Griseofulvin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

GRISEOFULVIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES ...

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GRISEOFULVIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Griseofulvin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00496-8 1. Griseofulvin-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on griseofulvin. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GRISEOFULVIN .......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Griseofulvin .................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GRISEOFULVIN ................................................................................ 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding Nutrition Studies on Griseofulvin ................................................................................. 49 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 50 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GRISEOFULVIN .......................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 53 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 58 General References ....................................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON GRISEOFULVIN ............................................................................ 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Dissertations on Griseofulvin ...................................................................................................... 61 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON GRISEOFULVIN .......................................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Chapters on Griseofulvin ............................................................................................................. 63 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GRISEOFULVIN............................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 65 Academic Periodicals covering Griseofulvin................................................................................ 66 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 69 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 70 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 73 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 75 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 79 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 80 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 83 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 83 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 83 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 89 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 89 GRISEOFULVIN DICTIONARY.................................................................................................. 91

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INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 125

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with griseofulvin is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about griseofulvin, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to griseofulvin, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on griseofulvin. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to griseofulvin, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on griseofulvin. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GRISEOFULVIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on griseofulvin.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and griseofulvin, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “griseofulvin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Antifungal Therapy in Oropharyngeal Mycotic Infections Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 69(1): 32-41. January 1990. Contact: Available from Mosby, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-3318. (800) 453-4351 or (314) 453-4351. Summary: Oral and pharyngeal candidiasis is a significant infection, particularly in immunosuppressed persons. This article explores the use of antifungal therapy in oropharyngeal mycotic infections. Candidiasis may be evident as red or white lesions and may produce symptoms. In immunosuppressed persons, oral candidiasis may lead to extensive regional involvement and to systemic infection, and can result in death. Because of the significance and prevalence of candidiasis, the recognition and

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management of infection are important. The author discusses local factors, systemic factors, clinical manifestations, treatment of candidiasis, topical antifungal agents, systemic agents, polyene antibiotics, flucytosine, griseofulvin, azole compounds, and the strategies for prevention of infection in immunocompromised patients. 4 figures. 1 table. 87 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Griseofulvin The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to griseofulvin. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to griseofulvin. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore griseofulvin. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for griseofulvin: •

Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF CANDIDA ALBICANS MICROTUBULES Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilson, Leslie; Professor; Biological Sciences; University of California Santa Barbara 3227 Cheadle Hall Santa Barbara, Ca 93106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogen, can cause vaginal, oral and lung infections in immunocompromised individuals and systemic tissue damages in acquired immunodeficiency patients. The chemotherapy of C. albicans infections is limited because of the strong similarities between C. albicans cells and human cells. However, the mitotic spindles in mammalian and Candida cells are constructed differently. In addition, significant differences exist in the sequences of fungal and mammalian tubulins, which are the building block units of mitotic spindles. Little information is available at biochemical and functional levels about Candida tubulin, and virtually nothing is known regarding the polymerization and dynamics properties of Candida microtubules. The thinking is that understanding the differences between fungal cell tubulin and mammalian tubulin could lead to development of new and selective drugs for the treatment of fungal diseases. Therefore, it is proposed to develop a large-scale purification strategy for C. Albicans tubulin based upon previous success in this laboratory with tubulin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The tubulin will be characterized biochemically, and the polymerization and dynamic properties of Candida microtubules determined. Finally, the mechanism of interaction of two known microtubule-targeted antifungal drugs (benomyl and griseofulvin) with the Candida

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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tubulin will be determined and the mechanisms by which the drugs modulate the polymerization and dynamics properties of the tubulin will be elucidated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONTROLLED RELEASE SYSTEMS FOR WATER-INSOLUBLE DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Burke, Lagree M.; Polymer Science; University of Akron 302 Buchtel Mall Akron, Oh 44325 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 13-SEP-2002 Summary: The overall objectives of theis research are: (1) to increase to the apparent water solubilities and dissolution rates of water-insoluble drugs as to enhance their bioavailability, absorption and therapeutic efficacy by incorporating them in water-soluble polymers; (2) to investigate the interactions of drugs with the polymers and to develop an understanding of the dispersion morphologies; (3) to characterize the release of the drugs from the solid dispersions as a function of polymer molecular weight, drug loading and pH of the release medium; (4) to incorporate the solid dispersions in oral controlled-release (CR) systems that provide the delivery of the drugs at controlled rates over a specified time, where delivery is controlled by the device and not by the intrinsic water solubility of the drug; (5) to characterize the overall drug release rates with regard to the device parameters. The specific objectives of the proposed work are: (1) to incorporate griseofulvin (gris)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) dispersions in matrix CR systems, (2) to characterize the overall drug release rates with regard to device parameters, and (3) to expand work in this area to include nifedipine, foscarnet, amiodarone and taxol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “griseofulvin” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for griseofulvin in the PubMed Central database: •

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Antibiotic Action of Griseofulvin on Dermatophytes. by El-Nakeeb MA, McLellan WL Jr, Lampen JO.; 1965 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=277502

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Detection of Griseofulvin and Dechlorogriseofulvin by Thin-Layer Chromatography and Gas-Liquid Chromatography. by Cole RJ, Kirksey JW, Holaday CE.; 1970 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=376619

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Differentiation of Penicillium griseofulvum Dierckx isolates by enzyme assays and by patulin and griseofulvin analyses. by Jimenez M, Mateo R, Querol A, Mateo JJ, Hernandez E.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185057

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Distribution of Griseofulvin Taken up by Microsporum gypseum: Complexes of the Antibiotic with Cell Constituents. by El-Nakeeb MA, Lampen JO.; 1965 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=277598

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Factors affecting griseofulvin susceptibility testing of Trichophyton rubrum in microcultures. by Granade TC, Artis WM.; 1982 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272536

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Interference of Griseofulvin with the Segregation of Chromosomes at Mitosis in Diploid Aspergillus nidulans. by Kappas A, Georgopoulos SG.; 1974 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245606

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Intracutaneous Distributions of Fluconazole, Itraconazole, and Griseofulvin in Guinea Pigs and Binding to Human Stratum Corneum. by Sobue S, Sekiguchi K, Nabeshima T.; 2004 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=310182

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Lyophilized microculture susceptibility test for ketoconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, and griseofulvin against dermatophytes. by Granade TC, Mothershead MA, Artis WM.; 1983 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270735

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Role of Sweat in Accumulation of Orally Administered Griseofulvin in Skin. by Shah VP, Epstein WL, Riegelman S.; 1974 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=302663

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Treatment of tinea unguium with medium and high doses of ultramicrosize griseofulvin compared with that with itraconazole. by Korting HC, Schafer-Korting M, Zienicke H, Georgii A, Ollert MW.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192229

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Uptake of Griseofulvin by the Sensitive Dermatophyte, Microsporum gypseum. by El-Nakeeb MA, Lampen JO.; 1965 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=277503

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with griseofulvin, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “griseofulvin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for griseofulvin (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparative double blind study of ketoconazole and griseofulvin in dermatophytosis. Author(s): Hay RJ, Clayton YM, Griffiths WA, Dowd PM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1985 June; 112(6): 691-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3890924

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A comparative double-blind study of terbinafine (Lamisil) and griseofulvin in tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Author(s): del Palacio Hernandez A, Lopez Gomez S, Gonzalez Lastra F, Moreno Palancar P, Iglesias Diez L. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1990 May; 15(3): 210-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2194715

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A comparative study of terbinafine versus griseofulvin in 'dry-type' dermatophyte infections. Author(s): Hay RJ, Logan RA, Moore MK, Midgely G, Clayton YM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 February; 24(2 Pt 1): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2007669

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A comparison of a new oral antifungal, terbinafine, with griseofulvin as therapy for tinea corporis. Author(s): Cole GW, Stricklin G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1989 November; 125(11): 1537-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2684023

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of Gris-PEG and Fulvicin-U/F in the treatment of tinea pedis. Author(s): Kidawa AS, German CA. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1981 June; 71(6): 323-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7240637

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A comparison of itraconazole and griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris: a double-blind study. Author(s): Panagiotidou D, Kousidou T, Chaidemenos G, Karakatsanis G, Kalogeropoulou A, Teknetzis A, Chatzopoulou E, Michailidis D. Source: J Int Med Res. 1992 September; 20(5): 392-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1333423

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A comparison of tioconazole 28% nail solution versus base as an adjunct to oral griseofulvin in patients with onychomycosis. Author(s): Hay RJ, Clayton YM, Moore MK. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1987 May; 12(3): 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2961485

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A controlled trial of home versus hospital treatment of tinea capitis with griseofulvin. Author(s): Grin EI. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1965; 33(2): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5320587

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A cost/efficacy analysis of oral antifungals indicated for the treatment of onychomycosis: griseofulvin, itraconazole, and terbinafine. Author(s): Angello JT, Voytovich RM, Jan SA. Source: Am J Manag Care. 1997 March; 3(3): 443-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10173095

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A double blind study of itraconazole vs griseofulvin in patients with tinea pedis and tinea manus. Author(s): Wishart JM. Source: N Z Med J. 1994 April 13; 107(975): 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8145958

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A double blind trial of ketoconazole versus griseofulvin treatment for dermatophyte infections. Author(s): Wishart JM. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1983 April; 24(1): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6312952

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A double-blind clinical trial of griseofulvin in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Author(s): Sabri S, Higgins RF, Roberts VC, Cotton LT, Williams DI, Wilson LC. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1973 September; 49(575): 641-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4596620

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A light and electron microscopic study of the liver in case of erythrohepatic protoporphyria and in griseofulvin-induced porphyria in mice. Author(s): Matilla A, Molland EA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1974 September; 27(9): 698-709. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4372253

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A method for the determination of drug effectiveness in onychomycosis. Trials with ketoconazole and griseofulvin ultramicrosize. Author(s): Zaias N, Drachman D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 December; 9(6): 912-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6315789

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A multi-center, double-blind comparison of ketoconazole and griseofulvin in the treatment of infections due to dermatophytes. Author(s): Legendre R, Steltz M. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1980 July-August; 2(4): 586-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6255535

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A multicentre (double-blind) comparative study to assess the safety and efficacy of fluconazole and griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Author(s): Faergemann J, Mork NJ, Haglund A, Odegard T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 April; 136(4): 575-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9155961

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A new factor in griseofulvin treatment failures. Author(s): Lorenc E. Source: Mo Med. 1967 January; 64(1): 32-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6036155

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A randomized comparison of 4 weeks of terbinafine vs. 8 weeks of griseofulvin for the treatment of tinea capitis. Author(s): Fuller LC, Smith CH, Cerio R, Marsden RA, Midgley G, Beard AL, Higgins EM, Hay RJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 144(2): 321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11251566

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Griseofulvin

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A randomized, comparative trial of treatment of kerion celsi with griseofulvin plus oral prednisolone vs. griseofulvin alone. Author(s): Hussain I, Muzaffar F, Rashid T, Ahmad TJ, Jahangir M, Haroon TS. Source: Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1999 April; 37(2): 97-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10361264

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A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, duration-finding study of oral terbinafine and open-label, high-dose griseofulvin in children with tinea capitis due to Microsporum species. Author(s): Lipozencic J, Skerlev M, Orofino-Costa R, Zaitz VC, Horvath A, Chouela E, Romero G, Gourmala N, Paul C; Tinea Capitis Study Group. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 146(5): 816-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12000378

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Absorption characteristics of solid dispersed and micronized griseofulvin in man. Author(s): Chiou WL, Riegelman S. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1971 September; 60(9): 1376-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5567588

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Absorption kinetics of griseofulvin in man. Author(s): Rowland M, Riegelman S, Epstein WL. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1968 June; 57(6): 984-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5671346

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Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of griseofulvin in man and animals. Author(s): Lin C, Symchowicz S. Source: Drug Metabolism Reviews. 1975; 4(1): 75-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1106976

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Absorption, metabolism and excretion of 14C-griseofulvin in man. Author(s): Lin CC, Magat J, Chang R, McGlotten J, Symchowicz S. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1973 November; 187(2): 415-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4748557

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Acquired von Willebrand's disease, IgE polyclonal gammopathy and griseofulvin therapy. Author(s): Conrad ME, Latour LF. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1992 October; 41(2): 143. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1415180

Studies

11

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Acute intermittent porphyria: effect of diet and griseofulvin. Author(s): Felsher BF, Redeker AG. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 1967 March; 46(2): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6027463

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Adverse reactions to griseofulvin in patients with circulating anti-SSA/Ro and SSB/La autoantibodies. Author(s): Miyagawa S, Sakamoto K. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1989 July; 87(1): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2525876

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An unusual case of severe griseofulvin-alcohol interaction. Author(s): Fett DL, Vukov LF. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1994 July; 24(1): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8010556

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Antifungal and other effects of griseofulvin. Author(s): Blank H. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1965 November; 39(5): 831-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5319394

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Antimitotic action of griseofulvin does not involve disruption of microtubules. Author(s): Grisham LM, Wilson L, Bensch KG. Source: Nature. 1973 August 3; 244(5414): 294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4621113

