Gram Stain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ARKER , ...

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A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Gram Stain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00493-3 1. Gram Stain-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Gram stain. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GRAM STAIN ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Gram Stain.................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GRAM STAIN ............................................................. 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 29 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 32 General References ....................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 3. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GRAM STAIN ............................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 35 Academic Periodicals covering Gram Stain................................................................................. 36 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 41 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 43 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 47 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 49 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 51 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 51 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 57 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 58 GRAM STAIN DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................... 59 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 81

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Gram stain is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Gram stain, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Gram stain, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Gram stain. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Gram stain, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Gram stain. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GRAM STAIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Gram stain.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Gram stain, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Gram stain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Urosepsis: Identifying the Cause by Gram's Stain Source: IM. Internal Medicine. 18(10): 75-76, 78. October 1997. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Summary: A Gram stain of the urine instantly identifies presumed uropathogens in patients with bacteremia (bacteria in the blood) from a urinary tract source. The results can be used to help the physician select initial empiric antibiotic therapy and confirm the diagnosis of urosepsis. This article reviews the techniques involved in identifying the cause of urosepsis by using a Gram stain. The author notes that in order to properly manage these patients, the physician will also need to use blood and urine cultures and a urinalysis. Blood cultures can detect bacteremia and identify organisms associated

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with bloodstream invasion from a urinary tract source. A urine culture provides information regarding antibiotic susceptibility in acute urinary tract infections (UTIs) and is also essential in nonacute UTIs. Urinalysis should be performed to verify the chemical abnormalities found in the urine. If gram positive cocci in chains are identified on a urine Gram stain, select an antibiotic to cover group D and group B streptococci. If slender bacilli are seen on the abbreviated or formal Gram stain, select an antibiotic to cover common coliforms. This approach saves covering both gram positive cocci and gram negative bacilla with expensive and unnecessary double drug therapy. Since community acquired urosepsis is caused by a single pathogen, there is no need to cover both possibilities. The author concludes by briefly reviewing the recommended drugs for each situation. 3 figures. 1 table. 3 references. •

Microwave Disinfection of Dentures for the Treatment of Oral Candidiasis Source: SCD. Special Care in Dentistry. 21(1): 4-8. January-February 2001. Contact: Available from Special Care Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2660. Summary: This article reports on a study on the disinfection of dentures in which 34 institutionalized subjects (mean age, 81 years) with a positive test for Candida albicans pseudohyphae were randomly assigned to test (microwave) and control (soak) groups. All subjects received the same course of topical antifungal medication (Nystatin). Subjects in the microwave treatment group had their maxillary (upper jaw) denture scrubbed and then microwaved for one minute at 850 Watts. This procedure was repeated three times. For subjects receiving the standard denture soak treatment, the nursing staff was instructed to disinfect the maxillary dentures in 0.2 percent chlorhexidine digluconate solution overnight for 14 days, changing the solution every two days. Infestation of the tissue surface of the maxillary denture with C. albicans progressively took place over the three month period following treatment such that 8 (53 percent) of the microwaved dentures and 15 (84 percent) of the soaked dentures demonstrated pseudohyphae as determined by Gram stain. Infection of the soft tissues with the hyphal form of C. albicans also increased with time. After three months, one (8 percent) patient in the microwave group and 12 (63 percent) patients in the denture soak group demonstrated pseudohyphae on the cytological smears. Reinfestation of the denture surface and infection of the adjacent soft tissue were delayed dramatically in patients whose dentures were microwaved compared with those whose dentures were disinfected by being soaked in a chlorhexidine solution. The authors note that microwave treatment is not recommended for all dentures and should be used with caution. 2 tables. 29 references.

Federally Funded Research on Gram Stain The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Gram stain. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Gram stain. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Gram stain. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Gram stain: •

Project Title: A SIMPLE SELF-TEST FOR VAGINAL FLORA STATUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lawrence, Paul J.; Litmus Concepts, Inc. 2981 Copper Rd Santa Clara, Ca 95051 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 30-MAY-2003 Summary: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is now recognized as a risk factor for adverse reproductive health sequelae in women. It results from a complex disturbance of the vaginal ecology. Normal vaginal flora (FLORA) is usually characterized by a predominance of aerobic lactobacilli. BV results from the replacement of the normal FLORA with a mixed FLORA consisting primarily of facultative and anaerobic organisms. Vaginal lactobacilli act as endogenous vaginal microbicides by producing H2O2 and other factors that can inhibit growth or survival of genital pathogens. The use of a vaginal suppository containing viable lactobacilli is now being evaluated as a prophylaxis against genital tract infection. Unfortunately, the recommended methods for detecting FLORA changes associated with BV [the Amsel criteria (AMSEL) and Gram stain (GRAM)] are unsuitable for direct use by patients and consumers. Litmus Concepts, Inc. (LCI) has shown that its resident technology can be modified to distinguish women with a predominance of normal FLORA from women with a disturbed FLORA. This technology advance will be incorporated into a consumer device to permit women to determine their own vaginal flora status. After completing product development, LCI will manufacture three commercial lots of the product; test the ability of untrained women to self-sample VF, use the product, and interpret test results. Clinical data will be compiled into a regulatory submission to the FDA to obtain clearance to market the device. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The LCI product will be suitable for direct use by women as a surrogate for the presence of normal FLORA. By providing an objective, reproducible, visual determination quickly and easily, the LCI product can assist women to monitor their gynecological health. A consumer use product can reduce health care costs, improve quality of life and assist physicians in monitoring patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

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unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Gram stain” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for Gram stain in the PubMed Central database: •

A Fluorescent Gram Stain for Flow Cytometry and Epifluorescence Microscopy. by Mason DJ, Shanmuganathan S, Mortimer FC, Gant VA.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106444

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Chemical mechanism of the Gram stain and synthesis of a new electron-opaque marker for electron microscopy which replaces the iodine mordant of the stain. by Davies JA, Anderson GK, Beveridge TJ, Clark HC.; 1983 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217902

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Comparison of Gram stain and Nomarski optics for screening sputum specimens before culture. by Reimer LG, Kepas A.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268647

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Comparison of Gram stain with DNA probe for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urethras of symptomatic males. by Juchau SV, Nackman R, Ruppart D.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228641

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Concentrated Gram stain smears prepared with a cytospin centrifuge. by Shanholtzer CJ, Schaper PJ, Peterson LR.; 1982 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272538

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Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by direct Gram stain of vaginal fluid. by Spiegel CA, Amsel R, Holmes KK.; 1983 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270763

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EFFECTS OF THE GRAM STAIN ON MICROSPHERES FROM THERMAL POLYAMINO ACIDS. by Fox SW, Yuyama S.; 1963 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=278130

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Efficacy of direct Gram stain in differentiating staphylococci from streptococci in blood cultures positive for gram-positive cocci. by Agger WA, Maki DG.; 1978 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274874

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Failure of Gram stain to detect Propionibacterium acnes in specimens from clinically significant infections. by Esteban J, Garcia-Calvo G, Jimenez-Castillo P, Soriano F.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=229187

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Photometric Application of the Gram Stain Method To Characterize Natural Bacterial Populations in Aquatic Environments. by Saida H, Ytow N, Seki H.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106110

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The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Quantitative Gram Stain Interpretation Criteria Used by Microbiology Laboratories in Alberta, Canada. by Church D, Melnyk E, Unger B.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87580

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Recognition of Pneumocystis carinii by Gram stain in impression smears of lung tissue. by Felegie TP, Pasculle AW, Dekker A.; 1984 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271545

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Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of Gram stain interpretation. by Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL.; 1991 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269757

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Reproducibility of a scoring system for Gram stain diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. by Joesoef MR, Hillier SL, Josodiwondo S, Linnan M.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270193

