheless, it has developed unique metabolic pathways that allow this parasite to survive and multiply in the small intestine by scavenging lipid molecules from the host. Various investigators have shown that Giardia trophozoites are unable to synthesize the majority of their own lipids and cholesterol de novo; rather, they depend mostly on supplies from outside sources. Naturally, the questions of how they scavenge and utilize exogenous lipids for metabolic purposes are extremely important. Earlier we have shown that exogenous phospholipids, once internalized, can be remodeled via deacylation/reacylation and headgroup exchange reactions, which allow Giardia to

16

Giardia Lamblia

alter lipids and generate parasite-specific phospho and glycophospholipid molecules. In addition, recent results from our laboratory suggest that transbilayer/ cellular movement of fluorescent-conjugated sphingolipids is dependent on actin filaments and the microtubule network, suggesting the presence of sophisticated lipid transport machinery in Giardia. The major goal of this proposal is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of lipid transport and metabolism in this early-diverging protozoan cell. Therefore, the specific aims are: Aim-1 to investigate the transbilayer lipid transport and trafficking, and the possible role of giardial actin/microtubule cytoskeleton in these processes; Aim-2 to investigate and characterize the regulatory enzyme(s) of phospholipid deacylation/reacylation reactions (i.e., phospholipase/lysophospholipase) by molecular/biochemical methodologies; Aim-3 to study the key enzymes of headgroup exchange pathways, and finally Aim-4 to test the effects of various inhibitors/analogs of lipid metabolic enzymes on in vitro growth of this water-borne pathogen. These studies will yield valuable information regarding lipid synthesis/remodeling by mucosal protozoa, and will lay the foundation for future investigations on novel chemotherapies against Giardia and other related protozoan parasites. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SHOTGUN SEQUENCING OF THE TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS GENOME Principal Investigator & Institution: Carlton, Jane; Associate; Institute for Genomic Research Rockville, Md 20850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. The parasite is responsible for an estimated 5 million cases annually in North America alone, with over 170 million cases reported worldwide. T. vaginalis infections have been associated with preterm delivery, low birth weight and increased infant mortality, as well as predisposition to HIV/AIDS and cervical cancer. Its abundance as a pathogen, the increased incidence of HIV transmission in T. vaginalisinfected individuals and the increase in drug resistant strains underscore the societal value of obtaining the complete genome sequence of this parasite. In addition, T. vaginalis is one of the deepest-branching eukaryotes known. Given the tremendous evolutionary distance between the human host and this pathogen, its genome sequence is likely to reveal a number of candidate genes encoding potential chemotherapeutic and vaccine targets specific for the parasite. Furthermore, from a purely academic viewpoint, the complete genomic sequence of T. vaginalis will offer significant insights into the evolution of deep-branching eukaryotic organisms and will help to answer many new evolutionary questions. We propose to sequence, assemble and annotate the approximately 16 Mb genome of T. vaginalis strain G3, using a whole genome shotgun (WGS) strategy. A variety of computer programs and algorithms will be used to provide a comprehensive and current annotation of the T. vaginalis genome. This will include identifying genes through similarity searches of current databases, as well as analysis of sequences for signal peptide motifs and other motifs. Use will be made of the sequence data from the Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia genome projects, in a comparative approach to gene identification. In addition, we will generate 30,000 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) to aid in gene identification. A publically accessible, user-friendly web site will be created for access to the genome and EST data during the

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project, and for access to the final finished genome sequence and annotation at the conclusion of the project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN GIARDIA LAMBLIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Elmendorf, Heidi G.; Assistant Professor; None; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Giardia lamblia is one of the most prevalent parasitic protists and a major cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. A parasitic lifestyle and an extremely early divergence from the eukaryotic tree have permitted Giardia to develop independent solutions to common eukaryotic cellular problems. This biological diversity is instrumental in their ability to cause disease. Notable features of Giardia biology are its two nuclei and its unusually compact and plastic genome. Our long-term goal is to understand the consequences that genomic structure exerts on gene expression. A fundamental starting point is the study of transcriptional regulation. Although 'rules' of transcription have been delineated in higher eukaryotes, extensive work in lower eukaryotes and archaea have clearly indicated many differences in the mechanics of gene expression. Investigation of transcription in Giardia is therefore important both as a prerequisite to understand expression of proteins involved in pathogenesis and also to further our understanding of the evolution of transcriptional machinery. We will test two hypotheses regarding RNA Polymerase II transcription in Giardia lamblia: (I) Giardia will contain a simplified and degenerate core promoter. Two core promoter elements, the TATA box and initiator element (Inr), will be present, although based on their similar sequence profiles, they will be independently able to initiate transcription. A homologue of TATA binding protein will be present to direct transcription from both the TATA box and mnr. (II) The relaxed sequence constraints for transcription initiation and the presence of a tetraploid genome distributed between two nuclei suggests an enhanced role for gene regulation at the chromatin and nuclear level. To experimentally test these hypotheses we will ronduct four specific aims: (1) Characterization of the roles served by core promoter elements in our model promoter alpha-2 tubulin. (2) Characterization of cryptic promoter elements. (3) Functional rharacterization of a homologue of TATA binding protein (TBP). (4) Examination of transcriptional regulation at the chromatin and nuclear level. These studies will build an understanding of transcription in Giardia lamblia and lay foundations for study of the role of the regulation of gene expression in disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

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Giardia Lamblia

unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Giardia lamblia” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for Giardia lamblia in the PubMed Central database: •

A heat shock protein gene in Giardia lamblia unrelated to HSP70. by Aggarwal A, de la Cruz VF, Nash TE.; 1990 Jun 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=330962

•

A New Method for Assessing Metronidazole Susceptibility of Giardia lamblia Trophozoites. by Sousa MC, Poiares-da-Silva J.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89591

•

A single-stranded RNA copy of the Giardia lamblia virus double-stranded RNA genome is present in the infected Giardia lamblia. by Furfine ES, White TC, Wang AL, Wang CC.; 1989 Sep 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=334823

•

Adherence of Giardia lamblia Trophozoites to Int-407 Human Intestinal Cells. by Ceu Sousa M, Goncalves CA, Bairos VA, Poiares-da-Silva J.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96046

•

Age-related rate of seropositivity of antibody to Giardia lamblia in four diverse populations. by Miotti PG, Gilman RH, Santosham M, Ryder RW, Yolken RH.; 1986 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269081

•

An 88,000-Mr Giardia lamblia surface protein which is immunogenic in humans. by Edson CM, Farthing MJ, Thorley-Lawson DA, Keusch GT.; 1986 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260214

•

Analysis of a Giardia lamblia rRNA encoding telomere with [TAGGG]n as the telomere repeat. by Le Blancq SM, Kase RS, Van der Ploeg LH.; 1991 Oct 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=328996

•

Antibodies to cysts of Giardia lamblia in primary giardiasis and in the absence of giardiasis. by Jokipii L, Miettinen A, Jokipii AM.; 1988 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266212

•

Antibody-magnetite method for selective concentration of Giardia lamblia cysts from water samples. by Bifulco JM, Schaefer FW 3rd.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202188

•

Antigenic analysis of Giardia lamblia from Afghanistan, Puerto Rico, Ecuador, and Oregon. by Smith PD, Gillin FD, Kaushal NA, Nash TE.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351289

5

The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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•

Antigenic variation of Giardia lamblia in the feces of Mongolian gerbils. by Moss DM, Mathews HM, Visvesvara GS, Dickerson JW, Walker EM.; 1990 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269586

•

Antigenic variation of Giardia lamblia in vivo. by Aggarwal A, Nash TE.; 1988 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259415

•

Characterization of a 29.4-kilodalton structural protein of Giardia lamblia and localization to the ventral disk [corrected]. by Aggarwal A, Adam RD, Nash TE.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313266

•

Cholate-dependent killing of Giardia lamblia by human milk. by Gillin FD, Reiner DS, Gault MJ.; 1985 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261336

•

Cloning of Giardia lamblia heat shock protein HSP70 homologs: implications regarding origin of eukaryotic cells and of endoplasmic reticulum. by Gupta RS, Aitken K, Falah M, Singh B.; 1994 Apr 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=43480

•

Commercial Assay for Detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum Antigens in Human Fecal Specimens by Rapid Solid-Phase Qualitative Immunochromatography. by Garcia LS, Shimizu RY, Novak S, Carroll M, Chan F.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149610

•

Comparison of Giardia lamblia and Giardia muris cyst inactivation by ozone. by Finch GR, Black EK, Labatiuk CW, Gyurek L, Belosevic M.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182516

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Comparison of Nine Commercially Available Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Detection of Giardia lamblia in Fecal Specimens. by Aldeen WE, Carroll K, Robison A, Morrison M, Hale D.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104824

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Comparison of primers and optimization of PCR conditions for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in water. by Rochelle PA, De Leon R, Stewart MH, Wolfe RL.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168307

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Degradation of Giardia lamblia cysts in mixed human and swine wastes. by Deng MY, Cliver DO.; 1992 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195788

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Detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum Antigens in Human Fecal Specimens Using the ColorPAC Combination Rapid Solid-Phase Qualitative Immunochromatographic Assay. by Garcia LS, Shimizu RY.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86395

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Detection of Giardia lamblia antigen in children living in a Peruvian periurban shantytown (Pueblo Joven). by Vidal MF, Gilman RH, Ungar BL, Verastegui MR, Benel AC, Marquis G, Penny M, Lanata C, Miranda E.; 1991 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269834

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Detection of Giardia lamblia by immunofluorescence. by Riggs JL, Dupuis KW, Nakamura K, Spath DP.; 1983 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242346

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Determination of Giardia lamblia cyst infective dose for the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). by Schaefer FW 3rd, Johnson CH, Hsu CH, Rice EW.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183585

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Development and testing of a filter system for isolation of Giardia lamblia cysts from water. by Hausler WJ Jr, Davis WE, Moyer NP.; 1984 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240242

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Diagnosis of Giardia lamblia infections by detection of parasite-specific antigens. by Janoff EN, Craft JC, Pickering LK, Novotny T, Blaser MJ, Knisley CV, Reller LB.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267335

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Effect of Chlorine on Giardia lamblia Cyst Viability. by Jarroll EL, Bingham AK, Meyer EA.; 1981 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243720

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Elevated levels of immunoglobulin A to Giardia lamblia during a waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis. by Birkhead G, Janoff EN, Vogt RL, Smith PD.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267657

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Encystation of Giardia lamblia leads to expression of antigens recognized by antibodies against conserved heat shock proteins. by Reiner DS, Shinnick TM, Ardeshir F, Gillin FD.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258313

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Enzyme immunoassay for detection of Giardia lamblia cyst antigens in formalinfixed and unfixed human stool. by Stibbs HH, Samadpour M, Manning JF.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266692

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Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Giardia lamblia antigen in stool. by Addiss DG, Mathews HM, Stewart JM, Wahlquist SP, Williams RM, Finton RJ, Spencer HC, Juranek DD.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269958

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Evaluation of a new method for routine in vitro cultivation of Giardia lamblia from human duodenal fluid. by Gordts B, Hemelhof W, Van Tilborgh K, Retore P, Cadranel S, Butzler JP.; 1985 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268509

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Evaluation of a tangential-flow multiple-filter technique for detection of Giardia lamblia cysts in water. by Isaac-Renton JL, Fung CP, Lochan A.; 1986 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203541

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Evaluation of nine immunoassay kits (enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescence) for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens. by Garcia LS, Shimizu RY.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229779

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Evaluation of rapid commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of Giardia lamblia in formalin-preserved stool specimens. by Scheffler EH, Van Etta LL.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263802

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Evaluation of reliability of pooling stool specimens from different patients and detection of Giardia lamblia antigen by microtiter enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. by McLaughlin JC, Rasmussen SK, Nims LJ, Madar DA, Yazzie CR.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266023

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Excystation of in vitro-derived Giardia lamblia cysts. by Boucher SE, Gillin FD.; 1990 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313691

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Genotypic heterogeneity within Giardia lamblia isolates demonstrated by M13 DNA fingerprinting. by Carnaby S, Katelaris PH, Naeem A, Farthing MJ.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186430

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Giardiavirus-resistant Giardia lamblia lacks a virus receptor on the cell membrane surface. by Sepp T, Wang AL, Wang CC.; 1994 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236596

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Growth inhibition of the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia by a dietary lectin is associated with arrest of the cell cycle. by Ortega-Barria E, Ward HD, Keusch GT, Pereira ME.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=330055

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Immunochromatographic Strip-Based Detection of Entamoeba histolytica-E. dispar and Giardia lamblia Coproantigen. by Pillai DR, Kain KC.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85440

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Immunofluorescence and morphology of Giardia lamblia cysts exposed to chlorine. by Sauch JF, Berman D.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182989

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Improved In Vitro Excystation Procedure for Giardia lamblia Cysts. by Rice EW, Schaefer FW III.; 1981 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274031

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In vitro inhibition of Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis growth by bithionol, dichlorophene, and hexachlorophene. by Takeuchi T, Kobayashi S, Tanabe M, Fujiwara T.; 1985 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176206

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In vitro susceptibilities of 25 Giardia lamblia isolates of human origin to six commonly used antiprotozoal agents. by Gordts B, Hemelhof W, Asselman C, Butzler JP.; 1985 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180257

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Inactivation of gerbil-cultured Giardia lamblia cysts by free chlorine. by Rubin AJ, Evers DP, Eyman CM, Jarroll EL.; 1989 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203128

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Inactivation of Giardia lamblia and Giardia canis cysts by combined and free chlorine. by Kong LI, Swango LJ, Blagburn BL, Hendrix CM, Williams DE, Worley SD.; 1988 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=204322

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Inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts with ozone. by Wickramanayake GB, Rubin AJ, Sproul OJ.; 1984 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241585

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Influence of Antibodies in Mother's Milk on Antigenic Variation of Giardia lamblia in the Murine Mother-Offspring Model of Infection. by Stager S, Gottstein B, Sager H, Jungi TW, Muller N.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108051

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Ingestion of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by human mononuclear phagocytes. by Hill DR, Pearson RD.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260042

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Ingestion of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by murine Peyer's patch macrophages. by Hill DR, Pohl R.; 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313640

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Inhibition of Giardia lamblia excystation by antibodies against cyst walls and by wheat germ agglutinin. by Meng TC, Hetsko ML, Gillin FD.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174049

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Interleukin-6-Deficient Mice Are Highly Susceptible to Giardia lamblia Infection but Exhibit Normal Intestinal Immunoglobulin A Responses against the Parasite. by Bienz M, Dai WJ, Welle M, Gottstein B, Muller N.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148820

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Isolate and epitope variability in susceptibility of Giardia lamblia to intestinal proteases. by Nash TE, Merritt JW Jr, Conrad JT.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257847

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Isolation of two Giardia lamblia (WB strain) clones with distinct surface protein and antigenic profiles and differing infectivity and virulence. by Udezulu IA, Visvesvara GS, Moss DM, Leitch GJ.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257154

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Killing of Giardia lamblia by cryptdins and cationic neutrophil peptides. by Aley SB, Zimmerman M, Hetsko M, Selsted ME, Gillin FD.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303280

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Killing of Giardia lamblia by human milk is mediated by unsaturated fatty acids. by Rohrer L, Winterhalter KH, Eckert J, Kohler P.; 1986 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180529

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Mechanism of killing of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by complement. by Deguchi M, Gillin FD, Gigli I.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=424366

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Mechanisms of Giardia lamblia differentiation into cysts. by Lujan HD, Mowatt MR, Nash TE.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=232612

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Monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for Giardia lamblia antigen in human stool. by Stibbs HH.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267080

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New Method Using Sedimentation and Immunomagnetic Separation for Isolation and Enumeration of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts and Giardia lamblia cysts. by Massanet-Nicolau J.; 2003 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=262248

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Performance of Three Enzyme Immunoassays and Two Direct Fluorescence Assays for Detection of Giardia lamblia in Stool Specimens Preserved in ECOFIX. by Fedorko DP, Williams EC, Nelson NA, Calhoun LB, Yan SS.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87032

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Purification and characterization of Giardia lamblia antigens in the feces of Mongolian gerbils. by Moss DM, Mathews HM, Visvesvara GS, Dickerson JW, Walker EM.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269695

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Role of Interleukin-6 in the Control of Acute and Chronic Giardia lamblia Infections in Mice. by Zhou P, Li E, Zhu N, Robertson J, Nash T, Singer SM.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148826

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Routine in vitro cultivation of Giardia lamblia by using the string test. by Korman SH, Hais E, Spira DT.; 1990 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269611

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Secondary absence of mitochondria in Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis revealed by valyl-tRNA synthetase phylogeny. by Hashimoto T, Sanchez LB, Shirakura T, Muller M, Hasegawa M.; 1998 Jun 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22662

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Secretory Immune Response to Membrane Antigens during Giardia lamblia Infection in Humans. by Rosales-Borjas DM, Diaz-Rivadeneyra J, Dona-Leyva A, Zambrano-Villa SA, Mascaro C, Osuna A, Ortiz-Ortiz L.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107966

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Serological analysis of antigenic heterogeneity of Giardia lamblia variant surface proteins. by Muller N, Stager S, Gottstein B.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173930

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Serum Cohn fraction IV-1 supports the growth of Giardia lamblia in vitro. by Lujan HD, Byrd LG, Mowatt MR, Nash TE.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303162

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Simultaneous Expression of Different Variant-Specific Surface Proteins in Single Giardia lamblia Trophozoites during Encystation. by Carranza PG, Feltes G, Ropolo A, Quintana SM, Touz MC, Lujan HD.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128263

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Size heterogeneity among antigenically related Giardia lamblia variant-specific surface proteins is due to differences in tandem repeat copy number. by Mowatt MR, Nguyen BY, Conrad JT, Adam RD, Nash TE.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186261

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Small-intestinal factors promote encystation of Giardia lamblia in vitro. by Gillin FD, Reiner DS, Boucher SE.; 1988 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259350

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Strain-Dependent Induction of Enterocyte Apoptosis by Giardia lamblia Disrupts Epithelial Barrier Function in a Caspase-3-Dependent Manner. by Chin AC, Teoh DA, Scott KG, Meddings JB, Macnaughton WK, Buret AG.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128105