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Antimitotic action of griseofulvin does not involve disruption of microtubules. Author(s): Grisham LM, Wilson L, Bensch KG. Source: Nature. 1973 July 27; 244(5413): 294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4583106

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Are laboratory studies necessary for griseofulvin therapy? Author(s): Sherertz EF. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 June; 22(6 Pt 1): 1103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2370336

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Bioavailability of different brands of griseofulvin tablets and its correlation to dissolution data. Author(s): Khalafalla N, Elgholmy ZA, Khalil SA. Source: Pharmazie. 1980 August; 35(8): 482-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7433499

12

Griseofulvin

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Bioavailability of griseofulvin from a novel capsule formulation. Author(s): Fell JT, Calvert RT, Riley-Bentham P. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1978 August; 30(8): 479-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=28393

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Bioavailability of griseofulvin from plain tablets in Gottingen minipigs and the correlation with bioavailability in humans. Author(s): Aoyagi N, Ogata H, Kaniwa N, Ejima A, Yasuda Y, Tanioka Y. Source: J Pharmacobiodyn. 1984 January; 7(1): 7-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6726615

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Bioavailability of griseofulvin from tablets in beagle dogs and correlation with dissolution rate and bioavailability in humans. Author(s): Aoyagi N, Ogata H, Kaniwa N, Koibuchi M, Shibazaki T, Ejima A, Tamaki N, Kamimura H, Katougi Y, Omi Y. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1982 October; 71(10): 1169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7143218

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Bioavailability of griseofulvin from tablets in humans and the correlation with its dissolution rate. Author(s): Aoyagi N, Ogata H, Kaniwa N, Koibuchi M, Shibazaki T, Ejima A. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1982 October; 71(10): 1165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7143217

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Bioavailability of griseofulvin plain tablets in stomach-emptying controlled rabbits and the correlation with bioavailability in humans. Author(s): Aoyagi N, Ogata H, Kaniwa N, Ejima A. Source: J Pharmacobiodyn. 1984 September; 7(9): 630-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6527208

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Bioavailability of micronized griseofulvin from corn oil-in-water emulsion, aqueous suspension, and commercial tablet dosage forms in humans. Author(s): Bates TR, Sequeria JA. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1975 May; 64(5): 793-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1151647

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Bioavailability of microsize and ultramicrosize griseofulvin products in man. Author(s): Straughn AB, Meyer MC, Raghow G, Rotenberg K. Source: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics. 1980 August; 8(4): 347-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7431226

Studies

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Biochemical studies of experimental porphyria. II. The influence of porphyrinogenic substances in mice treated with low concentrations of griseofulvin. Author(s): Shimoyama T, Nonaka S, Honda T, Ohgami T, Murayama F, Yoshida H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1985 October; 12(5): 416-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3914493

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Bullous drug eruption to griseofulvin in a man with Hailey-Hailey disease. Author(s): Meffert JJ, Davis BM, Campbell JC. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1995 November; 56(5): 279-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8565613

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Cardiovascular effects of griseofulvin. Author(s): Aldinger EE. Source: Circulation Research. 1968 May; 22(5): 589-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5652459

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Chromatographic analysis of griseofulvin and metabolites in biological fluids. Author(s): Zia H, Proveaux WJ, O'Donnell JP, Ma JK. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1980 January 11; 181(1): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7364918

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Chronic urticaria in association with dermatophytosis. Response to the administration of griseofulvin. Author(s): Weary PE, Guerrant JL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1967 April; 95(4): 400-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6024725

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Clinical study on the antifungal activity of griseofulvin in the presence of surfactants. Author(s): Said S, Mahrous H, Kassem A. Source: Infection. 1976; 4(2): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=977134

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Clinico-myocological profile of tinea capitis in North India and response to griseofulvin. Author(s): Singal A, Rawat S, Bhattacharya SN, Mohanty S, Baruah MC. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 28(1): 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11280460

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Griseofulvin

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Comparative bioavailability of a microsize and ultramicrosize griseofulvin formulation in man. Author(s): Lin C, Lim J, DiGiore C, Gural R, Symchowicz S. Source: J Int Med Res. 1982; 10(4): 274-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7117684

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Comparative bioavailability of anhydrous griseofulvin and its chloroform solvate in man. Author(s): Bates TR, Fung HL, Lee H, Tembo AV. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1975 June; 11(2): 233-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1153870

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Comparative study of protoporphyrins in erythropoietic protoporphyria and griseofulvin-induced murine protoporphyria. Binding affinities, distribution, and fluorescence spectra in various blood fractions. Author(s): Poh-Fitzpatrick MB, Lamola AA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1977 August; 60(2): 380-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=874098

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Comparison of ketoconazole and griseofulvin for treatment of tinea capitis in childhood: a preliminary study. Author(s): Tanz RR, Stagl S, Esterly NB. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1985 March; 1(1): 16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3916457

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Comparison of ketoconazole and griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea pedis. Author(s): Roberts DT, Cox NH, Gentles JC, Babu KK. Source: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology : Bi-Monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1987 October; 25(5): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3430295

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Comparison of terbinafine and griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea capitis. Author(s): Caceres-Rios H, Rueda M, Ballona R, Bustamante B. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 January; 42(1 Pt 1): 804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10607324

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Correlation of dissolution rate and griseofulvin absorption in man. Author(s): Katchen B, Symchowicz S. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1967 September; 56(9): 1108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6049695

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Cyclosporin A and griseofulvin: another drug interaction. Author(s): Abu-Romeh SH, Rashed A. Source: Nephron. 1991; 58(2): 237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1830935

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Cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in primary human liver fibroblasts exposed to griseofulvin and mitomycin C. Author(s): Nesti C, Trippi F, Scarpato R, Migliore L, Turchi G. Source: Mutagenesis. 2000 March; 15(2): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10719040

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Demethylchlortetracycline and griseofulvin as examples of specific treatment for mycosis fungoides. Author(s): Shelley WB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1981 April; 104(4): 477-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6786319

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Detection of chromosome loss and gain induced by griseofulvin, estramustine, and vanadate in binucleated lymphocytes using FISH analysis. Author(s): Migliore L, Zotti-Martelli L, Scarpato R. Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 1999; 34(1): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10462727

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Determination of griseofulvin in human serum using high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Hackett LP, Dusci LJ. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1978 August 1; 155(1): 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=681488

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Determination of griseofulvin in skin, plasma, and sweat. Author(s): Shah VP, Riegelman S, Epstein WL. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1972 April; 61(4): 634-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5014326

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Differential effect of griseofulvin on interferon-gamma-induced HLA-DR and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression of human keratinocytes. Author(s): Tamaki K, Saitoh A, Yasaka N. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 September; 127(3): 258-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1356410

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Dissolution rate and bioavailability of griseofulvin from a ground mixture with microcrystalline cellulose. Author(s): Yamamoto K, Nakano M, Arita T, Nakai Y. Source: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics. 1974 December; 2(6): 487-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4461779

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Does griseofulvin alter serum lipids? Author(s): Liddle BJ, Marsden JR, Cramb RB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 February; 126(2): 202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1536791

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Double blind study of ketoconazole and griseofulvin in dermatophytoses. Author(s): Martinez-Roig A, Torres-Rodriguez JM, Bartlett-Coma A. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1988 January; 7(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3277154

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Double-blind comparison of itraconazole with griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Author(s): Bourlond A, Lachapelle JM, Aussems J, Boyden B, Campaert H, Conincx S, Decroix J, Geeraerts C, Ghekiere L, Morias J, et al. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1989 July-August; 28(6): 410-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2548967

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Double-blind comparison of itraconazole with griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea pedis and tinea manuum. Author(s): Van Hecke E, Van Cutsem J. Source: Mycoses. 1988 December; 31(12): 641-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2852776

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Double-blind, parallel-group comparison of terbinafine and griseofulvin in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. Author(s): Faergemann J, Anderson C, Hersle K, Hradil E, Nordin P, Kaaman T, Molin L, Pettersson A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 May; 32(5 Pt 1): 750-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7722020

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Early perturbations in keratin and actin gene expression and fibrillar organisation in griseofulvin-fed mouse liver. Author(s): Cadrin M, Hovington H, Marceau N, McFarlane-Anderson N. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2000 August; 33(2): 199-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10952237

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Effect of feeding on bioavailability of griseofulvin in children. Author(s): Ginsburg CM, McCracken GH Jr, Petruska M, Olsen K. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1983 February; 102(2): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6822943

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Effect of food on the bioavailability of griseofulvin from microsize and PEG ultramicrosize (GRIS-PEG) plain tablets. Author(s): Aoyagi N, Ogata H, Kaniwa N, Ejima A. Source: J Pharmacobiodyn. 1982 February; 5(2): 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7097474

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Effect of griseofulvin on porphyrin metabolism. Author(s): el-Nasr HS, el-Mofty AM, Soliman L, Abdel-Aal MA, Nada M, Emara SH. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1967 April; 12(3): 91-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6065800

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Effects of griseofulvin in experimental rabbit syphilis. Author(s): Hasegawa T. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1966 September; 42(3): 178-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5919860

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Effects of griseofulvin on the morphology, growth and metabolism of fibroblasts in culture. Author(s): Priestley GC, Brown JC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1978 September; 99(3): 245-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=152112

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Efficacy of itraconazole, terbinafine, fluconazole, griseofulvin and ketoconazole in the treatment of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis causing onychomycosis of the toes. Author(s): Gupta AK, Gregurek-Novak T. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 202(3): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11385230

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Enhancement of bioavailability of griseofulvin by its complexation with betacyclodextrin. Author(s): Dhanaraju MD, Kumaran KS, Baskaran T, Moorthy MS. Source: Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 1998 June; 24(6): 583-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9876628

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Epidemiology and treatment of tinea capitis: ketoconazole vs. griseofulvin. Author(s): Gan VN, Petruska M, Ginsburg CM. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1987 January; 6(1): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3822616

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Erythema multiforme due to griseofulvin with positive re-exposure test. Author(s): Thami GP, Kaur S, Kanwar AJ. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 203(1): 84-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11549811

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Erythema multiforme due to griseofulvin. Author(s): Rustin MH, Bunker CB, Dowd PM, Robinson TW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1989 March; 120(3): 455-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2713262

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Evaluation of in vitro antifungal activity of Ketoconazole and Griseofulvin. Author(s): Uppal TB. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1983 September; 33(9): 230-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6315984

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Evaluation of Ketoconazole against Griseofulvin in the treatment of dermatophytes. Author(s): Giam YC, Rajan VS. Source: Singapore Med J. 1984 August; 25(4): 260-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6095458

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Evaluation of microcrystalline griseofulvin therapy in tinea capitis. Author(s): Zaias N, Taplin D, Rebell G. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1966 November 21; 198(8): 805-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5953400

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Evaluation of the effectiveness of griseofulvin, tolnaftate, and placebo in the topical therapy of superficial dermatophytoses. Author(s): Zarowny DP, Rogers RS, Tindall JP. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1975 April; 64(4): 268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1090684

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Experimental griseofulvin porphyria in adult and foetal mice. Author(s): Lochhead AC, Dagg JH, Goldberg A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1967 February; 79(2): 96-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6019110

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Falsely elevated urinary level of vanillylmandelic acid induced by griseofulvin. Author(s): Rampini E, Schiazza L, Occella C, Marchese N, Bleidl D, Lombardo C, Cardo P. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1989 February; 125(2): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2913964

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Fat contents of meals and bioavailability of griseofulvin in man. Author(s): Ogunbona FA, Smith IF, Olawoye OS. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1985 April; 37(4): 283-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2860234

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Fatal exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus after treatment with griseofulvin. Author(s): Madhok R, Zoma A, Capell H. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 July 27; 291(6490): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3926142

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Fatal toxic epidermal necrolysis after griseofulvin. Author(s): Mion G, Verdon R, Le Gulluche Y, Carsin H, Garcia A, Guilbaud J. Source: Lancet. 1989 December 2; 2(8675): 1331. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2574272

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Fixed drug eruption induced by griseofulvin. Author(s): Boudghene-Stambouli O, Merad-Boudia A. Source: Dermatologica. 1989; 179(2): 92-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2529153

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Fixed drug eruption to griseofulvin. Author(s): Thyagarajan K, Kamalam A, Thambiah AS. Source: Mykosen. 1981 August; 24(8): 482-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6456413

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Fixed drug eruption to griseofulvin. Author(s): Savage J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1977 July; 97(1): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=142504

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Gastrointestinal absorption of griseofulvin from corn oil-in-water emulsions: effect of amount of corn oil ingested in man. Author(s): Bates TR, Pieniaszek HJ Jr, Sequeira JA, Rasmussen JE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 March; 113(3): 302-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=843096

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GLC determination of griseofulvin in human plasma. Author(s): Schwarz HJ, Waldman BA, Madrid V. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1976 March; 65(3): 370-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1263084

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Griseofulvin absorption from different sites in the human small intestine. Author(s): Gramatte T. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1994 December; 15(9): 747-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7888603

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Griseofulvin absorption in man after single and repeated treatment and ts correlation with dissolution rates. Author(s): Symchowicz S, Katchen B. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1968 August; 57(8): 1383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5677344