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Sputum Gram stain assessment in community-acquired bacteremic pneumonia. by Gleckman R, DeVita J, Hibert D, Pelletier C, Martin R.; 1988 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266472

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Utility of Gram stain in evaluation of sputa from patients with cystic fibrosis. by Sadeghi E, Matlow A, MacLusky I, Karmali MA.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262969

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Gram stain, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Gram stain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Gram stain (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparative study of the diagnostic performance of amniotic fluid glucose, white blood cell count, interleukin-6, and Gram stain in the detection of microbial invasion in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Author(s): Romero R, Yoon BH, Mazor M, Gomez R, Gonzalez R, Diamond MP, Baumann P, Araneda H, Kenney JS, Cotton DB, et al. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 October; 169(4): 839-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7694463

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A Gram stain for smears of blood cultures, body fluids and tissues. Author(s): Davis JC. Source: Am J Med Technol. 1976 November; 42(11): 417-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=62513

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A positive donor Gram stain does not predict outcome following lung transplantation. Author(s): Weill D, Dey GC, Hicks RA, Young KR Jr, Zorn GL Jr, Kirklin JK, Early L, McGiffin DC. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2002 May; 21(5): 555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11983545

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Acceptability of a self-sampling technique to collect vaginal smears for Gram stain diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): Boskey ER, Atherly-Trim SA, O'Campo PJ, Strobino DM, Misra DP. Source: Women's Health Issues : Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. 2004 January-February; 14(1): 14-8. Erratum In: Womens Health Issues. 2004 March-April; 14(2): 69. Misra P [corrected to Misra Dawn P]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15001184

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Amniocentesis for Gram stain and culture in preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Author(s): Broekhuizen FF, Gilman M, Hamilton PR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 September; 66(3): 316-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2410839

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Amniotic fluid Gram stain and leukocyte count in the prediction of intrauterine infection in preterm prelabour amniorrhexis. Author(s): Carroll SG, Philpott-Howard J, Nicolaides KH. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1996 January-February; 11(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8719713

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An evaluation of the Gram stain and chocolate agar culture as part of a routine urine culture set-up. Author(s): Boyd DE, Flournoy DJ, Hussain Qadri SM. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 1980; 169(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6162084

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An evaluation of the Gram stain in protected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Author(s): Duflo F, Allaouchiche B, Debon R, Bordet F, Chassard D. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 February; 92(2): 442-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11159248

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Bacteriuria screening by leukocyte esterase nitrite strip plus Gram stain. Author(s): Park CH, Hixon DL, Ferguson CB, Lawless CC, Risheim CC, Cook CB. Source: Va Med. 1985 December; 112(12): 786-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2417427

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Cervical Gram stain for rapid detection of colonization with beta-streptococcus. Author(s): Holls WM, Thomas J, Troyer V. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 March; 69(3 Pt 1): 354-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2434893

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Characteristics of three vaginal flora patterns assessed by Gram stain among pregnant women. Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Author(s): Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Nugent RP, Gibbs RS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 March; 166(3): 938-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1372474

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Clinical utility of cardiac valve Gram stain and culture in patients undergoing native valve replacement. Author(s): Chuard C, Antley CM, Reller LB. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1998 May; 122(5): 412-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9593341

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Clinical utility of measuring white blood cells on vaginal wet mount and endocervical Gram stain for the prediction of chlamydial and gonococcal infections. Author(s): Moore SG, Miller WC, Hoffman IF, Fox KK, Owen-O'Dowd J, McPherson JT, Privette A, Schmitz JL, Leone PA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000 October; 27(9): 530-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11034527

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Comparative evaluation of the Limulus assay and the direct Gram stain for detection of significant bacteriuria. Author(s): Jorgensen JH, Jones PM. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1975 January; 63(1): 142-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=46129

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Comparison of a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test and the Gram stain for detection of group B streptococcus in high-risk antepartum patients. Author(s): Towers CV, Garite TJ, Friedman WW, Pircon RA, Nageotte MP. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 September; 163(3): 965-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1698337

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Comparison of Gram stain and first-voided urine sediment in the diagnosis of urethritis. Author(s): Bowie WR. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1978 April-June; 5(2): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10328029

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Comparison of Gram stain and latex agglutination for diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis. Author(s): Coovadia YM, Van den Ende J, Solwa Z. Source: Lancet. 1989 September 16; 2(8664): 677. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2570923

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Comparison of Gram stain and Nomarski optics for screening sputum specimens before culture. Author(s): Reimer LG, Kepas A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 February; 23(2): 377-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3517055

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Comparison of Gram stain and Pap smear procedures in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): Vardar E, Maral I, Inal M, Ozguder O, Tasli F, Postaci H. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002; 10(4): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648314

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Comparison of Gram stain with DNA probe for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urethras of symptomatic males. Author(s): Juchau SV, Nackman R, Ruppart D. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 November; 33(11): 3068-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8576380

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Comparison of Gram stain, DNA probe, and culture for the identification of species of Mobiluncus in female genital specimens. Author(s): Roberts MC, Hillier SL, Schoenknecht FD, Holmes KK. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1985 July; 152(1): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2409187

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Comparison of Gram stain, leukocyte esterase activity, and amniotic fluid glucose concentration in predicting amniotic fluid culture results in preterm premature rupture of membranes. Author(s): Gauthier DW, Meyer WJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 October; 167(4 Pt 1): 10925. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1384334

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Comparison of the cervicovaginal Gram stain and rapid latex agglutination slide test for identification of group B streptococci. Author(s): Lugenbill C, Clark RB, Fagnant RJ, Hostetter MK, Hill WC. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1990 December; 10(4): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1703565

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Concentrated Gram stain smears prepared with a cytospin centrifuge. Author(s): Shanholtzer CJ, Schaper PJ, Peterson LR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1982 December; 16(6): 1052-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6186686

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Contamination of crystal violet in the Gram stain method. Author(s): Clarke SC, McIntyre M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1995 January; 48(1): 92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7535805

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Correlation between cervical cytologic results and Gram stain as diagnostic tests for bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): Davis JD, Connor EE, Clark P, Wilkinson EJ, Duff P. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 September; 177(3): 532-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9322619

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Counterimmunoelectrophoresis of blood cultures. Temporal Relationship of positive Gram stain to positive counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Author(s): Fossieck B Jr, Fedorko J. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1979 March; 71(3): 326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=86293

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Gram Stain

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C-reactive protein is useful in distinguishing Gram stain-negative bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis in children. Author(s): Sormunen P, Kallio MJ, Kilpi T, Peltola H. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 June; 134(6): 725-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10356141

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Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by direct Gram stain of vaginal fluid. Author(s): Spiegel CA, Amsel R, Holmes KK. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1983 July; 18(1): 170-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6193137

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Direct Gram stain and urease test to detect Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Van Horn KG, Dworkin BM. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1990 November-December; 13(6): 449-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1703938

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Early pregnancy threshold vaginal pH and Gram stain scores predictive of subsequent preterm birth in asymptomatic women. Author(s): Hauth JC, Macpherson C, Carey JC, Klebanoff MA, Hillier SL, Ernest JM, Leveno KJ, Wapner R, Varner M, Trout W, Moawad A, Sibai B. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 March; 188(3): 831-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12634666

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Efficacy of direct Gram stain in differentiating staphylococci from streptococci in blood cultures positive for gram-positive cocci. Author(s): Agger WA, Maki DG. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1978 February; 7(2): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=75888

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Endocervical Gram stain smears and their usefulness in the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Myziuk L, Romanowski B, Brown M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 April; 77(2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11287687