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Structure-activity relationships of pentamidine analogs against Giardia lamblia and correlation of antigiardial activity with DNA-binding affinity. by Bell CA, Cory M, Fairley TA, Hall JE, Tidwell RR.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284294

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Susceptibility of domestic cats to infections with Giardia lamblia cysts and trophozoites from human sources. by Kirkpatrick CE, Green GA 4th.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271756

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Susceptibility of Giardia lamblia to aminoglycoside protein synthesis inhibitors: correlation with rRNA structure. by Edlind TD.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172465

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T-Cell-Dependent Control of Acute Giardia lamblia Infections in Mice. by Singer SM, Nash TE.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97117

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Tetracyclines as antiparasitic agents: lipophilic derivatives are highly active against Giardia lamblia in vitro. by Edlind TD.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172838

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The Giardia lamblia trophozoite contains sets of closely related chromosomes. by Adam RD, Nash TE, Wellems TE.; 1988 May 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=336648

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Transfection of the Giardia lamblia double-stranded RNA virus into giardia lamblia by electroporation of a single-stranded RNA copy of the viral genome. by Furfine ES, Wang CC.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=360806

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Tubulin and high-molecular-weight polypeptides as Giardia lamblia antigens. by Torian BE, Barnes RC, Stephens RS, Stibbs HH.; 1984 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261436

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Variable infectivity of human-derived Giardia lamblia cysts for Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). by Visvesvara GS, Dickerson JW, Healy GR.; 1988 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266470

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Variant surface antigens of Giardia lamblia are associated with the presence of a thick cell coat: thin section and label fracture immunocytochemistry survey. by Pimenta PF, da Silva PP, Nash T.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258987

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Variant-Specific Surface Proteins of Giardia lamblia are Zinc-Binding Proteins. by Nash TE, Mowatt MR.; 1993 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46746

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Virtual Screening of Combinatorial Libraries across a Gene Family: in Search of Inhibitors of Giardia lamblia Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase. by Aronov AM, Munagala NR, Kuntz ID, Wang CC.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90694

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vsp Gene Expression by Giardia lamblia Clone GS/M-83-H7 during Antigenic Variation In Vivo and In Vitro. by Bienz M, Siles-Lucas M, Wittwer P, Muller N.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98636

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Giardia lamblia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Giardia lamblia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Giardia lamblia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A capture ELISA detects Giardia lamblia antigens in formalin-treated faecal samples. Author(s): Goldin AJ, Apt W, Aguilera X, Zulantay I, Warhurst DC, Miles MA. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1992 March-April; 86(2): 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1440777

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A comparative study of four methods for detecting Giardia lamblia in children with diarrheal disease and malabsorption. Author(s): Kamath KR, Murugasu R. Source: Gastroenterology. 1974 January; 66(1): 16-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4809494

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A comparison study of different methods used in the detection of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Aziz H, Beck CE, Lux MF, Hudson MJ. Source: Clin Lab Sci. 2001 Summer; 14(3): 150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11517624

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A DNA-based probe for differentiation of Giardia lamblia group A and B isolates from northern India. Author(s): Paintlia AS, Paintlia MK, Mahajan RC, Chakraborti A, Ganguly NK. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 May; 28(5): 1178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10452667

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A food-borne outbreak of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Petersen LR, Cartter ML, Hadler JL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1988 April; 157(4): 846-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3346575

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A longitudinal study of Giardia lamblia infection in north-east Brazilian children. Author(s): Newman RD, Moore SR, Lima AA, Nataro JP, Guerrant RL, Sears CL. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2001 August; 6(8): 624-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11555428

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A new method for purification of Giardia lamblia cysts. Author(s): Douglas H, Reiner DS, Gillin FD. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1987; 81(2): 315-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3617195

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A simple method for excystation of Giardia lamblia cysts. Author(s): al-Tukhi MH, al-Ahdal MN, Peters W. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1991 August; 85(4): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1796884

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A study of the frequency of recovery of unexpected Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium from duodenal aspirates taken during routine upper endoscopy. Author(s): Ramirez FC, Clarridge JE, Heiser MC, Michaletz PA, Schwartz JT, Saeed ZA, Graham DY. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1993 April; 88(4): 552-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8470636

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Abnormal (marker) chromosomes in a quinacrine-treated patient with Isospora belli and Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Abe T, Misawa S, Hosoda S, Takino T. Source: Humangenetik. 1973 July 20; 19(2): 199-202. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4744405

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Activity of metronidazole, azithromycin and three benzimidazoles on Giardia lamblia growth and attachment to a human intestinal cell line. Author(s): Katelaris PH, Naeem A, Farthing MJ. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1994 April; 8(2): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8038350

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Acute antibody responses to Giardia lamblia are depressed in patients with AIDS. Author(s): Janoff EN, Smith PD, Blaser MJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1988 April; 157(4): 798-804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3346571

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Acute infections with Giardia lamblia and rotavirus decrease intestinal permeability to low-molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEG 400). Author(s): Serrander R, Magnusson KE, Sundqvist T. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1984; 16(4): 339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6528222

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Age-related rate of seropositivity of antibody to Giardia lamblia in different age groups in Cairo. Author(s): Abdel Fattah SM, Maklad KA, Gadallah MA. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1991 December; 21(3): 707-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1765682

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Age-related rate of seropositivity of antibody to Giardia lamblia in four diverse populations. Author(s): Miotti PG, Gilman RH, Santosham M, Ryder RW, Yolken RH. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 December; 24(6): 972-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3782461

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Allergic constitution and immunological condition of children infected with giardia lamblia. Author(s): Wasilewska ER, Trippner M, Hofman J, Kaczmarski M, Stasiak-Barmuta A. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1995; 40(3): 649-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8775321

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An 88,000-Mr Giardia lamblia surface protein which is immunogenic in humans. Author(s): Edson CM, Farthing MJ, Thorley-Lawson DA, Keusch GT. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1986 December; 54(3): 621-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3536744

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An immunoenzymatic dot-ELISA for the detection of Giardia lamblia antigen in stool eluates of clinical cases of giardiasis. Author(s): Vinayak VK, Dutt P, Puri M. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 1991 March 21; 137(2): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2013700

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An immunofluorescence test to detect serum antibodies to Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Visvesvara GS, Smith PD, Healy GR, Brown WR. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1980 December; 93(6): 802-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6255845

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Antibodies to cysts of Giardia lamblia in primary giardiasis and in the absence of giardiasis. Author(s): Jokipii L, Miettinen A, Jokipii AM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1988 January; 26(1): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3343303

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Antibodies to the Giardia lamblia double-stranded RNA virus major protein can block the viral infection. Author(s): Wang AL, Miller RL, Wang CC. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1988 September; 30(3): 225-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3054534

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Antigenic variation and the murine immune response to Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Muller N, Gottstein B. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1998 December; 28(12): 1829-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9925261

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Antigenic variation in Giardia lamblia and the host's immune response. Author(s): Nash TE. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 1997 September 29; 352(1359): 1369-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9355129

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Antigenic variation of Giardia lamblia in experimental human infections. Author(s): Nash TE, Herrington DA, Levine MM, Conrad JT, Merritt JW Jr. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1990 June 1; 144(11): 4362-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2341723

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Aphthous ulceration as a presentation of Giardia lamblia infection. Author(s): Grant SC, Harrington CI, Harris SC. Source: British Dental Journal. 1989 June 24; 166(12): 457. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2751912

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Association of Giardia lamblia with Vibrio in cholera cases. Author(s): Nagoba BS, Deshmukh SR, Dharane SM, Narute JV. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1992 May-June; 59(3): 386-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1398879

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Axenic cultivation and characterization of Giardia lamblia isolated from humans in Korea. Author(s): Park SJ, Yong TS, Yang HW, Lee DH, Lee K. Source: The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 1999 June; 37(2): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10388271

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Behaviour and cytopathogenicity of Giardia lamblia in cell cultures. Author(s): Radulescu S, Rau C, Petrasincu D, Gaicu N, Meyer EA. Source: Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol. 1980 April-June; 39(2): 163-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7416942

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Binding of cholera toxin to Giardia lamblia. Author(s): McCardell BA, Madden JM, Stanfield JT, Tall BD, Stephens MJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1987 September; 25(9): 1786-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3116038

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Biology of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Adam RD. Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2001 July; 14(3): 447-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11432808

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BIVM, a novel gene widely distributed among deuterostomes, shares a core sequence with an unusual gene in Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Yoder JA, Hawke NA, Eason DD, Mueller MG, Davids BJ, Gillin FD, Litman GW. Source: Genomics. 2002 June; 79(6): 750-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12036287

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Campylobacter and Giardia lamblia causing exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Goodman MJ, Pearson KW, McGhie D, Dutt S, Deodhar SG. Source: Lancet. 1980 December 6; 2(8206): 1247. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6108415

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Cell biology of the primitive eukaryote Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Gillin FD, Reiner DS, McCaffery JM. Source: Annual Review of Microbiology. 1996; 50: 679-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8905095

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Cellular and transcriptional changes during excystation of Giardia lamblia in vitro. Author(s): Hetsko ML, McCaffery JM, Svard SG, Meng TC, Que X, Gillin FD. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 1998 March; 88(3): 172-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9562420

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Characterisation of alpha-1 giardin: an immunodominant Giardia lamblia annexin with glycosaminoglycan-binding activity. Author(s): Weiland ME, Palm JE, Griffiths WJ, McCaffery JM, Svard SG. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 2003 October; 33(12): 1341-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14527517

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Characterization of Giardia lamblia groups A and B from North India by isoenzyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Author(s): Paintlia AS, Mahajan RC, Chakraborti A, Sehgal R, Ganguly NK. Source: Parasitology Research. 1999 June; 85(6): 510-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10344549

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Characterization of surface associated antigens of axenic Giardia lamblia trophozoites & their recognition by human sera. Author(s): Kum K, Khanna R, Vinayak VK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1991 January; 93: 40-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2022401

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Cholate-dependent killing of Giardia lamblia by human milk. Author(s): Gillin FD, Reiner DS, Gault MJ. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1985 March; 47(3): 619-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3972442

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Cholesterol starvation induces differentiation of the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Lujan HD, Mowatt MR, Byrd LG, Nash TE. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996 July 23; 93(15): 7628-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8755526

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Circannual incidence of Giardia lamblia in Mexico. Author(s): Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Arroyave RJ. Source: Chronobiology International. 1990; 7(4): 329-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2085874

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Circannual incidence of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Pasley JN, Daly JJ, McCullough D, McChesney T, Daly EB, Tank SK. Source: Chronobiology International. 1989; 6(2): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2743471

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Classification of subgroups of Giardia lamblia based upon ribosomal RNA gene sequence using the polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Weiss JB, van Keulen H, Nash TE. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1992 August; 54(1): 73-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1518534

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Cloning, expression and characterization of an unusual guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Sommer JM, Ma H, Wang CC. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1996 June; 78(1-2): 185-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8813688

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Coinfection with Giardia lamblia and Clostridium difficile after use of ranitidine. Author(s): Khatami SS, Mukunda B, Ravakhah K. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2004 February; 327(2): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14770026

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Commercial assay for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens by rapid solid-phase qualitative immunochromatography. Author(s): Garcia LS, Shimizu RY, Novak S, Carroll M, Chan F. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 January; 41(1): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517850

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Comparative evaluation of Giardia lamblia infection in mouse & rat. Author(s): Kanwar SS, Samra H, Ganguly NK, Mahajan RC. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1986 December; 84: 577-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3570385

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Comparison between immunomagnetic separation, coupled with immunofluorescence, and the techniques of Faust et al. and of Lutz for the diagnosis of Giardia lamblia cysts in human feces. Author(s): Souza DS, Barreiros JT, Papp KM, Steindel M, Simoes CM, Barardi CR. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2003 NovemberDecember; 45(6): 339-42. Epub 2004 January 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14762636

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Comparison of conventional stool concentration and preserved-smear methods with Merifluor Cryptosporidium/Giardia Direct Immunofluorescence Assay and ProSpecT Giardia EZ Microplate Assay for detection of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Zimmerman SK, Needham CA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 July; 33(7): 1942-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7665678

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Comparison of methods for identification of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Thornton SA, West AH, DuPont HL, Pickering LK. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1983 December; 80(6): 858-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6637891

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Comparison of nine commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of Giardia lamblia in fecal specimens. Author(s): Aldeen WE, Carroll K, Robison A, Morrison M, Hale D. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 May; 36(5): 1338-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9574701

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Comparison of serum antibody responses to Giardia lamblia of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Author(s): Soliman MM, Taghi-Kilani R, Abou-Shady AF, El-Mageid SA, Handousa AA, Hegazi MM, Belosevic M. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 February; 58(2): 232-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9502609

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Comparison of techniques for detecting antigens of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in faeces. Author(s): Tee GH, Moody AH, Cooke AH, Chiodini PL. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1993 June; 46(6): 555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8331181

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Concurrent Whipple's disease and Giardia lamblia infection. Author(s): Belsheim MR, Champion M, Sullivan SN, Troster M. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1980 September 6; 123(5): 394, 396. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6167341

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Contamination of water supplies with Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia and diarrheal illness in selected Russian cities. Author(s): Egorov A, Paulauskis J, Petrova L, Tereschenko A, Drizhd N, Ford T. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2002 May; 205(4): 281-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12068747

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Controlled trial of Giardia lamblia: control strategies in day care centers. Author(s): Bartlett AV, Englender SJ, Jarvis BA, Ludwig L, Carlson JF, Topping JP. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1991 August; 81(8): 1001-6. Erratum In: Am J Public Health 1991 October; 81(10): 1251. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1853990

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Converting the guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from Giardia lamblia to a hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Author(s): Munagala N, Sarver AE, Wang CC. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000 November 24; 275(47): 37072-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10976110

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Cross-reactivity among different Giardia lamblia isolates using immunofluorescent antibody and enzyme immunoassay techniques. Author(s): Ungar BL, Nash TE. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1987 September; 37(2): 283-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3310685

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Culture of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Meyer EA. Source: Lancet. 1984 September 1; 2(8401): 527. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6147590

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Degradation of Giardia lamblia cysts in mixed human and swine wastes. Author(s): Deng MY, Cliver DO. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1992 August; 58(8): 2368-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1381171

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Dephosphorylation of cyst wall proteins by a secreted lysosomal acid phosphatase is essential for excystation of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Slavin I, Saura A, Carranza PG, Touz MC, Nores MJ, Lujan HD. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 2002 June; 122(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12076774

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Depressed humoral immune responses to surface antigens of Giardia lamblia in persistent giardiasis. Author(s): Kumkum, Khanna R, Nain CK, Mehta S, Vinayak VK. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1988 July; 7(7): 492-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3405651

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Description and characterization of a surface lectin from Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Farthing MJ, Pereira ME, Keusch GT. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1986 February; 51(2): 661-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3943906

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Detecting giardia lamblia antigen in fecal matter with counterimmunoelectrophoresis in diagnosis of giardiasis. Author(s): Lu SQ, Wang ZY, Zhang YQ, Wen Y. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1989 September; 102(9): 686-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2517081

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Detection of antibodies against Candida albicans in Giardia lamblia infected individuals. Short communication. Author(s): Haralabidis ST. Source: Acta Tropica. 1984 September; 41(3): 303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6150626

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Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia carried by synanthropic flies by combined fluorescent in situ hybridization and a monoclonal antibody. Author(s): Graczyk TK, Grimes BH, Knight R, Da Silva AJ, Pieniazek NJ, Veal DA. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003 February; 68(2): 228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12641416

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Detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens using the ColorPAC combination rapid solid-phase qualitative immunochromatographic assay. Author(s): Garcia LS, Shimizu RY. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 March; 38(3): 1267-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10699038

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Detection of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica in stool samples by two enzyme immunoassays. Author(s): Schunk M, Jelinek T, Wetzel K, Nothdurft HD. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 June; 20(6): 389-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11476438

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Detection of Giardia lamblia antigen in children living in a Peruvian periurban shantytown (Pueblo Joven). Author(s): Vidal MF, Gilman RH, Ungar BL, Verastegui MR, Benel AC, Marquis G, Penny M, Lanata C, Miranda E. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1991 March; 29(3): 636-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2037685

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Detection of Giardia lamblia antigen in the feces by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Author(s): Vinayak VK, Kum K, Chandna R, Venkateswarlu K, Mehta S. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985 July-August; 4(4): 383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4022804

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Detection of Giardia lamblia by immunofluorescence. Author(s): Riggs JL, Dupuis KW, Nakamura K, Spath DP. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1983 February; 45(2): 698-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6338831

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Detection of Giardia lamblia copro-antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Author(s): Romia SA, Abou-Zakham AA, Hegazy MM. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1990 December; 20(2): 627-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2230319

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Detection of Giardia lamblia cysts in non-fixed long-term stored human feces by direct immunofluorescence assay. Author(s): Morimoto N, Komatsu C, Nishida M, Sugiura T. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 April; 54(2): 72-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427745

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Detection of Giardia lamblia cysts in stool samples by immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibody. Author(s): Winiecka-Krusnell J, Linder E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 March; 14(3): 218-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7614963

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Detection of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens using the triage parasite panel enzyme immunoassay. Author(s): Garcia LS, Shimizu RY, Bernard CN. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 September; 38(9): 3337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10970380

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Determination of Giardia lamblia cyst infective dose for the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Author(s): Schaefer FW 3rd, Johnson CH, Hsu CH, Rice EW. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1991 August; 57(8): 2408-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1768111

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Diagnosis and treatment of five parasites. Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lamblia, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Johnston TS. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1981 February; 15(2): 103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6268388

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Diagnosis of Giardia lamblia infection as a cause of diarrhoea. Author(s): Eastham EJ, Douglas AP, Watson AJ. Source: Lancet. 1976 October 30; 2(7992): 950-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=62176

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Diagnosis of Giardia lamblia infections by detection of parasite-specific antigens. Author(s): Janoff EN, Craft JC, Pickering LK, Novotny T, Blaser MJ, Knisley CV, Reller LB. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1989 March; 27(3): 431-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2715318

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Diffuse small intestinal abnormality due to Giardia lamblia with roentgen and clinical reversibility after therapy: case report. Author(s): Bloch C, Tuchman LR. Source: J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y. 1967 March-April; 34(2): 116-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5232039