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Griseofulvin and chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Author(s): Konig E, Berthold K, Hienz HA, Brittinger G. Source: Helv Med Acta. 1969 November; 35(2): 103-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5262298

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Griseofulvin and dysgeusia: implications? Author(s): Fogan L. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1971 May; 74(5): 795-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5559448

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Griseofulvin and fluvoxamine interactions with the metabolism of theophylline. Author(s): Rasmussen BB, Jeppesen U, Gaist D, Brosen K. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1997 February; 19(1): 56-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9029748

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Griseofulvin and ketoconazole in the treatment of dermatophyte infections. Author(s): Lambert DR, Siegle RJ, Camisa C. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1989 June; 28(5): 300-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2666321

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Griseofulvin and lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Anderson WA, Torre D. Source: J Med Soc N J. 1966 May; 63(5): 161-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4222421

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Griseofulvin and porphyrin metabolism.Special reference to normal fecal porphyrin excretion. Author(s): Watson CJ, Lynch F, Bossenmaier I, Cardinal R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1968 November; 98(5): 451-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5684215

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Griseofulvin and terbinafine in the treatment of tinea capitis in children. Author(s): Rademaker M, Havill S. Source: N Z Med J. 1998 February 27; 111(1060): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9539918

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Griseofulvin and tuberculin sensitivity. Author(s): Strange HA. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1966; 46(4): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4162560

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Griseofulvin for eosinophilic fasciitis. Author(s): Giordano M, Ara M, Cicala C, Valentini G, Chianese U. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1980 November; 23(11): 1331-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7447973

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Griseofulvin has a potential to modulate the expression of cell adhesion molecules on leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Author(s): Asahina A, Tada Y, Nakamura K, Tamaki K. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2001 January; 1(1): 75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11367519

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Griseofulvin in leprosy. Author(s): Kneedler WH. Source: Lepr Rev. 1970 April; 41(2): 105-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5453079

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Griseofulvin in Raynaud's disease. Author(s): Hasker WE. Source: Lancet. 1970 November 28; 2(7683): 1136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4097937

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Griseofulvin in Raynaud's phenomenon. Author(s): Naidoo P. Source: Lancet. 1971 November 13; 2(7733): 1090. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4106930

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Griseofulvin in Raynaud's phenomenon. Author(s): Allen BR. Source: Lancet. 1971 October 16; 2(7729): 840-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4106870

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Griseofulvin in the prevention of experimental human dermatophytosis. Author(s): Allen AM, Reinhardt JH, Akers WA, Gunnison D. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1973 August; 108(2): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4579497

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Griseofulvin in the treatment of dermatomycoses and onychomycoses produced by dermatophytes of the Trichophyton group. Author(s): Kubec K. Source: Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1968 January 19; 34(1): 90-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4231313

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Griseofulvin in the treatment of herpes zoster. Author(s): Joubert JD. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1978 August 5; 54(6): 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=715595

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Griseofulvin in the treatment of oral lichen planus: adverse drug reactions, but little beneficial effect. Author(s): Matthews RW, Scully C. Source: Ann Dent. 1992 Winter; 51(2): 10-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1463308

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Griseofulvin in the treatment of three cases of oral erosive lichen planus. Author(s): Aufdemorte TB, De Villez RL, Gieseker DR. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1983 May; 55(5): 459-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6575336

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Griseofulvin ineffective in balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis. Author(s): Gerbig AW, Hunziker T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 August; 33(2 Pt 1): 319. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7622668

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Griseofulvin inhibition of polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis in Boyden chambers. Author(s): Bandmann U, Norberg B, Simmingskold G. Source: Scand J Haematol. 1975 September; 15(2): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1188319

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Griseofulvin levels in stratum corneum. Study after oral administration in man. Author(s): Epstein WL, Shah VP, Riegelman S. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1972 September; 106(3): 344-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5055093

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Griseofulvin potentiates antitumorigenesis effects of nocodazole through induction of apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in human colorectal cancer cells. Author(s): Ho YS, Duh JS, Jeng JH, Wang YJ, Liang YC, Lin CH, Tseng CJ, Yu CF, Chen RJ, Lin JK. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2001 February 1; 91(3): 393-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11169965

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Griseofulvin resistance. Author(s): Greenberg JH. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1979 November; 18(9): 701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=511430

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Griseofulvin significantly decreases serum salicylate concentrations. Author(s): Phillips KR, Wideman SD, Cochran EB, Becker JA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 April; 12(4): 350-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8483633

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Griseofulvin teratology, including two thoracopagus conjoined twins. Author(s): Rosa FW, Hernandez C, Carlo WA. Source: Lancet. 1987 January 17; 1(8525): 171. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2880014

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Griseofulvin teratology. Author(s): Metneki J, Czeizel A. Source: Lancet. 1987 May 2; 1(8540): 1042. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2883385

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Griseofulvin therapy in lichen planus. A double-blind controlled trial. Author(s): Sehgal VN, Abraham GJ, Malik GB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1972 October; 87(4): 383-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4562169

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Griseofulvin therapy in men who may become fathers. Author(s): Commens CA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 November 7; 161(9): 571. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7968764

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Griseofulvin therapy in molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Singh OP, Kanwar A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 November; 113(11): 1615. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=931417

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Griseofulvin therapy of lichen planus. Author(s): Massa MC, Rogers RS 3rd. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1981; 61(6): 547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6177168

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Griseofulvin treatment of onychomycosis. Author(s): Derbes VJ, Coleman WF. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1970 January-March; 9(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4246564

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Griseofulvin trial in angina. Author(s): Paul BN, Pakrashi BC. Source: American Heart Journal. 1966 January; 71(1): 26-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5321802

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Griseofulvin. Author(s): Goldman L. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1970 September; 54(5): 1339-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4248513

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Griseofulvin. A case report of long term therapy and comments on the literature. Author(s): Buchman NH, Marcus SA. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1977 August; 67(8): 545-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=893956

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Griseofulvin: a new look at an old drug. Author(s): Araujo OE, Flowers FP, King MM. Source: Dicp. 1990 September; 24(9): 851-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2260345

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Griseofulvin: a potential agent of chromosomal segregation in cultured cells. Author(s): Larizza L, Simoni G, Tredici F, De Carli L. Source: Mutation Research. 1974 October; 25(1): 123-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4139651

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Griseofulvin-containing medium for simplified diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Author(s): Blank H, Rebell G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1965 September; 92(3): 319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11851259

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Griseofulvin-induced neuropathy. Author(s): Lecky BR. Source: Lancet. 1990 January 27; 335(8683): 230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1967699

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Griseofulvin-induced photodermatitis--report of six cases. Author(s): Kojima T, Hasegawa T, Ishida H, Fujita M, Okamoto S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1988 February; 15(1): 76-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2969014

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Griseofulvin-methisoprinol combination in the treatment of herpes zoster. Author(s): Castelli M, Zanca A, Giubertoni G, Zanca A, Bertolini A. Source: Pharmacol Res Commun. 1986 October; 18(10): 991-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2433701

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Griseofulvin-oral contraceptive interaction. Author(s): Catalano PM, Blank H. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1985 November; 121(11): 1381. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4051524

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Griseofulvin-phenobarbital interaction in man. Author(s): Riegelman S, Rowland M, Epstein WL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1970 July 20; 213(3): 426-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5468016

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Griseofulvin-resistant dermatophytosis correlates with in vitro resistance. Author(s): Artis WM, Odle BM, Jones HE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1981 January; 117(1): 16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7458371

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Griseofulvin-resistant dermatophytosis. Author(s): Jorizzo JI, Smith EB, Henry JC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 January; 118(1): 2-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7059195

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Griseofulvin-warfarin antagonism. Author(s): Cullen SI, Catalano PM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1967 February 20; 199(8): 582-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6071326

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Hepatocellar hyalin (Mallory bodies) in long term griseofulvin-treated mice: a new experimental model for the study of hyalin formation. Author(s): Denk H, Gschnait F, Wolff K. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 1975 June; 32(6): 773-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=50498

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High-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for griseofulvin in plasma. Author(s): Meyer MC, Raghow G. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1979 September; 68(9): 1127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=501535

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Histopathological evaluation of griseofulvin therapy in lichen planus. A doubleblind controlled study. Author(s): Sehgal VN, Bikhchandani R, Koranne RV, Nayar M, Saxena HM. Source: Dermatologica. 1980; 161(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6995186

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Human plasma and skin blister fluid levels of griseofulvin after its repeated administration. Author(s): Schafer-Korting M, Korting HC, Mutschler E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985; 29(3): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4076331

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Human plasma and skin blister fluid levels of griseofulvin following a single oral dose. Author(s): Schafer-Korting M, Korting HC, Mutschler E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985; 29(1): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4054199

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Identification of griseofulvic acid as a urine metabolite of griseofulvin in humans. Author(s): Zia H, O'Donnell JP, Ma JK. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1979 October; 68(10): 1335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=512877

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Image processing by microcomputer on ultrastructure of griseofulvin-resistant fungi in favus. Author(s): Zheng YC, Zhu ZR, Liang PJ, Chen JF. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 1990; 10(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2348492

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Improved griseofulvin therapy for tinea pedis. Author(s): Altman D. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1966 January; 56(1): 15-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4221780

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In vitro and in vivo effects of griseofulvin on the functions of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes. Author(s): Anderson R, Joone G, Theron A, Eftychis H, van der Merwe M. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1982 March 13; 61(11): 380. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7064006

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In vitro evaluation of griseofulvin, ketoconazole, and itraconazole against various dermatophytes in Singapore. Author(s): Goh CL, Tay YK, Ali KB, Koh MT, Seow CS. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1994 October; 33(10): 733-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8002147

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In vitro evaluation of voriconazole against clinical isolates of yeasts, moulds and dermatophytes in comparison with itraconazole, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and griseofulvin. Author(s): Wildfeuer A, Seidl HP, Paule I, Haberreiter A. Source: Mycoses. 1998 September-October; 41(7-8): 309-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9861837

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In vitro photosensitized lysis of red blood cells by an antifungal drug griseofulvin. Author(s): Fujita H, Inukai N, Matsuo I. Source: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology. 1993 January; 17(1): 7780. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8433225

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In vitro skin penetration of griseofulvin in rat and human skin from an ointment dosage form. Author(s): Ritschel WA, Hussain AS. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1988 November; 38(11): 1630-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3214448

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In vitro susceptibility of dermatophytes from Munich to griseofulvin, miconazole and ketoconazole. Author(s): Korting HC, Rosenkranz S. Source: Mycoses. 1990 March; 33(3): 136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2359418

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In vitro susceptibility of Microsporum canis and other dermatophyte isolates from veterinary infections during therapy with terbinafine or griseofulvin. Author(s): Hofbauer B, Leitner I, Ryder NS. Source: Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 2002 April; 40(2): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12058731

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In vitro susceptibility of Trichophyton mentagrophytes arthroconidia to clotrimazole and griseofulvin in human corneocyte suspensions. Author(s): Aljabre SH, Scott EM, Shankland GS, Richardson MD. Source: Mycoses. 1991 November-December; 34(11-12): 479-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1824417

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Induction of kinetochore-positive micronuclei in human lymphocytes by the antifungal drug griseofulvin. Author(s): Kolachana P, Smith MT. Source: Mutation Research. 1994 September; 322(3): 151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7521514

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Influence of bile salts and lipids on intestinal absorption of griseofulvin in man. Author(s): Palma R, Vidon N, Houin G, Pfeiffer A, Rongier M, Barre J, Bernier JJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986; 31(3): 319-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3792429

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Influence of high fat diet on GI absorption of griseofulvin tablets in man. Author(s): Khalafalla N, Elgholmy ZA, Khalil SA. Source: Pharmazie. 1981 October; 36(10): 692-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7312923

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Inhibited proliferation of human scleroderma skin fibroblasts and rheumatoid synovial cells with griseofulvin in vitro. Author(s): Priestley GC, Brown JC. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1982; 62(2): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6179346

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Interaction between oral contraceptives and griseofulvin. Author(s): van Dijke CP, Weber JC. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 April 14; 288(6424): 1125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6424759

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Interaction of griseofulvin and oral contraceptives. Author(s): Cote J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 January; 22(1): 124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2298948

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Intermediate filaments: analysis of filamentous aggregates induced by griseofulvin, an antitubulin agent. Author(s): Tinberg HM. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1981 March 31; 99(2): 458-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6786292

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Intermittent use of griseofulvin in tinea capitis. Author(s): Oskui J. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1978 May; 21(5): 689-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=648169

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Intracutaneous distributions of fluconazole, itraconazole, and griseofulvin in Guinea pigs and binding to human stratum corneum. Author(s): Sobue S, Sekiguchi K, Nabeshima T. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2004 January; 48(1): 216-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693542

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Intrahepatic cholestasis after griseofulvin administration. Author(s): Chiprut RO, Viteri A, Jamroz C, Dyck WP. Source: Gastroenterology. 1976 June; 70(6): 1141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=131731

