Hematuria - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

HEMATURIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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HEMATURIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hematuria: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00524-7 1. Hematuria-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hematuria. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HEMATURIA .............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hematuria ..................................................................................... 8 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 13 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HEMATURIA .................................................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hematuria.................................................................................... 57 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 58 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HEMATURIA.............................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 62 General References ....................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON HEMATURIA .............................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 67 Chapters on Hematuria................................................................................................................ 73 Directories.................................................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HEMATURIA ................................................................ 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 77 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 79 Academic Periodicals covering Hematuria .................................................................................. 79 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 81 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 82 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 85 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 87 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 91 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 96 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 99 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 99 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 99 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 105 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 105 HEMATURIA DICTIONARY ..................................................................................................... 107

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INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 147

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hematuria is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hematuria, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hematuria, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hematuria. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hematuria, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hematuria. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HEMATURIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hematuria.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hematuria, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hematuria” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Evaluation of Hematuria, Proteinuria, and Hypertension in Adolescents Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 44(6): 1573-1589. December 1997. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452. Summary: Although renal disorders are relatively uncommon in adolescents, signs or symptoms of renal disease in an adolescent invariably cause great concern. This article discusses the most common renal conditions in adolescents: hematuria (blood in the urine), proteinuria (protein in the urine), and hypertension (high blood pressure). Adolescents are susceptible to many of the same urinary tract disorders that can present early in childhood. The key issue in the evaluation of hematuria or proteinuria in an adolescent is the existence of concomitant signs of renal disease. For isolated hematuria

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or proteinuria, demonstration of persistence and a reasoned evaluation are in order. Most teens with persistent elevated blood pressures have essential hypertension; this must be considered a serious concern with potential life long consequences. Adolescents should be told of the potential risks of longstanding hypertension and the additive risks of obesity, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle. Drug therapy should be instituted if needed and with full disclosure to the adolescent of potential adverse effects from the agents. Adolescents should be active participants in home blood pressure monitoring to increase the likelihood of compliance with prescribed therapy. 3 figures. 2 tables. 59 references. (AA-M). •

Management of Hematuria and Proteinuria in the Adult Primary Care Setting Source: American Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 3(5): 29-34. September-October 1999. Summary: Hematuria (blood in the urine) and proteinuria (protein in the urine) are relatively common findings on routine urinalysis done in the primary care setting for adults. Despite their relatively common nature, both findings can be signs of serious disease, and a careful, systematic workup to determine the cause of the abnormal finding and the proper management or referral plan is essential. This article discusses the incidence of both disorders in adults and maps out the approach to accurate diagnosis of the cause and then its appropriate management. For hematuria, a urinalysis that reveals the presence of red blood cells (RBCs) indicates the problem is originating from the renal parenchyma (the body of the kidney). When a renal origin of the hematuria is indicated, the clinician should refer the patient for a renal workup (which may include a kidney biopsy). When intact uniform RBCs with no casts are present, the hematuria most likely originates from the lower urinary tract. In this case, the clinician should check urine chemistry and treat for a urinary tract infection (UTI). If the patient continues to complain of symptoms suggestive of a UTI despite a negative urine culture, a diagnosis of chlamydia or tuberculosis should be investigated. If the hematuria resolves after treatment, no further workup is needed. Management of proteinuria is dependent on the underlying cause, but general principles include the use of angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors to reduce proteinuria, aggressive management of hyperlipidemia, and control of blood pressure. Patients found to have chronic renal failure should be aggressively managed to help prevent or delay the onset of end stage renal disease (ESRD). 3 figures. 2 tables. 10 references.

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Asymptomatic Microscopic Hematuria in Adults: Summary of the AUA Best Practice Policy Recommendations Source: American Family Physician. 63(6): 1145-1154. March 15, 2001. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: The American Urological Association (AUA) convened a Best Practice Policy Panel on Asymptomatic Microscopic Hematuria (blood in the urine) to formulate policy statements and recommendations for the evaluation of asymptomatic microhematuria in adults. This article provides a summary of this group's recommendations. The recommended definition of microscopic hematuria is three or more red blood cells per high power microscopic field in urinary sediment from two of three properly collected urinalysis specimens. This definition accounts for some degree of hematuria in normal patients, as well as the intermittent nature of hematuria in patients with urologic malignancies (cancer). Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria has causes ranging from minor findings that do not require treatment to highly significant,

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life threatening lesions. Therefore, the AUA recommends that an appropriate renal or urologic evaluation be performed in all patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria who are at risk for urologic disease or primary renal (kidney) disease. At this time, there is no consensus on when to test for microscopic hematuria in the primary care setting, and screening is not addressed in this report. However, the AUA report suggests that the patient's history and physical examination should help the physician decide whether testing is appropriate. A patient care algorithm is also provided. 2 figures. 3 tables. 38 references. •

Hematuria: Just UTI or Something More Ominous? Source: Consultant. 39(8): 2235-2237, 2241-2242. August 1999. Contact: Available from Cliggott Publishing Company. 55 Holly Hill Lane, Box 4010, Greenwich, CT 06831-0010. Summary: The presence of blood in the urine (hematuria) is a significant finding that calls for prompt evaluation. This article reviews the finding of hematuria and its indications for patient care. Gross hematuria (visible to the naked eye) usually indicates a serious problem; the correlation between gross hematuria and malignancy (typically a transitional cell carcinoma) is fairly high. Microscopically detectable blood is less likely to signal a major underlying condition; a finding of 0 to 3 red cells per high power field is probably innocent. The work up for gross and microscopic hematuria focuses on disturbances of urinary tract function and includes a history and physical examination, urinalysis, intravenous pyelography, urine cytology, and cystoscopy. The presence of hematuria, proteinuria, and renal insufficiency warrants referral to a nephrologist. A search for the cause of microscopic hematuria is more likely to create an iatrogenic (physician or treatment caused) problem than to uncover a life threatening condition. If the hematuria persists, the urinalysis and cytology should be repeated every 6 months until the problem resolves or until 3 years have passed. 1 figure. 6 references.

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Exercise-Induced Hematuria Source: American Family Physician. 53(3): 905-911. February 15, 1996. Summary: This article covers exercise-induced hematuria, a common, benign cause of discolored urine following strenuous exercise. Evaluation of patients with this complaint begins with a thorough history, a focused physical examination, and a microscopic examination of the urine. Using a systematic approach, the physician can detect serious, treatable problems, and testing can be limited. Patients with exerciseinduced hematuria can be reassured that the condition is benign and that they can return to full activity. A recommended diagnostic algorithm is provided. 1 figure. 4 tables. 28 references. (AA-M).

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Eight-Year-Old Boy with Recurrent Macroscopic Hematuria, Weight Loss, and Kidney Failure Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 142(3): 342-345. March 2003. Contact: Mosby, Inc. Periodicals Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452. Summary: This article describes a case of an 8 year old boy who was examined by the authors in the emergency department; the boy had a third episode of macroscopic hematuria (visible blood in the urine), which had lasted for 6 days. This symptom was accompanied by a dull, bilateral back and paraumbilical abdominal pain of moderate

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intensity. The color of the urine was dark brown (tea-colored). The authors describe the case in detail and then consider the differential diagnosis. When the boy's clinical course deteriorated and a rapidly progressive renal insufficiency ensued, a definite histologic diagnosis was sought with kidney biopsy. The histopathologic diagnosis was a primary malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma with a precursor T-cell phenotype. 3 figures. 19 references. •

Screening for Asymptomatic Bacteriuria, Hematuria, and Proteinuria Source: American Family Physician. 42(2): 389-395. August 1990. Contact: Information about this report may be obtained from the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion National Health Information Center. P.O. Box 1133, Washington, D.C. 20013. (800) 336-4797 or (301) 565-4167 (in Maryland). Summary: This article notes that periodic testing for asymptomatic bacteriuria is recommended for persons with diabetes and for pregnant women, and it may also be clinically prudent in preschool children. In general, dipsticks combining the leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests should be used to detect asymptomatic bacteriuria. However, urine culture is a more accurate screening test than is dipstick urinalysis, and it is recommended for detecting asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy. Dipstick urinalysis for asymptomatic bacteriuria, hematuria, and proteinuria may also be clinically prudent in persons over age 60. The optimal frequency for urine testing in these groups has not been determined and is left to clinical discretion. 70 references. (AA-M).

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Significance of Hematuria in Patients Infected With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Source: Journal of Urology. 154(4): 1455-1456. October 1995. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (800) 638-6423; in Maryland (800) 638-4007. Summary: This article reports on a study in which the authors determined the importance of hematuria in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The records of 1,326 HIV infected patients with yearly evaluations were reviewed for hematuria and evaluation results. Mean followup was 2.1 years. A total of 331 patients (25 percent) had 1 episode of hematuria and 67 were evaluated with 5 significant diagnoses made. Management was affected in only 3 of these patients. No occult genitourinary tumors were found. The authors conclude that, in young, asymptomatic HIV-infected patients with microscopic hematuria, a urological evaluation can be safely omitted in the presence of normal renal function and a benign urological history. 1 table. 12 references. (AA-M).