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Etiological diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia by Gram stain and quantitative culture of expectorates. Leukocytes or alveolar macrophages as indicators of sample representativity. Author(s): Kalin M, Lindberg AA, Tunevall G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1983; 15(2): 153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6192493

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Evaluating rapid diagnostic tests of intra-amniotic infection: Gram stain, amniotic fluid glucose level, and amniotic fluid to serum glucose level ratio. Author(s): Hussey MJ, Levy ES, Pombar X, Meyer P, Strassner HT. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 September; 179(3 Pt 1): 650-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9757966

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Evaluation of acridine orange staining as a replacement of subcultures for BacT/ALERT-positive, Gram stain-negative blood cultures. Author(s): Adler H, Baumlin N, Frei R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 November; 41(11): 5238-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14605172

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Evaluation of dipstrips, direct Gram stain and pyuria as screening tests for the detection of bacteriuria. Author(s): Hussain R, Chaudhry NA, Anwar MS, Khan SA, Munir M, Tayyab M. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1996 February; 46(2): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8683847

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Evaluation of sputum Gram stain. Author(s): Beidas SO. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992 December; 15(6): 1048-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1281003

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Evaluation of the cytocentrifuge Gram stain as a screening test for bacteriuria in specimens from specific patient populations. Author(s): Winquist AG, Orrico MA, Peterson LR. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1997 November; 108(5): 515-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9353090

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Evaluation of the Gram stain as a screening tool for maternal carriage of group B betahemolytic streptococci. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Author(s): Carey JC, Klebanoff MA, Regan JA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 October; 76(4): 693-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1699182

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Evaluation of two rapid tests for detection of maternal endocervical group B streptococcus: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Gram stain. Author(s): Hagay ZJ, Miskin A, Goldchmit R, Federman A, Matzkel A, Mogilner BM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 July; 82(1): 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7685873

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Gram Stain

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Evaluation of urease test, Gram stain, culture, and histology in the detection of Campylobacter pylori. Author(s): Wang WM, Chen CY, Jan CM, Lan TS, Chen LT, Lin SR, Chien CH. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1990 August; 89(8): 683-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1981231

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Failure of Gram stain to detect Propionibacterium acnes in specimens from clinically significant infections. Author(s): Esteban J, Garcia-Calvo G, Jimenez-Castillo P, Soriano F. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 August; 34(8): 2051. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8818915

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Fallibility of intra-operative Gram stain in the diagnosis of vascular infection. Author(s): Samson RH, Gupta SK, Scher LA, Veith FJ. Source: Angiology. 1982 October; 33(10): 680-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6181720

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False positive Gram stain of amniotic fluid from amniocentesis: case reports. Author(s): Elliott JP, Rudeen RL, Zimmerman JD, Flaherty JF, Leanza RF. Source: Military Medicine. 1984 April; 149(4): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6203053

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Fluorescent Gram stain in the microbiologic diagnosis of infectious keratitis and endophthalmitis. Author(s): Roychoudhury B, Sharma S, Reddy MK, Das T. Source: Current Eye Research. 1997 June; 16(6): 620-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9192173

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Ghost mycobacteria on Gram stain. Author(s): Trifiro S, Bourgault AM, Lebel F, Rene P. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1990 January; 28(1): 146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1688872

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Gonodecten--new 3-minute in vitro diagnostic test for gonorrhea in the male without use of conventional culture or Gram stain. Author(s): Felman YM, William DC. Source: Urology. 1982 March; 19(3): 252-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6175066

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Gonorrhea: diagnosis by Gram stain in the female adolescent. Author(s): Wald ER. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1977 October; 131(10): 1094-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=71857

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Gram stain and culture of morning and 24 h sputum in the diagnosis of bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: a dogma disputed. Author(s): Medici TC, von Graevenitz A, Shang H, Bohni E, Wall M. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1988 December; 1(10): 923-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2465180

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Gram stain and culture of sputum to diagnose bacterial pneumonia. Author(s): Musher DM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1985 November; 152(5): 1096. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2413144

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Gram stain cutaneous abscesses. Author(s): Anderson WC. Source: Jacep. 1979 January; 8(1): 46-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=93156

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Gram stain detection of infection during revision arthroplasty. Author(s): Chimento GF, Finger S, Barrack RL. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1996 September; 78(5): 838-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8836084

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Gram stain evaluation of the quality of sputum specimens for mycobacterial culture. Author(s): Curione CJ Jr, Kaneko GS, Voss JL, Hesse F, Smith RF. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1977 March; 5(3): 381-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=67123

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Gram stain for streptococcal pharyngitis. Author(s): Jui J, Norton R, Edminster S, Boyer S. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1985 February; 14(2): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2578755

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Gram stain in Legionnaires' disease. Author(s): Liu F, Wright DN. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1984 September; 77(3): 549-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6206723

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Gram stain in the rapid determination of maternal colonization with group B betastreptococcus. Author(s): Sandy EA 2nd, Blumenfeld ML, Iams JD. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 May; 71(5): 796-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2451799

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Gram stain interpretation of blood cultures. Author(s): Wald ER. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1982 August; 21(8): 463-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7044644

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Gram stain method shows better sensitivity than clinical criteria for detection of bacterial vaginosis in surveillance of pregnant, low-income women in a clinical setting. Author(s): Donders GG. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999; 7(6): 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10598915

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Gram stain method shows better sensitivity than clinical criteria for detection of bacterial vaginosis in surveillance of pregnant, low-income women in a clinical setting. Author(s): Tam MT, Yungbluth M, Myles T. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998; 6(5): 204-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9894174

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Gram stain of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the early diagnosis of ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Author(s): Allaouchiche B, Jaumain H, Chassard D, Bouletreau P. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1999 December; 83(6): 845-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10700780

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Gram stain of uncentrifuged urine for rapid detection of leukocyturia. Author(s): Escande MC, Richet H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 December; 5(6): 668-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3803381

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Gram stain results from amniocentesis in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes--comparison of maternal and fetal characteristics. Author(s): Asrat T, Nageotte MP, Garite TJ, Gocke SE, Dorchester W. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 September; 163(3): 887-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1698335

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Gram stain, culture, and histopathological examination findings for heart valves removed because of infective endocarditis. Author(s): Morris AJ, Drinkovic D, Pottumarthy S, Strickett MG, MacCulloch D, Lambie N, Kerr AR. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 March 15; 36(6): 697-704. Epub 2003 Mar 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12627353

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Gram stain. Author(s): John JF Jr. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1998 December 15; 129(12): 1083. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9867783

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Is the stat Gram stain helpful during percutaneous image-guided fluid drainage? Author(s): Ketai L, Washington T, Allen T, Rael J. Source: Academic Radiology. 2000 April; 7(4): 228-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10766094

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Listeria monocytogenes peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Value of ascitic fluid Gram stain and a review of literature. Author(s): Nguyen MH, Yu VL. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1994 January; 39(1): 215-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7506643

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Microbiology of liver abscesses and the predictive value of abscess Gram stain and associated blood cultures. Author(s): Chemaly RF, Hall GS, Keys TF, Procop GW. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2003 August; 46(4): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944014

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Misinterpretation of cerebrospinal fluid Gram stain. Author(s): Joyner RW, Idriss ZH, Wilfert CM. Source: Pediatrics. 1974 September; 54(3): 360-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4137844

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Permanent diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis: Gram stain or Papanicolaou stain? Author(s): Giacomini G. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2000 October; 23(4): 292-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11002374

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Pneumocystis carinii identified by Gram stain of lung imprints. Author(s): Macher AM, Shelhamer J, MacLowry J, Parker M, Masur H. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1983 October; 99(4): 484-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6194727

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Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and correlation of clinical to Gram stain diagnostic criteria in low risk pregnant women. Author(s): Gratacos E, Figueras F, Barranco M, Ros R, Andreu A, Alonso PL, Cararach V. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 November; 15(10): 913-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10669125