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Investigations of human blood griseofulvin levels and their relation to the curative effect in tinea capitis. Author(s): Grin EI, Denic M. Source: Acta Med Iugosl. 1965; 19(1): 62-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5844247

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Investigations on the adaptivity of dermatophytes to griseofulvin. Author(s): Grin EI, Nadazdin M, Ozegovic L. Source: Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1966 October 4; 30(1): 31-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5973426

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Invitro drug sensitivity of Trichophyton species against griseofulvin and ketoconazole. Author(s): Dodia S, Bajpai R, Singh BG. Source: Hindustan Antibiot Bull. 2002 February-November; 44(1-4): 47-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15061594

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Is tinea unguium still widely incurable? A review three decades after the introduction of griseofulvin. Author(s): Korting HC, Schafer-Korting M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1992 February; 128(2): 243-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1531407

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Isolated erythroid hypoplasia and renal insufficiency induced by long-term griseofulvin therapy. Author(s): Haskell LP, Mennemyer RP, Greenman R, Pelczar C. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1990 November; 83(11): 1327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2237566

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Itraconazole compared with griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea corporis/cruris and tinea pedis/manus: an interpretation of the clinical results of all completed doubleblind studies with respect to the pharmacokinetic profile. Author(s): Lachapelle JM, De Doncker P, Tennstedt D, Cauwenbergh G, Janssen PA. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1992; 184(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1313717

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Itraconazole versus griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea capitis: a double-blind randomized study in children. Author(s): Lopez-Gomez S, Del Palacio A, Van Cutsem J, Soledad Cuetara M, Iglesias L, Rodriguez-Noriega A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1994 October; 33(10): 743-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8002149

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Kawasaki-like syndrome associated with griseofulvin treatment. Author(s): Amita DB, Danon YL, Garty BZ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1993 July; 18(4): 389. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8403486

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Ketoconazole compared with griseofulvin in dermatophytoses: a randomized, double-blind trial. Author(s): Stratigos I, Zissis NP, Katsambas A, Koumentaki E, Michalopoulos M, Flemetakis A. Source: Dermatologica. 1983; 166(3): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6303871

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Ketoconazole in griseofulvin-resistant dermatophytosis. Author(s): Robertson MH, Rich P, Parker F, Hanifin JM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1982 February; 6(2): 224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6277999

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Labelling in vivo and chirality of griseofulvin-derived N-alkylated protoporphyrins. Author(s): De Matteis F, Gibbs AH, Martin SR, Milek RL. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1991 December 15; 280 ( Pt 3): 813-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1764043

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Laparoscopy of griseofulvin-induced liver injury presenting a wide depression. Author(s): Watanabe M, Akagi S, Kohge N, Uchida Y, Nguyen TX, Hirakawa K, Fukumoto S. Source: Endoscopy. 1994 June; 26(5): 514-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7956975

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Leprosy downgrading reaction associated with griseofulvin. Author(s): Shulman DG, Wilkinson RD, Nguyen N. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 November; 118(11): 909-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7138049

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Letter: Griseofulvin therapy in Herpes progenitalis (a double-blind controlled trial). Author(s): Sehgal VN. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1974 February; 50(1): 80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4593839

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Letter: Psychotic symptoms with griseofulvin. Author(s): Lastnick G. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 September 9; 229(11): 1420-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4408278

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Leucocyte chemotaxis to mycetoma agents--the effect of the antifungal drugs griseofulvin and ketoconazole. Author(s): Yousif MA, Hay RJ. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1987; 81(2): 319-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3617197

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Levamisole and griseofulvin in warts. Author(s): Bhargava RK, Vacchaney U, Garg P. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1980 January 1; 74(1): 13-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7229389

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Long-term griseofulvin treatment for progressive systemic sclerosis. Author(s): Ferri C, Bernini L, Bombardieri S, Pasero G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1986; 15(4): 356-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3823792

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Lupus erythematosus exacerbated by griseofulvin. Author(s): Watsky MS, Lynfield YL. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1976 February; 17(2): 361-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1017241

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Mass treatment of non-fluorescent tinea capitis in an orphanage in India. Trial with a low griseofulvin dosage using a modified brush-sampling technique. Author(s): Klokke AH, Purushotham AG, Sundaraju D. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1966 December; 18(4): 305-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5973290

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Mass treatment of scalp ringworm by a single dose of griseofulvin. Author(s): Vanbreuseghem R, Gatti F, Ceballos JA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1970 January-March; 9(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5425325

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Morphology of griseofulvin-resistant isolates of Mongolian variant of Trichophyton schoenleini. Author(s): Zheng YC. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1990 June; 103(6): 489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2119962

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Mycosis fungoides responding to tetracycline and griseofulvin. Author(s): Thomsen K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1981 October; 105(4): 483-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7295565

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Myositis associated with griseofulvin therapy. Author(s): Davidson BK. Source: American Family Physician. 1995 October; 52(5): 1277. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7572547

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Nephrotic syndrome related to systemic lupus erythematosus after griseofulvin therapy. Author(s): Bonilla-Felix M, Verani R, Vanasse LG, Hebert A. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1995 August; 9(4): 478-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7577414

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No association between griseofulvin and conjoined twinning. Author(s): Knudsen LB. Source: Lancet. 1987 November 7; 2(8567): 1097. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2890014

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Observations on the effectiveness of oral griseofulvin in the treatment of dermatophytosis. Author(s): Dhariwal TR. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1970 April; 15(3): 83-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5469708

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Oestrogenic effects of griseofulvin. Author(s): Vollum DI. Source: Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc. 1968; 54(2): 204-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5715717

34

Griseofulvin

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Of griseofulvin. Author(s): Jadassohn W, Lozeron H, Brun R, Gaudin P, Maggiora A, Vidmar B. Source: Dermatologica. 1967; 135(1): 35-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6033004

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On the immunosuppresive effect of griseofulvin. Author(s): Molin L. Source: Mykosen. 1971 September 1; 14(9): 433-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5571647

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Onychomycosis treated with itraconazole or griseofulvin alone with and without a topical antimycotic or keratolytic agent. Author(s): Arenas R, Fernandez G, Dominguez L. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1991 August; 30(8): 586-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1657803

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Onychomycosis treated with ultrafine griseofulvin. Author(s): Quintavalle P. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1966 March; 56(3): 119-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4222118

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Oral contraceptives and griseofulvin interactions. Author(s): McDaniel PA, Caldroney RD. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1986 May; 20(5): 384. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3709350

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Oral griseofulvin remains the treatment of choice for tinea capitis in children. Author(s): Bennett ML, Fleischer AB, Loveless JW, Feldman SR. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2000 July-August; 17(4): 304-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10990583

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Oral griseofulvin therapy in molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Mukul, Meena HS, Gupta S. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1987 October; 32(4): 104-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3503820

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Oral ketoconazole as an alternative to griseofulvin in recalcitrant dermatophyte infections and onychomycosis. Author(s): Svejgaard E. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1985; 65(2): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2408417

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Oral terbinafine in the treatment of griseofulvin-resistant Tinea capitis et faciei et corporis in a 10-month-old girl. Author(s): Wilmer A, Wollina U. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 July; 78(4): 314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9689314

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Oral terbinafine versus griseofulvin in the treatment of moccasin-type tinea pedis. Author(s): Savin RC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 October; 23(4 Pt 2): 8079. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2229529

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Oral therapy with ketoconazole for dermatophyte infections unresponsive to griseofulvin. Author(s): Robertson MH, Hanifin JM, Parker F. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1980 July-August; 2(4): 578-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6255533

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Oral treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris with terbinafine and griseofulvin: a randomized double blind comparative study. Author(s): Voravutinon V. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1993 July; 76(7): 388-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8089640

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OTC pharmaceuticals and genotoxicity testing: the paracetamol, anthraquinone, and griseofulvin cases. Author(s): Muller L, Kasper P. Source: Arch Toxicol Suppl. 1995; 17: 312-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7786168

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Parameters affecting absorption of griseofulvin in a human subject using urinary metabolite excretion data. Author(s): Kabasakalian P, Katz M, Rosenkrantz B, Townley E. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1970 May; 59(5): 595-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5446411

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Patients with angina pectoris treated with griseofulvin. Author(s): Unterberger H, Resnick ME. Source: Pa Med. 1966 January; 69(1): 48-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5321620

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Percutaneous absorption of coumarin, griseofulvin and propranolol across human scalp and abdominal skin. Author(s): Ritschel WA, Sabouni A, Hussain AS. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1989 October; 11(10): 643-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2586198

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Percutaneous absorption of griseofulvin and proquazone in the rat and in isolated human skin. Author(s): Franz JM, Gaillard A, Maibach HI, Schweitzer A. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1981; 271(3): 275-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6975603

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Photosensitivity induced by griseofulvin. Author(s): Kawabe Y, Mizuno N, Miwa N, Sakakibara S. Source: Photodermatol. 1988 December; 5(6): 272-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3249685

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Plasma concentrations of griseofulvin in healthy volunteers and out-patients treated for onychomycosis. Author(s): Hagermark O, Berlin A, Wallin I, Boreus LO. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1976; 56(4): 289-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=60025

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Plasma concentrations of griseofulvin in human volunteers. Author(s): Platt DS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1970 September; 83(3): 382-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5479310

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Possible involvement of oxidation of lipids in inducing griseofulvin photosensitivity. Author(s): Matsuo I, Inukai N, Fujita H, Ohkido M. Source: Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 1990 October; 7(5): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2091745

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Protoporphyrin hepatopathy. Effects of cholic acid ingestion in murine griseofulvininduced protoporphyria. Author(s): Poh-Fitzpatrick MB, Sklar JA, Goldsman C, Lefkowitch JH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1983 October; 72(4): 1449-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6630515

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Proximal myopathy associated with griseofulvin therapy. Author(s): Deo A, Mehta HG, Biniyala R, Pathare S, Mehta PJ, Mehtalia SD. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 January; 42(1): 85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7836265

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Pulmonary and rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Successful outcome with amphotericin B and griseofulvin therapy. Author(s): Brown JF Jr, Gottlieb LS, McCormick RA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1977 July; 137(7): 936-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=406869

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Randomized controlled trial of intralesional corticosteroid and griseofulvin vs. griseofulvin alone for treatment of kerion. Author(s): Ginsburg CM, Gan VN, Petruska M. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1987 December; 6(12): 1084-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3324039

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Raynaud's disease treated with griseofulvin. Author(s): Creery RD, Voyce MA, Preece AW, Evason AR. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1968 June; 43(229): 344-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5652712

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Relapse and resistance of ringworm infection following griseofulvin treatment. Author(s): Banerjee AK. Source: Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med. 1969 April; 17(2): 52-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5401890

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Response to initial griseofulvin therapy in pediatric patients with tinea capitis. Author(s): Abdel-Rahman SM, Nahata MC, Powell DA. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1997 April; 31(4): 406-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9100999

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Role of sweat in accumulation of orally administered griseofulvin in skin. Author(s): Shah VP, Epstein WL, Riegelman S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1974 June; 53(6): 1673-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4830229

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Sensitivity patterns to griseofulvin of Trichophyton rubrum and other ringworm fungi. Author(s): Young CN. Source: Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc. 1972; 58(2): 226-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4665984

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Serum sickness-like reaction associated with griseofulvin. Author(s): Colton RL, Amir J, Mimouni M, Zeharia A. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2004 April; 38(4): 609-11. Epub 2004 February 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14982981

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Short-duration treatment of fingernail dermatophytosis: a randomized, double-blind study with terbinafine and griseofulvin. Author(s): Hogan DJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 September; 33(3): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7657888

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Short-duration treatment of fingernail dermatophytosis: a randomized, double-blind study with terbinafine and griseofulvin. LAGOS III Study Group. Author(s): Haneke E, Tausch I, Brautigam M, Weidinger G, Welzel D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 January; 32(1): 72-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7822520

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Simultaneous determination of griseofulvin and 6-desmethylgriseofulvin in plasma by electron-capture gas chromatography. Author(s): Kamimura H, Omi Y, Shiobara Y, Tamaki N, Katogi Y. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1979 July 21; 163(3): 271-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=541382

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Single daily dosage of griseofulvin in fungus diseases. Author(s): Medansky RS. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1968 December; 134(6): 765-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4387458

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Single dose and intermittent griseofulvin regimens in the treatment of tinea capitis in Kenya. Author(s): Nyawalo JO, Bwire M. Source: Mycoses. 1988 April; 31(4): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3405251

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Skin temperature changes in Raynaud's disease after griseofulvin. Author(s): Charles CR, Carmick ES. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1970 March; 101(3): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5414890

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Solubilizing properties of bile salt solutions. II. Effect of inorganic electrolyte, lipids, and a mixed bile salt system on solubilization of glutethimide, griseofulvin, and hexestrol. Author(s): Bates TR, Gibaldi M, Kanig JL. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1966 September; 55(9): 901-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5918525

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Spontaneous and griseofulvin-induced segregation for 8-azaguanine resistance in hybrids from a human heteroploid line. Author(s): Larizza L, Simoni G, Stefanini M, de Carli L. Source: Experimental Cell Research. 1979 May; 120(2): 405-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=436967