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Hematuria: UTI or Something More Serious? Source: Consultant. 39(2): 319-322, 327, 331, 334. February 1999. Contact: Available from Cliggott Publishing Company. 55 Holly Hill Lane, Box 4010, Greenwich, CT 06831-0010. Summary: This article reviews the clinical evaluation of hematuria (red blood cells in the urine) and presents guidelines for determining its cause. Complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urgency, burning, and increased frequency in conjunction with pyuria (white blood cells in the urine) and hematuria are consistent with urinary tract

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infection (UTI), while a history of recent upper respiratory tract or skin infection suggests either IgA nephropathy or postinfectious (or post streptococcal) glomerulonephritis. Hematuria in conjunction with unilateral flank pain radiating to the groin may indicate ureteral obstruction. Certain medications may also cause hematuria. If the initial evaluation suggests a renal parenchymal disease, consultation with a nephrologist is warranted. Isolated asymptomatic hematuria without an obvious source warrants a genitourinary tract evaluation, especially in older patients. In younger patients, periodic reevaluation of microscopic hematuria with urinalysis is probably sufficient. Newer cytodiagnostic urine assays may help determine whether the cause is urologic or renal. One chart provides the suggested patient care algorithm for evaluating hematuria. 1 figure. 3 tables. 19 references. (AA-M). •

Evaluation of Asymptomatic Microscopic Hematuria in Adults Source: American Family Physician. 60(4): 1143-1152. September 15, 1999. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This article reviews the evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults. In patients without significant urologic symptoms, microscopic hematuria is occasionally detected on routine urinalysis. At present, routine screening of all adults for microscopic hematuria with dipstick testing is not recommended because of the intermittent occurrence of this finding and the low incidence of significant associated urologic disease. However, once asymptomatic microscopic hematuria is discovered, its cause should be investigated with a thorough medical history (including a review of current medications) and a focused physical examination. Laboratory and imaging studies, such as intravenous pyelography, renal ultrasonography, or retrograde pyelography, may be required to determine the degree and location of the associated disease process. Cystourethroscopy is performed to complete the evaluation of the lower urinary tract. Microscopic hematuria associated with anticoagulation therapy is frequently precipitated by significant urologic pathology and therefore requires prompt evaluation. Recommended surveillance schedules for patients with a previous negative evaluation for unexplained microscopic hematuria include urinalysis and voided urinary cytology annually until the hematuria resolves, or for up to 3 years if microscopic hematuria persists. Any significant increase in the degree of microscopic hematuria, an episode of gross hematuria, or the new onset of irritative voiding symptoms in the absence of infection warrants a complete reevaluation. The article is accompanied by a patient education handout on the diagnosis of microscopic hematuria. 3 figures. 6 tables. 28 references.

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Outpatient Evaluation of Hematuria: Locating the Source of Bleeding Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 101(2): 125-128, 131. February 1997. Summary: This continuing education article reviews the outpatient evaluation of hematuria. The author first describes the procedure for diagnosis of hematuria and its differential diagnosis from hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria. The author then explains how the significance of gross or microscopic hematuria depends on a number of factors, including the patient's age, sex, presentation, history, and activities. Careful attention to these factors, together with the initial physical examination and urinalysis, will often expedite the workup in a cost effective manner. In patients with normal function and no significant proteinuria, red blood cell casts, or dysmorphic red blood cells, a urologic workup is indicated. When hematuria is thought to be of renal origin

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and associated with proteinuria and hypertension, renal biopsy may help to pinpoint the diagnosis. 1 figure. 3 tables. 7 references. •

Evaluation and Management of Hematuria in Women Source: International Urogynecology Journal. 8(3): 156-160. 1997. Contact: Available from Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. (212) 460-1500. Fax (212) 473-6272. Summary: This review article outlines a diagnostic workup for hematuria (blood in the urine) in women. Hematuria may be a sign of serious but treatable conditions such as malignancy, calculi, and infection. The authors conducted an English language MEDLINE database search and a bibliographic review of the relevant articles. The evaluation described includes a detailed history, physical examination, invasive testing, and noninvasive testing. An algorithm for laboratory tests, procedures, and followup recommendations is included. Hematuria may be characterized as gross, when visible blood is in the urine, or microscopic, when blood is not visible in the urine. A urologic workup as outlined will identify a source of the hematuria in approximately 92 percent of patients with gross hematuria and 57 percent of patients with microscopic hematuria. Followup recommendations have traditionally been urinalysis and urine cytology every 6 to 12 months; these recommendations are now followed only for patients with persistent or recurrent gross hematuria. Patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria need to be reevaluated only if they demonstrate gross hematuria, have a distinct change in voiding symptoms, or demonstrate recurrent urinary tract infections. 2 figures. 2 tables. 18 references. (AA-M).

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When to Consider Tuberculosis in Evaluating Hematuria Source: Consultant. 39(12): 3225. December 1999. Contact: Available from Cliggott Publishing Company. 55 Holly Hill Lane, Box 4010, Greenwich, CT 06831-0010. Summary: Tuberculosis of the urinary tract is rare enough to justify the selective use of tuberculosis cultures when evaluating hematuria. Nonpulmonary (not in the lungs) tuberculosis accounts for only about 2 percent of diagnosed cases of tuberculosis. This brief article, one from a regular column that answers clinical questions, addresses the need to consider tuberculosis when evaluating a patient with hematuria (blood in the urine). The author recommends that physicians consider obtaining tuberculosis urine cultures for patients who are at increased risk for genitourinary tuberculosis. Such patients include immunocompromised persons and those with active pulmonary tuberculosis or a history of tuberculosis. A history of travel in or immigration from an area of high tuberculosis activity should also raise the index of suspicion. Readers are also encouraged to seek the advice of an infectious diseases consultant.

Federally Funded Research on Hematuria The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hematuria. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration

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database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hematuria. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hematuria. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for hematuria: •

Project Title: BG9588 IN PROLIFERATIVE LUPUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Manzi, Susan M.; Associate Professor; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This is a Phase II, multicenter, open label study of BG9588 (Biogen's humanized anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody) in subjects with SLE GN. The primary objective is to determine if BG9588 can reduce proteinuria by greater than 50% from baseline at two consecutive visits between Day 57 and Day 141, without worsening of renal function, in subjects with WHO Class III, IV or mixed membranous and proliferative SLE GN. The secondary objectives are to determine the safety and pharmacokinetics of BG9588 and its effects on serum C3 complement levels, hematuria, urinary cellular casts, anti-dsDNA titers, SELENA-SLEDAI and SF36TM. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BINDING OF CALCIUM CRYSTALS WITH RENAL CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Toback, F. Gary.; Professor of Medicine and Cell Biology; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Although nephrolithiasis is a common condition, the sequence of events by which crystals are retained in the kidney and form stones is poorly understood. Therefore, additional knowledge is required to identify susceptible patients and formulate new therapeutic strategies to prevent kidney stones which cause pain, hematuria, urinary tract obstruction and infection, and to eliminate the need for expensive procedures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or surgery. Our previous studies demonstrate that calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals bind within seconds to anionic, sialic acid-containing glycoproteins on the apical surface of kidney epithelial cells in culture (employed to model the tubule), suggesting one mechanism whereby crystals could be retained in the kidney. Identification of those molecules on the renal cell surface that mediate crystal binding, and how their expression is modulated, will greatly increase insight into the pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis. Our Preliminary Studies provide evidence that the capacity of renal cells to bind COM crystals is not static, but is regulated by exogenous prostaglandin E (PGE) and intracellular cyclic AMP. Additionally, our recent work utilizing a novel experimental protocol, crystal-affinity chromatography, provides new information about the nature of receptors on the surface of cultured renal cells that bind calcium

(FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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oxalate crystals, including one apparently novel Cell Surface Protein (CSP) that has been isolated and partially sequenced. Our Specific Aims are to: 1) Define mechanisms by which PGE modulates renal cell crystal affinity by investigating its effect on adhesion of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals to cells, and its role during crystal adhesion to wounded monolayers; study PGE release in response to renal cell-crystal interactions; study regulation of intracellular cAMP in response to PGE; define the effect of PGE on renal cell protein and glycoprotein synthesis; and define the expression of specific crystal receptor proteins after exposure to PGE. 2) Identify and characterize renal epithelial cell surface glycoprotein receptor(s) for COM and HA crystals; obtain a full-length cDNA clone encoding an apparently novel CSP COM crystal receptor; study regulation of CSP expression in renal cells; define CSP gene and protein distribution in renal and nonrenal tissues; and characterize cell surface receptors for other urinary crystals, and in different types of cells. The results will provide new understanding of the mechanisms that control adhesion of urinary crystals to the surface of kidney epithelial cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CARDIAC AND RENAL DISEASE STUDY (CARDS) Principal Investigator & Institution: Iribarren, Carlos; Physician / Scientist; Kaiser Foundation Research Institute 1800 Harrison St, 16Th Fl Oakland, Ca 946123433 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Mild-to-moderate chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) is reaching epidemic proportions in the US. Studies relating mild-to-moderate CRI and cardiovascular risk are limited and inconsistent. Although we have learned much about the natural history and adverse outcomes associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), we have little specific information regarding risk factors for the development or progression of renal disease. Using a population-based, ethnically diverse large cohort of male and female health plan enrollees with extended follow-up, we propose: Aim 1: To evaluate: a) whether baseline and decline in renal function overtime are independent predictors of coronary heart disease (CHID), stroke, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease; b) effect modifiers of these relationships, including baseline hypertension and diabetes status. Aim 2: To determine whether baseline and increase over time in blood pressure level (as well as prevalent and incident hypertension) are predictive of the subsequent risk of ESRD after adjusting for diabetes and for baseline serum creatinine, proteinuria and hematuria. Aim 3: To examine other potential predictors of ESRD including demographic factors (race/ethnicity, level of education) total cholesterol level, family history of renal disease, body mass index, sagittal abdominal diameter, cigarette (as well as cigar and pipe) smoking, coffee intake, alcohol consumption, family history of renal disease and self-reported occupational exposures. We will take advantage of existing longitudinal data resources at the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Division of Research and available patient-level crosslinkage with the US Renal Data System end-stage renal disease registry to obtain comprehensive renal and cardiovascular outcomes. A de novo prospective study of this magnitude and duration will be prohibitively expensive and time-consuming. This proposal will leverage unique resources and methodological expertise to provide novel insights into the epidemiology of renal disease and its association with cardiovascular events. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE FACTORS IN PROSTATE GROWTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Freeman, Michael R.; Director; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: The human prostate is particularly susceptible to dysfunction arising grow cell growth abnormalities. Prostate adenocarcinoma is now the most commonly diagnosed cancer among American men, accounting for about 40,000 deaths per year at current rates Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a non-malignant neoplastic disorder of the human prostate that inhibits urine flow through the prostatic urethra, affects over 800,000 men per year in the US. A majority of men over the age of 50 will occasionally or persistently suffer from symptoms attributable to BPH, including urinary retention, urinary tract injection, hematuria, and bladder muscle dysfunction. Although abnormal tissue expansion is evident in both epithelial and stromal compartments in PH, symptoms are thought to arise primarily from expansion of the stromal compartment and from other neuromuscular abnormalities. This is a competing renewal of a proposal to study the role of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (MBEGF), and related EGF-like factors, in prostate growth. In the first grant period (7/94 through 3/99) we have accumulated significant evidence that HB-EGF is an important growth factor in the adult human prostate, and therefore of potential physiologic relevance to both benign and malignant prostatic disease. Importantly, we found that (1) HB-EGF is synthesized almost exclusively by smooth muscle cells (SMC) of the interstitital stroma and the vascular bed; and (2) that the membrane form of HB-EGF ("mHB-EGF", for "membrane HB-EGF") was most likely the predominant form of the growth factor present in the prostate under steady-state conditions. In the new proposal we will focus on understanding the role of mHB-EGF as a mediator of cell survival and determine whether mHB-EGF or soluble HB-EGF is a physiologic regulator of human prostate smooth muscle cells. The specific aims of the new proposal are: Specific Aim 1: Determine whether unique binding partners of membrane HB-EGF mediate apoptosis and survival signals. We will test the hypothesis that mHB-EGF acts a survival factor independently of the secreted form of the growth factor and that one or more membrane binding partners, including the tetraspan, protein CD9 and the Bcl-2 binding protein, BAG-1, collaborate with mHB-EGF in this survival activity. Specific Aim 2: Determine the mechanism of HB-EGF growth and survival regulation of prostate SMC. In these experiments we will determine whether mHB-EGF or sHB-EGF is the predominant growth/survival regulator in this cell type and identify and determine the role of possible collaborating proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IGA NEPHROPATHY--PILOT STUDY WITH VITAMIN E Principal Investigator & Institution: Chan, James C.; Professor of Pediatrics; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: KANSAS POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY IMAGING PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Grantham, Jared J.; Distinguished Professor; Medicine; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: The majority of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD types 1 and 2) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) develop end-stage renal failure. Preliminary studies indicate an inverse correlation between the volume of cystic kidneys and their function reflected in the GFR. However, there is presently no way to determine early in the course if an individual with PKD is destined to experience renal failure in a normal life expectancy. To meet the objectives of the RFA we will develop a PCC to evaluate the following specific aims: Aim 1. Assemble a cohort of individuals with well-characterized PKD (ADPKD) who are at relatively high risk to experience progression to end-stage-renal disease (ESRD). ADPKD subjects will be selected from the region who have one or more risk factors for progression, including: family history of ESRD, male gender, multiple pregnancies, hypertension, proteinuria and hematuria. ARPKD subjects will be selected primarily from those who have survived without dialysis beyond the first year of life. Aim 2. Compare and evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of renal images obtained by rapid acquisition MR, ultrasound and CT in representative examples of PKD. These studies will be done in phantom models of cystic kidney in order to determine optimum precision and accuracy of each method in comparison to the other, and in selected patients with renal cystic changes ranging from mild to severe. PKD subjects will then be studied serially as outlined in the next aim. Aim 3. Evaluate sequential changes in renal morphometrics in subjects with PKD in relation to other surrogate markers for progressive disease. Subjects will be imaged at predefined intervals in order to determine: a) The rate of change in total kidney volume, total cyst volume and total parenchymal volume; b) The rate of change of "functional" parenchymal volume; c) The rate of change of individual cyst volume; d) The intra- renal distribution of cysts in relation to progression factors; e) Changes in the expression of surrogate markers of disease progression in relation to renal enlargement and parenchyma volume, and; f) the relation of cyst growth to hypotheses of intra-cyst fluid accumulation. Successful completion of these studies will identify clinically reliable methods for determining the rate of progression of PKD before there are measurable changes in GFR and irreversible changes in renal ultrastructure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOUSE MODEL OF X-LINKED ALPORT SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Segal, Yoav; Medicine; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Alport syndrome is the most common genetic disorder of the renal glomerulus, affecting an estimated 1 in 5,000 individuals. Roughly 85% of cases are X-linked, resulting from mutations in the COL4A5 gene, which encodes the c (IV) chain of basement membrane type IV collagen. There are currently no effective treatments for Alport syndrome. Males with X-linked disease suffer inexorable progression to end-stage kidney disease. Although female carriers generally have a benign course, an estimated 15% develop chronic renal failure. The premise of this application is that progress towards understanding X-linked Alport syndrome, as grounds for therapy, will be advanced immeasurably by the availability of mouse models. We are generating mouse lines with a Co14a5 point mutation, producing a premature stop, and corresponding to a known human mutation. As X-linked Alport syndrome is an archetypal basement membrane disorder, producing hematuria as a primary manifestation, we plan to build on existing knowledge of the glomerular

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capillary wall, to investigate the likelihood of its biomechanical failure in our model. Specific Aims are: 1) To complete generation of a transgenic mouse line with a Co14a5 point mutation; 2) To characterize basic structural and functional features of the mutant phenotype; and 3) To initiate comparison of glomerular capillary homeostasis in mutant and control mice.The Principal Investigator is an accomplished molecular biologist and physiologist with primary research interests in Alport syndrome. He joins researchers at the University of Minnesota responsible for historic contributions to this field. Additional collaborators at the University of Minnesota, with expertise in the areas of glomerular physiology and mouse genetics, will contribute to proposed efforts towards strengthening the foundations for effective therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “hematuria” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for hematuria in the PubMed Central database: •

DIETARY PROTEIN IN HEMORRHAGIC BRIGHT'S DISEASE I. Effects upon the Course of the Disease with Special Reference to Hematuria and Renal Function. by Keutmann EH, McCann WS.; 1932 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=435860

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Nephrology: 2. Evaluation of asymptomatic hematuria and proteinuria in adult primary care. by House AA, Cattran DC.; 2002 Feb 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99317

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hematuria, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hematuria” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hematuria (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 3-year old boy with recurrent hematuria. Author(s): Yang CF, Lin CY. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2002 May-June; 43(3): 119-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12148958

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A 49-year-old woman with hematuria, proteinuria, and glomerular immune complex deposits containing IgA and IgG. Author(s): Haas M, Nair R, Kovesdy C. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2000 December; 36(6): 1281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11096055

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A 57-year-old woman with gross hematuria and bilateral renal masses: an unusual presentation of acute interstitial nephritis. Author(s): Mix TC, Stillman IE, McNamara A, Steinman TI. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 March; 39(3): 653-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11877586

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A new diagnostic algorithm for the evaluation of microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Jaffe JS, Ginsberg PC, Gill R, Harkaway RC. Source: Urology. 2001 May; 57(5): 889-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11337288

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A rare case of painless gross hematuria: primary localized AA-type amyloidosis of the urinary bladder. Author(s): Boorjian S, Choi BB, Loo MH, Kim P, Sandhu J. Source: Urology. 2002 January; 59(1): 137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11796303

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A short course of BG9588 (anti-CD40 ligand antibody) improves serologic activity and decreases hematuria in patients with proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis. Author(s): Boumpas DT, Furie R, Manzi S, Illei GG, Wallace DJ, Balow JE, Vaishnaw A; BG9588 Lupus Nephritis Trial Group. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 March; 48(3): 719-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12632425

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Absent hematuria and expensive computerized tomography: case characteristics of emergency urolithiasis. Author(s): Li J, Kennedy D, Levine M, Kumar A, Mullen J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 March; 165(3): 782-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11176467

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Acute renal failure in IgA nephropathy: aggravation by gross hematuria due to anticoagulant treatment. Author(s): August C, Atzeni A, Koster L, Heidenreich S, Lang D. Source: Journal of Nephrology. 2002 November-December; 15(6): 709-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12495289

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Acute reversible renal failure with macroscopic hematuria in Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Author(s): Kobayashi Y, Omori S, Kamimaki I, Ikeda M, Akaoka K, Honda M, Ogata K, Morikawa Y. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2001 September; 16(9): 742-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11511991

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Alport syndrome and benign familial hematuria (thin basement membrane disease) in two brothers of a family with hematuria. Author(s): Takemura T, Yanagida H, Yagi K, Moriwaki K, Okada M. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2003 September; 60(3): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14524583

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Aminocaproic acid (Amicar): potent antifibrolytic agent for treating hematuria. Author(s): Gaines KK. Source: Urologic Nursing : Official Journal of the American Urological Association Allied. 2003 April; 23(2): 156-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12778831

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An 8-year old boy with recurrent macroscopic hematuria, weight loss, and kidney failure. Author(s): Kemper MJ, Bergstrasser E, Pawlik H, Gaspert A, Neuhaus TJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 March; 142(3): 342-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12640387