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Double infection with Giardia lamblia and Salmonella paratyphi A associated with acute renal failure. Author(s): Nakaya Y, Shiota S, Sakamoto K, Iwase A, Aoki S, Matsuoka R, Tei Y, Okada Y, Miyake Y. Source: Intern Med. 1998 May; 37(5): 489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9652908

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Effect of drugs on Giardia lamblia in vitro. Author(s): Ahmed TH, Amin FM, Abou-Shady OM, el-Refaie SA, Hnna KW. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1984 December; 14(2): 435-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6512293

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Effect of Giardia lamblia on duodenal disaccharidase levels in humans. Author(s): Singh KD, Bhasin DK, Rana SV, Vaiphei K, Katyal R, Vinayak VK, Singh K. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 2000 October-December; 21(4): 174-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11194577

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Elevated levels of immunoglobulin A to Giardia lamblia during a waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis. Author(s): Birkhead G, Janoff EN, Vogt RL, Smith PD. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1989 August; 27(8): 1707-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2768460

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ELISA detection of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Yolken RH, Ungar B. Source: Lancet. 1985 November 16; 2(8464): 1120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2865584

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Endemic Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia infections in a Thai orphanage. Author(s): Janoff EN, Mead PS, Mead JR, Echeverria P, Bodhidatta L, Bhaibulaya M, Sterling CR, Taylor DN. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1990 September; 43(3): 248-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2221219

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Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infections: current diagnostic strategies. Author(s): Cook GC. Source: Parasite. 1995 June; 2(2): 107-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7582374

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Enzyme immunoassay for detection of Giardia lamblia cyst antigens in formalinfixed and unfixed human stool. Author(s): Stibbs HH, Samadpour M, Manning JF. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1988 September; 26(9): 1665-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3183015

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Enzyme immunoassay for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Chaudhuri PP, Das P, Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya MK, Pal SC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1991 June; 10(6): 534-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1915396

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Enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Carlson JR, Sullivan PS, Harry DJ, Stork MA, Thorton SA, DuPont HL. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1988 August; 7(4): 538-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3141168

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for copro-diagnosis of giardiasis and characterisation of a specific Giardia lamblia antigen in stools. Author(s): Dutt P, Mehta S, Vinayak VK. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1991 May; 34(5): 271-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2030502

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Epidemiologic surveillance for endemic Giardia lamblia infection in Vermont. The roles of waterborne and person-to-person transmission. Author(s): Birkhead G, Vogt RL. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1989 April; 129(4): 762-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2923123

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Epidemiology and serology of Giardia lamblia in a developing country: Bangladesh. Author(s): Gilman RH, Brown KH, Visvesvara GS, Mondal G, Greenberg B, Sack RB, Brandt F, Khan MU. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1985; 79(4): 469-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4082258

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Epidemiology of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium infections in childhood. Author(s): Fraser D. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1994 May-June; 30(5-6): 356-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8034482

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Epidemiology of Giardia lamblia infection in children: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in urban and rural communities in Zimbabwe. Author(s): Mason PR, Patterson BA. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1987 September; 37(2): 277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3661826

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Establishment of an axenic culture of Giardia lamblia through preliminary passage in suckling gerbil. Author(s): Lu SQ, Wang ZY, Zhu H. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1990 July; 103(7): 583-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2119976

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Evaluation of a commercially available ELISA assay for detection of Giardia lamblia in fecal specimens. Author(s): Aldeen WE, Hale D, Robison AJ, Carroll K. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1995 February; 21(2): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7628196

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Evaluation of a commercially available ELISA for detection of Giardia lamblia antigen in faeces: preliminary results in unconventional samples. Author(s): Bisoffi Z, di Tommaso M, Ricciardi ML, Majori S, Campello C. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 December; 11(6): 703-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8861857

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Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Giardia lamblia antigen in stool. Author(s): Addiss DG, Mathews HM, Stewart JM, Wahlquist SP, Williams RM, Finton RJ, Spencer HC, Juranek DD. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1991 June; 29(6): 1137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1864930

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Evaluation of a direct immunofluorescence method for the detection of Giardia lamblia in faeces. Author(s): Campello C, Bisoffi Z, Poli A, di Tommaso M, Ricciardi ML, Gazzola MB, Mistretta M, Majori S. Source: Ann Ig. 1995 March-April; 7(2): 71-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8814665

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Evaluation of a new method for routine in vitro cultivation of Giardia lamblia from human duodenal fluid. Author(s): Gordts B, Hemelhof W, Van Tilborgh K, Retore P, Cadranel S, Butzler JP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1985 November; 22(5): 702-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4056001

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Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Giardia lamblia in stool specimens. Author(s): Rosenblatt JE, Sloan LM, Schneider SK. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1993 May-June; 16(4): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8495591

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Evaluation of ELISA for detection of Giardia lamblia-specific copro-antigen employing monospecific antibodies. Author(s): Dutt P, Vinayak VK. Source: Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1990 December; 43(6): 209-17. Retraction In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2101137

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Evaluation of four enzyme immunoassays for the detection of Giardia lamblia antigen in stool specimens. Author(s): Maraha B, Buiting AG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 June; 19(6): 485-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10947229

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Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of diarrhea caused by Giardia lamblia. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration. Author(s): Cooperstock M, DuPont HL, Corrado ML, Fekety R, Murray DM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992 November; 15 Suppl 1: S244-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1477237

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Evaluation of nine immunoassay kits (enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescence) for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens. Author(s): Garcia LS, Shimizu RY. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 June; 35(6): 1526-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9163474

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Evaluation of rapid commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of Giardia lamblia in formalin-preserved stool specimens. Author(s): Scheffler EH, Van Etta LL. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 July; 32(7): 1807-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7929778

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Evaluation of reliability of pooling stool specimens from different patients and detection of Giardia lamblia antigen by microtiter enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Author(s): McLaughlin JC, Rasmussen SK, Nims LJ, Madar DA, Yazzie CR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 October; 31(10): 2807-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8253992

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Evaluation of the Triage Micro Parasite Panel for detection of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, and Cryptosporidium parvum in patient stool specimens. Author(s): Sharp SE, Suarez CA, Duran Y, Poppiti RJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 January; 39(1): 332-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11136793

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Excystation of in vitro-derived Giardia lamblia cysts. Author(s): Boucher SE, Gillin FD. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1990 November; 58(11): 3516-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2228222

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Experimental human infections with Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Nash TE, Herrington DA, Losonsky GA, Levine MM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1987 December; 156(6): 974-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3680997

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Failure of mebendazole treatment in Giardia lamblia infection. Author(s): Gascon J, Moreno A, Valls ME, Miro JM, Corachan M. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1989 September-October; 83(5): 647. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2694502

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Food-borne outbreak of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Porter JD, Gaffney C, Heymann D, Parkin W. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1990 October; 80(10): 1259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2400040

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Four isolates of Giardia lamblia cultivated axenically in China and the restriction endonuclease analysis of their DNA. Author(s): Lu SQ, Wang ZY, Yan G, Chen PH, Zhu H, Gao ZZ, Wang FY. Source: J Parasitol. 1996 August; 82(4): 659-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8691382

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Frequency of Giardia lamblia in certain allergic syndromes. Author(s): Chirila M, Panaitescu D, Capraru T. Source: Med Interne. 1981 October-December; 19(4): 367-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7336098

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From Leningrad to the day-care center. The ubiquitous Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Shandera WX. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1990 August; 153(2): 154-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2219872

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Functional identification of alpha 1-giardin as an annexin of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Bauer B, Engelbrecht S, Bakker-Grunwald T, Scholze H. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1999 April 1; 173(1): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10220891

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Genetic characterization by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) of 18 isolates of Giardia lamblia obtained from day care children. Author(s): Pelayo L, Fraga J, Nunez FA, Mendoza D, Torres DR, Finlay CM. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 2003 July-August; 104(3-4): 162-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14552864

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Genotypic heterogeneity within Giardia lamblia isolates demonstrated by M13 DNA fingerprinting. Author(s): Carnaby S, Katelaris PH, Naeem A, Farthing MJ. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1994 May; 62(5): 1875-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8168952

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Genotyping of Giardia lamblia isolates from humans in China and Korea using ribosomal DNA Sequences. Author(s): Yong TS, Park SJ, Hwang UW, Yang HW, Lee KW, Min DY, Rim HJ, Wang Y, Zheng F. Source: J Parasitol. 2000 August; 86(4): 887-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958483

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Giardia lamblia and chronic gastritis. Author(s): Sanad MM, Darwish RA, Nasr ME, el-Gammal NE, Emara MW. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1996 August; 26(2): 481-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8754656

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Giardia lamblia and other intestinal parasites in Aizawl, Mizoram. Author(s): Saha SS, Mohanty B, Behl JP, Kumar A. Source: J Commun Dis. 1994 December; 26(4): 237-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7759809

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Giardia lamblia as an intestinal pathogen. Author(s): Lewis DJ, Freedman AR. Source: Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 1992; 10(2): 102-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1591870

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Giardia lamblia associated arthritis in a 19-month-old child. Author(s): LeBlanc CM, Birdi N. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 September; 26(9): 2066-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10493698

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Giardia lamblia carriage in Israeli Bedouin infants: risk factors and consequences. Author(s): Fraser D, Bilenko N, Deckelbaum RJ, Dagan R, El-On J, Naggan L. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 March; 30(3): 419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10722422

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Giardia lamblia disrupts tight junctional ZO-1 and increases permeability in nontransformed human small intestinal epithelial monolayers: effects of epidermal growth factor. Author(s): Buret AG, Mitchell K, Muench DG, Scott KG. Source: Parasitology. 2002 July; 125(Pt 1): 11-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12166516

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Giardia lamblia expresses a proteobacterial-like DnaK homolog. Author(s): Morrison HG, Roger AJ, Nystul TG, Gillin FD, Sogin ML. Source: Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2001 April; 18(4): 530-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11264404

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Giardia lamblia groups A and B among young adults in India. Author(s): Paintlia AS, Descoteaux S, Spencer B, Chakraborti A, Ganguly NK, Mahajan RC, Samuelson J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 January; 26(1): 190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9455536

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Giardia lamblia in adults: a case study. Author(s): Coughlan LF. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 1999 October; 11(10): 431-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10690093

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Giardia lamblia in AIDS patients with diarrhea. Author(s): Moolasart P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 July; 82(7): 654-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10511766

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Giardia lamblia in children and the child care setting: a review of the literature. Author(s): Thompson SC. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1994 June; 30(3): 202-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8074905

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Giardia lamblia in Mongolian gerbils: characteristics of infection using different human isolates. Author(s): Bouza M, Maciques I, Torres D, Nunez FA. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 2000 September; 96(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11038319

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Giardia lamblia in patients undergoing upper GI endoscopy. Author(s): Qureshi H, Zuberi SJ, Baqai R. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1994 March; 89(3): 459-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8166846

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Giardia lamblia infection in a patient with myotonic dystrophy. Author(s): Mouthon L, Godmer P, Piqueras B, Cohen P, Lortholary O, HofmannRadvanyi H, Guillevin L. Source: Annales De Medecine Interne. 2002 December; 153(8): 540-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12610429

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Giardia lamblia infections become clinically evident by eliciting symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): D'Anchino M, Orlando D, De Feudis L. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 October; 45(3): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12387773

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Giardia lamblia presenting as a right iliac fossa mass. Author(s): Saran RK, Gupta SK, Nijhawan R, Gupta N. Source: Acta Cytol. 2001 March-April; 45(2): 280-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11284320

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Giardia lamblia rearranges F-actin and alpha-actinin in human colonic and duodenal monolayers and reduces transepithelial electrical resistance. Author(s): Teoh DA, Kamieniecki D, Pang G, Buret AG. Source: J Parasitol. 2000 August; 86(4): 800-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958459

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Giardia Lamblia. Author(s): Dvorak AM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 April 8; 328(14): 1010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8450853

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Giardia lamblia: effect of infection with symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates on the growth of gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Author(s): Astiazaran-Garcia H, Espinosa-Cantellano M, Castanon G, Chavez-Munguia B, Martinez-Palomo A. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 2000 June; 95(2): 128-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10910714

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Giardia lamblia: evidence for carrier-mediated uptake and release of conjugated bile acids. Author(s): Das S, Schteingart CD, Hofmann AF, Reiner DS, Aley SB, Gillin FD. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 1997 October; 87(2): 133-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9326888

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Giardia lamblia: in vitro cytopathic effect of human isolates. Author(s): Chavez B, Gonzalez-Mariscal L, Cedillo-Rivera R, Martinez-Palomo A. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 1995 February; 80(1): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7821402

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Giardia lamblia: isolation, axenization and characterization of a strain from an asymptomatic patient from Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Author(s): Rocha MO, de Toledo Vde P, de Mello RT, Moraes-Santos T, da Costa CA, Guimaraes TM, Viana Jde C, da Silva EF. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1995 January-February; 90(1): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8524082

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Giardia lamblia: phospholipid analysis of human isolates. Author(s): Mohareb EW, Rogers EJ, Weiner EJ, Bruce JI. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1991 December; 85(6): 591-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1811436

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Giardia lamblia: ultrastructural basis of protein transport during growth and encystation. Author(s): McCaffery JM, Gillin FD. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 1994 November; 79(3): 220-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7957746

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Giardiasis in travellers: evaluation of an antigen-capture ELISA for the detection of Giardia lamblia-antigen in stool. Author(s): Jelinek T, peyerl G, Loscher T, Nothdurft HD. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie. 1996 April; 34(4): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8686351

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GP49, an invariant GPI-anchored antigen of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Das S, Traynor-Kaplan A, Kachintorn U, Aley SB, Gillin FD. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1994 February; 27(2): 463-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8081266

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Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins in the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia. Isolation of a gene encoding an approximately 20-kDa ADP-ribosylation factor. Author(s): Murtagh JJ Jr, Mowatt MR, Lee CM, Lee FJ, Mishima K, Nash TE, Moss J, Vaughan M. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1992 May 15; 267(14): 9654-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1577802

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Haematological profile in patients with Giardia lamblia infection. Author(s): Naik SR, Mohanty D, Rau NR, Vinayak VK. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1982 February; 76(1): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7082081

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Helicobacter pylori and Giardia lamblia infections in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Boran M, Cetin S. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1999 July; 14(7): 1803-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10435905

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High prevalence of Giardia lamblia in children from a WA aboriginal community. Author(s): Meloni BP, Lymbery AJ, Thompson RC, Gracey M. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1988 December 5-19; 149(11-12): 715. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3200203

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Histologic detection of trophozoites of Giardia lamblia in the terminal ileum. Author(s): Oberhuber G, Stolte M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 September; 30(9): 905-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8578191

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Histological demonstration of mucosal invasion by Giardia lamblia in man. Author(s): Brandborg LL, Tankersley CB, Gottieb S, Barancik M, Sartor VE. Source: Gastroenterology. 1967 February; 52(2): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4164028

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Human cellular immune response to Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Gottstein B, Stocks NI, Shearer GM, Nash TE. Source: Infection. 1991 November-December; 19(6): 421-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1816113

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Human giardiasis: correlation of specific secretory IgA levels in duodenal fluid to the severity of disease and infestation by Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Randhawa VS, Sharma VK, Baveja UK, Vij JC, Malhotra V. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1992 June; 277(1): 106-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1520960

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Human host response to Giardia lamblia. I. Spontaneous killing by mononuclear leukocytes in vitro. Author(s): Smith PD, Elson CO, Keister DB, Nash TE. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1982 March; 128(3): 1372-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7057036

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Human host response to Giardia lamblia. II. Antibody-dependent killing in vitro. Author(s): Smith PD, Keister DB, Elson CO. Source: Cellular Immunology. 1983 December; 82(2): 308-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6652688

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Human immune response to Giardia lamblia infection. Author(s): Taylor GD, Wenman WM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1987 January; 155(1): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3794398

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Human milk containing specific secretory IgA inhibits binding of Giardia lamblia to nylon and glass surfaces. Author(s): Samra HK, Ganguly NK, Mahajan RC. Source: J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1991 June; 9(2): 100-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1918831

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Human milk kills Giardia lamblia by generating toxic lipolytic products. Author(s): Reiner DS, Wang CS, Gillin FD. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1986 November; 154(5): 825-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3772164

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Human secretory and serum antibodies recognize environmentally induced antigens of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Reiner DS, Gillin FD. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1992 February; 60(2): 637-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1730497

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Human secretory immune response to fatty acid-binding protein fraction from Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Hasan SM, Maachee M, Cordova OM, Diaz de la Guardia R, Martins M, Osuna A. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 April; 70(4): 2226-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11895992

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Hypokalemic myopathy induced by Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Addiss DG, Lengerich EJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 January 6; 330(1): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8259154

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Hypokalemic myopathy induced by Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Cervello A, Alfaro A, Chumillas MJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 July 15; 329(3): 210-1. Erratum In: N Engl J Med 1993 October 7; 329(15): 1139. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8515799

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Identification and characterization of an excretory-secretory product from Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Kaur H, Ghosh S, Samra H, Vinayak VK, Ganguly NK. Source: Parasitology. 2001 October; 123(Pt 4): 347-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11676366

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Identification of developmentally regulated Giardia lamblia cyst antigens using GCSA-1, a cyst-specific monoclonal antibody. Author(s): Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1992 Jun;45(3):163 Source: Molecular Microbiology. 1990 December; 4(12): 2095-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1291765

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Identification of endoplasmic reticulum in the primitive eukaryote Giardia lamblia using cryoelectron microscopy and antibody to Bip. Author(s): Soltys BJ, Falah M, Gupta RS. Source: Journal of Cell Science. 1996 July; 109 ( Pt 7): 1909-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8832413

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Identification of Giardia lamblia by gastric brush cytology. Author(s): Munoz E, Carmona T, Chaves F, Paz JI, Bullon A. Source: Acta Cytol. 1996 November-December; 40(6): 1331-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8960055

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Identification of Giardia lamblia in peritoneal fluid of trauma patients. Author(s): Drew PA, Krauss JS. Source: Acta Cytol. 1989 March-April; 33(2): 283-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2929231

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Identification of Giardia lamblia in peritoneal fluid. Author(s): Drew PA, Krauss JS. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1986 October; 79(10): 1310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3764534

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Identification of heterogeneity in human isolates of Giardia lamblia by isoenzyme studies. Author(s): Chaudhuri P, De A, Bhattacharya A, Pal SC, Das P. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1991 January; 274(4): 490-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1830742