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Proceedings: Gram stain on the bile aspirated at operation: a rational approach to antibiotic therapy in biliary disease. Author(s): Bishop HM, Keighley MR, Crapp AR, Burdon DW, Slaney G, AlexanderWilliams J. Source: Gut. 1975 October; 16(10): 841. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=54284

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Prognosis of pneumonia: sputum culture and Gram stain. Author(s): Dipoala JA. Source: N Y State J Med. 1977 July; 77(8): 1259-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=18694

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Prospective study of the usefulness of sputum Gram stain in the initial approach to community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Author(s): Roson B, Carratala J, Verdaguer R, Dorca J, Manresa F, Gudiol F. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 October; 31(4): 869-74. Epub 2000 October 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11049763

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Pseudogout presenting with low synovial fluid glucose: identification of crystals by Gram stain. Author(s): Wheeler AP, Graham BS. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1985 February; 289(2): 68-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2579552

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Pulmonary strongyloidiasis. Diagnosis by sputum Gram stain. Author(s): Smith B, Verghese A, Guiterrez C, Dralle W, Berk SL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1985 November; 79(5): 663-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2414988

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Quantitative culture and Gram stain of sputum in pneumonia. Author(s): Guckian JC, Christensen WD. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978 December; 118(6): 997-1005. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=84542

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Quantitative Gram stain interpretation criteria used by microbiology laboratories in Alberta, Canada. Author(s): Church D, Melnyk E, Unger B. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 November; 38(11): 4266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11060107

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Rapid identification of pneumococci. Gram stain vs. the quellung reaction. Author(s): Merrill CW, Gwaltney JM Jr, Hendley JW, Sande MA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 March 8; 288(10): 510-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4119290

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Rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus from BacT/ALERT blood culture bottles by direct Gram stain characteristics. Author(s): Murdoch DR, Greenlees RL. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2004 February; 57(2): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14747451

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Rapid quantification of bacterial and fungal growth in burn wounds: biopsy homogenate Gram stain versus microbial culture results. Author(s): Taddonio TE, Thomson PD, Tait MJ, Prasad JK, Feller I. Source: Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1988 June; 14(3): 180-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2458806

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Rapid screening of urine for significant bacteriuria by Gram stain, acridine orange stain, and the Autobac MTS system. Author(s): Crout FV, Tilton RC. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1984 June; 2(3): 179-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6204806

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Recognition of Pneumocystis carinii by Gram stain in impression smears of lung tissue. Author(s): Felegie TP, Pasculle AW, Dekker A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1984 December; 20(6): 1190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6084017

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Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of Gram stain interpretation. Author(s): Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1991 February; 29(2): 297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1706728

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Reproducibility of a scoring system for Gram stain diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): Joesoef MR, Hillier SL, Josodiwondo S, Linnan M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1991 August; 29(8): 1730-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1722221

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Simplified Gram stain interpretive method for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): Thomason JL, Anderson RJ, Gelbart SM, Osypowski PJ, Scaglione NJ, el Tabbakh G, James JA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 July; 167(1): 16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1279973

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Sonicated vascular catheter tip cultures. Quantitative association with catheter-related sepsis and the non-utility of an adjuvant cytocentrifuge Gram stain. Author(s): Kelly M, Wciorka LR, McConico S, Peterson LR. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1996 February; 105(2): 210-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8607447

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Sputum Gram stain assessment in community-acquired bacteremic pneumonia. Author(s): Gleckman R, DeVita J, Hibert D, Pelletier C, Martin R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1988 May; 26(5): 846-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2454937

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Sputum Gram stain controls. Author(s): Schiff G. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1991 November-December; 6(6): 588. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1722510

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Staining of bacteria in tissue sections: a reliable Gram stain method. Author(s): Brown RC, Hopps HC. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1973 August; 60(2): 234-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4124318

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Stool examination: culture versus Gram stain. Author(s): Adler PM. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1986 March; 15(3): 337-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3511797

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Streptococcal pharyngitis: diagnosis by Gram stain. Author(s): Crawford G, Brancato F, Holmes KK. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1979 March; 90(3): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=85421

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Streptococcal pharyngitis: evaluation of diagnosis by Gram stain in a pediatric acute care clinic. Author(s): Funamura JL, Berkowitz CD. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1982 August; 21(8): 468-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7044646

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Streptococcal pharyngitis--rapid diagnosis by Gram stain. Author(s): Sharma SC, Subbukrishnan PV. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1981 January; 57(663): 13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7024964

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Superiority of acridine orange stain versus Gram stain in partially treated bacterial meningitis. Author(s): Kleiman MB, Reynolds JK, Watts NH, Schreiner RL, Smith JW. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1984 March; 104(3): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6368775

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Suppurative keratitis in rural Bangladesh: the value of Gram stain in planning management. Author(s): Williams G, McClellan K, Billson F. Source: International Ophthalmology. 1991 March; 15(2): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1708747

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Surrogate methods to diagnose gonococcal and chlamydial cervicitis: comparison of leukocyte esterase dipstick, endocervical Gram stain, and culture. Author(s): Knud-Hansen CR, Dallabetta GA, Reichart C, Pabst KM, Hook EW 3rd, Wasserheit JN. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1991 October-December; 18(4): 211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1722912

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Test characteristics of the urine Gram stain in infants
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The diagnostic and prognostic value of amniotic fluid white blood cell count, glucose, interleukin-6, and Gram stain in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Author(s): Romero R, Yoon BH, Mazor M, Gomez R, Diamond MP, Kenney JS, Ramirez M, Fidel PL, Sorokin Y, Cotton D, et al. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 October; 169(4): 805-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7694461

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The diagnostic value of amniotic fluid Gram stain examination and limulus amebocyte lysate assay in patients with preterm birth. Author(s): Hazan Y, Mazor M, Horowitz S, Leiberman JR, Glezerman M. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1995 April; 74(4): 275-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7537430

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The diagnostic value of Gram stain for initial identification of the etiologic agent of peritonitis in CAPD patients. Author(s): Bezerra DA, Silva MB, Caramori JS, Sugizaki MF, Sadatsune T, Montelli AC, Barretti P. Source: Perit Dial Int. 1997 May-June; 17(3): 269-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9237288

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The diagnostic value of Gram stain of bronchoalveolar lavage samples in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Author(s): Prekates A, Nanas S, Argyropoulou A, Margariti G, Kyprianou T, Papagalos E, Paniara O, Roussos C. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998; 30(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9670358

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The Gram stain and culture of vaginal secretions in toxic shock syndrome. Author(s): Saadah HA, Andrews ZM. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1984 May; 77(5): 150-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6204029

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The Gram stain in eye infections. Author(s): Johnson AH, Wells JA Jr. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1971 June; 64(6): 702 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4103648

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The Gram stain. Author(s): Fournier AM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1998 May 1; 128(9): 776. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9556475

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The Gram stain: still a diagnostic tool? Author(s): Rice-Spearman L. Source: Clin Lab Sci. 1993 January-February; 6(1): 16-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10150980

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The role of intraoperative Gram stain in revision total joint arthroplasty. Author(s): Della Valle CJ, Scher DM, Kim YH, Oxley CM, Desai P, Zuckerman JD, Di Cesare PE. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 1999 June; 14(4): 500-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10428233

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The role of intraoperative Gram stain in the diagnosis of infection during revision total hip arthroplasty. Author(s): Spangehl MJ, Masterson E, Masri BA, O'Connell JX, Duncan CP. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 1999 December; 14(8): 952-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10614886

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The slide centrifuge Gram stain as a urine screening method. Author(s): Olson ML, Shanholtzer CJ, Willard KE, Peterson LR. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1991 October; 96(4): 454-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1716413