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An unusual case of a vesical stone presenting gross hematuria in a boy. Author(s): Kim HJ, Jeong YB, Lee S, Kim W, Park SK. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2004 January; 61(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14964465

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An unusual cause of gross hematuria and transient ARF in an SLE patient with warfarin coagulopathy. Author(s): Kabir A, Nadasdy T, Nadasdy G, Hebert LA. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2004 April; 43(4): 757-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042555

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Arterial embolization for massive hematuria following transurethral prostatectomy. Author(s): Michel F, Dubruille T, Cercueil JP, Paparel P, Cognet F, Krause D. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 December; 168(6): 2550-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12441972

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Asymptomatic cystic fibrosis diagnosed in an adult evaluated for hematuria. Author(s): Reynolds JC, Tiu AB, Berg BW. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 January; 39(1): E3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11774129

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Asymptomatic hematuria. Author(s): Openbrier D. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2003 October; 11(10): 81-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14601501

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Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: summary of the AUA best practice policy recommendations. Author(s): Grossfeld GD, Wolf JS Jr, Litwan MS, Hricak H, Shuler CL, Agerter DC, Carroll PR. Source: American Family Physician. 2001 March 15; 63(6): 1145-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11277551

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Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Savige J, Wang YY, Rana K, Sin L, Lin T. Source: Urology. 2002 April; 59(4): 631-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11927343

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Autosomal recessive Alport's syndrome and benign familial hematuria are collagen type IV diseases. Author(s): Tazon Vega B, Badenas C, Ars E, Lens X, Mila M, Darnell A, Torra R. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 November; 42(5): 952-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14582039

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Bacteriuria and hematuria in infections due to Schistosoma haematobium. Author(s): Kassim OO, Stek M Jr. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1983 May; 147(5): 960. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6842031

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Banana-seat hematuria. Author(s): LeRoy JB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1972 August 10; 287(6): 311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5038967

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Basement membrane nephropathy: a new classification for Alport's syndrome and asymptomatic hematuria based on ultrastructural findings. Author(s): Yum M, Bergstein JM. Source: Human Pathology. 1983 November; 14(11): 996-1003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6629370

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Benign familial hematuria associated with a novel COL4A4 mutation. Author(s): Ozen S, Ertoy D, Heidet L, Cohen-Solal L, Ozen H, Besbas N, Bakkaoglu A, Antignac C. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2001 November; 16(11): 874-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11685592

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Benign familial hematuria due to mutation of the type IV collagen alpha4 gene. Author(s): Lemmink HH, Nillesen WN, Mochizuki T, Schroder CH, Brunner HG, van Oost BA, Monnens LA, Smeets HJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1996 September 1; 98(5): 1114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8787673

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Benign familial hematuria. Author(s): Marks MI, Drummond KN. Source: Pediatrics. 1969 October; 44(4): 590-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4899625

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Benign familial hematuria. Author(s): Zelikovic I, Stapleton FB, Chesney RW. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1988 September 2; 260(9): 1241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3404632

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Benign familial hematuria. Author(s): Yoshikawa N, Matsuyama S, Iijima K, Maehara K, Okada S, Matsuo T. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1988 August; 112(8): 794-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3395216

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Benign familial hematuria: a clinical and histological study. Author(s): Onetti Muda A, Feriozzi S, Pecci G, Barsotti P, Roscia E, Cinotti GA. Source: Contrib Nephrol. 1990; 80: 95-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2282828

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Benign primary hematuria. Clinicopathologic study of 65 patients. Author(s): Pardo V, Berian MG, Levi DF, Strauss J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1979 November; 67(5): 817-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=389045

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Bicycle-seat hematuria. Author(s): Nichols TW Jr. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 October 25; 311(17): 1128. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6482929

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Bladder "Mullerianosis" in a woman with lower urinary tract symptoms and hematuria. Author(s): Margulis V, Lemack GE, Molberg K, Saboorian MH. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 June; 165(6 Pt 1): 1996-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11371906

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Bladder carcinoma presenting as exercise-induced hematuria. Author(s): Mueller EJ, Thompson IM. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1988 December; 84(8): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3194326

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Bladder hemangioma as a cause of massive hematuria in a child. A case report and literature review. Author(s): Mor Y, Hitchcock RJ, Zaidi SZ, Quimby GF, Duffy PG, Ransley PG, Mouriquand PD. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1997 June; 31(3): 305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9249900

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Bladder metastasis: a rare cause of hematuria in renal carcinoma. Author(s): Swanson DA, Liles A. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1982 June; 20(2): 80-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7078198

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Bladder stones as an unusual cause of posttransplant macroscopic hematuria. Author(s): Leunissen KM, Weil EH, Mooy JM, Ausems MM, Kootstra G, van Hooff JP. Source: Transplantation. 1987 October; 44(4): 582-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3313849

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Blunt traumatic hematuria in children. Is a simplified algorithm justified? Author(s): Perez-Brayfield MR, Gatti JM, Smith EA, Broecker B, Massad C, Scherz H, Kirsch AJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 June; 167(6): 2543-6; Discussion 2546-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11992085

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Bongo drum hematuria. Author(s): Mehbod H. Source: Ohio State Med J. 1974 March; 70(3): 169-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4815448

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Can dipstick screening for hematuria identify individuals with structural renal abnormalities? A sonographic evaluation. Author(s): Emamian SA, Nielsen MB, Pedersen JF. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1996 February; 30(1): 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8727861

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Can hematuria be a predictor as well as a symptom or sign of bladder cancer? Author(s): Friedman GD, Carroll PR, Cattolica EV, Hiatt RA. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1996 December; 5(12): 993-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8959322

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Carboplatin-related hematuria and acute renal failure. Author(s): Agraharkar M, Nerenstone S, Palmisano J, Kaplan AA. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1998 November; 32(5): E5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10074593

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Case 1. Abdominal mass. A 1-year-old with a left abdominal mass and gross hematuria. Author(s): Baskin LS. Source: Tech Urol. 2001 March; 7(1): 41; Discussion 76. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11272672

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Case 39-2003: a woman with gross hematuria. Author(s): Wright DA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 April 15; 350(16): 1687-8; Author Reply 1687-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15088325

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Case 39-2003: a woman with gross hematuria. Author(s): Prodhan P, Noviski N, Mendiratta P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 April 15; 350(16): 1687-8; Author Reply 1687-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15084707

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Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 39-2003. A 33-year-old woman with gross hematuria. Author(s): Heney NM, Young RH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 December 18; 349(25): 2442-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14681511

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Case records of the Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University Clinicopathologic Conference. A 27-year-old man with hematuria. Author(s): Edmond M, Clements MP, Wenzel R. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1997 January; 313(1): 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9001167

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Causes of pediatric hematuria: schistosomiasis and abuse. Author(s): Batman A. Source: American Family Physician. 1994 September 1; 50(3): 535, 538. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8067320

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Chlamydial infection of the urinary tract in children and adolescents with hematuria. Author(s): Meglic A, Cavic M, Hren-Vencelj H, Trsinar B, Ravnik M, Kenda R. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2000 November; 15(1-2): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11095030

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Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia revealed by uncontrollable hematuria. Author(s): Bane AL, Enright H, Sweeney EC. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2001 May; 125(5): 657-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11300938

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Chronic post-thrombotic obstruction of the inferior vena cava: both renal veins being the cause of painless gross hematuria from pelviureteral mucosal varices in normal functioning kidney. Author(s): Jeong HJ, Seo IY, Rim JS. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2003 December 30; 44(6): 1119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14703629

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Clinical application of NMP22 and urinary cytology in patients with hematuria or a history of urothelial carcinoma. Author(s): Lee MY, Tsou MH, Cheng MH, Chang DS, Yang AL, Ko JS. Source: World Journal of Urology. 2000 December; 18(6): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11204258

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Clinical practice. Microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Cohen RA, Brown RS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 June 5; 348(23): 2330-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12788998

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Colonic polyp in a urinary diversion causing hematuria: diagnosis on ultrasonography. Author(s): Kedar R, Arger PH, Rovner ES, Nisenbaum HL. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2000 November; 19(11): 797-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11065269

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Comparison of bladder cancer outcome in men undergoing hematuria home screening versus those with standard clinical presentations. Author(s): Messing EM, Young TB, Hunt VB, Gilchrist KW, Newton MA, Bram LL, Hisgen WJ, Greenberg EB, Kuglitsch ME, Wegenke JD. Source: Urology. 1995 March; 45(3): 387-96; Discussion 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7879333

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Comparison of red blood cell volume distribution curves and phase-contrast microscopy in localization of the origin of hematuria. Author(s): Game X, Soulie M, Fontanilles AM, Benoit JM, Corberand JX, Plante P. Source: Urology. 2003 March; 61(3): 507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12639633

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Computerized tomography tailored for the assessment of microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Lang EK, Macchia RJ, Thomas R, Ruiz-Deya G, Watson RA, Richter F, Irwin R R, Marberger M, Mydlo J, Lechner G, Cho KC, Gayle B. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 February; 167(2 Pt 1): 547-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792916

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia presenting as hematuria and acute renal faliure. Author(s): Sharma J, Bajpai A, Kabra M. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2001 December; 68(12): 1161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11838574

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Could this be loin pain hematuria syndrome? Author(s): Gusmano RG. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1998 November; 12(9): 800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9874334

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Danazol-induced cystitis: an undescribed source of hematuria in patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema. Author(s): Andriole GL, Brickman C, Lack EE, Sesterhenn IA, Javadpour N, Linehan WM, Frank MM. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1986 January; 135(1): 44-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3941465