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Studies on histochemical changes of epidermis under griseofulvin and vitamin A therapy in dermatophytosis. Author(s): Banerjee BN, Banerjee PK, Chatterjee SS. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1973 October; 19(1): 1-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4278752

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Studies on the treatment of dermatophytic infections of glabrous skin by topical treatment alone or with combination of griseofulvin for comparison. Author(s): Erbakan N, Or AN, Palali Z, Basaran E. Source: Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1974 April 30; 52(3): 291-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4407837

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Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus lesions precipitated by griseofulvin. Author(s): Miyagawa S, Okuchi T, Shiomi Y, Sakamoto K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 August; 21(2 Pt 2): 3436. Erratum In: J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 February; 22(2 Pt 2): 345. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2474012

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Successful treatment of griseofulvin-resistant tinea capitis in infants. Author(s): Lukacs A, Korting HC, Lindner A. Source: Mycoses. 1994 November-December; 37(11-12): 451-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7659136

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Successful treatment of pigmented purpuric dermatosis with griseofulvin. Author(s): Tamaki K, Yasaka N, Osada A, Shibagaki N, Furue M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 January; 132(1): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7756136

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Susceptibility of Trichophyton rubrum to griseofulvin. Author(s): Scholz R, Meinhof W. Source: Mycoses. 1991 September-October; 34(9-10): 411-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1820520

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Systemic griseofulvin therapy of monilethrix. Author(s): Farmer ER, Murphy EA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1978 July 15; 2(2): 54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=713912

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The activity of various topical griseofulvin preparations and the appearance of oral griseofulvin in the stratum corneum. Author(s): Knight AG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1974 July; 91(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4854638

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The bioavailability of griseofulvin from microsized and ultramicrosized tablets in nonfasting volunteers. Author(s): Bijanzadeh M, Mahmoudian M, Salehian P, Khazainia T, Eshghi L, Khosravy A. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1990 July; 34(3): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2286418

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The bioavailability of griseofulvin PEG ultramicrosize (Gris-PEG) tablets in man under steady-state conditions. Author(s): Barrett WE, Hanigan JJ. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1975 September; 18(3): 491-500. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=810309

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The bioavailability of ultramicrosize griseofulvin (Gris-PEG) tablets in man. Author(s): Barrett WE, Bianchine JR. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1975 September; 18(3): 501-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=810310

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The effect of an oral therapeutic single-dose of griseofulvin on polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration in a casein gradient. Author(s): Bandmann U, Back O, Norberg B. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1984; 276(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6703776

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The effect of griseofulvin in hereditary porphyria cutanea tarda. Investigation of porphyrins and blood lipids. Author(s): Ziprkowski L, Szeinberg A, Crispin M, Krakowski A, Zaidman J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1966 January; 93(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5900697

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The effect of griseofulvin on hair growth in monilethrix. Author(s): Keipert JA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1973 June 23; 1(25): 1236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4724857

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The effectiveness of ultrafine griseofulvin. Author(s): Sullivan FJ. Source: West Med Med J West. 1967 March-April; 8(3): 94-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6072171

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The effects of griseofulvin on porphyria cutanea tarda. Author(s): Spiro JM, Demis DJ. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1968 March; 50(3): 202-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5644892

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The favourable effect of griseofulvin in a severe case of Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter's syndrome. Author(s): Nicolau SG, Noaghea G, Bucur G. Source: Rom Med Rev. 1968; 12(3): 45-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5696371

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The in vitro liberation and the bioavailability of different brands of griseofulvin in plasma and urine in man. Author(s): Terhaag B, Le Petit G, Pachaly C, Feller K. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1985 September; 23(9): 475-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4055158

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The introduction of griseofulvin. Author(s): Steffen C, Dupree MT. Source: Skinmed. 2004 March-April; 3(2): 105-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15010638

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The many effects of griseofulvin. Author(s): Osment LS. Source: Ala J Med Sci. 1969 October; 6(4): 392-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4903304

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The prescription of griseofulvin as a pharmaceutical benefit in South Australia. Author(s): Green AC, Donald GF. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1973 October 20; 2(16): 760-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4757568

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The quantitative determination of griseofulvin by gas chromatography (ECD-GC). Author(s): Suenaga Y, Yasukawa N. Source: Jpn J Antibiot. 1975 October; 28(5): 665-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1177355

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The role of sweat in the pharmacokinetics of ketoconazole and griseofulvin. Author(s): Hatzis J, Tosca A, Varelzidis A, Stratigos J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1987 December; 117(6): 797-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3426957

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The role of the MA-sensitive leukocyte chemotaxis in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized double-blind clinical trial of griseofulvin treatment. Author(s): Nilsson F, Norberg B, Frederiksen B, Eriksson S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1983; 12(2): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6344196

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The sensitivity of dermatophytes to griseofulvin. Author(s): Simpanya MF. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1990 January; 42(1): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2260189

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The susceptibility to fungal attack in vitro of different parts of hair shafts from griseofulvin-treated patients. Author(s): Verma BS. Source: Dermatologica. 1966; 132(4): 331-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5958879

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Therapeutic concentrations of griseofulvin do not affect yeast cell phagocytosis by monocytes. Author(s): Athlin L, Domellof L, Norberg B. Source: Dermatologica. 1987; 174(3): 122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3549384

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Therapeutic options for the treatment of tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton species: griseofulvin versus the new oral antifungal agents, terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole. Author(s): Gupta AK, Adam P, Dlova N, Lynde CW, Hofstader S, Morar N, Aboobaker J, Summerbell RC. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 September-October; 18(5): 433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737692

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Tinea imbricata treated with griseofulvin. Author(s): Halde C, Ong Liong Sik. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1965 November; 14(6): 1062-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5840637

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TLC determination of griseofulvin in plasma and 6-demethylgriseofulvin in urine. Author(s): Garceau Y, Brisson J, Davis I, DeAngelis RL, Hasegawa J. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1980 May; 69(5): 561-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7381744

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Topical (1%) solution of griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea corporis. Author(s): Macasaet EN, Pert P. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 January; 124(1): 110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1993136

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Topical griseofulvin in the treatment of dermatophytoses. Author(s): Aly R, Bayles CI, Oakes RA, Bibel DJ, Maibach HI. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1994 January; 19(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8313635

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Topical griseofulvin in tinea versicolor: a double-blind study. Author(s): Montes LF, Oakes RA, Pert P, Glick L, Nimni ME. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 October; 25(4): 726-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1791230

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Topically applied griseofulvin in prevention and treatment of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Author(s): Epstein WL, Shah VP, Jones HE, Riegelman S. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1975 October; 111(10): 1293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1103743

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Topically applied griseofulvin in the treatment of superficial dermatomycoses in Egypt. Author(s): Abdel-Aal H, EL-Shazli M, Saleh AM. Source: J Int Med Res. 1977; 5(5): 382-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=913867

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Topically applied griseofulvin. Author(s): Otani A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1976 December; 112(12): 1789-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1008575

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Toxic effects of griseofulvin: disease models, mechanisms, and risk assessment. Author(s): Knasmuller S, Parzefall W, Helma C, Kassie F, Ecker S, Schulte-Hermann R. Source: Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 1997 September; 27(5): 495-537. Review. Erratum In: Crit Rev Toxicol 1998 January; 28(1): 102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9347226

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Toxic epidermal necrolysis from griseofulvin. Author(s): Taylor B, Duffill M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 September; 19(3): 565-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3170817

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Toxicity of high doses of griseofulvin in cats. Author(s): Kunkle GA, Meyer DJ. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987 August 1; 191(3): 322-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3654294

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Treating erosive lichen planus with griseofulvin: a report of four cases. Author(s): Naylor GD. Source: Quintessence Int. 1990 December; 21(12): 943-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2082422

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Treating tinea capitis: should ketoconazole replace griseofulvin? Author(s): Tanz RR, Hebert AA, Esterly NB. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1988 June; 112(6): 987-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3373408

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Treatment of "tinea pedis" with griseofulvin and topical antifungal cream. Author(s): Zaias N, Battistini F, Gomez-Urcuyo F, Rojas RF, Ricart R. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1978 August; 22(2): 197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=688767

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Treatment of chronic dermatophyte infections. The use of ketoconazole in griseofulvin treatment failures. Author(s): Hay RJ, Clayton YM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1982 November; 7(6): 611-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6295667

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Treatment of lichen planus with griseofulvin. Author(s): Levy A, Stempler D, Yuzuk S, Schewach-Millet M, Ronen M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1986 July-August; 25(6): 405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3531046

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Treatment of lichen planus with griseofulvin. Report of seven cases. Author(s): Bagan JV, Silvestre FJ, Mestre S, Gisbert C, Bermejo A, Agramunt J. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985 December; 60(6): 608-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3865132

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Treatment of onychomycosis: a randomized, double-blind comparison study with topical bifonazole-urea ointment alone and in combination with short-duration oral griseofulvin. Author(s): Friedman-Birnbaum R, Cohen A, Shemer A, Bitterman O, Bergman R, Stettendorf S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1997 January; 36(1): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9071624

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Treatment of plasma cell cheilitis with griseofulvin. Author(s): Tamaki K, Osada A, Tsukamoto K, Ohtake N, Furue M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 May; 30(5 Pt 1): 789-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8176022

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Treatment of ringworm in calves using griseofulvin. Author(s): Andrews AH, Edwardson J. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1981 June 6; 108(23): 498-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7303434

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Treatment of tinea capitis: beyond griseofulvin. Author(s): Elewski BE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 June; 40(6 Pt 2): S27-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10367913

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Treatment of tinea imbricata: a randomized clinical trial using griseofulvin, terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole. Author(s): Wingfield AB, Fernandez-Obregon AC, Wignall FS, Greer DL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2004 January; 150(1): 119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14746625

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Treatment of tinea unguium with medium and high doses of ultramicrosize griseofulvin compared with that with itraconazole. Author(s): Korting HC, Schafer-Korting M, Zienicke H, Georgii A, Ollert MW. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1993 October; 37(10): 2064-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8257124

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Treatment of toenail onychomycosis. A randomized, double-blind study with terbinafine and griseofulvin. LAGOS II Study Group. Author(s): Hofmann H, Brautigam M, Weidinger G, Zaun H. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 August; 131(8): 919-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7632064

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Trichophyton tonsurans tinea capitis, resistant to griseofulvin. Author(s): Gever SG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1969 October; 100(4): 514-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5358132

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Twenty years of griseofulvin therapy? Author(s): Mackman BJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1980 October; 116(10): 1100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7425652

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Two cases of tinea in the neonate treated successfully with griseofulvin. Author(s): Weston WL, Thorne EG. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1977 July; 16(7): 601-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=862296

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Urticaria and fixed drug eruption in a patient treated with griseofulvin. Author(s): Feinstein A, Sofer E, Trau H, Schewach-Millet M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1984 May; 10(5 Pt 2): 915-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6233343

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Use of griseofulvin. Author(s): Stockley IH. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 April; 24(4): 665. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2033157

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Use of griseofulvin. Author(s): Sehgal VN, Rege VL, Beohar PC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1971 August; 104(2): 221. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5093178

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Use of rabbits for GI drug absorption studies: relationship between dissolution rate and bioavailability of griseofulvin tablets. Author(s): Maeda T, Takenaka H, Yamahira Y, Noguchi T. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1979 October; 68(10): 1286-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=512862

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Warfarin-griseofulvin interaction. Author(s): Okino K, Weibert RT. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1986 April; 20(4): 291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3698827

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Weekly griseofulvin therapy for tinea capitis. Author(s): Ziprkowski L, Feinstein A. Source: Mykosen. 1969 February 1; 12(2): 105-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5397902

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GRISEOFULVIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and griseofulvin.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Griseofulvin The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “griseofulvin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Griseofulvin

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “griseofulvin” (or a synonym): •

Acute effects of griseofulvin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats. Author(s): Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tokushima, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan. Source: Matsumura, Y Yokota, M Yoshioka, H Shibata, S Ida, S Takiguchi, Y J-Int-MedRes. 1999 Jul-August; 27(4): 167-75 0300-0605

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Colchicine and griseofulvin inhibit VCAM-1 expression on human vascular endothelial cells - evidence for the association of VCAM-1 expression with microtubules. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8655, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Asahina, A Tada, Y Nakamura, K Tamaki, K J-Dermatol-Sci. 2001 January; 25(1): 1-9 0923-1811

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

Nutrition

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to griseofulvin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin E Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GRISEOFULVIN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to griseofulvin. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to griseofulvin and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “griseofulvin” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to griseofulvin: •

“In vitro” effect of microtubule inhibitors on Trichomonas vaginalis. Author(s): Juliano C, Martinotti MG, Cappuccinelli P. Source: Microbiologica. 1985 January; 8(1): 31-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3871893

•

A correlation between the effects of anti-mitotic drugs on microtubule assembly in vitro and the inhibition of axonal transport in noradrenergic neurones. Author(s): Banks P, Till R. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 1975 October; 252(1): 283-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=53281

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A cytostatic drug (taxol) which does not inhibit monocyte phagocytosis. Author(s): Athlin L, Domellof L, Norberg B.