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The sputum Gram stain. Author(s): Hirschmann JV. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1991 May-June; 6(3): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1712385

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The sputum Gram stain. Author(s): Cox FR, Hilman BC. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1984 November; 136(11): 51-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6512524

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The use of quantitative sterile brush culture and Gram stain analysis in the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection. Author(s): Teague RB, Wallace RJ Jr, Awe RJ. Source: Chest. 1981 February; 79(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6161757

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The value and limitations of the Gram stain examination in the diagnosis of intraamniotic infection. Author(s): Romero R, Emamian M, Quintero R, Wan M, Hobbins JC, Mazor M, Edberg S. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 July; 159(1): 114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2456013

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The value of amniotic fluid interleukin-6, white blood cell count, and Gram stain in the diagnosis of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in patients at term. Author(s): Gomez R, Romero R, Galasso M, Behnke E, Insunza A, Cotton DB. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 1994 October; 32(3): 200-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7533501

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The value of sputum Gram stain in the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Author(s): Aderaye G. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1994 July; 32(3): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7525279

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The value of the cervical Gram stain in the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhea in women in a venereal disease clinic. Author(s): Lossick JG, Smeltzer MP, Curran JW. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1982 July-September; 9(3): 124-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6815818

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Understanding the Gram stain and differential in the treatment of peritonitis. Author(s): Erb N. Source: Cannt J. 2002 April-June; 12(2): 24-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12164017

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Use of direct Gram stain of stomach biopsy as a rapid screening method for detection of Helicobacter pylori from peptic ulcer and gastritis patients. Author(s): Oyedeji KS, Smith SI, Arigbabu AO, Coker AO, Ndububa DA, Agbakwuru EA, Atoyebi OA. Source: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 2002; 42(2): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11981876

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Use of Gram stain to predict vitreous fluid infection. Author(s): Durfee K, Smith JP. Source: Am J Med Technol. 1982 June; 48(6): 525-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6180638

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Use of intraoperative Gram stain during cholecystectomy. Author(s): Beinfield MS, Hayes RL. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1979 June; 137(6): 773-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=88186

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Use of urinary Gram stain for detection of urinary tract infection in childhood. Author(s): Arslan S, Caksen H, Rastgeldi L, Uner A, Oner AF, Odabas D. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 2002 March-April; 75(2): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12230312

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Use of urinary Gram stain for detection of urinary tract infection in infants. Author(s): Lockhart GR, Lewander WJ, Cimini DM, Josephson SL, Linakis JG. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995 January; 25(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7528483

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Usefulness of Gram stain and routine and quantitative culture of sputum in patients with and without acute respiratory infection. Author(s): Bartlett RC, Melnick A. Source: Conn Med. 1970 May; 34(5): 347-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4194107

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Usefulness of Gram stain for diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection or urinary tract infection and as an aid in guiding treatment. Author(s): Kuijper EJ, van der Meer J, de Jong MD, Speelman P, Dankert J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 April; 22(4): 228-34. Epub 2003 March 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12709837

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Utility of Gram stain for the microbiological analysis of burn wound surfaces. Author(s): Elsayed S, Gregson DB, Lloyd T, Crichton M, Church DL. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 November; 127(11): 1485-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14567718

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Utility of Gram stain in evaluation of sputa from patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Sadeghi E, Matlow A, MacLusky I, Karmali MA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 January; 32(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7510312

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Vaginal Gram stain as an immediate detector of group B streptococci in selected obstetric patients. Author(s): Feld SM, Harrigan JT. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 February; 156(2): 446-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2435154

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Validity of the vaginal Gram stain for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): Schwebke JR, Hillier SL, Sobel JD, McGregor JA, Sweet RL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 October; 88(4 Pt 1): 573-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8841221

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Value of Gram stain examination of lower respiratory tract secretions for early diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Author(s): Blot F, Raynard B, Chachaty E, Tancrede C, Antoun S, Nitenberg G. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2000 November; 162(5): 1731-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069804

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Value of methylene blue examination, dark-field microscopy, and carbol-fuchsin Gram stain in the detection of Campylobacter enteritis. Author(s): Thorson SM, Lohr JA, Dudley S, Guerrant RL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1985 June; 106(6): 941-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2582108

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Value of washed sputum Gram stain smear and culture for management of lower respiratory tract infections in children. Author(s): Cao LD, Ishiwada N, Takeda N, Nigo Y, Aizawa J, Kuroki H, Kohno Y. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2004 February; 10(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14991515

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Washed sputum Gram stain and culture in pneumonia: a practical tool for the clinician. Author(s): Saadah HA, Nasr FL, Shagoury ME. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1980 October; 73(10): 354-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6159464

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Wet mount microscopy reflects functional vaginal lactobacillary flora better than Gram stain. Author(s): Donders GG, Vereecken A, Dekeersmaecker A, Van Bulck B, Spitz B. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2000 April; 53(4): 308-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10823128

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Wet smear compared with Gram stain diagnosis in asymptomatic pregnant women. Author(s): Donders GG. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 March; 97(3): 482. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11256384

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Wet smear compared with Gram stain diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in asymptomatic pregnant women. Author(s): Mastrobattista JM, Bishop KD, Newton ER. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 October; 96(4): 504-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11004348

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GRAM STAIN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Gram stain. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Gram stain and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Gram stain” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Gram stain: •

A flow-cytometric gram-staining technique for milk-associated bacteria. Author(s): Holm C, Jespersen L. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 May; 69(5): 2857-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12732558

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Adsorption of glycosaminoglycans to commercially pure titanium. Author(s): Collis JJ, Embery G. Source: Biomaterials. 1992; 13(8): 548-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1633229

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Bacteriology of postpartum oviducts and endometrium. Author(s): Spore WW, Moskal PA, Nakamura RM, Mishell DR Jr.

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Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1970 June 15; 107(4): 572-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5463700 •

Campylobacter pylori infection in biopsy specimens of gastric antrum: laboratory diagnosis and estimation of sampling error. Author(s): Morris A, Ali MR, Brown P, Lane M, Patton K. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1989 July; 42(7): 727-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2474579

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Characterization of the bactericidal activity of the natural diterpene kaurenoic acid. Author(s): Wilkens M, Alarcon C, Urzua A, Mendoza L. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 May; 68(5): 452-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12058325

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Cranberry juice consumption may reduce biofilms on uroepithelial cells: pilot study in spinal cord injured patients. Author(s): Reid G, Hsiehl J, Potter P, Mighton J, Lam D, Warren D, Stephenson J. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2001 January; 39(1): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11224011

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Cytotoxicity evaluation of natural coptisine and synthesis of coptisine from berberine. Author(s): Colombo ML, Bugatti C, Mossa A, Pescalli N, Piazzoni L, Pezzoni G, Menta E, Spinelli S, Johnson F, Gupta RC, Dasaradhi L. Source: Farmaco (Societa Chimica Italiana : 1989). 2001 May-July; 56(5-7): 403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11482767

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Determining the viability of faecal bacteria present in germ-free mice. Author(s): Taylor DM, Read L, Neal DL. Source: Laboratory Animals. 1986 January; 20(1): 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3512905

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Diferuloylmethane inhibits neutrophil infiltration and improves survival of mice in high-dose endotoxin shock. Author(s): Madan B, Ghosh B. Source: Shock (Augusta, Ga.). 2003 January; 19(1): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558151

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Does examination of urinary sediment identify individuals with Gulf War syndrome? A pilot study. Author(s): Southern PM Jr, Patel S, Gander RM.