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Day case hematuria diagnostic service: use of ultrasonography and flexible cystoscopy. Author(s): Yip SK, Peh WC, Tam PC, Li JH, Lam CH. Source: Urology. 1998 November; 52(5): 762-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9801095

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Demonstration of renal varices using technetium-99m red blood cells in the investigation of recurrent macroscopic hematuria. Author(s): Rendak I, Pison C, Drouin G. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1987 November; 12(11): 861-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2827927

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Detection and significance of microscopic hematuria in patients with blunt renal trauma. Author(s): Chandhoke PS, McAninch JW. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1988 July; 140(1): 16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3379684

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Determining the cause of hematuria. Author(s): Kudish HG. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1975 November; 58(6): 118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1181575

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Determining the origin of hematuria by immunocytochemical staining of erythrocytes in urine for Tamm-Horsfall protein. Author(s): Fukuzaki A, Kaneto H, Ikeda S, Orikasa S. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1996 January; 155(1): 248-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7490846

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Development of verrucous plaques and gross hematuria in advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Author(s): Tyring SK, Jones CS, Lee PC, Fine JD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1988 May; 124(5): 655-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3364989

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Diagnostic approach to a child with hematuria. Author(s): Vijayakumar M, Nammalwar BR. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1998 June; 35(6): 525-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10216647

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Diagnostic oncology case study: flank pain and hematuria in a child. Author(s): Kagan AR, Steckel RJ, Kangarloo H, Pagani JJ. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1981 March; 136(3): 597-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6781301

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Differential diagnosis between glomerular and nonglomerular hematuria by automated urinary flow cytometer. Kitasato University Kidney Center criteria. Author(s): Hyodo T, Kumano K, Sakai T. Source: Nephron. 1999; 82(4): 312-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10450033

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Differentiation between renal and postrenal type of hematuria and proteinuria measuring urinary apolipoprotein A1 excretion. Author(s): Verwiebe R, Weber MH, Kallerhoff M, Ruschitzka F, Warneke G, Scheler F. Source: Contrib Nephrol. 1993; 101: 151-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8467669

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Differentiation of glomerular and non-glomerular hematuria in children by measurement of mean corpuscular volume of urinary red cells using a semiautomated cell counter. Author(s): Lettgen B, Hestermann C, Rascher W. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1994 September; 83(9): 946-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7819692

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Differentiation of hematuria by quantitative determination of urinary marker proteins. Author(s): Hofmann W, Schmidt D, Guder WG, Edel HH. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1991 January 22; 69(2): 68-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1709219

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Differentiation of hematuria using a uniquely shaped red cell. Author(s): Kitamoto Y, Tomita M, Akamine M, Inoue T, Itoh J, Takamori H, Sato T. Source: Nephron. 1993; 64(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8502333

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Differentiation of renal from non-renal hematuria by microscopic examination of erythrocytes in urine. Author(s): Pillsworth TJ Jr, Haver VM, Abrass CK, Delaney CJ. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1987 October; 33(10): 1791-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3311464

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Dipstick evaluation of hematuria in abdominal trauma. Author(s): Daum GS, Krolikowski FJ, Reuter KL, Colby JM, Silva WM. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1988 April; 89(4): 538-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3354507

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Dipstick urinalysis screening of asymptomatic adults for urinary tract disorders. I. Hematuria and proteinuria. Author(s): Woolhandler S, Pels RJ, Bor DH, Himmelstein DU, Lawrence RS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 September 1; 262(9): 1214-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2668582

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Dominant coloboma-microphthalmos syndrome associated with sensorineural hearing loss, hematuria, and cleft lip/palate. Author(s): Ravine D, Ragge NK, Stephens D, Oldridge M, Wilkie AO. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 October 17; 72(2): 227-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9382148

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Dysmorphic erythrocytes and G1 cells as markers of glomerular hematuria. Author(s): Zaman Z, Proesmans W. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2000 September; 14(10-11): 980-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10975311

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Eastern equine encephalomyelitis with hematuria and bladder dysfunction. Author(s): Lavoie SR, Markowitz S, Kapadia SJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 July; 86(7): 812-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8100647

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Effects of finasteride and cyproterone acetate on hematuria associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Author(s): Perimenis P, Gyftopoulos K, Markou S, Barbalias G. Source: Urology. 2002 March; 59(3): 373-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11880073

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Efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in IgA nephropathy presenting with isolated hematuria. Author(s): Harmankaya O, Ozturk Y, Basturk T, Obek A, Kilicarslan I. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2002; 33(1): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12090325

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Efficacy of prone positioning during intravenous urography in patients with hematuria or urothelial tumor but no obstruction. Author(s): Kowalchuk RM, Banner MP, Ramchandani P, Forman HP. Source: Academic Radiology. 1998 June; 5(6): 415-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9615151

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Emphysematous cystitis presenting as painless gross hematuria. Author(s): Davidson J, Pollack CV Jr. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1995 May-June; 13(3): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7673621

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Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy control of intractable hematuria following radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. A novel approach. Author(s): Tunuguntla HS, Bhandari M, Srivastava A, Kapoor R, Saha TK. Source: Arch Esp Urol. 2000 May; 53(4): 396-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10900775

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Episodic gross hematuria in association with allergy symptoms in a child. Author(s): Graham DM, McMorris MS, Flynn JT. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2002 November; 58(5): 389-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12425491

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Etiology of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults. Author(s): Yamamoto M, Hibi H, Miyake K. Source: Hinyokika Kiyo. 1993 May; 39(5): 413-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8322622

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Evaluating adult hematuria. Author(s): Fickenscher L. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1999 September; 24(9): 58-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10507071

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Evaluating hematuria in children. Where to start and how to proceed. Author(s): Schroeder PL, Francisco LL. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1990 December; 88(8): 171, 174-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2243824

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Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults. Author(s): Thaller TR, Wang LP. Source: American Family Physician. 1999 September 15; 60(4): 1143-52, 1154. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10507744

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Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy--part I: definition, detection, prevalence, and etiology. Author(s): Grossfeld GD, Litwin MS, Wolf JS, Hricak H, Shuler CL, Agerter DC, Carroll PR. Source: Urology. 2001 April; 57(4): 599-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11306356

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Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy--part II: patient evaluation, cytology, voided markers, imaging, cystoscopy, nephrology evaluation, and follow-up. Author(s): Grossfeld GD, Litwin MS, Wolf JS Jr, Hricak H, Shuler CL, Agerter DC, Carroll PR. Source: Urology. 2001 April; 57(4): 604-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11306357

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Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Grossfeld GD, Carroll PR. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 1998 November; 25(4): 661-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10026773

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Evaluation of the loin pain/hematuria syndrome treated by renal autotransplantation or radical renal neurectomy. Author(s): Sheil AG, Chui AK, Verran DJ, Boulas J, Ibels LS. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1998 August; 32(2): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9708604

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Evaluation of the patient with hematuria. Author(s): Yun EJ, Meng MV, Carroll PR. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 2004 March; 88(2): 329-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15049581

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Evaluation of urinary IL-1alpha and IL-1beta in gravid females and patients with bacterial cystitis and microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Candela JV, Park E, Gerspach JM, Davidoff R, Stout L, Levy SM, Leach GE, Bellman GC, Lad PM. Source: Urological Research. 1998; 26(3): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9694599

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Evidence for genetic heterogeneity in benign familial hematuria. Author(s): Piccini M, Casari G, Zhou J, Bruttini M, Volti SL, Ballabio A, Renieri A. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1999; 19(4): 464-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10460935

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Exercised-induced hematuria. Author(s): Gambrell RC, Blount BW. Source: American Family Physician. 1996 February 15; 53(3): 905-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8594866

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Extensive palm thorn hematoma with associated hematuria. Author(s): Buchwald A, Schwartz HS. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1994 March; 12(2): 259-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8161407

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Factitious hematuria in two teenage boys. Author(s): Jacobs JC. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1979 May; 133(5): 550-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=433880

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Factitious hematuria with underlying renal abnormalities. Author(s): Salmon RF, Arant BS Jr, Baum MG, Hogg RJ. Source: Pediatrics. 1988 September; 82(3): 377-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3405667

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Factitious hematuria: diagnosis by minor blood group typing. Author(s): Outwater KM, Lipnick RN, Luban NL, Ravenscroft K, Ruley EJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1981 January; 98(1): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7452416

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False 'hematuria' due to bacteriuria. Author(s): Lam MH. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1995 August; 119(8): 717-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7646328

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False-positive results of the NMP22 test due to hematuria. Author(s): Atsu N, Ekici S, Oge O O, Ergen A, Hascelik G, Ozen H. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 February; 167(2 Pt 1): 555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792917

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Familial hematuria due to type IV collagen mutations: Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane nephropathy. Author(s): Kashtan CE. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2004 April; 16(2): 177-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15021198

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Familial hematuria: a clinical, ultrastructural and morphometric study. Author(s): Scharer K, Waldherr R, Muller-Mohlis TC, Tariverdian G. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1989; 305: 173-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2762351

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Familial hematuria; clinico-pathological correlations. Author(s): Yoshikawa N, White RH, Cameron AH. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1982 April; 17(4): 172-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7042145

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Familial microscopic hematuria caused by hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria. Author(s): Praga M, Alegre R, Hernandez E, Morales E, Dominguez-Gil B, Carreno A, Andres A. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2000 January; 35(1): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10620556

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Features and complications of nephroptosis causing the loin pain and hematuria syndrome. A preliminary report. Author(s): Ghanem AN. Source: Saudi Med J. 2002 February; 23(2): 197-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11938398