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Illness and reservoirs associated with Giardia lamblia infection in rural Egypt: the case against treatment in developing world environments of high endemicity. Author(s): Sullivan PS, DuPont HL, Arafat RR, Thornton SA, Selwyn BJ, el Alamy MA, Zaki AM. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1988 June; 127(6): 1272-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3369424

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Immune response to Giardia lamblia in a water-borne outbreak of giardiasis in Sweden. Author(s): Ljungstrom I, Castor B. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1992 May; 36(5): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1588586

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Immunochromatographic strip-based detection of Entamoeba histolytica-E. dispar and Giardia lamblia coproantigen. Author(s): Pillai DR, Kain KC. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 September; 37(9): 3017-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10449494

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Immunofluorescent detection of both Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum using anti-Cryptosporidium oocyst antibodies. Author(s): El-Shewy KA, El-Hamshary EM. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1999; 29(3): 777-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12561917

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Immunologic response to infection with Giardia lamblia in children: effect of different clinical settings. Author(s): Granot E, Spira DT, Fraser D, Deckelbaum RJ. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1998 August; 44(4): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9718913

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Impact of breast-feeding on Giardia lamblia infections in Bilbeis, Egypt. Author(s): Mahmud MA, Chappell CL, Hossain MM, Huang DB, Habib M, DuPont HL. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 September; 65(3): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11561714

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Impact of Helicobacter pylori and Giardia lamblia infections on chronic urticaria. Author(s): Erel F, Sener O, Erdil A, Karaayvaz M, Gur G, Caliskaner Z, Ozanguc N. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000 March-April; 10(2): 94-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10879997

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Improved specificity for Giardia lamblia cyst quantification in wastewater by development of a real-time PCR method. Author(s): Bertrand I, Gantzer C, Chesnot T, Schwartzbrod J. Source: Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2004 April; 57(1): 41-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15003687

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In vitro excystation and subsequent axenic growth of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Hautus MA, Kortbeek LM, Vetter JC, Laarman JJ. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1988; 82(6): 858-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3256989

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Infectious diseases of refugees and immigrants: giardiasis (Giardia lamblia). Author(s): Roberts A, Kemp C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2001 December; 13(12): 532-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11836827

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Inferring protein function from genomic sequence: Giardia lamblia expresses a phosphatidylinositol kinase-related kinase similar to yeast and mammalian TOR. Author(s): Morrison HG, Zamora G, Campbell RK, Sogin ML. Source: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2002 December; 133(4): 477-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12470813

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Ingestion of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by human mononuclear phagocytes. Author(s): Hill DR, Pearson RD. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1987 December; 55(12): 3155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3679547

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Ingestion of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by murine Peyer's patch macrophages. Author(s): Hill DR, Pohl R. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1990 October; 58(10): 3202-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2401561

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Insulin-like growth factors stimulate growth and L-cysteine uptake by the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Lujan HD, Mowatt MR, Helman LJ, Nash TE. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1994 May 6; 269(18): 13069-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8175729

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Interactions of Giardia lamblia with human intestinal mucus: enhancement of trophozoite attachment to glass. Author(s): Zenian A, Gillin FD. Source: J Protozool. 1985 November; 32(4): 664-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4067879

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Intestinal mucus protects Giardia lamblia from killing by human milk. Author(s): Zenian AJ, Gillin FD. Source: J Protozool. 1987 February; 34(1): 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3572838

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Iron absorption in Giardia lamblia infected Egyptian children. Author(s): el-Shenawy R, Ahmed L, Hussein L, Bahgat N, Fahim H. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1985 December; 15(2): 651-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4093659

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Isoenzyme comparison of axenic Giardia lamblia strains. Author(s): Moss DM, Visvesvara GS, Mathews HM, Ware DA. Source: J Protozool. 1992 September-October; 39(5): 559-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1522537

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Isoenzyme studies of Giardia lamblia isolated from symptomatic cases. Author(s): Baveja UK, Jyoti AS, Kaur M, Agarwal DS, Anand BS, Nanda R. Source: Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci. 1986 April; 64 ( Pt 2): 119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2943257

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Isolation and axenization of Giardia lamblia isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Mexico. Author(s): Cedillo-Rivera R, Enciso-Moreno JA, Martinez-Palomo A, Ortega Pierres G. Source: Arch Invest Med (Mex). 1991 January-March; 22(1): 79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1819980

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Isolation and identification of a Giardia lamblia-specific stool antigen (GSA 65) useful in coprodiagnosis of giardiasis. Author(s): Rosoff JD, Stibbs HH. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 May; 23(5): 905-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3519663

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Killing of Giardia lamblia by human milk is mediated by unsaturated fatty acids. Author(s): Rohrer L, Winterhalter KH, Eckert J, Kohler P. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1986 August; 30(2): 254-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3767341

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Killing of Giardia lamblia by human milk lipases: an effect mediated by lipolysis of milk lipids. Author(s): Hernell O, Ward H, Blackberg L, Pereira ME. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1986 April; 153(4): 715-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3950450

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Killing of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by human intestinal fluid in vitro. Author(s): Das S, Reiner DS, Zenian J, Hogan DL, Koss MA, Wang CS, Gillin FD. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1988 June; 157(6): 1257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3373026

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Killing of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by normal human milk. Author(s): Gillin FD, Reiner DS, Wang CS. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 1983; 23(1-4): 47-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6676355

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Lactose malabsorption in children with symptomatic Giardia lamblia infection: feasibility of yogurt supplementation. Author(s): Pettoello Mantovani M, Guandalini S, Ecuba P, Corvino C, di Martino L. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1989 October; 9(3): 295-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2614615

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Lectin activation in Giardia lamblia by host protease: a novel host-parasite interaction. Author(s): Lev B, Ward H, Keusch GT, Pereira ME. Source: Science. 1986 April 4; 232(4746): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3513312

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Lipid requirements and lipid uptake by Giardia lamblia trophozoites in culture. Author(s): Lujan HD, Mowatt MR, Nash TE. Source: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 1996 May-June; 43(3): 237-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8640194

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Longitudinal study of Giardia lamblia infection in a day care center population. Author(s): Rauch AM, Van R, Bartlett AV, Pickering LK. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1990 March; 9(3): 186-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2336299

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Longitudinal study of young children in Kenya: intestinal parasitic infection with special reference to Giardia lamblia, its prevalence, incidence and duration, and its association with diarrhoea and with other parasites. Author(s): Chunge RN, Nagelkerke N, Karumba PN, Kaleli N, Wamwea M, Mutiso N, Andala EO, Gachoya J, Kiarie R, Kinoti SN. Source: Acta Tropica. 1991 November; 50(1): 39-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1686143

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Malabsorption associated with Giardia lamblia infestation. Author(s): Cain GD, Moore P Jr, Patterson M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1968 May; 61(5): 532-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5648704

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Mechanism of killing of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by complement. Author(s): Deguchi M, Gillin FD, Gigli I. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1987 May; 79(5): 1296-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3646264

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Mesenteric adenitis secondary to Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Rey C, Escribano JC, Foz M, Vidal MT, Salvador R. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1980 December; 25(12): 968-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7449593

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Microbe of the month: Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Sheff B. Source: Nursing. 2004 April; 34(4): 76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15247688

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Microbes and microbial toxins: paradigms for microbial-mucosal interactions I. Pathophysiological aspects of enteric infections with the lumen-dwelling protozoan pathogen Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Eckmann L, Gillin FD. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2001 January; 280(1): G1-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11123191

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Minisatellites corresponding to the human polycore probes 33.6 and 33.15 in the genome of the most 'primitive' known eukaryote Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Carnaby S, Butcher PD, Summerbell CD, Naeem A, Farthing MJ. Source: Gene. 1995 December 1; 166(1): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8529883

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Molecular basis of defence against oxidative stress in Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Tekwani BL, Mehlotra RK. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 1999 April; 1(5): 385-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10602671

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Molecular comparison of Giardia lamblia isolates. Author(s): Lu SQ, Baruch AC, Adam RD. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1998 September; 28(9): 1341-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9770618

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Molecular phylogeny of annexins and identification of a primitive homologue in Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Morgan RO, Fernandez MP. Source: Molecular Biology and Evolution. 1995 November; 12(6): 967-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8524049

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Monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for Giardia lamblia antigen in human stool. Author(s): Stibbs HH. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1989 November; 27(11): 2582-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2681257

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NAD(P)H:menadione oxidoreductase of the amitochondriate eukaryote Giardia lamblia: a simpler homologue of the vertebrate enzyme. Author(s): Sanchez LB, Elmendorf H, Nash TE, Muller M. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2001 March; 147(Pt 3): 561-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11238963

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Nappies and transmission of Giardia lamblia between children. Author(s): Linnane E, Roberts R, Looker N. Source: Lancet. 2001 August 11; 358(9280): 507. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11515515

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Natural history of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium infections in a cohort of Israeli Bedouin infants: a study of a population in transition. Author(s): Fraser D, Dagan R, Naggan L, Greene V, El-On J, Abu-Rbiah Y, Deckelbaum RJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1997 November; 57(5): 544-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9392593

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Nitric oxide production by human intestinal epithelial cells and competition for arginine as potential determinants of host defense against the lumen-dwelling pathogen Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Eckmann L, Laurent F, Langford TD, Hetsko ML, Smith JR, Kagnoff MF, Gillin FD. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2000 February 1; 164(3): 1478-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10640765

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Non-specific reactions in enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for serum antibody to entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia in non-endemic areas. Author(s): Shetty NP, Raj IS, Macaden RS. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1990 November; 43(11): 950-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2262568

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Occurrence of Giardia lamblia in adult patients with abdominal symptoms and in symptomless young adults. Author(s): Jokipii L. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1971 October; 3(5): 286-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5156631

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Occurrence of Giardia lamblia in children in day care centers. Author(s): Pickering LK, Woodward WE, DuPont HL, Sullivan P. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1984 April; 104(4): 522-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6707812

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Occurrence of Giardia lamblia in children of municipal day-care centers from Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Author(s): Guimaraes S, Sogayar MI. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1995 NovemberDecember; 37(6): 501-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8731262

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Ocular changes associated with Giardia lamblia infection in children. Author(s): Corsi A, Nucci C, Knafelz D, Bulgarini D, Di Iorio L, Polito A, De Risi F, Ardenti Morini F, Paone FM. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 January; 82(1): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9536883

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Optimum conditions for growth of Giardia lamblia in vitro. Author(s): Baveja UK, Jyoti AS, Anand BS, Agarwal DS. Source: J Commun Dis. 1984 September; 16(3): 184-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6512233

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Outbreak of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infections in travellers returning from the tropics. Author(s): de Lalla F, Rinaldi E, Santoro D, Nicolin R, Tramarin A. Source: Infection. 1992 March-April; 20(2): 78-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1582688

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Outbreak of giardia lamblia infections in a tourist-group; Treatment with tinidazole. Author(s): Sterner G, Forssell J, Lantorp K. Source: Infection. 1973; 1(3): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4275040

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Oxygen uptake in cysts and trophozoites of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Paget TA, Manning P, Jarroll EL. Source: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 1993 May-June; 40(3): 246-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8508163

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Pathogenicity and antigenic components of excysted Giardia lamblia isolated from patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Author(s): al-Tukhi MH, al-Ahdal MN, Das SR, Sadiqi S, Siddiqui Y, Ackers J, Peters W. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1991 October; 45(4): 442-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1951852

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Pathophysiology and immunobiology of Giardia lamblia infection. Author(s): Vinayak VK, Naik SR. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1992 April; 11(2): 82-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1428038

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PCR detection of Giardia lamblia in stool: targeting intergenic spacer region of multicopy rRNA gene. Author(s): Ghosh S, Debnath A, Sil A, De S, Chattopadhyay DJ, Das P. Source: Molecular and Cellular Probes. 2000 June; 14(3): 181-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10860716

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Performance of three enzyme immunoassays and two direct fluorescence assays for detection of Giardia lamblia in stool specimens preserved in ECOFIX. Author(s): Fedorko DP, Williams EC, Nelson NA, Calhoun LB, Yan SS. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 July; 38(7): 2781-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10878088

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Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in infants with diarrhea with and without Giardia lamblia infection. Author(s): Schlesinger M, Granot E, Rabinowitz R, Deckelbaum RJ. Source: Pediatric Research. 1993 January; 33(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7679485

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Phenotypic and genotypic variation in Giardia lamblia isolates during chronic infection. Author(s): Butcher PD, Cevallos AM, Carnaby S, Alstead EM, Swarbrick ET, Farthing MJ. Source: Gut. 1994 January; 35(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8307449

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Phylogenetic meaning of the kingdom concept: an unusual ribosomal RNA from Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Sogin ML, Gunderson JH, Elwood HJ, Alonso RA, Peattie DA. Source: Science. 1989 January 6; 243(4887): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2911720

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Phylogenetic place of mitochondrion-lacking protozoan, Giardia lamblia, inferred from amino acid sequences of elongation factor 2. Author(s): Hashimoto T, Nakamura Y, Kamaishi T, Nakamura F, Adachi J, Okamoto K, Hasegawa M. Source: Molecular Biology and Evolution. 1995 September; 12(5): 782-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7476125

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Physical and chemical characterization of a Giardia lamblia-specific antigen useful in the coprodiagnosis of giardiasis. Author(s): Rosoff JD, Stibbs HH. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 December; 24(6): 1079-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3536998

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Poor intestinal permeability in mildly stunted Nepali children: associations with weaning practices and Giardia lamblia infection. Author(s): Goto R, Panter-Brick C, Northrop-Clewes CA, Manahdhar R, Tuladhar NR. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 August; 88(2): 141-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12171055

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Possible relationship between allergic disease and infection by Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Di Prisco MC, Hagel I, Lynch NR, Barrios RM, Alvarez N, Lopez R. Source: Ann Allergy. 1993 March; 70(3): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8452315

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Possible role of calmodulin in excystation of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Bernal RM, Tovar R, Santos JI, Munoz ML. Source: Parasitology Research. 1998 September; 84(9): 687-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9766895

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Prevalence and frequency of Giardia lamblia in children aged 0 to 60 months with and without diarrhoea. Author(s): Chunge RN, Karumba PN, Kaleli N, Wamwea M, Mutiso N, Andala EO, Kinoti SN. Source: East Afr Med J. 1992 June; 69(6): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1505415

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Prevalence of Giardia lamblia and other intestinal parasitic infection in Dhanbad, Bihar. Author(s): Saha SS, Behal JP, Kumar A. Source: J Commun Dis. 1996 June; 28(2): 146-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8810152

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Prevalence of Giardia lamblia and risk factors for infection among children attending day-care facilities in Denver. Author(s): Novotny TE, Hopkins RS, Shillam P, Janoff EN. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1990 January-February; 105(1): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2106707

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Prevalence of Giardia lamblia antibodies in serum and milk in lactating women from different social classes in Egypt. Author(s): Azab ME, Abdel-Fattah SM, Makled KM, el Kholy MS, Youssef MA, Abo Amer ER, Samy G. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1991 December; 21(3): 611-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1765672

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Prevalence of serum and milk antibodies to Giardia lamblia in different populations of lactating women. Author(s): Miotti PG, Gilman RH, Pickering LK, Ruiz-Palacios G, Park HS, Yolken RH. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1985 November; 152(5): 1025-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4045243

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Prospective study of acquisition of Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, and gastrointestinal illness. Author(s): Jokipii AM, Hemila M, Jokipii L. Source: Lancet. 1985 August 31; 2(8453): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2863502

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Protection against infection with Giardia lamblia by breast-feeding in a cohort of Mexican infants. Author(s): Morrow AL, Reves RR, West MS, Guerrero ML, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Pickering LK. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 September; 121(3): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1517909

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Protein trafficking in Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Lujan HD, Touz MC. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2003 July; 5(7): 427-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12814433

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Rapid reinfection by Giardia lamblia after treatment in a hyperendemic Third World community. Author(s): Gilman RH, Marquis GS, Miranda E, Vestegui M, Martinez H. Source: Lancet. 1988 February 13; 1(8581): 343-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2893149

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Reactive arthritis due to infestation with Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Woo P, Panayi GS. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1984 October; 11(5): 719. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6512798

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Reactive arthritis--Giardia lamblia, another new pathogen? Author(s): Barton JJ, Burke JP, Casey EB. Source: Ir Med J. 1986 August; 79(8): 223. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3759385

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Real-time PCR for the detection of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Verweij JJ, Schinkel J, Laeijendecker D, van Rooyen MA, van Lieshout L, Polderman AM. Source: Molecular and Cellular Probes. 2003 October; 17(5): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14580396

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Recovery of Giardia lamblia cysts from chairs and tables in child day-care centers. Author(s): Cody MM, Sottnek HM, O'Leary VS. Source: Pediatrics. 1994 December; 94(6 Pt 2): 1006-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7971038

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Recovery of Giardia lamblia from human duodenal mucus with a home-made pearlfishing device. Author(s): Jokipii L, Jokipii AM. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1980 February; 74(1): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7377877

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Relationship between Giardia lamblia infection and blood grouping among children. Author(s): el Naggar B, Gaafar S, Shoman A. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1984 June; 14(1): 155-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6736696

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Role of exogenous inositol and phosphatidylinositol in glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor synthesis of GP49 by Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Subramanian AB, Navarro S, Carrasco RA, Marti M, Das S. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2000 January 3; 1483(1): 69-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10601696

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Routine culture of Giardia lamblia trophozoites from human duodenal aspirates. Author(s): Gordts B, Hemelhof W, Retore P, Rahman M, Cadranel S, Butzler JP. Source: Lancet. 1984 July 21; 2(8395): 137-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6146038

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Routine in vitro cultivation of Giardia lamblia by using the string test. Author(s): Korman SH, Hais E, Spira DT. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1990 February; 28(2): 368-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2312683

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Salivary IgA antibodies to Giardia lamblia in day care center children. Author(s): Hashkes PJ, Spira DT, Deckelbaum RJ, Granot E. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1994 November; 13(11): 953-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7845747

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Secretory defenses against Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Gillin FD, Cooper RW, Reiner DS, Das S. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1991; 310: 227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1809002

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Secretory immune response to membrane antigens during Giardia lamblia infection in humans. Author(s): Rosales-Borjas DM, Diaz-Rivadeneyra J, Dona-Leyva A, Zambrano-Villa SA, Mascaro C, Osuna A, Ortiz-Ortiz L. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1998 February; 66(2): 756-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9453637