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Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1998 April; 315(4): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9537634 •

Fluorometric assessment of gram-negative bacterial permeabilization. Author(s): Helander IM, Mattila-Sandholm T. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000 February; 88(2): 213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10735988

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Gram staining applied to human spermatozoa: a simple method for studying chromatin condensation status. Author(s): Radicioni A, Morgia AM, Paris E, Dondero F. Source: Biotechnic & Histochemistry : Official Publication of the Biological Stain Commission. 1996 March; 71(2): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9138531

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High pH during trisodium phosphate treatment causes membrane damage and destruction of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. Author(s): Sampathkumar B, Khachatourians GG, Korber DR. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 January; 69(1): 122-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12513986

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In vivo inhibition of nitric oxide synthase gene expression by curcumin, a cancer preventive natural product with anti-inflammatory properties. Author(s): Chan MM, Huang HI, Fenton MR, Fong D. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1998 June 15; 55(12): 1955-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9714315

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Permeability barrier of the gram-negative bacterial outer membrane with special reference to nisin. Author(s): Helander IM, Mattila-Sandholm T. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2000 September 25; 60(2-3): 153-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11016605

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Photokilling of bacteria by the natural dye curcumin. Author(s): Dahl TA, McGowan WM, Shand MA, Srinivasan VS. Source: Archives of Microbiology. 1989; 151(2): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2655550

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Polyethyleneimine is an effective permeabilizer of gram-negative bacteria. Author(s): Helander IM, Alakomi HL, Latva-Kala K, Koski P.

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Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 1997 October; 143 ( Pt 10): 3193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9353921 •

Rapid diagnosis of central-venous-catheter-related bloodstream infection without catheter removal. Author(s): Kite P, Dobbins BM, Wilcox MH, McMahon MJ. Source: Lancet. 1999 October 30; 354(9189): 1504-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10551496

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The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Author(s): Cox SD, Mann CM, Markham JL, Bell HC, Gustafson JE, Warmington JR, Wyllie SG. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000 January; 88(1): 170-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10735256

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Use of fluorescence probes to monitor function of the subunit proteins of the MexAMexB-oprM drug extrusion machinery in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Author(s): Ocaktan A, Yoneyama H, Nakae T. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997 August 29; 272(35): 21964-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9268332

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Use of fura-2/AM to measure intracellular free calcium in Selenomonas ruminantium. Author(s): Nakamura I, Nakai Y, Izumi H. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1996 August; 179(4): 291-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8944431

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

Alternative Medicine 33

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Gram stain; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

35

CHAPTER 3. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GRAM STAIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Gram stain.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Gram stain is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Gram stain” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Gram stain. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Gram stain” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Gram stain: •

Sputum Gram stain useful in community-acquired pneumonia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 27, 2000

36

Gram Stain

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Gram stain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Gram stain” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Gram stain, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Gram stain” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Gram Stain Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Gram stain. In addition to

Periodicals and News

37

these sources, you can search for articles covering Gram stain that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

39

APPENDICES

41

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

42

Gram Stain

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

43

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

44

Gram Stain

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Gram stain” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2015 24 980 108 1 3128

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “Gram stain” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

45

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

47

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Gram stain can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Gram stain. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Gram stain. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Gram stain”:

48

Gram Stain

Anemia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anemia.html Heart Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartdiseases.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Liver Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/liverdiseases.html Preventing Disease and Staying Healthy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/preventingdiseaseandstayinghealthy.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on Gram stain. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis Source: Asheville, NC: Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory. 1998. [12 p.]. Contact: Available from Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory. 63 Zillicoa Street, Asheville, NC 28801-1074. (800) 522-4762. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.greatsmokies-lab.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet from a diagnostic laboratory provides information about comprehensive digestive stool analysis (CDSA), a battery of testing that is used to evaluate digestion, absorption, intestinal functions, and the microbial flora; and to formulate therapeutic interventions. The fact sheet first outlines the role of the gastrointestinal tract, digestion and absorption, digestive abnormalities (maldigestion, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, malabsorption), pathogens, dysbiosis (disordered microbial ecology), four patterns of dysbiosis (putrefaction, fermentation excess, deficiency, sensitization), CDSA markers, and clinical therapeutics. CDSA testing measures digestion and absorption, including chymotrypsin, triglycerides, long chain fatty acids, cholesterol, total fecal fat, and meat and vegetable fibers; metabolic markers, including pH, total short chain fatty acids, short chain fatty acid distribution, and butyric acid; bacteriology; Gram stain; yeast culture and sensitivity; macroscopic observations of the feces; dysbiosis index; diagnostic parameters chart; and clinical

Patient Resources

49

therapeutics, including maldigestion, malabsorption, SCFA imbalance, pH imbalance, infections, and imbalanced flora. The guide concludes with a sample CDSA report and suggestions for how to interpret it. 4 figures. 6 tables. 87 references. (AA-M). The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Gram stain. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Gram stain. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Gram stain. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Gram stain. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

50

Gram Stain

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Gram stain” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Gram stain”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Gram stain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Gram stain” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

51

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

52

Gram Stain

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

53

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

55

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

57

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on Gram stain: •

Basic Guidelines for Gram Stain Gram stain of skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003760.htm Gram stain of tissue biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003453.htm Gram stain of urethral discharge Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003749.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Gram Stain Skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm

•

Diagnostics and Tests for Gram Stain Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm

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Biopsy of the skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Skin lesion biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Skin or mucosal biopsy culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003762.htm Urethral discharge culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003750.htm •

Background Topics for Gram Stain Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

59

GRAM STAIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. [NIH] Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. [NIH] Acridine Orange: Cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH]

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Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amniocentesis: Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU]

Dictionary 61

Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Ascitic Fluid: The serous fluid which accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in ascites. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Berberine: An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in

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the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for

Dictionary 63

diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: Fluid obtained by washout of the alveolar compartment of the lung. It is used to assess biochemical and inflammatory changes in and effects of therapy on the interstitial lung tissue. [NIH] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH]

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Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or

Dictionary 65

treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Counterimmunoelectrophoresis: Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]

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Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Electrolytes: Substances that break up into ions (electrically charged particles) when they are dissolved in body fluids or water. Some examples are sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Electrolytes are primarily responsible for the movement of nutrients into cells, and the movement of wastes out of cells. [NIH] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the

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antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU]

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Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fornix: A bundle of nerves connected to the hippocampus. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in many tissues. The fluorescent and chelating properties of Fura-2 aid in the quantitation of endothelial cell injury, in monitoring ATP-dependent calcium uptake by membrane vesicles, and in the determination of the relationship between cytoplasmic free calcium and oxidase activation in rat neutrophils. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germ-free: Free of bacteria, disease-causing viruses, and other organisms that can cause infection. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH]

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Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Cocci: Coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Heart Valves: Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Histones: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the

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various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each. [NIH] Homogenate: A suspension of animal tissue that is ground in the all-glass "homogenizer" described by Potter and Elvehjem in 1936. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH]

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Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocyte Count: A count of the number of white blood cells per unit volume in venous blood. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood

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and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lung Transplantation: The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits Guanylate cyclase, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of methemoglobin. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration,

Dictionary 73

pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation of neutrophils in tissues or cells in response to a wide variety of substances released at the sites of inflammatory reactions. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Staff: Personnel who provide nursing service to patients in an organized facility, institution, or agency. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU]

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Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the

Dictionary 75

mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polyethylene Glycols: Alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyls). Additional polymers of ethylene oxide and water and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, indicated by a number following the name. Used as surfactants in industry, including foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics; in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, tablet excipients. Some specific groups are lauromagrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols and poloxamers. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH]

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Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins

Dictionary 77

have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sputa: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and

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occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Strongyloidiasis: Infection with nematodes of the genus Strongyloides. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suppository: A medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body, suppository bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Commonly used bases are cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic