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Finasteride: a long-term follow-up in the treatment of recurrent hematuria associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Author(s): Delakas D, Lianos E, Karyotis I, Cranidis A. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2001; 67(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11464120

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Flank pain, hematuria, and allergy to intravenous pyelogram dye. Real or contrived? Author(s): Marshall S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981 April 17; 245(15): 1557. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6451716

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Flexible ureteropyeloscopy in the diagnosis of benign essential hematuria. Author(s): Bagley DH, Allen J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1990 March; 143(3): 549-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2304167

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Flow cytometric analysis of hematuria using fluorescent antihemoglobin antibody. Author(s): Tanaka M, Kitamoto Y, Sato T, Ishii T. Source: Nephron. 1993; 65(3): 354-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8289983

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Focal-segmental dense deposit disease with prolonged asymptomatic hematuria. Author(s): Soma J, Sato K, Sakuma T, Saito H, Sato H. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2003 July; 60(1): 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872865

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Forty-six-year-old man with unexplained hematuria, proteinuria, and pulmonary infiltrates: a clinicopathologic correlation conference from the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine. Author(s): Lee S, Walter M, Reichlin M, Silva F. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1998 October; 91(7): 399-405. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9793278

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Fragmentocytes in the diagnosis of renal hematuria--observations in the 19th century. Author(s): Kuster S, Ritz E. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1994; 9(5): 569-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8090343

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Frequency of gross hematuria shortly after percutaneous coronary intervention. Author(s): Sanchez PL, Rubenstein MH, Harrell LC, Colon-Hernandez PJ, Choo JK, Palacios IF. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2001 July 1; 88(1): A7, 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11423063

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Frequency of microscopic hematuria in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Author(s): Bircan Z, Kervancioglu M, Demir F, Katar S, Onur H. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1999 April; 13(3): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10353421

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Further notes on hemoglobin C and hematuria. Author(s): Akar N, Ekim M. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2002 January; 17(1): 72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11793140

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Glomerular basement membrane attenuation in familial nephritis and "benign" hematuria. Author(s): Piel CF, Biava CG, Goodman JR. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1982 September; 101(3): 358-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7108656

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Glomerular basement membrane thickness in recurrent and persistent hematuria and nephrotic syndrome: correlation with sex and age. Author(s): Shindo S, Yoshimoto M, Kuriya N, Bernstein J. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1988 April; 2(2): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3153011

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Glomerular basement membrane thinning in a patient with hematuria and hemoptysis mimicking Goodpasture's syndrome. Author(s): Coleman M, Stirling JW, Langford LR, Frith PA, Barratt LJ. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1994; 14(1): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8017481

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Glomerular hematuria in diabetics. Author(s): Lopes de Faria JB, Moura LA, Lopes de Faria SR, Ramos OL, Pereira AB. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1988 September; 30(3): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3263236

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Glomerular lesions in adolescents with gross hematuria or the nephrotic syndrome. Report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Author(s): Hogg RJ, Silva FG, Berry PL, Wenz JE. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1993 February; 7(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8439476

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Gonorrhea in a five year-old boy with hematuria. Author(s): Rasoulpour M, Silber G, Banco L. Source: Int J Pediatr Nephrol. 1984 September; 5(3): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6500817

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Gross hematuria after prostate brachytherapy. Author(s): Barker J Jr, Wallner K, Merrick G. Source: Urology. 2003 February; 61(2): 408-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12597957

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Gross hematuria and upper pole renal filling defect. Author(s): Schlegel PN, Issa MM, Stutzman RE, Goldman SM. Source: Urology. 1991 June; 37(6): 595-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2038802

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Gross hematuria as a presenting symptom of disseminated gonorrhea. Author(s): Duckworth GW Jr. Source: Military Medicine. 1992 February; 157(2): 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1603383

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Gross hematuria following combined kidney-pancreas transplantation with pancreaticocystostomy. Author(s): Reisman JD, Viets DH. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1992 April; 147(4): 1095-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1552594

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Gross hematuria following sclerotherapy of esophageal varices in patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Kravitz RM, Kocoshis SA, Orenstein SR, Proujansky R, Orenstein DM. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1989 January; 84(1): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2912035

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Gross hematuria from renal metastasis. Author(s): Sivarajan KM, Samuel J, Shiomoto G, Rhee HL. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1988 November 1; 84(6): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3186554

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Gross hematuria in a young child with axillary lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Cramm KJ, Silverstein DM. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2002 June; 41(5): 357-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12086202

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Gross hematuria in a young woman with seizures and skin lesions. Author(s): Accad MF, Fred HL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1997 May 15; 32(5): 204-6, 208. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9153148

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Gross hematuria in residents of long-term-care facilities. Author(s): Nicolle LE, Orr P, Duckworth H, Brunka J, Kennedy J, Murray D, Harding GK. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1993 June; 94(6): 611-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8506887

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Gross hematuria in two patients with ureteral-ileal conduits and double-J stents. Author(s): Keller FS, Barton RE, Routh WD, Gross GM. Source: Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology : Jvir. 1990 November; 1(1): 6977; Discussion 77-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2134038

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Gross hematuria of uncommon origin: the nutcracker syndrome. Author(s): Russo D, Minutolo R, Iaccarino V, Andreucci M, Capuano A, Savino FA. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1998 September; 32(3): E3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10074588

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Gross hematuria rapidly deteriorated renal function in a patient with polycystic kidney disease and Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome. Author(s): Kurebayashi S, Hashimoto K, Maki F, Shiotsuka Y, Kokado Y, Koga M. Source: Intern Med. 2002 December; 41(12): 1163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12521207

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Gross hematuria secondary to renal vein hypertension from unilateral retroperitoneal fibrosis. Author(s): Powell CR, Schwartz BF, Stoney RJ, Stoller ML. Source: Urology. 2000 March; 55(3): 436. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10754172

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Grossly neglected hematuria: a rare cause of iron-deficiency anemia. Author(s): Ziegelstein RC, Rayburn BK, Quinlan DM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 June; 90(6): 764-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2042695

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Hematuria and death secondary to aortoureteric fistula. Author(s): Holmes M, Hung N, Hunter M. Source: Urology. 1998 October; 52(4): 720-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9763104

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Hematuria as a complication of sudden decompression of chronically distended bladder in a child with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Author(s): Soylu A, Kavukcu S, Turkmen M, Arici A, Aktud T. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2000 June; 16(3): 221. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10888467

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Hematuria as an indicator for the presence or absence of urinary calculi. Author(s): Safriel Y, Malhotra A, Sclafani SJ. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 October; 21(6): 492-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14574659

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Hematuria associated with low-volume cell saver in pediatric orthopaedics. Author(s): Keverline JP, Sanders JO. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1998 September-October; 18(5): 594-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9746407

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Hematuria due to immune-mediated thrombocytopenic purpura. Author(s): Masood S, Gontero P, Mufti GR. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2001; 67(1): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11464123

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Hematuria due to urolithiasis in a child with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Author(s): Ramdas J, Warrier S, Warrier R. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2002 December; 18(6): 436-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12488838

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Hematuria from arteriovesical fistula: unusual presentation of ruptured iliac artery aneurysm. Author(s): Goff CD, Davidson JT, Teague N, Callis JT. Source: The American Surgeon. 1999 May; 65(5): 421-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10231208

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Hematuria from bicycling or running? Author(s): Baum N. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2003 August; 114(2): 62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12926178

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Hematuria from left internal pudendal and obturator arterial bleeding following sexual intercourse. Author(s): Tsui KH, Wang LJ, Chang PL, Huang ST, Hsieh ML, Lee SH. Source: Archives of Andrology. 2003 November-December; 49(6): 453-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14555328

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Hematuria in a patient with an ileal conduit and hepatic cirrhosis. Author(s): Felig DM, Bleeker DP, DeMeritt JS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 March 22; 344(12): 939. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11263434

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Hematuria in children. Author(s): Patel HP, Bissler JJ. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2001 December; 48(6): 1519-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11732128

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Hematuria in two school-age refugee brothers from Africa. Author(s): Newman RD, Schwartz MA. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1999 October; 15(5): 335-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10532664

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Hematuria with mumps infection. Author(s): Yildiz N, Yasa O, Celik Y, Baydilli H, Ozcay S. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2003 January; 70(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12619960

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Hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and renal failure in a 10-year-old boy. Author(s): Phillips CL, Andreoli SP. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1999 April; 33(4): 814-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10196032

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Hematuria. Author(s): Sokolosky MC. Source: Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2001 August; 19(3): 621-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11554278

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Hematuria. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Author(s): Royal SA, Slovis TL, Kushner DC, Babcock DS, Cohen HL, Gelfand MJ, Hernandez RJ, McAlister WH, Parker BR, Smith WL, Strain JD, Strife JL, Joseph D. Source: Radiology. 2000 June; 215 Suppl: 841-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11037508

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Hematuria: an algorithmic approach to finding the cause. Author(s): Mazhari R, Kimmel PL. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2002 November; 69(11): 870, 872-4, 876 Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12430972

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Hematuria: an unusual presentation for mucocele of the appendix. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Oliphant UJ, Rosenthal A. Source: Jsls. 1999 January-March; 3(1): 71-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10323174

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Hemodynamically relevant hematuria several months after biopsy of a kidney graft: an unusual cause. Author(s): Voiculescu A, Brause M, Engelbrecht V, Sandmann W, Pfeiffer T, Grabensee B. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2003 March; 59(3): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12653267

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Hepatitis and hematuria in scarlet fever. Author(s): Guven A. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 November; 69(11): 985-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12503666