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Serological levels of zinc, copper and iron elements among Giardia lamblia infected children in Turkey. Author(s): Ertan P, Yereli K, Kurt O, Balcioglu IC, Onag A. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2002 June; 44(3): 286-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11982898

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Serum antibodies to Giardia lamblia by age in populations in Colorado and Thailand. Author(s): Janoff EN, Taylor DN, Echeverria P, Glode MP, Blaser MJ. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1990 March; 152(3): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2333701

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Serum antibody response in children with Giardia lamblia infection and identification of an immunodominant 57-kilodalton antigen. Author(s): Char S, Shetty N, Narasimha M, Elliott E, Macaden R, Farthing MJ. Source: Parasite Immunology. 1991 May; 13(3): 329-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1852478

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Serum Cohn fraction IV-1 supports the growth of Giardia lamblia in vitro. Author(s): Lujan HD, Byrd LG, Mowatt MR, Nash TE. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1994 October; 62(10): 4664-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7927737

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Serum proteins in Giardia lamblia infection. Author(s): Schelp FP, Subcharoen A, Supawan V, Pongpaew P. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1981 March; 12(1): 125-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7256352

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Sexually transmitted protozoal infections. Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Moldwin RM. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 1992 February; 19(1): 93-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1736479

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Silent infection of Giardia lamblia causing bleeding through vitamin K malabsorption. Author(s): Takahashi M, Katayama Y, Takada H, Hirakawa J, Kuwayama H, Yamaji H, Ogura K, Meda S, Omata M. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2001 October; 16(10): 1171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11686849

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Simultaneous detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum in fecal samples by using multiplex real-time PCR. Author(s): Verweij JJ, Blange RA, Templeton K, Schinkel J, Brienen EA, van Rooyen MA, van Lieshout L, Polderman AM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 March; 42(3): 1220-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15004079

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Simultaneous expression of different variant-specific surface proteins in single Giardia lamblia trophozoites during encystation. Author(s): Carranza PG, Feltes G, Ropolo A, Quintana SM, Touz MC, Lujan HD. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 September; 70(9): 5265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12183579

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Simultaneous Streptococcus pneumoniae, Giardia lamblia and Campylobacter pylori infection: an adult presentation of X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia. Author(s): Nathwani D, Morris AJ, Smith CC. Source: Scott Med J. 1989 August; 34(4): 502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2638574

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Some hematimetric findings in human Giardia lamblia infection. Author(s): Dos Santos JI, Vituri Cde L. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1996 March-April; 38(2): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9071027

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Specialized surface adaptations of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Aley SB, Gillin FD. Source: Infect Agents Dis. 1995 September; 4(3): 161-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8548194

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Specific secretory IgA in the milk of Giardia lamblia-infected and uninfected women. Author(s): Nayak N, Ganguly NK, Walia BN, Wahi V, Kanwar SS, Mahajan RC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1987 April; 155(4): 724-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3819477

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Still around and still dangerous: Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Smith LA. Source: Clin Lab Sci. 1997 September-October; 10(5): 279-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10177206

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Strain-dependent induction of enterocyte apoptosis by Giardia lamblia disrupts epithelial barrier function in a caspase-3-dependent manner. Author(s): Chin AC, Teoh DA, Scott KG, Meddings JB, Macnaughton WK, Buret AG. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 July; 70(7): 3673-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12065509

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Susceptibility of domestic cats to infections with Giardia lamblia cysts and trophozoites from human sources. Author(s): Kirkpatrick CE, Green GA 4th. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1985 May; 21(5): 678-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3998096

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The effect of Giardia lamblia infestation on the gastro-intestinal tract. Author(s): Alp MH, Hislop IG. Source: Australas Ann Med. 1969 August; 18(3): 232-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5351241

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The identification of Giardia lamblia using one specimen. Author(s): Innocenti J. Source: Am Clin Lab. 1999 July; 18(6): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10557847

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The macrophages as an effector cell in Giardia lamblia infections. Author(s): Kanwar SS, Walia BN, Ganguly NK, Mahajan RC. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 1987; 176(2): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3574241

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The risk of infection from Giardia lamblia due to drinking water supply, use of water, and latrines among preschool children in rural Lesotho. Author(s): Esrey SA, Collett J, Miliotis MD, Koornhof HJ, Makhale P. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1989 March; 18(1): 248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2722373

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The specificity of serum antibodies to Giardia lamblia and to enterobacteria in gastrointestinal disease. Author(s): Moody AH, Ridley DS, Tomkins AM, Wright SG. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1982; 76(5): 630-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7179415

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The treatment of Giardia lamblia infection with mepacrine, metronidazole and furazolidone. Author(s): Bassily S, Farid Z, Mikhail JW, Kent DC, Lehman JS Jr. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1970 January; 73(1): 15-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5416200

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The yield of routine duodenal aspiration for Giardia lamblia during esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Author(s): McHenry R, Bartlett MS, Lehman GA, O'Connor KW. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1987 December; 33(6): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3443259

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Transmission of Giardia lamblia from a day care center to the community. Author(s): Polis MA, Tuazon CU, Alling DW, Talmanis E. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1986 September; 76(9): 1142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3740341

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Treatment of Giardia lamblia infections. Author(s): Nash TE. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 February; 20(2): 193-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11224841

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Ultrastructural localization of Giardia lamblia antigens by human IgA and IgG. Author(s): O'Shea-Alvarez MS, Gonzalez-Robles A, Chavez B, Cedillo-Rivera R. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1994 Winter; 25(4): 407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7858399

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Ultrastructural observations on giardiasis in a mouse model. II. Endosymbiosis and organelle distribution in Giardia muris and Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Nemanic PC, Owen RL, Stevens DP, Mueller JC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1979 August; 140(2): 222-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=479640

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Ultrastructural studies of the human Giardia lamblia and subjacent jejunal mucosa in a subject with steatorrhea. Author(s): Morecki R, Parker JG. Source: Gastroenterology. 1967 February; 52(2): 151-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4164029

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Ultrastructural study on the bacterial symbiont in Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Radulescu S, Burghelea B, Meitert T, Petrovici A, Meyer E. Source: Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol. 1986 July-December; 45(3-4): 285-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3300600

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Unique association of tuberculous enteritis and Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Gera N, Singh N, Bhatia A. Source: Acta Cytol. 1996 March-April; 40(2): 389-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8629437

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Urticaria and giardia lamblia infection. Author(s): Weisman BL. Source: Ann Allergy. 1979 February; 42(2): 91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=420425

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Use and limitations of the enterotest in the diagnosis of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Boghdadi AM, el Sehly Ael D, Tadros MB, Mansour NS. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1988 June; 18(1): 273-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3373054

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Use of an enzyme immunoassay does not eliminate the need to analyze multiple stool specimens for sensitive detection of Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Hanson KL, Cartwright CP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 February; 39(2): 474-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11158092

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Use of pooled formalin-preserved fecal specimens to detect Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Wahlquist SP, Williams RM, Bishop H, Addiss DG, Stewart JM, Finton RJ, Juranek DD, Sullivan JJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1991 August; 29(8): 1725-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1761696

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Uses and limitations of monoclonal antibodies to Giardia lamblia-specific 66-kDa copro-antigen in copro-immunodiagnosis of giardiasis. Author(s): Vinayak VK, Dutt P, Mehta S. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 1993 January; 6(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7682467

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Variable infectivity of human-derived Giardia lamblia cysts for Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Author(s): Visvesvara GS, Dickerson JW, Healy GR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1988 May; 26(5): 837-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3384909

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Variable virulence of isolates of Giardia lamblia in mice. Author(s): Aggarwal A, Bhatia A, Naik SR, Vinayak VK. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1983 April; 77(2): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6882065

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Virulence of Giardia lamblia isolates to laboratory mice. Author(s): Romia SA, Abou-Zakham AA, Gamil T, el-Khouly ES. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1990 December; 20(2): 633-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2230320

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Virulence of Giardia lamblia: an in vitro study on host-parasite interaction. Author(s): Gupta N, Agarwal AK, Katiyar SK, Chandra K, Sharma A, Rastogi AK, Das SR. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1989 November; 27(11): 983-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2620940

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Vitamin B12 deficiency and subclinical infection with Giardia lamblia in an adolescent with agammaglobulinemia of Bruton. Author(s): Springer SC, Key JD. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1997 January; 20(1): 58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9007660

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Whipple's disease, Giardia lamblia, and AIDS enteropathy: clarification of some concepts. Author(s): Ruiz Montes F, Rene Espinet JM. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1993 July; 88(7): 1133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7686330

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GIARDIA LAMBLIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Giardia lamblia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Giardia Lamblia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Giardia lamblia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Giardia lamblia” (or a synonym): •

Adherence of Giardia lamblia trophozoites to Int-407 human intestinal cells. Author(s): Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology and Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Couraca dos Apostolos, n.51, r/c, 3030 Coimbra, Portugal. [email protected] Source: Sousa, M C Goncalves, C A Bairos, V A Poiares Da Silva, J Clin-Diagn-LabImmunol. 2001 March; 8(2): 258-65 1071-412X

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Closed site complexes of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase from Giardia lamblia reveal a mechanism of ribosyl migration. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. Source: Shi, W Sarver, A E Wang, C C Tanaka, K S Almo, S C Schramm, V L J-BiolChem. 2002 October 18; 277(42): 39981-8 0021-9258

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Dietary fiber and giardiasis: dietary fiber reduces rate of intestinal infection by Giardia lamblia in the gerbil. Author(s): Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. Source: Leitch, G J Visvesvara, G S Wahlquist, S P Harmon, C T Am-J-Trop-Med-Hyg. 1989 November; 41(5): 512-20 0002-9637

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Effects of protein deficiency and natural intestinal infection with Giardia lamblia on jejunal intraepithelial lymphocytes in rats of different ages. Author(s): Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brasil. Source: Rodrigues, M A de Carvalho, M F Montenegro, M R Braz-J-Med-Biol-Res. 1994 June; 27(6): 1347-53 0100-879X

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Growth inhibition of the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia by a dietary lectin is associated with arrest of the cell cycle. Author(s): Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111. Source: Ortega Barria, E Ward, H D Keusch, G T Pereira, M E J-Clin-Invest. 1994 December; 94(6): 2283-8 0021-9738

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In vitro effects of berberine sulphate on the growth and structure of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. Author(s): Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan. Source: Kaneda, Y Torii, M Tanaka, T Aikawa, M Ann-Trop-Med-Parasitol. 1991 August; 85(4): 417-25 0003-4983

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In vitro susceptibility of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia to some medicinal plants used by the people of Southern Mexico. Source: Calzada, F. Alanis, A.D. Meckes, M. Tapia Contreras, A. Cedillo Rivera, R. PTR,Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Ltd. February 1998. volume 12 (1) page 70-72. 0951-418X

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Inhibition of Giardia lamblia excystation by antibodies against cyst walls and by wheat germ agglutinin. Author(s): Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego Medical Center, 92103-8416, USA. Source: Meng, T C Hetsko, M L Gillin, F D Infect-Immun. 1996 June; 64(6): 2151-7 00199567

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Lipid analysis of Giardia lamblia and its culture medium. Author(s): Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa-ken, Japan. Source: Kaneda, Y Goutsu, T Ann-Trop-Med-Parasitol. 1988 February; 82(1): 83-90 00034983

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Phagocytosis of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by cytokine-activated macrophages. Author(s): Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Source: Belosevic, M Daniels, C W Clin-Exp-Immunol. 1992 February; 87(2): 304-9 00099104

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Serial subcultivation of Giardia lamblia in Keister's modified TYI-S-33 medium containing ultroser G. Author(s): Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. Source: Bifulco, J M Schaefer, F W 3rd J-Protozool. 1992 Jan-February; 39(1): 211-3 00223921

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Serological analysis of antigenic heterogeneity of Giardia lamblia variant surface proteins. Source: Muller, N. Stager, S. Gottstein, B. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. April 1996. volume 64 (4) page 1385-1390. 0019-9567

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Small-intestinal factors promote encystation of Giardia lamblia in vitro. Author(s): Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego 92103. Source: Gillin, F D Reiner, D S Boucher, S E Infect-Immun. 1988 March; 56(3): 705-7 00199567

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Stimulation of the absorption of macromolecules in Giardia lamblia infected mice intestine. Author(s): Department of Experimental Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh. Source: Mahmood, S Ganguly, N K MahaJanuary, R C Walia, B N Indian-J-Med-Res. 1990 May; 91218-22 0971-5916

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Study on the mechanism of Giardia lamblia induced diarrhoea in mice. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. Source: Gorowara, S Ganguly, N K MahaJanuary, R C Walia, B N Biochim-BiophysActa. 1992 February 14; 1138(2): 122-6 0006-3002

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The adenine phosphoribosyltransferase from Giardia lamblia has a unique reaction mechanism and unusual substrate binding properties. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0446, USA. Source: Sarver, A E Wang, C C J-Biol-Chem. 2002 October 18; 277(42): 39973-80 00219258

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The effects of the antiprotozoal drugs metronidazole and furazolidone on trophozoites of Giardia lamblia (P1 strain). Author(s): State University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Histology and Embryology, Maracana-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Source: Campanati, Loraine Monteiro Leal, Luiz Henrique Parasitol-Res. 2002 January; 88(1): 80-5 0932-0113

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Ultrastructural effects of lactoferrin binding on Giardia lamblia trophozoites. Author(s): Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego 92103-8416, USA. Source: Turchany, J M McCaffery, J M Aley, S B Gillin, F D J-Eukaryot-Microbiol. 1997 Jan-February; 44(1): 68-72 1066-5234

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GIARDIA LAMBLIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Giardia lamblia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Giardia lamblia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Giardia lamblia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Giardia lamblia: •

Adherence of Giardia lamblia trophozoites to Int-407 human intestinal cells. Author(s): Sousa MC, Goncalves CA, Bairos VA, Poiares-Da-Silva J. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2001 March; 8(2): 258-65. Erratum In: Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001 May; 8(3): 669. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11238205

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Aetiological factors of infantile diarrhoea: a community-based study. Author(s): Loening WE, Coovadia YM, van den Ende J. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1989 December; 9(4): 248-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2482008

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Alstonia species: are they effective in malaria treatment? Author(s): Wright CW, Allen D, Phillipson JD, Kirby GC, Warhurst DC, Massiot G, Le Men-Olivier L. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1993 September; 40(1): 41-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8246529

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Amoebicidal and giardicidal compounds from the leaves of Zanthoxylum liebmannianun. Author(s): Arrieta J, Reyes B, Calzada F, Cedillo-Rivera R, Navarrete A. Source: Fitoterapia. 2001 March; 72(3): 295-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11295310

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Antiamoebic and antigiardial activity of plant flavonoids. Author(s): Calzada F, Meckes M, Cedillo-Rivera R. Source: Planta Medica. 1999 February; 65(1): 78-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10083850

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Anti-giardial activity of gastrointestinal remedies of the Luo of east Africa. Author(s): Johns T, Faubert GM, Kokwaro JO, Mahunnah RL, Kimanani EK. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1995 April; 46(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7475119

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Antigiardial activity of isoflavones from Dalbergia frutescens bark. Author(s): Khan IA, Avery MA, Burandt CL, Goins DK, Mikell JR, Nash TE, Azadegan A, Walker LA. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2000 October; 63(10): 1414-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11076565

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Antigiardial and immunostimulatory effect of Piper longum on giardiasis due to Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Tripathi DM, Gupta N, Lakshmi V, Saxena KC, Agrawal AK. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 November; 13(7): 561-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10548746

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Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Author(s): Ankri S, Mirelman D. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 1999 February; 1(2): 125-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10594976

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Antiparasitic activity of diallyl trisulfide (Dasuansu) on human and animal pathogenic protozoa (Trypanosoma sp., Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia) in vitro. Author(s): Lun ZR, Burri C, Menzinger M, Kaminsky R.