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Source: Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother. 1988; 5(2): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2900916 •

A new culture model facilitating rapid quantitative testing of mitotic spindle inhibition in mammalian cells. Author(s): De Brabander M, Van de Veire R, Aerts F, Geuens S, Hoebeke J. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1976 February; 56(2): 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1255766

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Action of anticytoskeletal compounds on in vitro cytopathic effect, phagocytosis, and adhesiveness of Trichomonas vaginalis. Author(s): Juliano C, Monaco G, Bandiera P, Tedde G, Cappuccinelli P. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1987 August; 63(4): 256-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2888725

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Action of drugs on microtubules. Author(s): Wilson L. Source: Life Sciences. 1975 August 1; 17(3): 303-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1099380

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Age responses of cultured mammalian cells to cytotoxic drugs. Author(s): Mauro F, Madoc-Jones H. Source: Cancer Research. 1970 May; 30(5): 1397-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5426942

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Aggregation of microtubule initiation sites preceding neurite outgrowth in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Author(s): Spiegelman BM, Lopata MA, Kirschner MW. Source: Cell. 1979 February; 16(2): 253-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=455435

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Analysis of drug-tubulin interaction by trypsin cleavage: comparison for colchicine, podophyllotoxin, griseofulvin, vinblastine and taxol. Author(s): Wandosell F, Villanueva N, Serrano L, Avila J. Source: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry. 1986; 85(3): 635-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2878792

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Aneuploidy dose-responses following radiation or chemical exposures in mammals. Author(s): Pacchierotti F, Mailhes JB.

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Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1991; 372: 363-72. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1956931 •

Aneuploidy in Drosophila. III: Aneuploidogens inhibit in vitro assembly of taxolpurified Drosophila microtubules. Author(s): Sehgal A, Osgood C, Zimmering S. Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 1990; 16(4): 217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1979271

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Antidermatophytic properties of extracts from the leaves of Aristolochia paucinervis Pomel. Author(s): Gadhi CA, Benharref A, Jana M, Basile AM, Contet-Audonneau N, Fortier B. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2001 February; 15(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11180530

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Antifungal 3-butylisocoumarins from Asteraceae-Anthemideae. Author(s): Engelmeier D, Hadacek F, Hofer O, Lutz-Kutschera G, Nagl M, Wurz G, Greger H. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2004 January; 67(1): 19-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14738379

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Antifungal activity of wogonin. Author(s): Pal M, Joshi H, Kapoor VP, Pushpangadan P, Chaurasia L. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 December; 17(10): 1215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14669259

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Antimicrobial potential of two different Hypericum species available in India. Author(s): Mukherjee PK, Saritha GS, Suresh B. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 November; 16(7): 692-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410558

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Autimitotic substances. Author(s): Deysson G. Source: Int Rev Cytol. 1968; 24: 99-148. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4881355

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Breakthrough in microtubule research. Author(s): Norberg B. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1989 December; 226(6): 393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2489223

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Calmodulin, activated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, microtubules, and vinca alkaloids. Author(s): Watanabe K, West WL. Source: Fed Proc. 1982 May; 41(7): 2292-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6122611

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Cancer chemotherapy. Author(s): Sartorelli AC, Creasey WA. Source: Annu Rev Pharmacol. 1969; 9: 51-72. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4892435

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Characteristics of pronuclear migration in Beroe ovata. Author(s): Rouviere C, Houliston E, Carre D, Chang P, Sardet C. Source: Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 1994; 29(4): 301-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7859293

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Chemically induced aneuploidy: investigations into chromosome specific effects in mitosis. Author(s): Bourner RD, Parry EM, Parry JM. Source: Mutation Research. 1998 August 3; 404(1-2): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9729379

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Chemically induced micronucleus formation in V79 cells--comparison of three different test approaches. Author(s): Kalweit S, Utesch D, von der Hude W, Madle S. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 February 19; 439(2): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10023054

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Chemosensory responses of a protozoan are modified by antitubulins. Author(s): Levandowsky M, Hauser DC, Glassgold JM. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1975 November; 124(2): 1037-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1237489

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CHO mutants resistant to colchicine, colcemid or griseofulvin have an altered betatubulin. Author(s): Cabral F, Sobel ME, Gottesman MM. Source: Cell. 1980 May; 20(1): 29-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7388944

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Colchicine and griseofulvin inhibit VCAM-1 expression on human vascular endothelial cells - evidence for the association of VCAM-1 expression with microtubules. Author(s): Asahina A, Tada Y, Nakamura K, Tamaki K.

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Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2001 January; 25(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11154858 •

Colchicine inhibition of plasma protein release from rat hepatocytes. Author(s): Redman CM, Banerjee D, Howell K, Palade GE. Source: The Journal of Cell Biology. 1975 July; 66(1): 42-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1141379

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Colchicine, vinblastine and griseofulvin. Pharmacological studies with human leukocytes. Author(s): Creasey WA, Bensch KG, Malawista SE. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1971 July; 20(7): 1579-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5163089

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Colchicine, vinblastine and griseofulvin. Pharmacological studies with human leukocytes. Author(s): Creasey WA, Bensch KG, Malawista SE. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1971 July; 20(7): 1579-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4331262

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Cytoplasmic microtubules and radial-segmented nuclei (Rieder cells). Effects of osmolality, ionic strength, pH, penetrating non-electrolytes, griseofulvin, and a podophylline derivative. Author(s): Norberg B. Source: Scand J Haematol. 1970; 7(5): 349-56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5486777

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Determination of griseofulvin, carvone and menthone through intermediate oxime formation. Author(s): Ayad MM, Belal SF, Al Adel SA, el Kheir AA. Source: The Analyst. 1985 July; 110(7): 823-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4037362

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Differentiation of Penicillium griseofulvum Dierckx isolates by enzyme assays and by patulin and griseofulvin analyses. Author(s): Jimenez M, Mateo R, Querol A, Mateo JJ, Hernandez E. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1990 December; 56(12): 3718-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2128009

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Effects of colchicine, vinblastine, griseofulvin and deuterium oxide upon phospholipid metabolism in concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes. Author(s): Schellenberg RR, Gillespie E.

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Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1980 September 8; 619(3): 522-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7459363 •

In vivo suppression of stearyl CoA desaturase activity by griseofulvin: evidence against the involvement of lipid peroxidation. Author(s): Williams MT, Simonet L. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1988 December; 96(3): 541-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2905086

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Inhibition of cilia regeneration by antineoplastic agents: delay of band migration by vinblastine (NSC-49842), griseofulvin (NSC-34533), and -peltatin (NSC-24819). Author(s): Propst S, Banerjee S, Kelleher JK, Margulis L. Source: Cancer Chemother Rep. 1972 October; 56(5): 557-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4631541

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Personal hygiene as an alternative to griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea cruris. Author(s): Akinwale SO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2000 March; 29(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11379466

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Study of increased griseofulvin bioavailability with p-hydroxy acetophenone. Author(s): Wu SX, Huang WL, Jin WQ. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1981 April; 94(4): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6790239

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Vinblastine and griseofulvin reversibly disrupt the living mitotic spindle. Author(s): Malawista SE, Sato H, Bensch KG. Source: Science. 1968 May 17; 160(829): 770-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5689568

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to griseofulvin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Antifungal Agents Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Griseofulvin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON GRISEOFULVIN Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to griseofulvin. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “griseofulvin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on griseofulvin, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Griseofulvin ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to griseofulvin. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Crystal modification of griseofulvin using interacting solvents, n-alkanoic acids by Chow, Kwok Yui; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL54591

•

Interaction of griseofulvin with metoclopramide, propantheline and phenobarbital in the rat by Jamali, Fakhredin; PhD from the University of British Columbia (Canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK32487

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON GRISEOFULVIN Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to griseofulvin. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on griseofulvin include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Griseofulvin In order to find chapters that specifically relate to griseofulvin, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and griseofulvin using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “griseofulvin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on griseofulvin: •

Topical and Systemic Antifungal and Antiviral Agents Source: in Newman, M.G. and van Winkelhoff, A.J., eds. Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Use in Dental Practice. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2001. p. 6988. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $32.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153970. Summary: This chapter on topical and systemic antifungal and antiviral agents is from a textbook that integrates basic facts and principles of antibiotic therapy with recentlyemerged concepts of care. The author notes that the last decade has seen an increase in the number of agents available for the treatment of fungi and viruses, in part due to research in treatments for people with HIV. The chapter covers only drugs already released or soon to be released by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration).

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Antifungals discussed are polyenes, including amphotericin B and nystatin; azoles, including ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole nitrate, clotrimazole, and topical azoles; allylamines and benzylamines; and miscellaneous antifungal drugs, including flucytosine, griseofulvin, potassium iodide, and topical agents. Antiviral agents discussed are nucleoside and nucleotide analogues, including acyclovir, valacyclovir hydrochloride, penciclovir, famciclovir, cidofovir, vidarabine, trifluridine, and idoxuridine, and ribavirin; pyrophosphate analogue, notably foscarnet sodium; carbon ring amines, including amantadine and rimantadine; neuraminidase inhibitors, including zanamivir and oseltamivir; recombinant protein; antisense oligonucleotide (fomivirsen); and a monoclonal antibody (palivizumab). For each drug, the author reviews indications, distribution in the body, adverse effects, the spectrum of efficacy, and drug variations (form and use). The chapter concludes with a review of the treatment of common oral fungal and viral infections. Important principles, key facts, and clinical insights are highlighted and the chapter concludes with a list of references. 2 figures. 5 tables. 17 references.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GRISEOFULVIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover griseofulvin.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on griseofulvin is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “griseofulvin” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to griseofulvin. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “griseofulvin” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for griseofulvin: •

Terbinafine is an alternative to griseofulvin for tinea capitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 02, 2000

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “griseofulvin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “griseofulvin” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to griseofulvin, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “griseofulvin” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Griseofulvin Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to griseofulvin. In addition to

Periodicals and News

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these sources, you can search for articles covering griseofulvin that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for griseofulvin. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with griseofulvin. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to griseofulvin: Griseofulvin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fulvicin P/G; Fulvicin-U/F; Grifulvin V; Grisactin; Grisactin Ultra; Gris-PEG http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202268.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

73

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “griseofulvin” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3725 8 30 7 37 3807

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “griseofulvin” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on griseofulvin can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to griseofulvin. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to griseofulvin. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “griseofulvin”:

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Alcohol Consumption http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholconsumption.html Medicines http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicines.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to griseofulvin. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to griseofulvin. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with griseofulvin.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about griseofulvin. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “griseofulvin” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “griseofulvin”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “griseofulvin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “griseofulvin” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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GRISEOFULVIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH]

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Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amantadine: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of Influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amiodarone: An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Aneuploidy: The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes or chromosome pairs. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol: 2N+1). [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH]

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Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antifungal Agents: Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from fungicides, industrial because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms.

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[NIH]

Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Balanitis: Inflammation of the glans penis. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benomyl: A systemic agricultural fungicide used for control of certain fungal diseases of stone fruit. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH]

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Benzylamines: Toluenes in which one hydrogen of the methyl group is substituted by an amino group. Permitted are any substituents on the benzene ring or the amino group. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU]

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Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU]

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Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]

Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Cidofovir: A drug used to treat infection caused by viruses. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clotrimazole: An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH]

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Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make

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biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Retinitis: Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by

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retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytostatic: An agent that suppresses cell growth and multiplication. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatomycoses: Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi. [NIH] Dermatophytosis: Any superficial fungal infection caused by a dermatophyte and involving the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, and nails. The term broadly comprises onychophytosis and the various form of tinea (ringworm), sometimes being used specifically to designate tinea pedis (athlete's foot). Called also epidermomycosis. [EU] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH]

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Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysgeusia: A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences,

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or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermomycosis: An infection caused by dermatophytes. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3)

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Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is effective in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, and alcohol amnestic disorders. [NIH] Foetal: Of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period. [EU] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungicides, Industrial: Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some

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reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma-interferon: Interferon produced by T-lymphocytes in response to various mitogens and antigens. Gamma interferon appears to have potent antineoplastic, immunoregulatory and antiviral activity. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma

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glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hexestrol: A synthetic estrogen that has been used as a hormonal antineoplastic agent. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hyalin: A clear, homogenous, structureless, eosinophilic substance occurring in pathological degeneration of tissues. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH]

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Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Idoxuridine: An analog of DEOXYURIDINE that inhibits viral DNA synthesis. The drug is used as an antiviral agent, particularly in the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH]

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Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1: A cell-surface ligand with a role in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH]

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Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

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Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion. [NIH] Micronuclei: Nuclei, separate from and additional to the main nucleus of a cell, produced during the telophase of mitosis or meiosis by lagging chromosomes or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes. This concept also includes the smaller, reproductive nuclei found in multinucleate protozoans. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH]

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Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monosomy: The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Mycotic: Pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH]

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Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrolysis: Separation or exfoliation of tissue due to necrosis. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuraminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.18. [NIH] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nocodazole: Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by