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microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal Smears: Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination. [NIH] Vaginosis: A condition caused by the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (e. g., Gardnerella vaginalis), resulting in vaginal irritation and discharge. [NIH]

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Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 59, 73, 74 Abdominal Pain, 59, 74 Abscess, 17, 59 Acetylcholine, 59, 73 Acetylgalactosamine, 59, 68 Acetylglucosamine, 59, 68 Acridine Orange, 13, 19, 21, 59 Acute renal, 59, 69 Adjuvant, 20, 59, 68 Adverse Effect, 59, 77 Aerobic, 5, 59 Agar, 9, 59, 65, 70, 74 Albumin, 59, 78 Algorithms, 59, 62 Alkaline, 59, 60, 63 Alkaloid, 59, 61 Allergen, 60, 76 Alternative medicine, 36, 60 Amino acid, 60, 61, 63, 74, 75, 76, 79 Ammonia, 60, 79 Amniocentesis, 8, 14, 16, 60 Amnion, 60 Amniotic Fluid, 8, 11, 13, 14, 22, 24, 60 Anaerobic, 5, 60, 79 Anemia, 48, 60 Anode, 60, 65 Antibacterial, 60, 66, 77 Antibiotic, 3, 18, 60, 77 Antibody, 60, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 76 Antifungal, 4, 60 Antigen, 60, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 76 Anti-infective, 61, 63, 71 Anti-inflammatory, 31, 61 Antimicrobial, 32, 61, 78 Aorta, 61, 69 Archaea, 61, 72 Arginine, 61, 70, 73, 79 Arteries, 61, 62, 65, 69, 72 Arthroplasty, 15, 23, 61 Ascites, 61 Ascitic Fluid, 17, 61 Assay, 10, 22, 61, 70 Asymptomatic, 12, 27, 61 B Bacteremia, 3, 61 Bacteria, 3, 20, 29, 30, 31, 60, 61, 62, 67, 68, 69, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79

Bactericidal, 30, 61, 67 Bacterium, 61, 69 Bacteriuria, 9, 10, 13, 19, 61, 79 Berberine, 30, 61 Bile, 18, 61, 62, 68, 72 Bile Acids, 61 Bile Acids and Salts, 61 Bile duct, 62 Biliary, 18, 62 Biochemical, 31, 62, 63 Biofilms, 30, 62 Biopsy, 19, 24, 30, 57, 58, 62, 74 Biopsy specimen, 30, 62 Biotechnology, 5, 7, 36, 43, 62 Bladder, 62, 79 Blood Coagulation, 62, 63 Blood pressure, 62, 73 Blood vessel, 62, 66, 69, 77, 80 Body Fluids, 8, 62, 66 Boron, 62, 65 Bowel, 62, 66, 71, 74, 77 Bowel Movement, 62, 77 Bradykinin, 62, 73 Bronchi, 62 Bronchitis, 15, 62 Bronchoalveolar Lavage, 9, 16, 22, 62, 63 Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, 9, 16, 63 Butyric Acid, 48, 63 C Calcium, 32, 63, 64, 66, 68 Carbon Dioxide, 63, 67, 76, 79, 80 Cardiac, 9, 63, 66, 73 Case report, 14, 63 Catheter, 20, 32, 63 Cathode, 60, 63, 65 Cell, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80 Cell Division, 61, 63, 74, 76 Cerebrospinal, 17, 63 Cerebrospinal fluid, 17, 63 Cervical, 9, 11, 24, 63 Cervix, 63 Chlorhexidine, 4, 63 Cholecystectomy, 25, 63 Cholesterol, 48, 61, 63, 71 Chromatin, 31, 63, 72, 77 Chromosomal, 63, 69 Chronic, 15, 63, 71, 78

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Gram Stain

Chymotrypsin, 48, 63 Clinical trial, 5, 43, 64 Cloning, 62, 64 Complement, 64, 71, 76 Complementary and alternative medicine, 29, 33, 64 Complementary medicine, 29, 64 Computational Biology, 43, 64 Connective Tissue, 64, 67, 68, 72 Constipation, 64, 74 Contraindications, ii, 64 Cornea, 65, 71 Coronary, 65, 72 Coronary Thrombosis, 65, 72 Corpus, 65, 80 Counterimmunoelectrophoresis, 11, 65 Crowns, 65 Culture Media, 59, 65 Curative, 65, 78 Curcumin, 31, 65 Cutaneous, 15, 65 Cyanide, 65, 72 Cyclic, 65, 69, 73 D Delivery of Health Care, 65, 69 Dental Abutments, 65 Dentures, 4, 65 Diagnostic procedure, 36, 65 Diarrhea, 65, 78 Diffusion, 65, 70, 73 Digestion, 48, 61, 62, 65, 71, 72, 74, 77 Direct, iii, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 19, 24, 65, 76 Disinfection, 4, 66 Drug Interactions, 66 Duct, 66, 67 Duodenum, 61, 63, 66, 73, 74, 77 Dura mater, 66, 72, 73 E Electrolytes, 61, 66 Empiric, 3, 66 Emulsions, 59, 66 Endocarditis, 17, 66 Endocardium, 66 Endogenous, 5, 66 Endometrium, 29, 66 Endophthalmitis, 14, 66 Endothelial cell, 66, 68 Endothelium, 66, 73 Endothelium-derived, 66, 73 Enteritis, 26, 66 Enterocolitis, 66 Environmental Health, 42, 44, 66

Enzymatic, 60, 63, 64, 66 Enzyme, 10, 13, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, 78, 79, 80 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 10, 13, 66 Erythrocytes, 60, 67, 76 Esophagus, 67, 74, 77 Ethanol, 67 Exocrine, 48, 67, 73 Exogenous, 66, 67 Extracellular, 62, 64, 67 Eye Infections, 22, 67 F Faecal, 30, 67 Family Planning, 43, 67 Fat, 48, 61, 63, 67, 77, 78 Feces, 48, 64, 67, 77 Fermentation, 48, 67 Fibroblasts, 67, 71 Fibrosis, 7, 26, 67 Fixation, 67, 76 Fluorescence, 32, 59, 68 Fornix, 68, 79 Fungi, 60, 66, 67, 68, 72 Fura-2, 32, 68 G Gallbladder, 59, 62, 63, 68 Gas, 60, 63, 65, 68, 73, 80 Gastric, 30, 68, 74 Gastric Juices, 68, 74 Gastritis, 24, 68 Gastrointestinal, 48, 62, 67, 68 Gastrointestinal tract, 48, 67, 68 Gelatin, 65, 68, 78 Gene, 31, 62, 68, 76 Gene Expression, 31, 68 Genital, 5, 11, 68, 79 Germ Cells, 68, 77 Germ-free, 30, 68 Glucose, 8, 11, 13, 18, 22, 68, 69 Glycerol, 63, 68, 74 Glycosaminoglycans, 29, 68 Gonorrhea, 14, 15, 24, 69 Governing Board, 69, 75 Gram-negative, 31, 69 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 31, 69 Gram-positive, 6, 12, 69, 77 Gram-Positive Cocci, 6, 12, 69 Granulocytes, 69, 80 Guanylate Cyclase, 69, 73 H Health Care Costs, 5, 69 Health Expenditures, 69