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Source: Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1994 March; 74(1): 51-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8024350 •

Antiprotozoal activity of the constituents of Conyza filaginoides. Author(s): Calzada F, Cedillo-Rivera R, Mata R. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2001 May; 64(5): 671-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11374974

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Antiprotozoal activity of the constituents of Rubus coriifolius. Author(s): Alanis AD, Calzada F, Cedillo-Rivera R, Meckes M. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 June; 17(6): 681-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12820241

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Antiprotozoal activity of the constituents of Teloxys graveolens. Author(s): Calzada F, Velazquez C, Cedillo-Rivera R, Esquivel B. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 August; 17(7): 731-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12916068

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Antiprotozoal properties of Helianthemum glomeratum. Author(s): Meckes M, Calzada F, Tapia-Contreras A, Cedillo-Rivera R. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 March; 13(2): 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10190180

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Attachment of Giardia lamblia trophozoites to a cultured human intestinal cell line. Author(s): Katelaris PH, Naeem A, Farthing MJ. Source: Gut. 1995 October; 37(4): 512-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7489938

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Dietary fiber and giardiasis: dietary fiber reduces rate of intestinal infection by Giardia lamblia in the gerbil. Author(s): Leitch GJ, Visvesvara GS, Wahlquist SP, Harmon CT. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1989 November; 41(5): 512-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2554737

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Geranins A and B, new antiprotozoal A-type proanthocyanidins from Geranium niveum. Author(s): Calzada F, Cerda-Garcia-Rojas CM, Meckes M, Cedillo-Rivera R, Bye R, Mata R. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1999 May; 62(5): 705-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10346950

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Geranins C and D, additional new antiprotozoal A-type proanthocyanidins from Geranium niveum. Author(s): Calzada F, Cedillo-Rivera R, Bye R, Mata R. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 October; 67(7): 677-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11582551

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Identification and partial characterization of excretory/secretory products with proteolytic activity in Giardia intestinalis. Author(s): Jimenez JC, Uzcanga G, Zambrano A, Di Prisco MC, Lynch NR. Source: J Parasitol. 2000 August; 86(4): 859-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958474

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Intrinsic factor secretion and cobalamin absorption. Physiology and pathophysiology in the gastrointestinal tract. Author(s): Festen HP. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1991; 188: 1-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1775933

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Is immunoproliferative small intestinal disease uncommon in India? Author(s): Ghoshal UC, Chetri K, Banerjee PK, Choudhuri G, Pal BB, Dabadghao S, Dhar K, Naik S, Naik SR. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 2001 January-March; 22(1): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11398237

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Isoprenylation of proteins in the protozoan Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Lujan HD, Mowatt MR, Chen GZ, Nash TE. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1995 June; 72(1-2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8538683

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Litomosoides carinii: mode of action in vitro of benzothiazole and amoscanate derivatives with antifilarial activity. Author(s): Davies KP, Zahner H, Kohler P. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 1989 May; 68(4): 382-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2721632

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Management of giardiasis by a herbal drug 'Pippali Rasayana': a clinical study. Author(s): Agarwal AK, Tripathi DM, Sahai R, Gupta N, Saxena RP, Puri A, Singh M, Misra RN, Dubey CB, Saxena KC. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1997 May; 56(3): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9201614

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Management of giardiasis by an immuno-modulatory herbal drug Pippali rasayana. Author(s): Agarwal AK, Singh M, Gupta N, Saxena R, Puri A, Verma AK, Saxena RP, Dubey CB, Saxena KC. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1994 December; 44(3): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7898121

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Mast cell hyperplasia and increased macromolecular uptake in an animal model of giardiasis. Author(s): Hardin JA, Buret AG, Olson ME, Kimm MH, Gall DG. Source: J Parasitol. 1997 October; 83(5): 908-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9379297

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Nonfluid therapy and selected chemoprophylaxis of acute diarrhea. Author(s): Du Pont HL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1985 June 28; 78(6B): 81-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3893119

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Quassinoids exhibit greater selectivity against Plasmodium falciparum than against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis or Toxoplasma gondii in vitro. Author(s): Wright CW, Anderson MM, Allen D, Phillipson JD, Kirby GC, Warhurst DC, Chang HR. Source: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 1993 May-June; 40(3): 244-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8508162

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Risk factors for fatal childhood diarrhea: a case-control study from two remote Panamanian islands. Author(s): Ryder RW, Reeves WC, Sack RB. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1985 April; 121(4): 605-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2990200

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Susceptibility of Giardia lamblia trophozoites to the lethal effect of human serum. Author(s): Hill DR, Burge JJ, Pearson RD. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1984 April; 132(4): 2046-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6699407

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The microaerophilic flagellate Giardia intestinalis: Allium sativum (garlic) is an effective antigiardial. Author(s): Harris JC, Plummer S, Turner MP, Lloyd D. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2000 December; 146 Pt 12: 3119-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11101670

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Typhlitis (neutropenic enterocolitis) after a single dose of vinorelbine. Author(s): Ferrazzi E, Toso S, Zanotti M, Giuliano G.

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Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2001 March; 47(3): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11320673 •

Wheat germ supplement reduces cyst and trophozoite passage in people with giardiasis. Author(s): Grant J, Mahanty S, Khadir A, MacLean JD, Kokoskin E, Yeager B, Joseph L, Diaz J, Gotuzzo E, Mainville N, Ward BJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 December; 65(6): 705-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11791961

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Giardia lamblia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Parasites Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON GIARDIA LAMBLIA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to Giardia lamblia. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “Giardia lamblia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Giardia lamblia, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Giardia Lamblia ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to Giardia lamblia. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Assessment of the fate of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia and Ascaris lumbricoides in class A composting and class B lime stabilization biosolids treatment processes by Bean, Christine L., PhD from UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 2003, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3111499

•

Characterization of the nature of oxidant action using morphological changes observed following exposure of Giardia lamblia to ozone and chlorine by Li, Yanning, MSc from UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA), 2003, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ82303

•

The adenine phosphoribosyltransferase from Giardia lamblia has a unique reaction mechanism and unusual substrate binding properties by Sarver, Anne E., PhD from UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO, 2003, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3109849

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Transport kinetics of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in overland flow by Dai, Xin, PhD from UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, 2003, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089428

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON GIARDIA LAMBLIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Giardia lamblia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Giardia lamblia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “Giardia lamblia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on Giardia lamblia: •

Uninvited Guests: The Inside Story on Intestinal Parasites and How to Protect Yourself from Them Source: New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, Inc. 1996. 48 p. Contact: Available from Keats Publishing, Inc. 27 Pine Street, Box 876, New Canaan, CT 06840-0876. (800) 540-9440. Fax (800) 998-3103. PRICE: $3.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0879837365. Summary: Human bodies are perfect homes for parasites, providing food and housing for any number of these uninvited guests. Relatively few patients and doctors realize that parasites cause some of the most common intestinal infections in the U.S. This booklet describes common parasites, from the water poisoning Cryptosporidium to the 15 foot fish tapeworm. The protozoan family of parasites, single celled organisms like Giardia intestinalis (formerly known as Giardia lamblia) and Cryptosporidium parvum

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are the ones most frequently found in Americans. Diarrhea, nausea, fevers, and abdominal pain may be some of the initial symptoms of infections. Bowel disorders, muscle and joint pain, fibromyalgia, fatigue, malnutrition, and allergic reactions may develop when parasites take up long term, undetected residence in a human body. The author discusses sources of contamination, definitions and symptoms, parasitic infections, the parasites themselves, treatment options, and prevention strategies. Sources of contamination include water, food, pets, day care centers, sexual practices, and widespread global travel. Parasites are discussed in four basic categories: Protozoa (microscopic, single celled organisms), Trematodes (flukes), Cestoda (tapeworms), and Nematoda (round, pin, and hook worms). The author reviews the incidence, symptoms, and transmission of each of these parasitic infections. A questionnaire that can be useful in diagnosis is included in the booklet. Treatment options discussed include chemotherapeutic agents, herbal alternatives, and diet and other supportive measures. The author stresses that the best prevention strategy is to build a strong, healthy immune system. 1 figure. 33 references. •

1997 Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 24th ed Source: Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 1997. 764 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics. Publications, P.O. Box 747, Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0747. (800) 433-9016 or (847) 228-5005. Fax (847) 228-1281. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free to members, with additional copies $74.95 each; $79.95 for nonmembers. ISBN: 091076185x. Publication number MA0001. Summary: This monograph contains the 24th edition of the report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, the group responsible for formulating and revising guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics for the control of infectious diseases in children. Five sections present guidelines in the areas of active and passive immunization; recommendations for the care of children in special circumstances, including children in day care, infection control for hospitalized children, and medical evaluation of internationally adopted children; summaries of infectious diseases; antimicrobial prophylaxis; and antimicrobials and related therapy. Infectious diseases that can affect the digestive system include amebiasis, campylobacter infections, cholera, Escherichia coli, diarrhea, giardia lamblia, helicobacter pylori, hepatitis, HIV, malaria, parasitic diseases, salmonellosis, schistosomiasis, shigellosis, vibrio infections, and yersinia infections. A summary of major changes in the 1997 edition is provided; changes include the addition of recent information on Escherichia coli diarrhea (E coli 0157:H7 infection) and its complication of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and expanded information about Hepatitis A, B, and C. A subject index concludes the volume. 9 appendices.

Chapters on Giardia Lamblia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Giardia lamblia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Giardia lamblia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Giardia lamblia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on Giardia lamblia:

Books

•

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Approach to Patients with Gastrointestinal Tract Infections and Food Poisoning Source: in Feigin, R.D. and Cherry, J.D., eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 4th ed. Volume 1. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1998. p. 567-601. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $315.00. ISBN: 0721664482. Summary: This chapter on managing young patients with gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections and food poisoning is from a textbook on pediatric infectious diseases. The authors stress that the approach to patients must begin with a thorough medical history, including information about epidemiologic factors, a physical examination, and knowledge of the pathophysiology of various enteropathogens. GI tract infections can include a wide range of symptoms and can be caused by a variety of agents and organisms. However, most infectious diarrhea illness can be classified into a category based on its cause, its pathophysiology, and the clinical response. This information can then be used to determine the appropriate diagnostic and monitoring tests and to decide which therapy to use. All patients with diarrhea require some degree of fluid and electrolyte therapy, a few need other nonspecific support, and for some, specific antimicrobial therapy is indicated to shorten the illness. The authors consider epidemiology and etiology, including outbreaks in child care centers and hospitals, foodborne or waterborne diarrhea, antimicrobial-associated diarrhea, travelers' diarrhea, and diarrhea in immunocompromised patients, including those with AIDS; bacterial organisms that cause gastroenteritis, including Aeromanas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Yersinia enterocolitica; viral agents, including rotaviruses, astroviruses, calciviruses, and enteric adenoviruses; and parasites, including Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Strongyloides stercoralis, Isospora belli, microsporidia, and Cyclospora. Diagnostic considerations, including laboratory testing, are reviewed. The authors also discuss treatment options, including fluid and electrolyte therapy, dietary manipulation, nonspecific therapy with antidiarrheal compounds, and specific therapy with antimicrobial agents. 5 figures. 18 tables. 392 references. (AA-M).

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Giardia lamblia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2402 8 15 29 5 2459

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “Giardia lamblia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Giardia lamblia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Giardia lamblia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Giardia lamblia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Giardia lamblia”:

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Drinking Water http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drinkingwater.html Food Contamination and Poisoning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodcontaminationandpoisoning.html Giardia Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/giardiainfections.html Parasitic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on Giardia lamblia. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Comprehensive Parasitology Source: Asheville, NC: Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory. 1998. [7 p.]. Contact: Available from Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory. 63 Zillicoa Street, Asheville, NC 28801-1074. (800) 522-4762. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.greatsmokies-lab.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This application guide from a diagnostic laboratory provides information about parasitology and the current detection methods available. Topics include the intestinal environment, a definition of parasitism, the prevalence of parasites in humans, pathogenicity, detection of parasites, the clinical significance of parasitic infections, symptoms of parasitic infection, commonly reported protozoal parasites, and when to suspect and look for parasitic infections. Parasites discussed include Blastocystis hominis, Dientamoeba fragilis, Amoeba, Giardia lamblia, Iadomoeba buetschlii, Intestinal helminths, and fungal conidia (yeast). The application guide also provides sample lab photos of four parasites, and a description of the drugs commonly used to treat parasitic infections. 6 figures. 2 tables. 63 references. (AA-M).

•

About Keeping Safe from Waterborne Pathogens Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 1997. 15 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete, Co., Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 628-7733. PRICE: $1.72 each for 1-24 copies; $1.47 each for 25-99 copies.

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Summary: This brochure educates readers about waterborne pathogens, disease-causing organisms that can affect water safety and can also be spread in food or through poor personal hygiene. The brochure emphasizes that most water in the U.S. is safe, but that untreated water is a concern for everyone. People with certain health problems may need to use care even with treated water. The brochure describes three kinds of waterborne pathogens, with common examples of each: bacteria (Escherichia coli, shigella, salmonella, campylobacter), viruses (hepatitis A, Norwalk virus), and protozoa (giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium). Other topics covered include how pathogens get into the water, the use of chlorine to disinfect water, how government agencies and water suppliers work to keep the water supply safe, what consumers can do to help, risk factors for being affected by waterborne pathogens (including people with immune system disease), water hazards during an emergency (major storms or disasters), the signs of waterborne illness, when to contact a health care provider, diagnosis and treatment of waterborne illness, and prevention strategies, including being careful during recreational activities, following advisories during a water emergency, and observing good hygiene. The brochure concludes with a section of questions and answers about having water tested for pathogens, what to do if tap water looks funny, and where to get more information. The brochure includes the toll free Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791). The brochure is illustrated with attractive, cartoon-like line drawings. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Giardia lamblia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Giardia lamblia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Giardia lamblia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Giardia lamblia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Giardia lamblia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Giardia lamblia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Giardia lamblia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Giardia lamblia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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GIARDIA LAMBLIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Cramps: Abdominal pain due to spasmodic contractions of the bowel. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Acanthocephala: A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acrodermatitis: Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Actinin: A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase: An enzyme catalyzing the formation of AMP from adenine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. It can act as a salvage enzyme for recycling of

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adenine into nucleic acids. EC 2.4.2.7. [NIH] Adenitis: Inflammation of a gland. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal insufficiency: The reduced secretion of adrenal glands. [NIH] Aerobe: Living or active only in the presence of oxygen; taking place in the presence of oxygen. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agammaglobulinemia: An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood. [NIH] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Alcohol Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the final step of alcoholic fermentation by reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol. In the case of ethanol, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen. The enzyme is a zinc protein which acts on primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals. EC 1.1.1.1. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have

Dictionary 111

nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-Defensins: Defensins found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal paneth cells. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amebic dysentery: A form of dysentery, usually mild, found especially in childhood epidemics in many temperate countries. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or

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positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Annexins: Family of calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins which are structurally related and exhibit immunological cross-reactivity. Each member contains four homologous 70 kD repeats. The annexins are differentially distributed in vertebrate tissues (and lower eukaryotes) and appear to be involved in membrane fusion and signal transduction. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anorectal: Pertaining to the anus and rectum or to the junction region between the two. [EU] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiparasitic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent parasitic infections. [NIH] Antiprotozoal Agents: Substances that are destructive to protozoans. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the

Dictionary 113

pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Axenic: Not contaminated by or, associated with any foreign organisms. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH]

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Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Berberine: An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. [NIH] Beta-Defensins: Defensins found mainly in epithelial cells. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the

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hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Campylobacter: A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic. [NIH] Campylobacter Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Campylobacter. [NIH] Campylobacter jejuni: A species of bacteria that resemble small tightly coiled spirals. Its organisms are known to cause abortion in sheep and fever and enteritis in man and may be associated with enteric diseases of calves, lambs, and other animals. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush,

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def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]

Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell,

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enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cestode: A flatworm that is an endoparasite and belongs to the class Cestoda. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Chitin Synthase: An enzyme that converts UDP glucosamine into chitin and UDP. EC 2.4.1.16. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Chlamydia trachomatis: Type species of Chlamydia causing a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment

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chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] C-kit receptor: A protein on the surface of some cells that binds to stem cell factor (a substance that causes certain types of cells to grow). Altered forms of this receptor may be associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals. [NIH] Clostridium difficile: A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis in patients receiving antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Coccidia: A subclass of protozoans commonly parasitic in the epithelial cells of the intestinal tract but also found in the liver and other organs. Its organisms are found in both vertebrates and higher invertebrates and comprise two orders: Eimeriida and Eucoccidiida. [NIH]

Coccidiosis: Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different

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genera of Coccidia. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Counterimmunoelectrophoresis: Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow. [NIH] Crenarchaeota: A kingdom in the domain Archaea comprised of thermoacidophilic, sulfurdependent organisms. The two orders are Sulfolobales and Thermoproteales. [NIH] Cryoelectron Microscopy: Electron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. The imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and organelles permits the best possible resolution closest to the living state, free of chemical fixatives or stains. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Cryptosporidium: A genus of coccidian parasites of the family Cryptosporidiidae, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanobacteria: A subgroup of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular photosynthetic bacteria possessing chlorophyll a and carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing

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both carbon dioxide (in the presence of light) and nitrogen. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as algae. By the late 19th century, however, it was realized that the blue-green algae were unique and lacked the traditional nucleus and chloroplasts of the green and other algae. The comparison of nucleotide base sequence data from 16S and 5S rRNA indicates that cyanobacteria represent a moderately deep phylogenetic unit within the gram-negative bacteria. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Defensins: Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity. Based on the disulfide pairing of their characteristic six cysteine residues, they are divided into alpha-defensins and beta-defensins. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which

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results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dormancy: The period when an organism (i. e., a virus or a bacterium) is in the body but not producing any ill effects. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH]

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Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Entamoeba: A genus of ameboid protozoa characterized by the presence of beaded chromatin on the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. Its organisms are parasitic in invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans. [NIH] Entamoeba histolytica: A species of parasitic protozoa causing entamoebiasis and amebic dysentery. Characteristics include a single nucleus containing a small central karyosome and

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peripheral chromatin that is finely and regularly beaded. [NIH] Entamoebiasis: Infection with amoebae of the genus Entamoeba. Infection with E. histolytica causes dysentery, amebic and liver abscess, amebic. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis: Infection and swelling of the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine. The infection is caused by white blood cells (eosinophils). [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiologic Factors: Events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may

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result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Escherichia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens. [NIH] Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce diarrhea and pyogenic infections. [NIH]

Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eukaryote: An organism (or a cell) that carries its genetic material physically constrained within a nuclear membrane, separate from the cytoplasm. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Euryarchaeota: A kingdom of Archaea comprising the methanogens, extreme halophiles (Halobacteriales), sulfate-reducing species (Archaeoglobales), and the thermophiles (Thermococcales and Thermoplasmales). [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Failure to Thrive: A condition in which an infant or child's weight gain and growth are far below usual levels for age. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH]

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Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixatives: Agents employed in the preparation of histologic or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all of the constituent elements. Great numbers of different agents are used; some are also decalcifying and hardening agents. They must quickly kill and coagulate living tissue. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH]

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Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giardia: A genus of flagellate intestinal protozoa parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. Characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP. [NIH]

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Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Glycosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. Most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of phosphorylases. Some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. Subclasses include the hexosyltransferases, pentosyltransferases, sialyltransferases, and those transferring other glycosyl groups. EC 2.4. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Helicobacter: A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that is pathogenic and has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans. [NIH] Helicobacter pylori: A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-

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negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus Campylobacter, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the microorganism should be included in the genus Helicobacter. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405). [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: Syndrome of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure, with pathological finding of thrombotic microangiopathy in kidney and renal cortical necrosis. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hexosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hexose groups. EC 2.4.1.-. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histones: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each. [NIH]

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Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrogenase: An enzyme found in bacteria. It catalyzes the reduction of ferredoxin and other substances in the presence of molecular hydrogen and is involved in the electron transport of bacterial photosynthesis. EC 1.18.99.1. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH]

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Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease: A spectrum of conditions ranging from a benign plasma cell hyperplasia to a highly malignant lymphoma of the small intestine. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate

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agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Infectious Diarrhea: Diarrhea caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH]

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Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactate Dehydrogenase: A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH]

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Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH]

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Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysophospholipase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a single fatty acid ester bond in lysoglycerophosphatidates with the formation of glyceryl phosphatidates and a fatty acid. EC 3.1.1.5. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mebendazole: A nematocide in humans and animals. It acts by interfering with the carbohydrate metabolism and associated energy production of the parasite. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Fusion: The adherence of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artifical membrane models of either to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH]

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Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mepacrine: An antimalarial drug. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Mode of Transmission: Hepatitis A [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells.