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polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3. [NIH] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Onychomycosis: Mycosis of the nails, possibly due to some extent to humidity. [NIH] Osmolality: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions; osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressure lowering. [EU] Osmoles: The standard unit of osmotic pressure. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or

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other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced

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depolarizations. [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Photoallergy: Sensitization of the skin to light usually due to the action of certain substances or drugs, may occur shortly after exposure to a substance or after a latent period of from days to months. [NIH] Photodermatitis: Dermatitis caused or elicited by exposure to ultraviolet light, may be phototoxic or photoallergic. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous

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membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: A form of hepatic porphyria (porphyria, hepatic) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells. [NIH] Porphyria, Hepatic: Porphyria in which the liver is the site where excess formation of porphyrin or its precursors is found. Acute intermittent porphyria and porphyria cutanea tarda are types of hepatic porphyria. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Progenitalis: A group of acute infections causes by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2, characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane, and occurring as a primary infection or recurring because of reactivation of a latent infection. Type 1 infections usually involve

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nongenital regions of the body, whereas in type 2 infections the lesions are primarily seen on the genital and surrounding areas. Precipitating factors include fever, exposure to cold temperature or to ultraviolet rays, sunburn, cutaneous or mucosal abrasions, emotional stress, and nerve injury. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prostatic Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the prostate. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protoporphyrins: Porphyrins with four methyl, two vinyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Protoporphyrin IX occurs in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and most of the cytochromes. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH]

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Quality of Health Care: The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribavirin: 1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses. [NIH] Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH]

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Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH]

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Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH]

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Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Telophase: The final phase of cell division, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm divides, and the chromosomes lose their distinctness and are transformed into chromatin networks. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolnaftate: A synthetic antifungal agent. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH]

Dictionary 121

Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]

Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculin: A sterile liquid containing the growth products of, or specific substances extracted from, the tubercle bacillus; used in various forms in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. [NIH]

Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Ultraviolet Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants. [NIH]

Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase: One of the enzymes active in heme biosynthesis. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrinogen III by the conversion of four acetic acid groups to four methyl groups. EC 4.1.1.37. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH]

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Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vidarabine: A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus. It has some antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against DNA viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the vaccinia virus and varicella zoster virus. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voriconazole: A drug that treats infections caused by fungi. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the

Dictionary 123

cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]

125

INDEX A Abdominal, 36, 91, 112, 113 Acceptor, 91, 108, 112 Actin, 16, 91 Acyclovir, 64, 91 Adenosine, 91, 92, 120 Adrenal Cortex, 91, 99, 102 Adrenergic, 91, 100, 116 Adverse Effect, 64, 91, 118 Aerosol, 91, 119 Affinity, 91, 118 Albumin, 91, 114 Algorithms, 91, 95 Alkaloid, 92, 97, 120 Alpha Particles, 92, 117 Alpha-helix, 92, 107 Alternative medicine, 66, 92 Amantadine, 64, 92 Amino acid, 92, 93, 94, 104, 109, 113, 116, 118, 119, 121 Amiodarone, 5, 92 Ammonia, 92, 119, 121 Amnestic, 92, 103 Ampulla, 92, 97 Anaesthesia, 92, 106 Analog, 91, 92, 103, 106 Anatomical, 92, 101, 118 Androgens, 91, 92, 99 Aneuploidy, 54, 55, 56, 92 Angina, 24, 35, 92, 93, 116 Angina Pectoris, 35, 93, 116 Anginal, 93, 111 Anhydrous, 14, 93 Antagonism, 26, 93, 120 Antiallergic, 93, 99 Antianginal, 92, 93 Antiarrhythmic, 92, 93 Antibacterial, 93, 119 Antibiotic, 5, 6, 63, 93, 112, 113, 119, 120, 122 Antibodies, 93, 94 Antibody, 64, 91, 93, 98, 105, 106, 110 Antiemetic, 93, 109 Antifungal, 3, 4, 7, 11, 13, 18, 28, 32, 43, 44, 55, 59, 63, 93, 103, 107, 109, 112, 120 Antifungal Agents, 4, 43, 59, 93 Antigen, 91, 93, 98, 105, 106 Anti-inflammatory, 93, 99, 104, 117

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 93, 99 Antimetabolite, 91, 93, 117 Antimycotic, 34, 93, 97 Antineoplastic, 58, 93, 99, 104, 105, 111, 114, 122 Antineoplastic Agents, 58, 93, 122 Antispasmodic, 94, 116 Antiviral, 63, 91, 92, 94, 103, 104, 106, 107, 117, 122 Antiviral Agents, 63, 94 Anus, 30, 94, 98 Anxiety, 94, 103, 112, 116 Apoptosis, 23, 94 Aqueous, 12, 94, 100, 101, 105 Arginine, 94, 121 Arteries, 94, 95, 99, 109, 110 Aspergillosis, 94, 107 Assay, 15, 26, 94 Atrial, 92, 94 Autoantibodies, 11, 94 Autoantigens, 94 Axonal, 53, 94 B Bacillus, 94, 121 Bacteria, 93, 94, 95, 109, 116, 119 Balanitis, 22, 94 Basophils, 94, 104, 108 Benomyl, 4, 94 Benzene, 94, 95 Benzylamines, 64, 95 Bile, 28, 39, 95, 97, 104, 108, 120 Bile Acids, 95, 120 Bile Acids and Salts, 95 Biliary, 95, 97 Bioavailability, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 40, 41, 47, 58, 95 Biochemical, 4, 13, 29, 31, 57, 93, 95, 113, 118 Biosynthesis, 95, 97, 118, 121 Biotechnology, 5, 7, 66, 75, 95 Bladder, 95, 106, 121 Blastomycosis, 95, 107 Blister, 26, 27, 95 Blood pressure, 95, 106, 111, 118 Blood vessel, 95, 101, 105, 118, 120, 122 Body Fluids, 95, 118 Bradykinin, 95, 114 Bronchi, 95, 120

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Bronchial, 95, 120 Buccal, 96, 108 C Calcium, 96, 98, 111 Candidiasis, 3, 96, 103 Candidosis, 96 Capsules, 96, 101 Carbohydrate, 96, 99, 104, 115 Carcinogenic, 94, 96, 107, 113, 121 Cardioselective, 96, 116 Carrier Proteins, 96, 114 Case report, 24, 96 Cell Adhesion, 21, 96 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 21, 96 Cell Cycle, 23, 96 Cell Death, 94, 96, 111 Cell Division, 94, 96, 109, 110, 114, 118, 120 Cell membrane, 96, 97, 114 Cellobiose, 97 Cellulose, 16, 97, 103, 114 Central Nervous System, 94, 97, 113, 118, 120 Character, 93, 97 Cheilitis, 45, 97 Chemotaxis, 23, 32, 42, 97 Chemotherapy, 4, 29, 46, 56, 97 Chloroform, 14, 97 Chlorophyll, 97, 103 Cholestasis, 30, 97 Cholesterol, 95, 97 Cholic Acid, 36, 97 Chromatin, 94, 97, 102, 109, 120 Chromosomal, 25, 92, 97, 109 Chromosome, 15, 56, 92, 97, 108, 109, 110, 113, 118, 121 Chronic, 13, 20, 45, 95, 97, 106, 108, 110, 117, 119, 120 Chronic Disease, 97, 108 Cidofovir, 64, 97 Clinical trial, 4, 9, 42, 75, 97, 99, 101, 117 Cloning, 95, 97 Clotrimazole, 6, 28, 64, 97 Colchicine, 50, 54, 56, 57, 97, 121 Collagen, 92, 98, 103 Colloidal, 91, 98, 113, 119 Colon, 98, 108 Colorectal, 23, 98 Colorectal Cancer, 23, 98 Complement, 98, 114 Complementary and alternative medicine, 53, 59, 98

Complementary medicine, 53, 98 Computational Biology, 75, 98 Conception, 99, 103 Conjugated, 95, 97, 99, 104, 111 Connective Tissue, 98, 99, 103, 108, 113, 117, 120 Contraceptive, 25, 99 Contraindications, ii, 99 Controlled study, 26, 99 Corn Oil, 12, 19, 99 Corneum, 6, 23, 29, 40, 99, 100, 102 Coronary, 93, 99, 109, 110 Coronary Circulation, 93, 99 Coronary Thrombosis, 99, 109, 110 Corticosteroid, 37, 99, 115 Coumarin, 36, 99 Cultured cells, 25, 99 Curative, 30, 99, 120 Cutaneous, 13, 29, 32, 39, 44, 95, 96, 99, 108, 114, 116, 121 Cyclic, 56, 99, 114, 115, 120 Cytomegalovirus, 99, 103 Cytomegalovirus Retinitis, 99, 103 Cytoplasm, 94, 96, 100, 102, 104, 109, 120 Cytosine, 100, 103 Cytoskeleton, 56, 100, 110 Cytostatic, 53, 100 Cytotoxic, 54, 100 D Deamination, 100, 121 Deletion, 94, 100 Dermal, 100, 108 Dermatomycoses, 22, 44, 100 Dermatophytosis, 7, 13, 22, 25, 26, 31, 33, 38, 39, 100 Dermatosis, 39, 100 Deuterium, 57, 100, 105 Deuterium Oxide, 57, 100 Diagnostic procedure, 66, 100 Digestion, 95, 100, 107, 108, 119 Digestive tract, 100, 118 Diploid, 6, 92, 100, 110, 114, 121 Direct, iii, 69, 100, 117 Discrete, 100, 108, 122 Distal, 94, 100 Diuresis, 100, 120 Dopamine, 92, 100, 109 Dosage Forms, 12, 101 Double-blind, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 24, 26, 30, 31, 32, 38, 42, 43, 45, 46, 101 Drug Interactions, 70, 101 Duodenum, 95, 101, 119

127

Dysgeusia, 20, 101 E Efficacy, 5, 8, 9, 17, 64, 101 Electrolyte, 39, 99, 101, 110, 115, 118 Electrons, 101, 107, 112, 117 Embryo, 101, 106 Emulsion, 12, 101 Enamel, 101, 107 Endocarditis, 96, 101 Endothelial cell, 21, 50, 56, 101 Enteropeptidase, 101, 121 Environmental Health, 74, 76, 101 Enzyme, 6, 57, 97, 101, 102, 111, 114, 119, 122 Enzyme Inhibitors, 102, 114 Eosinophilia, 102 Eosinophilic, 21, 102, 105 Eosinophils, 102, 104, 108 Epidermal, 19, 44, 102, 107, 108, 122 Epidermis, 39, 95, 99, 102, 107, 108, 115 Epidermomycosis, 100, 102 Epithelial, 102 Epithelial Cells, 102 Erythema, 18, 102, 121 Erythrocytes, 102, 117 Esophagus, 100, 102, 119 Estradiol, 102 Estramustine, 15, 102 Estrogen, 102, 105 Exfoliation, 102, 111 Exhaustion, 93, 102 Extracellular, 99, 102, 103, 118 Extracellular Matrix, 99, 102, 103 Extrapyramidal, 92, 100, 102 F Family Planning, 75, 102 Fasciitis, 21, 102 Fat, 19, 29, 95, 97, 99, 103, 108, 117, 118 Fathers, 24, 103 Fetus, 103 Fibrinogen, 103, 114 Fibroblasts, 15, 17, 29, 103 Fibrosarcoma, 103 Fibrosis, 103, 118 Flatus, 103, 104 Flexor, 103, 108 Fluconazole, 6, 9, 17, 29, 43, 46, 64, 103 Flucytosine, 4, 64, 103 Fluorescence, 14, 103 Fluvoxamine, 20, 103 Foetal, 18, 103 Forearm, 95, 103

Foscarnet, 5, 64, 103 Fungi, 27, 37, 63, 93, 94, 100, 103, 104, 109, 110, 120, 122 Fungicide, 94, 103 Fungicides, Industrial, 93, 103 Fungus, 38, 96, 103, 110 G Gallbladder, 91, 95, 104 Gamma-interferon, 104, 107 Gas, 6, 38, 42, 92, 103, 104, 105, 111, 119 Gastric, 101, 104 Gene, 16, 95, 104, 118 Gene Expression, 16, 104 Genital, 104, 116 Glucocorticoid, 104, 115 Glucose, 97, 104 Glutamate, 104, 113 Glutethimide, 39, 104 Glycine, 92, 95, 97, 104, 118 Glycoproteins, 96, 104, 111 Glycosidic, 97, 104, 111, 112 Gout, 97, 104 Governing Board, 104, 115 Granulocytes, 104, 108, 122 H Heme, 104, 111, 115, 121 Hemoglobin, 102, 104, 105, 115, 116 Hemoglobin A, 105, 115 Hemolytic, 102, 105 Hepatic, 91, 105, 115 Hepatocyte, 97, 105 Hereditary, 41, 104, 105 Heredity, 104, 105 Herpes, 22, 25, 32, 91, 105, 106, 115, 122 Herpes virus, 105, 122 Herpes Zoster, 22, 25, 105 Heterotrophic, 103, 105 Hexestrol, 39, 105 Homologous, 105, 118 Hormonal, 99, 105 Hormone, 99, 102, 105, 117 Hyalin, 26, 105 Hydrogen, 91, 95, 96, 100, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112, 116 Hydrogen Peroxide, 105, 108 Hydrolysis, 97, 105, 111, 121 Hyperplasia, 105, 108 Hypersensitivity, 106, 117 Hypertension, 106, 116 Hyperthyroidism, 106, 116 Hypnotic, 104, 106 Hypoplasia, 30, 106