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Identification of 17 mutations in ten exons in the COL4A5 collagen gene, but no mutations found in four exons in COL4A6: a study of 250 patients with hematuria and suspected of having Alport syndrome. Author(s): Heiskari N, Zhang X, Zhou J, Leinonen A, Barker D, Gregory M, Atkin CL, Netzer KO, Weber M, Reeders S, Gronhagen-Riska C, Neumann HP, Trembath R, Tryggvason K. Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn. 1996 May; 7(5): 702-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8738805

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Idiopathic hypercalciuria preceding IgA nephritis in a child with recurrent hematuria. Author(s): Tasic V, Korneti P, Ristoska-Bojkovska N, Petrusevska G, Polenakovic M. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2003 April; 18(4): 394-6. Epub 2003 February 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12700969

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Impact of date of onset on the absence of hematuria in patients with acute renal colic. Author(s): Kobayashi T, Nishizawa K, Mitsumori K, Ogura K. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 October; 170(4 Pt 1): 1093-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501699

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Importance of timing in the evaluation of hematuria and proteinuria after livingdonor kidney transplantation. Author(s): Gai M, Lanfranco G, Motta D, Jeantet A, Cantaluppi V, Piccoli GB, Segoloni GP. Source: Transplantation. 2004 February 27; 77(4): 638-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15084958

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Improved detection of renal pathologic features on multiphasic helical CT compared with IVU in patients presenting with microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Lang EK, Macchia RJ, Thomas R, Watson RA, Marberger M, Lechner G, Gayle B, Richter F. Source: Urology. 2003 March; 61(3): 528-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12639640

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Incidence and growth pattern of simple cysts of the kidney in patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Marumo K, Horiguchi Y, Nakagawa K, Oya M, Ohigashi T, Asakura H, Nakashima J, Murai M. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2003 February; 10(2): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12588599

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Incidence of negative hematuria in patients with acute urinary lithiasis presenting to the emergency room with flank pain. Author(s): Press SM, Smith AD. Source: Urology. 1995 May; 45(5): 753-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7747369

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Increased risk of preeclampsia among nulliparous pregnant women with idiopathic hematuria. Author(s): Stehman-Breen CO, Levine RJ, Qian C, Morris CD, Catalano PM, Curet LB, Sibai BM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 September; 187(3): 703-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12237651

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Induction of transient proteinuria, hematuria, and glucosuria by ethanol consumption in Japanese alcoholics. Author(s): Ito S, Ueno M, Izumi T, Arakawa M. Source: Nephron. 1999; 82(3): 246-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10395997

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Insurability for asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria during childhood. Author(s): Feld LG, Stapleton FB. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1993 August; 22(2): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8352250

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Intracranial hemorrhage and hematuria in a neonate associated with heavy maternal smoking. Author(s): Duman N, Oren H, Duman M, Ozkan H. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2003 January-March; 45(1): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12718378

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Intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide instillations can be useful in the symptomatic treatment of profuse hematuria due to eosinophilic cystitis. Author(s): Sibert L, Khalaf A, Bugel H, Sfaxi M, Grise P. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 August; 164(2): 446. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10893610

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Investigation of hematuria at a printing company. Author(s): Sinclair MI, McNeil JJ, Atkins RC, Turnidge JD, Wood CJ, Matthews BJ. Source: J Occup Med. 1993 October; 35(10): 1055-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8271078

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Irritative voiding symptoms and microscopic hematuria caused by intraperitoneal calcified fat necrosis. Author(s): Rubenstein JN, Hairston JC, Eggener SE, Gonzalez CM. Source: Urology. 2002 March; 59(3): 444. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11880093

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Is cytology required for a hematuria evaluation? Author(s): Hofland CA, Mariani AJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 January; 171(1): 324-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14665906

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Is intravenous urography indicated in a young adult with hematuria? Author(s): Zeitlin SI, Levitin A, Hakimian O, Becker JA, Macchia RJ. Source: Urology. 1996 September; 48(3): 365-7; Discussion 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8804486

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Is the red cell morphology really useful to detect the source of hematuria? Author(s): Favaro S, Bonfante L, D'Angelo A, Giacomini A, Normanno M, Calo L, Bordin V, Vianello D, Meani A, Antonello A, Borsatti A. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1997; 17(2): 172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9096449

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Isolated hematuria in adults: IgA nephropathy is a predominant cause of hematuria compared with thin glomerular basement membrane nephropathy. Author(s): Tanaka H, Kim ST, Takasugi M, Kuroiwa A. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1996; 16(5): 412-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8886179

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Isolated microscopic hematuria in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with age and sex matched controls. A population based study. Author(s): Korpela M, Mustonen J, Heikkinen A, Helin H, Pasternack A. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 March; 22(3): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7783056

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Isolated microscopic hematuria--is it a disease state? Author(s): Stark H. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1999 June; 13(5): 468. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10412874

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KUMC Trauma Conference. Abdominal trauma with hematuria. Author(s): Reckling FW, Hermreck AS. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1972 January; 73(1): 20-3 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5060449

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Laboratory evaluation of discolored urine. When is it hematuria? Author(s): Hsu RM, Baskin LB. Source: Mlo: Medical Laboratory Observer. 2000 July; 32(7): 44-52; Quiz 54, 56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11067541

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Late massive hematuria as a complication of conservative management of blunt renal trauma in children. Author(s): Teigen CL, Venbrux AC, Quinlan DM, Jeffs RD. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1992 May; 147(5): 1333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1569677

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Left renal vein hypertension as a cause of persistent gross hematuria. Author(s): Challenger RJ, Dougherty WS, Flisak ME, Flanigan RC. Source: Urology. 1996 September; 48(3): 468-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8804506

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Left renal vein hypertension: a cause of occult hematuria. Author(s): Beinart C, Sniderman KW, Saddekni S, Weiner M, Vaughan ED Jr, Sos TA. Source: Radiology. 1982 December; 145(3): 647-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7146391

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Leiomyomatosis of oesophagus, congenital cataracts and hematuria. Report of a case with rectal involvement. Author(s): Lerone M, Dodero P, Romeo G, Martucciello G, Caffarena PE, Brisigotti M, Toma P, Taccone A, Silengo M. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1991; 21(8): 578-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1815180

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Leukemic infiltration of the urinary bladder presenting as uncontrollable gross hematuria in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Chang CY, Chiou TJ, Hsieh YL, Cheng SN. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2003 September; 25(9): 735-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12972811

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Life threatening hematuria in a patient with renal angiomyolipoma and selective renal embolization prior to nephrectomy. Author(s): Yeniyol CO, Zeyrek N, Parildar M, Selek E, Tasli F, Memis A. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2002; 34(2): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12775090

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Life-threatening hematuria from an arteriovenous fistula complicating an open renal biopsy. Author(s): Tarif N, Dunne PM, Parachuru PR, Bakir AA. Source: Nephron. 1998 September; 80(1): 66-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9730707

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Limited evaluation of microscopic hematuria in pediatrics. Author(s): Feld LG, Meyers KE, Kaplan BS, Stapleton FB. Source: Pediatrics. 1998 October; 102(4): E42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9755279

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Localizing the site of hematuria by immunocytochemical staining of erythrocytes in urine. Author(s): Janssens PM, Kornaat N, Tieleman R, Monnens LA, Willems JL. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1992 February; 38(2): 216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1541003

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Loin pain hematuria syndrome. Author(s): Weisberg LS, Bloom PB, Simmons RL, Viner ED. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1993; 13(4): 229-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8267018

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Loin pain hematuria syndrome. Author(s): Reifsteck JE, Holder JC, Liu GC, Ferris EJ, Finkbeiner AE. Source: Urol Radiol. 1987; 9(3): 155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3438959

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Loin pain hematuria syndrome: case series. Author(s): Pukenas BA, Zaslau S. Source: W V Med J. 2003 September-October; 99(5): 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14959511

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Loin pain hematuria syndrome: pain relief with intrathecal morphine. Author(s): Prager JP, DeSalles A, Wilkinson A, Jacobs M, Csete M. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1995 April; 25(4): 629-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7702062

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Loin pain-hematuria syndrome associated with thin glomerular basement membrane disease and hemorrhage into renal tubules. Author(s): Hebert LA, Betts JA, Sedmak DD, Cosio FG, Bay WH, Carlton S. Source: Kidney International. 1996 January; 49(1): 168-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8770964

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Loin pain-hematuria syndrome with a distinctive vascular lesion and alternative pathway complement activation. Author(s): Miller F, Lane BP, Kirsch M, Ilamathi E, Moore B, Finger M. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1994 October; 118(10): 1016-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7944884

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Loin pain-hematuria syndrome: how effective is renal autotransplantation in its treatment? Author(s): Harney J, Rodgers E, Campbell E, Hickey DP. Source: Urology. 1994 October; 44(4): 493-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7941188

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Loin pain-hematuria syndrome: role for renal autotransplantation. Author(s): Chin JL. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1992 April; 147(4): 987-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1532428

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Long-term followup of the hematuria-dysuria syndrome. Author(s): Chadwick Plaire J, Snodgrass WT, Grady RW, Mitchell ME. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 September; 164(3 Pt 2): 921-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958709

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Long-term outcome of flexible ureterorenoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of lateralizing essential hematuria. Author(s): Nakada SY, Elashry OM, Picus D, Clayman RV. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1997 March; 157(3): 776-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9072565

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Massive hematuria after cystoscopy in a patient with an internal iliac artery aneurysm. Author(s): Honma I, Takagi Y, Shigyo M, Sunaoshi K, Inaoka M, Miyao N. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2002 July; 9(7): 407-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12165025