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Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]

Mycobacterium avium: A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans. [NIH] Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection: A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A condition in which part of the tissue in the intestines is destroyed. Occurs mainly in under-weight newborn babies. A temporary ileostomy may be necessary. [NIH]

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Nematocide: A chemical used to kill nematodes. [NIH] Nematoda: A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nimorazole: An antitrichomonal agent which is effective either topically or orally and whose urinary metabolites are also trichomonicidal. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroreductases: Enzymes which reduce nitro groups. A variety of compounds can act as acceptors. If NADH or NADPH are the acceptors, the enzymes are classified as EC 1.6.6.- . [NIH]

Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the

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chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Insufficiency: Absence of or reduced pancreatic exocrine secretion into the duodenum and resultant poor digestion of lipids, vitamins, nitrogen, and carbohydrates. [NIH]

Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Parasitism: A) The mode of life of a parasite; b) The relationship between an organism (parasite) that derives benefits from, and at the expense of, another organism (host). [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal,

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intravenous, etc. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects. [NIH] Pentosyltransferases: Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a pentose group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.4.2. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH]

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Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their evolutionary history. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polyethylene Glycols: Alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyls). Additional polymers of ethylene oxide and water and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, indicated by a number following the name. Used as surfactants in industry, including foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics; in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, tablet excipients. Some specific groups are lauromagrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols and poloxamers. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH]

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Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by

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thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually antibiotics or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins. [NIH] Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a

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thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quinacrine: N(4)-(6-Chloro-2-methoxy-9-acridinyl)-N(1),N(1)-diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine. An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Reinfection: A second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the

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cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Salmonella Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Salmonella. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shigella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery. [NIH] Shigellosis: Infection with the bacterium Shigella. Usually causes a high fever, acute diarrhea, and dehydration. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

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Sialyltransferases: A group of enzymes with the general formula CMP-Nacetylneuraminate:acceptor N-acetylneuraminyl transferase. They catalyze the transfer of Nacetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to an acceptor, which is usually the terminal sugar residue of an oligosaccharide, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid. EC 2.4.99.-. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sports Medicine: The field of medicine concerned with physical fitness and the diagnosis and treatment of injuries sustained in sports activities. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steatorrhea: A condition in which the body cannot absorb fat. Causes a buildup of fat in the stool and loose, greasy, and foul bowel movements. [NIH] Stem Cell Factor: Hematopoietic growth factor and the ligand of the c-kit receptor CD117 (proto-oncogene protein C-kit). It is expressed during embryogenesis and provides a key

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signal in multiple aspects of mast-cell differentiation and function. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppository: A medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body, suppository bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Commonly used bases are cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Tapeworm: A flatworm that is an endoparasite and belongs to the class Cestoda. [NIH] Telomere: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs. [NIH]

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Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole antitrichomonal agent effective against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia infections. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group

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or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triage: The sorting out and classification of patients or casualties to determine priority of need and proper place of treatment. [NIH] Trichomonas: A genus of parasitic flagellate protozoans distinguished by the presence of four anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, and a trailing flagellum. [NIH] Trichomonas Infections: Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tropical Sprue: A condition of unknown cause. Abnormalities in the lining of the small intestine prevent the body from absorbing food normally. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Untranslated Regions: The parts of the messenger RNA sequence that do not code for product, i.e. the 5' untranslated regions and 3' untranslated regions. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urea Breath Test: A test used to detect Helicobacter pylori infection. The test measures breath samples for urease, an enzyme H. pylori makes. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU]

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Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Vibrio. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Vinorelbine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor

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cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yersinia Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Yersinia. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

153

INDEX A Abdominal, 3, 4, 57, 84, 109, 126, 133, 139, 140 Abdominal Cramps, 4, 109 Abdominal Pain, 3, 84, 109, 126, 133 Abortion, 109, 115, 150 Acanthocephala, 109, 129 Acceptor, 109, 128, 134, 139, 146, 149 Acetylcholine, 109, 138 Acid Phosphatase, 34, 109 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 3, 109 Acrodermatitis, 7, 109 Actin, 16, 45, 109 Actinin, 45, 109 Acute renal, 37, 109, 129 Adenine, 70, 71, 81, 109, 110 Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase, 70, 71, 81, 109 Adenitis, 55, 110 Adenosine, 110, 130, 140 Adenylate Cyclase, 110, 118 Adolescence, 11, 110 Adoptive Transfer, 13, 110 Adrenal Glands, 110 Adrenal insufficiency, 7, 110 Aerobe, 12, 110 Aerobic, 110, 136, 137 Affinity, 24, 110, 134 Agammaglobulinemia, 68, 110 Age Groups, 28, 110 Aged, 80 and Over, 110 Alcohol Dehydrogenase, 12, 110 Algorithms, 16, 110, 114 Alimentary, 4, 27, 110, 122, 139 Alkaline, 110, 111, 115 Alkaloid, 110, 114, 119 Alpha-1, 31, 111 Alpha-Defensins, 111, 121 Alternative medicine, 111 Amebiasis, 7, 84, 111, 136 Amebic dysentery, 111, 123 Amino acid, 59, 111, 112, 113, 121, 125, 127, 140, 142, 143, 145, 147, 149 Amino Acid Sequence, 59, 111, 112, 127 Ammonia, 111, 149 Anaerobic, 10, 111, 125, 145 Anaesthesia, 111, 131

Anal, 111, 134 Anaphylatoxins, 111, 119 Anemia, 111, 129, 135 Animal model, 77, 111 Anions, 111, 133, 147 Annealing, 112, 142 Annexins, 8, 55, 112 Anode, 111, 112, 120 Anorectal, 6, 112 Anorexia, 112, 126 Anthelmintic, 112, 144 Antibacterial, 112, 146 Antibiotic, 5, 6, 112, 113, 118, 125, 146 Antibodies, 18, 20, 22, 29, 35, 38, 40, 49, 51, 60, 62, 63, 65, 70, 112, 128, 131, 134, 136, 141 Anticoagulant, 112, 143 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 112, 119 Anti-infective, 41, 112, 114, 130 Antimicrobial, 53, 74, 84, 85, 112, 121 Antioxidant, 112, 139 Antiparasitic Agents, 25, 112 Antiprotozoal Agents, 22, 112 Anus, 111, 112, 115, 119, 141 Apoptosis, 24, 64, 112, 116 Aqueous, 8, 113, 121, 130 Archaea, 17, 113, 120, 125 Arginine, 56, 111, 113, 129, 138 Arterial, 113, 143 Arteries, 113, 115, 120, 136 Aspiration, 66, 113 Assay, 19, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 113, 131 Asymptomatic, 4, 6, 12, 33, 46, 53, 111, 113 Atrophy, 7, 113 Attenuated, 113, 150 Axenic, 30, 31, 39, 51, 53, 113 Azithromycin, 27, 113 B Bacteremia, 113, 145 Bacteria, 10, 12, 97, 112, 113, 114, 115, 120, 123, 125, 126, 128, 130, 132, 136, 137, 143, 145, 146, 148, 150, 151 Bacteriophage, 113, 145, 148 Bacterium, 6, 113, 122, 128, 129, 137, 145 Base Sequence, 113, 121, 127 Basophils, 114, 134 Benign, 114, 131, 138 Benzene, 114, 133

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Berberine, 70, 114 Beta-Defensins, 114, 121 Bile, 46, 114, 126, 130, 134 Bile Acids, 46, 114 Bile Acids and Salts, 114 Bile duct, 114 Biliary, 3, 114 Biliary Tract, 3, 114 Biochemical, 8, 9, 10, 16, 29, 32, 34, 76, 114, 128, 133 Biological therapy, 114, 128 Biopsy, 4, 11, 114 Biosynthesis, 15, 114 Biotechnology, 17, 26, 91, 114 Bithionol, 22, 114 Bloating, 114, 133 Blood Cell Count, 114, 129 Blood Coagulation, 115, 148 Blood pressure, 115, 136 Blood vessel, 115, 123, 129, 133, 136, 148, 150 Blot, 10, 115 Body Fluids, 115, 123 Bone Marrow, 114, 115, 131, 134, 137 Bowel, 4, 84, 109, 111, 115, 122, 124, 132, 140, 146, 147 Bowel Movement, 115, 122, 146, 147 Bradykinin, 115, 138 Bypass, 14, 115 C Calcium, 8, 14, 112, 115, 119 Calmodulin, 14, 59, 115 Campylobacter, 4, 5, 6, 30, 64, 84, 85, 97, 115, 129 Campylobacter Infections, 84, 115 Campylobacter jejuni, 4, 6, 115 Candidiasis, 6, 115 Candidosis, 116 Capsid, 12, 116 Carbohydrate, 7, 9, 116, 127, 128, 135, 142 Carbon Dioxide, 116, 121, 144, 149 Carcinogen, 116, 136 Carcinogenic, 114, 116, 132, 142 Carrier State, 111, 116 Case report, 37, 116, 118 Case series, 116, 118 Caspase, 24, 64, 116 Cathode, 112, 116, 120 Celiac Disease, 5, 116 Cell Cycle, 21, 70, 116 Cell Death, 112, 116, 137 Cell Differentiation, 116, 147

Cell Division, 9, 113, 116, 128, 136, 141 Cell membrane, 21, 116, 135, 140 Cell Respiration, 117, 136, 144 Cell Survival, 117, 128 Cellulose, 117, 126, 141 Central Nervous System, 109, 114, 117, 140 Centrifugation, 117, 129 Cervical, 16, 117 Cervix, 109, 117 Cestode, 114, 117 Character, 117, 121, 127 Chemotactic Factors, 117, 119 Chemotherapeutic agent, 84, 117 Child Care, 44, 85, 117 Chitin Synthase, 15, 117 Chlamydia, 4, 117 Chlamydia trachomatis, 4, 117 Chlorine, 20, 21, 22, 81, 97, 117 Chlorophyll, 117, 118, 120, 126 Chloroplasts, 117, 121 Chloroquine, 118, 144 Cholera, 29, 30, 84, 118, 150 Cholera Toxin, 30, 118 Cholesterol, 15, 31, 114, 118, 135 Chromatin, 17, 113, 118, 123, 124 Chromosomal, 118, 129, 147 Chromosome, 10, 118, 128, 147 Chronic, 5, 7, 11, 23, 43, 51, 58, 111, 118, 125, 132, 147 Chronic Disease, 11, 118 C-kit receptor, 118, 146 Clinical study, 76, 118 Clinical trial, 8, 91, 118 Cloning, 19, 32, 114, 118 Clostridium, 4, 5, 7, 32, 85, 118 Clostridium difficile, 4, 5, 7, 32, 85, 118 Coccidia, 4, 118, 119 Coccidiosis, 3, 118 Coenzyme, 119, 133 Cofactor, 119, 143, 148 Colchicine, 119, 149 Colitis, 5, 119, 132, 133 Collagen, 111, 119, 141 Colloidal, 119, 123 Colon, 118, 119, 123, 132, 133 Complement, 9, 14, 23, 54, 111, 119, 120 Complementary and alternative medicine, 73, 79, 119 Complementary medicine, 73, 120 Computational Biology, 91, 120 Conjugated, 16, 46, 114, 120, 128

155

Connective Tissue, 115, 119, 120, 126, 134, 136 Constipation, 120, 133 Contamination, 13, 33, 84, 96, 120, 145 Contraindications, ii, 120 Cornea, 120, 128 Coronary, 120, 136 Coronary Thrombosis, 120, 136 Cortical, 120, 129 Counterimmunoelectrophoresis, 36, 120 Crenarchaeota, 113, 120 Cryoelectron Microscopy, 49, 120 Cryptosporidiosis, 113, 120 Curative, 120, 148 Cutaneous, 115, 120, 134 Cyanobacteria, 7, 120 Cyclic, 14, 110, 115, 121, 128, 138 Cyst, 4, 19, 20, 22, 34, 37, 38, 49, 51, 70, 78, 121 Cysteine, 12, 52, 121 Cystine, 121 Cytokine, 13, 71, 121 Cytomegalovirus, 4, 5, 121 Cytoplasm, 113, 114, 117, 118, 121, 123, 124, 125, 137, 145 Cytoskeleton, 16, 121, 136 D De novo, 14, 15, 121 Deamination, 121, 149 Defensins, 13, 111, 114, 121 Degenerative, 121, 129 Dehydration, 118, 121, 145 Deletion, 113, 121 Dementia, 109, 121 Denaturation, 121, 142 Density, 117, 121, 141 Developing Countries, 4, 121 Diabetes Mellitus, 7, 122, 127, 140 Diagnostic procedure, 122 Dialyzer, 122, 129 Diarrhea, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 41, 44, 58, 77, 84, 85, 111, 120, 122, 125, 132, 133, 145 Diarrhoea, 37, 54, 59, 71, 73, 122, 126 Dietary Fiber, 70, 75, 122 Diffusion, 120, 122 Digestion, 110, 114, 115, 122, 132, 134, 139, 140, 147, 150 Digestive system, 84, 122, 126 Digestive tract, 122, 146 Diploid, 9, 122, 141 Direct, iii, 17, 21, 23, 33, 36, 40, 41, 58, 122, 127, 139, 144

Dissociation, 110, 122 Distal, 9, 122 Dormancy, 14, 122 Drug Resistance, 5, 122 Drug Tolerance, 122 Duct, 123, 125, 145 Duodenum, 114, 123, 139, 140, 147 Dysentery, 111, 123, 124, 145 E Effector, 65, 109, 119, 123 Effector cell, 65, 123 Elastic, 123, 127 Electrolyte, 85, 123 Electrophoresis, 35, 123 Emaciation, 109, 123 Embryo, 109, 116, 123, 131 Embryogenesis, 123, 146 Endemic, 38, 39, 56, 118, 123, 135 Endocarditis, 116, 123 Endoscopy, 27, 45, 66, 123 Endothelium, 123, 138 Endothelium-derived, 123, 138 Endotoxins, 119, 123 Entamoebiasis, 123, 124 Enteritis, 67, 115, 124 Enterocolitis, 7, 77, 118, 124 Environmental Health, 33, 90, 92, 124 Enzymatic, 111, 115, 119, 124, 129, 135, 142 Enzyme, 12, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 56, 58, 67, 109, 110, 116, 117, 119, 123, 124, 126, 128, 130, 133, 135, 141, 142, 143, 147, 148, 149, 151 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 19, 20, 21, 33, 36, 40, 41, 124 Eosinophilic, 7, 124 Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis, 7, 124 Eosinophils, 124, 134 Epidemiologic Factors, 85, 124 Epidermal, 44, 124 Epidermal Growth Factor, 44, 124 Epidermis, 124 Epithelial, 13, 24, 44, 56, 64, 114, 118, 124, 129 Epithelial Cells, 56, 114, 118, 124, 129 Epithelium, 120, 123, 124 Epitope, 23, 124 Erythema, 124, 150 Erythromycin, 113, 125 Escherichia, 5, 6, 7, 84, 85, 97, 125, 126, 129 Escherichia coli, 5, 6, 7, 84, 85, 97, 125, 126, 129 Esophageal, 3, 125, 138

156

Giardia Lamblia

Esophagitis, 5, 125 Esophagus, 122, 125, 126, 140, 147 Ethanol, 110, 125, 126 Ether, 113, 125 Eukaryote, 15, 30, 49, 55, 56, 125 Eukaryotic Cells, 19, 125, 131, 138, 139 Euryarchaeota, 113, 125 Evoke, 125, 147 Excipients, 125, 141 Exhaustion, 125, 135 Exocrine, 5, 125, 139 Exogenous, 15, 62, 125 Extracellular, 120, 125, 143 F Faecal, 26, 122, 125 Failure to Thrive, 4, 125 Family Planning, 91, 125 Fat, 114, 115, 126, 134, 146 Fatigue, 6, 84, 126 Feces, 4, 19, 23, 32, 36, 120, 125, 126, 147 Fermentation, 9, 110, 126, 145 Fibrosis, 5, 126 Fixatives, 120, 126 Fluorescence, 21, 23, 41, 58, 126 Fossa, 45, 126 Fungi, 126, 136, 148, 150, 151 Fungus, 115, 126 G Gallbladder, 109, 114, 122, 126 Gas, 111, 116, 117, 122, 126, 130, 133, 138, 145 Gastric, 11, 50, 124, 126, 128, 129, 140, 144 Gastritis, 43, 126, 129 Gastroenteritis, 5, 20, 38, 85, 126, 145 Gastroenterology, 4, 5, 7, 11, 26, 27, 45, 47, 54, 63, 66, 68, 76, 126 Gastrointestinal, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 55, 60, 65, 66, 74, 76, 85, 115, 125, 126, 127, 135, 144, 147, 150 Gastrointestinal tract, 4, 76, 125, 127 Gene, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 25, 30, 32, 47, 55, 58, 114, 127, 133, 139 Gene Expression, 10, 14, 17, 25, 127 Genetic Code, 127, 138, 143 Genetic testing, 127, 142 Genetics, 9, 127 Genotype, 13, 127 Gland, 110, 127, 134, 139, 145, 147, 148 Glucose, 9, 117, 122, 127, 132 Glucose Intolerance, 122, 127 Gluten, 5, 116, 127 Glycerol, 127, 140

Glycerophospholipids, 127, 140 Glycine, 111, 114, 127, 138 Glycogen, 9, 117, 127 Glycolysis, 9, 127 Glycoproteins, 128, 143 Glycosaminoglycan, 31, 128 Glycosylation, 15, 128 Glycosyltransferases, 15, 128 Governing Board, 128, 142 Gram-negative, 117, 121, 125, 128, 129, 145, 150 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 121, 128 Gram-positive, 118, 128, 137 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 118, 128 Granule, 128, 144 Growth factors, 52, 128 Guanine, 25, 32, 34, 47, 128 Guanylate Cyclase, 128, 138 H Habitat, 128, 137 Haploid, 128, 141 Haptens, 110, 128 Health Status, 11, 128 Helicobacter, 6, 7, 47, 51, 84, 128, 149 Helicobacter pylori, 6, 7, 47, 51, 84, 128, 149 Helminths, 4, 7, 96, 129, 132, 138 Hematocrit, 11, 115, 129 Hemodialysis, 47, 122, 129 Hemolytic, 84, 129 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, 84, 129 Hepatic, 7, 129 Hepatitis, 6, 84, 97, 129, 136 Hepatocytes, 129 Hereditary, 109, 129 Heredity, 127, 129 Herpes, 4, 5, 129 Herpes Zoster, 129 Heterogeneity, 21, 24, 43, 50, 71, 110, 129 Hexosyltransferases, 128, 129 Histamine, 111, 129, 144 Histones, 118, 129 Homologous, 8, 112, 130 Hormonal, 113, 130 Hormone, 130, 135, 148 Horseradish Peroxidase, 124, 130 Humoral, 34, 130 Humour, 130 Hydrogen, 109, 110, 116, 121, 130, 134, 136, 139, 147 Hydrogen Peroxide, 130, 134, 147 Hydrogenase, 10, 130