83

Heart Valves, 17, 69 Hemoglobin, 60, 67, 69 Hemolytic, 13, 69 Heredity, 68, 69 Histology, 14, 69 Histones, 63, 69 Homogenate, 19, 70 Homologous, 70, 76 Hormone, 70, 71, 78 Horseradish Peroxidase, 66, 70 Hybridomas, 70, 71 Hypersensitivity, 60, 70, 76 I Immune response, 59, 60, 70, 76, 80 Immune system, 70, 80 Immunization, 70, 76 Immunoassay, 66, 70 Immunodiffusion, 59, 70 Immunoelectrophoresis, 59, 65, 70 Immunology, 9, 24, 59, 70 Impairment, 67, 70 In vitro, 14, 70 In vivo, 31, 70 Infarction, 65, 70, 72 Infection, 4, 5, 8, 13, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 32, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 77, 78, 80 Inflammation, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 Interleukin-6, 8, 22, 24, 71 Interstitial, 63, 71 Intestinal, 48, 66, 71, 72 Intestine, 61, 62, 66, 71, 76, 77, 78 Intracellular, 32, 68, 71, 73 Intraocular, 66, 71 Iodine, 6, 71 K Karyotype, 60, 71 Kb, 42, 71 Keratitis, 14, 21, 71 L Laxative, 59, 71 Lesion, 57, 58, 71 Lethal, 61, 65, 71 Leukocyte Count, 8, 71 Linkages, 68, 69, 71, 78 Lipopolysaccharide, 69, 71 Lipoprotein, 69, 71 Liver, 17, 48, 59, 61, 62, 67, 68, 71, 79 Localized, 59, 67, 71, 72, 74 Lung Transplantation, 8, 72 Lymph, 63, 66, 72 Lymph node, 63, 72

Lymphatic, 66, 71, 72 Lymphocytes, 60, 70, 72, 80 M Malabsorption, 48, 72 Maxillary, 4, 72 Meat, 48, 72 MEDLINE, 43, 72 Membrane, 31, 60, 64, 68, 69, 72, 74, 78, 80 Meninges, 66, 72 Meningitis, 10, 12, 21, 33, 72 Methylene Blue, 26, 72 MI, 58, 72 Microbiology, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 61, 62, 72 Microorganism, 72, 73, 80 Modification, 60, 72, 76 Molecular, 43, 45, 60, 62, 64, 72, 75, 78 Monitor, 5, 32, 72 Monocytes, 71, 73 Mucolytic, 62, 73 Myocardium, 72, 73 N Necrosis, 66, 70, 72, 73 Neutrophil, 30, 73 Neutrophil Infiltration, 30, 73 Nitric Oxide, 31, 73 Nosocomial, 26, 73 Nuclei, 59, 69, 73 Nucleus, 63, 65, 72, 73 Nursing Staff, 4, 73 P Pachymeningitis, 72, 73 Palliative, 73, 78 Pancreas, 59, 63, 73, 79 Pancreatic, 48, 63, 73 Pancreatic Juice, 63, 73 Parasitic, 61, 73 Pathogen, 4, 73 Pathologic, 62, 65, 70, 74 Patient Education, 48, 52, 54, 58, 74 Pepsin, 74 Peptic, 24, 74 Peptic Ulcer, 24, 74 Peptide, 60, 74, 75 Percutaneous, 17, 60, 74 Peritoneal, 61, 74 Peritoneal Cavity, 61, 74 Peritoneum, 74 Peritonitis, 17, 22, 24, 74 Pharmacologic, 74, 79 Pharyngitis, 15, 21, 74

84

Gram Stain

Phospholipids, 67, 71, 74 Phosphorus, 63, 74 Pilot study, 30, 74 Plants, 59, 61, 63, 68, 74, 79 Plaque, 63, 74 Platelet Aggregation, 73, 74 Platelets, 73, 74, 75 Pneumonia, 7, 9, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 35, 65, 75 Pneumonitis, 75, 78 Poisoning, 72, 75 Polyethylene, 75, 78 Polyethylene Glycols, 75, 78 Polymers, 62, 75 Posterior, 73, 75, 79 Practice Guidelines, 44, 75 Probe, 6, 10, 11, 75 Prophylaxis, 5, 75 Protein S, 62, 75 Proteins, 32, 60, 63, 64, 69, 70, 74, 75, 76, 79 Public Policy, 43, 75 Publishing, 6, 75 Pulmonary, 18, 62, 63, 69, 75 Pulse, 73, 76 Purulent, 66, 76 Putrefaction, 48, 76 Q Quality of Life, 5, 76 R Radiation, 68, 76 Radiological, 74, 76 Rectal, 76, 78 Red blood cells, 67, 69, 76 Refer, 1, 64, 67, 68, 73, 76 Regurgitation, 69, 76 Respiration, 63, 72, 76 Risk factor, 5, 76 S Saline, 62, 76 Screening, 6, 9, 10, 13, 19, 23, 24, 64, 76, 79 Sediment, 10, 30, 76, 79 Segregation, 61, 76 Seminiferous tubule, 76, 77 Sensitization, 48, 76 Sepsis, 20, 76 Serine, 63, 76, 79 Serous, 61, 66, 76 Serum, 13, 59, 64, 74, 76 Shock, 22, 30, 77 Side effect, 59, 77, 78 Small intestine, 66, 70, 71, 77, 79 Social Environment, 76, 77

Soft tissue, 4, 77 Specialist, 49, 77 Species, 11, 71, 73, 77, 78 Spectrum, 65, 77 Spermatozoa, 31, 77 Spinal cord, 30, 63, 66, 72, 73, 77 Sputa, 7, 26, 77 Sputum, 6, 7, 10, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 35, 77 Sterile, 24, 77 Stimulus, 77, 78 Stomach, 24, 59, 67, 68, 70, 74, 77 Stool, 21, 48, 77 Streptococcal, 15, 21, 77 Streptococci, 4, 6, 11, 12, 13, 26, 77 Streptococcus, 9, 10, 13, 16, 77 Strongyloidiasis, 18, 78 Subacute, 71, 78 Subclinical, 71, 78 Subspecies, 77, 78 Substrate, 67, 78 Suppository, 5, 75, 78 Symptomatic, 6, 10, 78 Synovial, 18, 78 Synovial Fluid, 18, 78 Synovial Membrane, 78 Systemic, 61, 62, 71, 78 T Tachycardia, 61, 78 Tachypnea, 61, 78 Tea Tree Oil, 32, 78 Teichoic Acids, 69, 78 Therapeutics, 48, 78 Threshold, 12, 78 Thyroid, 71, 78 Tissue, 4, 7, 19, 20, 57, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78 Topical, 4, 63, 67, 78 Toxic, iv, 22, 61, 65, 78, 79 Toxicity, 66, 78 Toxicology, 44, 79 Toxins, 60, 71, 79 Transfection, 62, 79 Trypsin, 63, 79, 80 U Ulceration, 74, 79 Urea, 79 Urease, 12, 14, 79 Ureters, 79 Urethra, 79 Urinalysis, 3, 79 Urinary, 3, 25, 30, 61, 79

85

Urinary tract, 3, 25, 61, 79 Urinary tract infection, 4, 25, 61, 79 Urine, 3, 9, 10, 16, 19, 22, 23, 61, 62, 79 Urogenital, 69, 79 Uterus, 60, 63, 65, 66, 79 Uvea, 66, 79 V Vagina, 63, 79 Vaginal, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 22, 26, 27, 78, 79 Vaginal Smears, 8, 79 Vaginosis, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 20, 26, 27, 79 Vascular, 14, 20, 66, 70, 71, 73, 80 Vasodilators, 73, 80 Veins, 62, 80 Venereal, 24, 80

Venous, 32, 71, 75, 80 Venous blood, 71, 80 Ventricles, 63, 69, 80 Vertebrae, 77, 80 Veterinary Medicine, 43, 80 Viral, 12, 80 Virus, 74, 80 Vitreous, 25, 80 Vitreous Body, 80 Vitro, 80 Vivo, 80 W White blood cell, 8, 9, 22, 24, 60, 71, 72, 73, 80 Z Zymogen, 63, 80

86

Gram Stain

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Gram Stain

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