128

Griseofulvin

I Idoxuridine, 64, 106 Imidazole, 97, 106, 109 Immune response, 93, 94, 99, 106, 119, 122 Immune system, 106, 122 Immunocompromised, 4, 106 Immunodeficiency, 4, 106 Immunoglobulin, 93, 106, 110 In vitro, 18, 26, 27, 28, 29, 41, 42, 53, 54, 55, 106 In vivo, 27, 31, 58, 106 Incontinence, 106, 116 Induction, 23, 28, 92, 106 Infarction, 106 Inflammation, 91, 93, 94, 97, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 114, 117, 119, 120, 122 Influenza, 92, 106, 117 Infusion, 106, 109 Ingestion, 36, 107 Initiation, 54, 107 Inorganic, 39, 107 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, 15, 107 Interferon, 15, 104, 107 Interferon-alpha, 107 Intermittent, 11, 29, 38, 107, 115 Intestinal, 28, 101, 107 Intestine, 95, 98, 107, 108 Intracellular, 106, 107, 115 Intravenous, 106, 107, 109 Intrinsic, 5, 91, 107 Ions, 101, 105, 107 Itraconazole, 6, 8, 16, 17, 27, 29, 30, 31, 34, 43, 46, 64, 107 K Kb, 74, 107 Keratin, 16, 107 Keratinocytes, 15, 107 Keratitis, 106, 107 Keratolytic, 34, 107, 114 Ketoconazole, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 42, 44, 45, 64, 107 Kinetics, 10, 107 L Large Intestine, 98, 100, 107, 108, 117, 118 Latent, 108, 114, 115 Leprosy, 21, 31, 108 Lesion, 95, 108, 120 Leucocyte, 23, 32, 108 Leukaemia, 20, 108 Leukocytes, 21, 57, 94, 102, 104, 107, 108 Lichen Planus, 22, 24, 26, 44, 45, 108

Life cycle, 103, 108 Ligands, 96, 108 Linkages, 104, 108, 111 Lipid, 58, 108 Lipid Peroxidation, 58, 108 Liver, 9, 15, 16, 31, 91, 95, 97, 99, 101, 104, 105, 108, 115, 121 Localized, 106, 108, 114, 117, 121 Lupus, 20, 32, 39, 108, 120 Lymph, 101, 108, 109, 110 Lymph node, 108, 109, 110 Lymphatic, 106, 108, 109 Lymphocytes, 15, 27, 28, 57, 93, 104, 108, 109, 122 Lymphoid, 93, 108, 109 Lymphoma, 109, 110 Lysine, 109, 121 M Malignant, 93, 103, 109, 110, 111 Manifest, 94, 109 Mannans, 103, 109 Mediate, 96, 100, 109 MEDLINE, 75, 109 Meiosis, 109 Membrane, 96, 97, 98, 102, 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 117 Meningitis, 103, 107, 109 Menopause, 109, 116 Metabolite, 27, 35, 109 Metastasis, 96, 109, 111 Metoclopramide, 61, 109 MI, 89, 109 Miconazole, 6, 28, 64, 109 Micronuclei, 28, 109 Microorganism, 109, 113, 122 Microtubules, 4, 11, 50, 54, 55, 56, 57, 110, 111 Migration, 40, 56, 58, 107, 110 Mineralocorticoids, 91, 99, 110 Mitosis, 6, 56, 94, 109, 110 Mitotic, 4, 53, 54, 58, 110, 122 Modification, 61, 92, 110 Molecular, 5, 15, 55, 75, 77, 95, 99, 103, 110, 121 Molecule, 93, 98, 104, 105, 110, 112, 117 Monoclonal, 64, 110 Monocyte, 53, 110 Mononuclear, 103, 110 Monosomy, 92, 110 Morphological, 101, 103, 110 Morphology, 17, 33, 110 Mucosa, 106, 108, 110

129

Mutagenic, 110, 113, 121 Mycosis, 15, 33, 110, 112 Mycosis Fungoides, 15, 110 Mycotic, 3, 110 Myocardial infarction, 99, 109, 110, 116 Myocardial Ischemia, 93, 110 Myocardium, 93, 109, 110 Myoglobin, 111, 115, 116 Myopathy, 37, 111 N Nausea, 93, 101, 111, 112 Necrolysis, 19, 44, 111 Necrosis, 94, 100, 102, 106, 109, 110, 111 Neoplasms, 93, 111 Nerve, 91, 94, 111, 116, 118, 122 Nervous System, 97, 111, 119 Neuraminidase, 64, 111 Neuroblastoma, 54, 111 Neuromuscular, 111, 116 Neuropathy, 25, 111 Neutrons, 92, 111, 117 Neutrophil, 107, 111 Nifedipine, 5, 111 Nitrogen, 92, 102, 111 Nocodazole, 23, 111 Nuclear, 100, 101, 111 Nuclei, 57, 92, 101, 109, 110, 111, 116, 120 Nucleic acid, 100, 111, 117 Nucleus, 94, 97, 99, 100, 102, 109, 110, 111, 112, 116 Nystatin, 64, 112 O Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 103, 112 Ointments, 101, 112 Oligosaccharides, 111, 112 Onychomycosis, 8, 9, 16, 17, 24, 34, 36, 45, 46, 112 Osmolality, 57, 112 Osmoles, 112 Osmotic, 91, 112 Oxidation, 36, 91, 108, 112 P Palliative, 112, 120 Pancreas, 91, 112, 121 Panic, 103, 112 Panic Disorder, 103, 112 Paroxysmal, 93, 113 Pathogen, 4, 113 Pathologic, 94, 96, 99, 106, 113 Pathologic Processes, 94, 113 Patulin, 6, 57, 113 Penicillin, 93, 113

Penis, 94, 113 Peptide, 92, 101, 107, 113, 116 Peripheral Nerves, 108, 113 Petrolatum, 101, 113 Phagocytosis, 42, 53, 54, 113 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 97, 113 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 101, 113 Pharmacodynamics, 50, 113 Pharmacokinetic, 30, 113 Pharmacologic, 113, 120 Phenobarbital, 25, 61, 113 Phenolphthalein, 101, 114 Phosphodiesterase, 56, 114 Phospholipids, 103, 114 Photoallergy, 114 Photodermatitis, 25, 59, 114 Photosensitivity, 36, 114, 115 Pituitary Gland, 99, 114 Plants, 92, 104, 110, 114, 120 Plasma, 15, 20, 26, 27, 36, 38, 41, 43, 45, 57, 91, 93, 96, 103, 104, 110, 114 Plasma protein, 57, 91, 114 Pleated, 107, 114 Pneumonia, 99, 114 Podophyllotoxin, 54, 114 Polymerase, 94, 114 Polymers, 5, 114, 116 Polyposis, 98, 114 Polysaccharide, 93, 97, 115 Porphyria, 9, 11, 13, 18, 41, 115 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, 41, 115 Porphyria, Hepatic, 115 Porphyrins, 41, 115, 116 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 92, 115 Potassium, 64, 110, 115 Potentiates, 23, 115 Practice Guidelines, 76, 115 Prednisolone, 10, 115 Prevalence, 3, 115 Prickle, 107, 115 Progenitalis, 32, 115 Progressive, 32, 111, 116 Propantheline, 61, 116 Prophylaxis, 94, 116, 117 Propranolol, 36, 116 Prostatic Neoplasms, 102, 116 Protein C, 91, 107, 116, 121 Protein S, 94, 95, 116, 120 Proteins, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 107, 110, 111, 113, 114, 116, 118, 120 Protons, 92, 105, 116, 117 Protoporphyrins, 14, 31, 116

130

Griseofulvin

Protozoa, 109, 116 Protozoal, 116 Protozoan, 56, 116 Pruritic, 108, 116, 120 Public Policy, 75, 116 Publishing, 5, 63, 116 Pulmonary, 37, 95, 102, 116 Q Quality of Health Care, 117, 121 R Race, 110, 117 Radiation, 54, 93, 102, 103, 117 Randomized, 9, 10, 31, 35, 37, 38, 42, 45, 46, 101, 117 Randomized clinical trial, 46, 117 Reactivation, 115, 117 Receptor, 93, 100, 113, 117, 118 Recombinant, 64, 117 Rectum, 94, 98, 100, 103, 104, 106, 108, 117 Red blood cells, 28, 102, 105, 115, 117 Refer, 1, 96, 98, 103, 105, 111, 117 Refraction, 117, 119 Regeneration, 58, 117 Regimen, 101, 117 Rheumatism, 21, 117 Rheumatoid, 29, 42, 117 Rheumatoid arthritis, 42, 117 Rhinitis, 116, 117 Ribavirin, 64, 117 Rimantadine, 64, 117 S Salicylate, 23, 117 Scleroderma, 29, 102, 117 Scleroproteins, 107, 118 Sclerosis, 32, 118 Screening, 97, 118 Secretion, 99, 110, 118 Sedative, 104, 118 Sedimentation, 118, 121 Segregation, 6, 25, 39, 118 Serine, 118, 121 Serotonin, 103, 118 Serum, 15, 16, 23, 38, 91, 98, 110, 118 Side effect, 69, 91, 118, 120 Skeleton, 91, 118 Small intestine, 20, 101, 105, 107, 118, 121 Sodium, 64, 104, 110, 118, 119 Soft tissue, 103, 118 Solvent, 94, 97, 112, 113, 118 Somatic, 109, 110, 118 Somatic cells, 109, 110, 118 Specialist, 81, 118

Species, 10, 30, 43, 55, 94, 97, 109, 110, 112, 113, 117, 119, 120, 121 Spectrum, 64, 97, 107, 119, 121, 122 Sperm, 92, 97, 119, 121 Spinal cord, 97, 111, 113, 119 Spinous, 102, 107, 119 Spirochete, 119, 120 Sporadic, 115, 119 Sterile, 119, 121 Steroids, 99, 104, 119 Stomach, 12, 91, 100, 102, 104, 105, 111, 118, 119 Stress, 111, 116, 117, 119, 121 Subacute, 39, 106, 119 Subclinical, 106, 119 Subspecies, 119, 121 Substance P, 109, 118, 119 Substrate, 102, 111, 119 Suppression, 58, 99, 119 Suspensions, 28, 119 Sweat, 6, 15, 37, 42, 119 Sweat Glands, 119 Symptomatic, 92, 119, 120 Symptomatic treatment, 92, 120 Synovial, 29, 120 Syphilis, 17, 120 Systemic, 3, 4, 19, 32, 33, 40, 63, 70, 94, 95, 96, 106, 115, 117, 120, 121, 122 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 19, 33, 120 T Taurine, 95, 97, 120 Telophase, 109, 120 Tetracycline, 33, 120 Theophylline, 20, 120 Therapeutics, 10, 70, 120 Thrush, 96, 120 Tinea Pedis, 8, 14, 16, 27, 30, 35, 44, 100, 120 Tissue, 4, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 117, 118, 120, 122 Tolnaftate, 18, 120 Topical, 4, 18, 34, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 63, 105, 113, 120 Toxic, iv, 19, 44, 94, 111, 114, 120 Toxicity, 44, 101, 120 Toxicology, 44, 58, 76, 120 Toxins, 93, 106, 120 Transfection, 95, 120 Treatment Failure, 9, 45, 121 Trisomy, 92, 121 Trypsin, 54, 101, 121

131

Tubercle, 121 Tuberculin, 21, 121 Tuberculosis, 108, 121 Tubulin, 4, 54, 56, 110, 121 U Ultraviolet Rays, 116, 121 Urea, 45, 119, 121 Urethra, 113, 121 Urinary, 19, 35, 106, 116, 121 Urine, 27, 41, 43, 95, 100, 106, 121 Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase, 115, 121 Urticaria, 13, 46, 121 V Vaccinia, 121, 122 Vaccinia Virus, 121, 122 Vagina, 96, 121, 122 Vaginal, 4, 122 Vaginitis, 96, 122 Varicella, 122 Vascular, 21, 50, 56, 92, 106, 121, 122 Vascular Resistance, 92, 122 Vasodilator, 95, 100, 111, 122 Venereal, 120, 122

Ventricular, 92, 122 Vesicular, 105, 122 Veterinary Medicine, 75, 122 Vidarabine, 64, 122 Vinblastine, 54, 57, 58, 121, 122 Vinca Alkaloids, 56, 122 Vincristine, 121, 122 Viral, 64, 94, 106, 122 Virus, 94, 107, 115, 121, 122 Virus Diseases, 94, 122 Viscera, 110, 118, 122 Vitro, 122 Vivo, 122 Voriconazole, 27, 122 W Warts, 32, 114, 122 White blood cell, 93, 108, 109, 110, 111, 122 Wound Healing, 96, 122 Y Yeasts, 27, 96, 103, 122 Z Zoster, 122

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Griseofulvin

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