157

Hydrolysis, 128, 130, 134, 135, 142, 143 Hydroxyproline, 111, 119, 130 Hyperplasia, 77, 130, 131 Hypersensitivity, 7, 130 Hyperthyroidism, 7, 130 Hypertrophy, 130 Hypoxanthine, 34, 130 Hypoxic, 130, 136 I Idiopathic, 109, 130 Ileostomy, 130, 137 Ileum, 47, 130 Imidazole, 129, 131, 144 Immune response, 13, 29, 34, 48, 49, 50, 62, 112, 128, 131, 147, 151 Immune Sera, 131 Immune system, 6, 84, 97, 114, 123, 131, 134, 151 Immunization, 84, 110, 131 Immunoassay, 20, 21, 23, 34, 36, 38, 39, 41, 56, 67, 124, 131 Immunocompromised, 85, 131 Immunodeficiency, 6, 109, 131 Immunofluorescence, 20, 21, 29, 32, 33, 36, 40, 131 Immunogenic, 18, 28, 131 Immunoglobulin, 20, 22, 38, 112, 131, 136 Immunohistochemistry, 13, 131 Immunologic, 51, 110, 117, 131 Immunology, 29, 48, 56, 63, 65, 67, 73, 77, 110, 130, 131 Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease, 76, 131 Immunotherapy, 110, 114, 131 In situ, 35, 131 In Situ Hybridization, 35, 131 In vivo, 13, 14, 19, 131 Incision, 131, 133 Induction, 24, 64, 131 Infancy, 5, 7, 132 Infant, Newborn, 110, 132 Infantile, 73, 109, 132 Infarction, 120, 132, 136 Infection Control, 84, 132 Infectious Diarrhea, 85, 132 Infestation, 4, 5, 48, 54, 61, 65, 132 Inflammation, 109, 110, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 132, 134, 141, 143, 150 Inflammatory bowel disease, 30, 132 Ingestion, 4, 22, 52, 132, 141 Inhalation, 132, 141 Initiation, 12, 17, 132

Initiator, 17, 132 Inorganic, 128, 132, 137 Inositol, 62, 132 Insight, 9, 132 Intestinal Mucosa, 116, 124, 132 Intestine, 15, 71, 114, 115, 124, 125, 132, 133 Intracellular, 15, 132, 133, 135, 138, 145 Intracellular Membranes, 133, 135 Intraepithelial, 70, 133 Intramuscular, 133, 139 Intravenous, 133, 140 Intrinsic, 76, 110, 133 Introns, 10, 133 Invasive, 5, 133 Invertebrates, 118, 123, 133 Ions, 115, 122, 123, 130, 133 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 7, 45, 133 Ischemia, 113, 133 Isoenzyme, 31, 50, 53, 133 Isoflavones, 74, 133 K Kb, 90, 133 Kinetics, 82, 133 L Labile, 119, 133 Lactate Dehydrogenase, 12, 133 Large Intestine, 122, 124, 132, 133, 144, 146 Latent, 133, 142 Lectin, 21, 35, 54, 70, 133, 135 Leishmaniasis, 134, 140 Lesion, 134, 149 Lethal, 77, 134 Leucocyte, 111, 134 Leukocytes, 48, 114, 115, 117, 124, 134, 137 Life cycle, 4, 10, 14, 126, 134 Lipid, 15, 54, 71, 127, 134, 139 Lipid Peroxidation, 134, 139 Lipolysis, 53, 134 Lipophilic, 25, 134 Liver, 55, 109, 114, 118, 121, 122, 124, 126, 127, 129, 134, 149 Localization, 19, 66, 131, 134 Localized, 132, 134, 137, 141, 149, 150 Locomotion, 134, 141 Longitudinal Studies, 39, 134 Longitudinal study, 27, 54, 134 Lymph, 117, 123, 130, 134, 147 Lymph node, 117, 134 Lymphadenitis, 134, 137 Lymphatic, 123, 132, 134, 136, 146, 148 Lymphocyte, 58, 109, 112, 134, 135

158

Giardia Lamblia

Lymphocyte Count, 109, 135 Lymphocyte Subsets, 58, 135 Lymphoid, 112, 134, 135 Lymphoma, 131, 135 Lysophospholipase, 16, 135 M Malabsorption, 5, 7, 26, 54, 63, 116, 135 Malaria, 74, 84, 135 Malaria, Falciparum, 135 Malaria, Vivax, 135 Malignant, 109, 131, 135, 138, 144 Malnutrition, 84, 113, 135 Mebendazole, 42, 135 Mediate, 135, 144 MEDLINE, 91, 135 Membrane, 8, 12, 24, 62, 112, 116, 118, 119, 122, 123, 125, 128, 135, 137, 139, 140, 149 Membrane Fusion, 112, 135 Membrane Lipids, 135, 140 Membrane Proteins, 8, 135 Mental, iv, 8, 90, 92, 121, 122, 126, 136, 143 Mental Health, iv, 8, 90, 92, 136, 143 Mepacrine, 7, 65, 136 Mesenchymal, 124, 136 Metronidazole, 4, 7, 10, 12, 18, 27, 65, 71, 136 MI, 57, 107, 136 Microorganism, 12, 119, 136, 140, 151 Micro-organism, 129 Micro-organism, 136 Microtubules, 9, 136 Migration, 70, 136 Mitochondria, 15, 24, 136, 139 Mitosis, 15, 113, 136 Mobilization, 9, 136 Mode of Transmission, 6, 136 Modification, 12, 111, 136 Molecule, 8, 112, 119, 122, 123, 124, 128, 130, 133, 136, 139, 144, 148, 150 Monitor, 10, 136, 138 Monoclonal, 23, 35, 36, 49, 56, 67, 136 Monoclonal antibodies, 67, 136 Monocytes, 134, 137 Mononuclear, 22, 48, 52, 137 Morphological, 81, 123, 126, 137 Morphology, 21, 113, 137 Motility, 137 Motion Sickness, 137 Mucosa, 66, 137 Mucus, 52, 61, 123, 137 Mutagenesis, 8, 137 Mutagens, 137

Mycobacterium, 3, 5, 113, 137, 149 Mycobacterium avium, 3, 5, 113, 137 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection, 4, 137 Myocardium, 136, 137 Myopathy, 49, 137 Myotonic Dystrophy, 45, 137 N Nausea, 84, 126, 137 Necrosis, 113, 129, 132, 136, 137 Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 7, 137 Nematocide, 135, 138 Nematoda, 84, 129, 138 Neoplasms, 109, 110, 138 Nerve, 138, 147, 150 Neural, 130, 138 Neurotransmitter, 109, 110, 111, 115, 127, 129, 138, 147 Neutrophil, 23, 138 Nimorazole, 7, 138 Nitric Oxide, 13, 138 Nitrogen, 111, 121, 138, 139 Nitroreductases, 10, 138 Nuclear, 9, 15, 17, 123, 125, 137, 138 Nuclei, 9, 17, 129, 133, 136, 138 Nucleic acid, 110, 113, 116, 127, 130, 131, 137, 138 Nucleolus, 138, 144 Nucleus, 15, 113, 114, 118, 121, 123, 124, 125, 137, 138, 147 Nutritional Status, 11, 139 O Ocular, 57, 117, 139 Oncogene, 139, 146 On-line, 12, 107, 139 Opportunistic Infections, 109, 139 Organelles, 15, 117, 120, 121, 137, 139, 141 Ornidazole, 7, 139 Ovum, 134, 139 Oxidation, 109, 112, 121, 134, 139 Oxidative Stress, 55, 139 P Palliative, 139, 148 Pancreas, 109, 122, 126, 139 Pancreatic, 3, 5, 139 Pancreatic Insufficiency, 5, 139 Parasitic, 4, 17, 54, 60, 84, 96, 109, 112, 114, 118, 120, 123, 127, 129, 132, 139, 145, 149 Parasitic Diseases, 4, 84, 96, 139 Parasitism, 96, 139 Parenteral, 7, 139 Patch, 22, 52, 140

159

Pathogen, 10, 12, 14, 16, 43, 55, 56, 61, 128, 140 Pathogenesis, 17, 140 Pathologic, 113, 114, 116, 120, 126, 130, 140 Pathologic Processes, 113, 140 Pathophysiology, 7, 10, 58, 76, 85, 140 Patient Education, 96, 102, 104, 107, 140 Pentamidine, 24, 140 Pentosyltransferases, 128, 140 Peptic, 129, 140 Peptic Ulcer, 129, 140 Peptide, 16, 111, 118, 140, 142, 143 Perforation, 3, 140 Peritoneal, 50, 140 Peritoneum, 140 Pharmacologic, 140, 148 Phospholipids, 15, 126, 132, 135, 140 Phosphorus, 115, 140 Phosphorylated, 8, 119, 140 Phosphorylation, 14, 140 Phylogeny, 24, 55, 141 Physical Examination, 85, 141 Physical Fitness, 141, 146 Physiologic, 114, 141, 144 Physiology, 8, 52, 55, 76, 126, 141 Plants, 70, 110, 114, 116, 118, 121, 127, 133, 137, 141, 148 Plasma, 112, 116, 127, 131, 139, 141, 144 Plasma cells, 112, 141 Plastids, 139, 141 Platelet Aggregation, 111, 138, 141 Platelets, 138, 141, 148 Platyhelminths, 129, 141 Pneumonia, 120, 140, 141 Poisoning, 5, 83, 85, 96, 126, 137, 141, 145 Polyethylene, 28, 141, 147 Polyethylene Glycols, 28, 141, 147 Polymerase, 17, 32, 141, 142 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 32, 142 Polymers, 141, 142, 143 Polymorphic, 31, 43, 142 Polypeptide, 111, 119, 124, 142, 143, 151 Polysaccharide, 112, 117, 128, 142 Practice Guidelines, 92, 142 Precursor, 123, 124, 142 Predisposition, 5, 16, 142 Prevalence, 11, 47, 54, 59, 60, 96, 142 Probe, 8, 26, 142 Progression, 111, 142 Progressive, 116, 121, 122, 137, 142 Promoter, 17, 142 Prophylaxis, 84, 142

Prospective study, 60, 134, 142 Protease, 12, 54, 142 Protein C, 8, 29, 111, 113, 142, 143, 149 Protein Conformation, 111, 143 Protein S, 14, 25, 114, 125, 127, 143, 145 Protein Synthesis Inhibitors, 25, 143 Protein Transport, 46, 143 Proteolytic, 76, 111, 119, 143 Protozoa, 6, 12, 16, 74, 84, 97, 123, 127, 134, 136, 143, 149, 150 Protozoal, 3, 4, 5, 6, 63, 96, 143 Protozoan, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 55, 59, 76, 83, 118, 120, 127, 135, 143, 149 Public Health, 13, 34, 42, 60, 63, 66, 92, 143 Public Policy, 91, 143 Publishing, 18, 83, 143 Pulmonary, 115, 117, 124, 137, 143 Pulmonary Edema, 117, 143 Pulse, 136, 143 Pyogenic, 125, 143 Q Quinacrine, 7, 27, 144 R Race, 136, 144 Radiation, 126, 136, 139, 144, 151 Radioactive, 130, 137, 138, 144 Ranitidine, 32, 144 Reagent, 117, 144 Receptor, 12, 21, 112, 118, 144 Recombinant, 12, 13, 144, 150 Reconstitution, 13, 144 Rectum, 112, 115, 119, 122, 126, 132, 133, 144 Red blood cells, 129, 144 Refer, 1, 119, 126, 129, 134, 144, 148 Refraction, 144, 146 Regeneration, 144 Reinfection, 11, 61, 144 Reliability, 21, 41, 144 Respiration, 116, 136, 144 Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, 10, 144 Ribosome, 12, 144, 149 Rickettsiae, 145, 150 Risk factor, 44, 60, 77, 97, 142, 145 Rod, 113, 125, 145 Rotavirus, 28, 145 S Salivary, 62, 121, 122, 145, 147 Salivary glands, 121, 122, 145 Salmonella, 4, 5, 6, 37, 85, 97, 126, 145 Salmonella Infections, 6, 145

160

Giardia Lamblia

Salmonellosis, 84, 145 Screening, 4, 25, 118, 145 Secretion, 76, 110, 124, 129, 130, 137, 139, 144, 145, 150 Secretory, 24, 48, 49, 62, 64, 76, 111, 145 Sedimentation, 23, 117, 145, 149 Sequencing, 129, 142, 145 Serologic, 131, 145 Serology, 39, 145 Serum, 24, 29, 33, 49, 56, 60, 63, 65, 77, 110, 111, 119, 131, 144, 145 Sex Characteristics, 110, 145 Shigella, 5, 6, 12, 85, 97, 145 Shigellosis, 4, 84, 145 Shock, 18, 19, 20, 145, 149 Sialyltransferases, 128, 146 Side effect, 114, 146, 148 Skeleton, 109, 146 Small intestine, 13, 15, 123, 124, 127, 130, 131, 132, 146, 149 Somatic, 110, 123, 130, 136, 146 Somatic cells, 136, 146 Spasmodic, 109, 146 Spastic, 133, 146 Specialist, 98, 146 Specificity, 13, 51, 65, 110, 146 Spectrum, 6, 131, 146 Sperm, 118, 146, 149 Spinal cord, 117, 118, 146 Spleen, 121, 134, 146 Sports Medicine, 6, 102, 146 Stabilization, 81, 146 Steatorrhea, 66, 146 Stem Cell Factor, 13, 118, 146 Stimulus, 14, 123, 147 Stomach, 109, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 137, 140, 146, 147 Stool, 4, 6, 11, 12, 20, 21, 23, 28, 33, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41, 46, 53, 56, 58, 67, 119, 133, 146, 147 Strand, 141, 147 Stress, 85, 126, 133, 137, 139, 142, 147, 150 Subacute, 6, 132, 147 Subclinical, 68, 132, 147 Subcutaneous, 139, 147 Submaxillary, 124, 147 Subspecies, 146, 147 Substance P, 125, 144, 145, 147 Substrate, 71, 81, 124, 147 Superoxide, 12, 147 Superoxide Dismutase, 12, 147 Supplementation, 54, 147

Suppository, 141, 147 Symptomatic, 33, 46, 53, 54, 147 Symptomatology, 13, 147 Systemic, 115, 116, 118, 132, 137, 147, 148 Systemic disease, 137, 147 T Tapeworm, 83, 147 Telomere, 18, 147 Therapeutics, 4, 27, 148 Thermal, 122, 142, 148 Thrombin, 141, 143, 148 Thrombocytopenia, 129, 148 Thrombomodulin, 143, 148 Thrombosis, 143, 148 Thrush, 115, 148 Thymus, 131, 134, 148 Thyroid, 130, 148 Thyroid Gland, 130, 148 Ticks, 132, 148 Tinidazole, 7, 57, 148 Toxic, iv, 48, 114, 140, 148 Toxicology, 92, 148 Toxin, 118, 148 Trace element, 6, 148 Transcriptase, 12, 148 Transduction, 112, 132, 148 Transfection, 25, 114, 148 Transfer Factor, 131, 148 Transferases, 128, 148 Translation, 12, 111, 125, 149 Translocation, 125, 143, 149 Transplantation, 47, 131, 149 Trauma, 50, 125, 137, 149 Triage, 36, 41, 149 Trichomonas, 9, 16, 22, 24, 63, 70, 139, 148, 149 Trichomonas Infections, 139, 149 Trichomoniasis, 16, 136, 149 Tropical Sprue, 7, 149 Trypanosomiasis, 140, 149 Tuberculosis, 137, 149 Tubulin, 17, 25, 136, 149 Tunica, 137, 149 U Ulcer, 149 Ulceration, 29, 140, 149 Untranslated Regions, 12, 149 Urea, 11, 149 Urea Breath Test, 11, 149 Urease, 129, 149 Urinary, 138, 149 Urine, 124, 149

161

Urogenital, 117, 149, 150 Urogenital Diseases, 117, 150 Urticaria, 51, 67, 150 Uterus, 109, 117, 150 V Vaccines, 4, 150, 151 Vacuoles, 139, 150 Vagina, 116, 117, 150 Vaginitis, 116, 150 Vascular, 7, 123, 132, 138, 148, 150 Vasodilators, 138, 150 Vector, 12, 139, 148, 150 Vein, 133, 138, 150 Venous, 114, 143, 150 Venter, 150 Ventral, 19, 150 Vesicular, 129, 143, 150 Veterinary Medicine, 91, 150 Vibrio, 5, 29, 84, 85, 118, 150 Vibrio Infections, 84, 150 Villous, 116, 150 Vinblastine, 149, 150 Vinca Alkaloids, 150

Vincristine, 149, 150 Vinorelbine, 77, 150 Viral, 4, 5, 6, 12, 16, 25, 29, 85, 116, 148, 150 Viral vector, 12, 150 Virulence, 10, 13, 23, 68, 113, 151 Virus, 5, 12, 18, 21, 25, 29, 97, 109, 113, 116, 122, 148, 150, 151 Vitamin A, 132, 151 Vitro, 10, 13, 14, 16, 21, 22, 24, 25, 31, 37, 40, 42, 46, 48, 51, 53, 57, 62, 63, 68, 70, 71, 74, 76, 77, 131, 142, 145, 151 Vivo, 13, 25, 151 W White blood cell, 112, 124, 134, 135, 137, 138, 141, 151 X Xenograft, 111, 151 X-ray, 8, 116, 126, 138, 151 Y Yeasts, 4, 116, 126, 151 Yersinia Infections, 84, 151 Z Zymogen, 142, 151

162

Giardia Lamblia

163

164

Giardia Lamblia

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