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Massive hematuria after transurethral resection of the prostate: management by intraarterial embolization. Author(s): Barbieri A, Simonazzi M, Marcato C, Larini P, Barbagallo M, Frattini A, Cortellini P. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2002; 69(4): 318-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12444292

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Massive hematuria due to bladder amyloidosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: three case reports. Author(s): Nakamura T, Yamamura Y, Tomoda K, Tsukano M, Baba S. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 September-October; 21(5): 673-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14611124

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Massive hematuria due to right renal artery mycotic pseudoaneurysm in a patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis. Author(s): Ohebshalom MM, Tash JA, Coll D, Su LM, Schlegel PN. Source: Urology. 2001 October; 58(4): 607. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11597551

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Massive hematuria in adults with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome associated with vascular malformation of the bladder. Author(s): Shekarriz B, Upadhyay J, Smith C, Kazmers A, Frontera R. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2000; 64(4): 226-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10895091

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Massive hematuria in rheumatoid arthritis: an unusual manifestation of reactive amyloidosis. Author(s): Altiparmak MR, Pamuk ON, Fresko I. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 November-December; 21(6): 799-800. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14740464

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Metastatic merkel cell tumor to bladder presenting as an encroachment tumor with gross hematuria. Author(s): Santis WF, Billings EJ, DeWolf WC. Source: Urology. 1999 July; 54(1): 163. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10754128

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Microscopic hematuria as a screening marker for urinary tract malignancies. Author(s): Sugimura K, Ikemoto SI, Kawashima H, Nishisaka N, Kishimoto T. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2001 January; 8(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11168689

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Microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Parmar MS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 September 25; 349(13): 1292-3; Author Reply 1292-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510018

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Microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Chan D, Ong A, Schoenberg M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 September 25; 349(13): 1292-3; Author Reply 1292-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507957

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Migrated Jewett nail: an unusual cause of hematuria. Author(s): Santoshi N, Gaitonde K, Patil N, Sagade S. Source: Urology. 2003 May; 61(5): 1029-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12736032

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Mild rhabdomyolysis in a child with fever and "hematuria". Author(s): Tasic V, Avramoski V, Korneti P. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2003 May; 18(5): 462-4. Epub 2003 March 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12736809

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Miriam Hospital morbidity and mortality conference, December 3, 2003: abdominal pain and hematuria. Author(s): Snyder JE. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2004 February; 87(2): 52-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15031968

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Mucocele of the appendix with hematuria. Author(s): Ng KC, Tan CK, Lai SW, Chen DR, Chen WK. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 2001 January-February; 74(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11249237

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Multidetector CT urography in imaging of the urinary tract in patients with hematuria. Author(s): Maher MM, Kalra MK, Rizzo S, Mueller PR, Saini S. Source: Korean Journal of Radiology : Official Journal of the Korean Radiological Society. 2004 January-March; 5(1): 1-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15064553

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Multi-detector row CT urography in the evaluation of hematuria. Author(s): Joffe SA, Servaes S, Okon S, Horowitz M. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2003 November-December; 23(6): 1441-55; Discussion 1455-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14615555

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Multiphasic helical computerized tomography for the assessment of microscopic hematuria: a prospective study. Author(s): Lang EK, Thomas R, Davis R, Myers L, Sabel A, Macchia R, Gayle B, Watson R, Cho T, Richter F, Lechner G, Marberger M, Helbich T. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 January; 171(1): 237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14665884

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Multiple embolism in a female patient with infective endocarditis. Low back pain and hematuria as the initial clinical manifestations. Author(s): Vieira ML, Schmidt ML, de Resende MV, de Andre Junior LS. Source: Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia. 2002 June; 78(6): 592-7. English, Portuguese. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185859

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Munchausen syndrome presenting as gross hematuria in two women. Author(s): Chew BH, Pace KT, Honey RJ. Source: Urology. 2002 April; 59(4): 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11927327

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Mutations in theCOL4A4 and COL4A3 genes cause familial benign hematuria. Author(s): Badenas C, Praga M, Tazon B, Heidet L, Arrondel C, Armengol A, Andres A, Morales E, Camacho JA, Lens X, Davila S, Mila M, Antignac C, Darnell A, Torra R. Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn. 2002 May; 13(5): 1248-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11961012

Studies

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Natural history of hematuria associated with hypercalciuria in children. Author(s): Garcia CD, Miller LA, Stapleton FB. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1991 October; 145(10): 1204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1928018

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Neonatal gross hematuria as a presenting sign of posterior urethral valves. Author(s): Diamond DA, Ford C. Source: Urology. 1992 September; 40(3): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1523754

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Neonatal hematuria and proteinuria. Author(s): Brem AS. Source: Clin Perinatol. 1981 June; 8(2): 321-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7273589

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Nephrogenic adenoma of the urethra presenting as gross hematuria in a child. Author(s): Kidd CJ, Warner T, Uehling DT. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1997 March; 157(3): 983. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9072630

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Nephrogenic adenoma of the urethra: an unusual cause of hematuria in the child. Author(s): de Buys Roessingh AS, Laurini RN, Meyrat BJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 August; 38(8): E8-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12891515

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Nephrology: 2. Evaluation of asymptomatic hematuria and proteinuria in adult primary care. Author(s): House AA, Cattran DC. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 February 5; 166(3): 348-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11868646

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Nephroscopy in chronic unilateral hematuria. Author(s): Gittes RF, Varady S. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1981 September; 126(3): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7277585

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Nephrotic range proteinuria and hematuria in a white bisexual male. Author(s): Paueksakon P, Grewal M, Shappell S. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1999 March; 33(3): 607-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10070929

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Nephrotic syndrome, hematuria, and hypocomplementemia in a case of mesangial lupus nephritis evolving later to a membranous lesion. Author(s): Bakir AA, Rhee HL, Ainis H, Dunea G. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1989 May; 86(5): 609-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2712069

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Neuroblastoma of the urinary bladder in an infant clinically detected by hematuria. Author(s): Saez C, Marquez C, Quiroga E, Borderas F, Alfaro J, Pineda G, Loizaga JM, Alvarez AM. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2000 November; 35(5): 488-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070482

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New markers for analyzing the cause of hematuria. Author(s): Janssens PM. Source: Kidney International. Supplement. 1994 November; 47: S115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7532740

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No effects of hematuria and proteinuria in school days, and probably current pregnancy and current lactation also, as risk factors of cadmium-induced renal tubular dysfunction among adult women in general populations in Japan. Author(s): Tsukahara T, Ezaki T, Moriguchi J, Furuki K, Fukui Y, Ukai H, Okamoto S, Sakurai H, Ikeda M. Source: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2004 April; 46(3): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15195814

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Nutcracker syndrome: an overlooked cause of hematuria. Author(s): Chen YM, Wang IK, Ng KK, Huang CC. Source: Chang Gung Med J. 2002 October; 25(10): 700-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12518783

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Nutcracker syndrome: an underdiagnosed cause for hematuria? Author(s): Hanna HE, Santella RN, Zawada ET Jr, Masterson TE. Source: S D J Med. 1997 December; 50(12): 429-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9433099

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Office evaluation of the child with hematuria. Author(s): Boineau FG, Lewy JE. Source: Compr Ther. 1997 September; 23(9): 583-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9285158

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Oral urea treatment of hematuria in sickle-cell trait. Author(s): Pariser S. Source: N Y State J Med. 1974 November; 74(12): 2238-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4530915

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Outpatient evaluation of hematuria: locating the source of bleeding. Author(s): McCarthy JJ. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1997 February; 101(2): 125-8, 131. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9046931

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Patients with macroscopic hematuria. Importance of examining multiple urine specimens. Author(s): Robson WL, Leung AK. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1993 April; 39: 912-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8495146

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Pediatric hematuria and thin basement membrane nephropathy: what is it and what does it mean? Author(s): Roth KS, Amaker BH, Chan JC. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2001 November; 40(11): 607-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11758961

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Percutaneous radio frequency ablation for hematuria. Author(s): Wood BJ, Grippo J, Pavlovich CP. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 December; 166(6): 2303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11696761

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Pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder presenting only with macroscopic hematuria. Author(s): Gyftopoulos K, Perimenis P, Ravazoula P, Athanassopoulos A, Barbalias GA. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2000; 65(3): 173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11054039

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Polyarteritis nodosa presenting as hematuria and a testicular mass. Author(s): Eilber KS, Freedland SJ, Rajfer J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 August; 166(2): 624. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11458092

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Prevalence of hematuria among Zuni Indians with and without diabetes: The Zuni kidney Project. Author(s): Tentori F, Stidley CA, Scavini M, Shah VO, Narva AS, Paine S, Bobelu A, Welty TK, Maccluer JW, Zager PG. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 June; 41(6): 1195-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12776271

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Prognosis of asymptomatic hematuria and/or proteinuria in men. High prevalence of IgA nephropathy among proteinuric patients found in mass screening. Author(s): Yamagata K, Takahashi H, Tomida C, Yamagata Y, Koyama A. Source: Nephron. 2002 May; 91(1): 34-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12021517

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Proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, and decreased renal function in a patient with diabetes for 9 years. Author(s): Rodby RA, Schwartz MM. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1992 December; 20(6): 658-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1463000

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Protracted, gross hematuria in sickle cell trait: response to multiple doses of 1desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin. Author(s): Moudgil A, Kamil ES. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1996 April; 10(2): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8703716

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Radiologic evaluation of pediatric blunt renal trauma in patients with microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Brown SL, Haas C, Dinchman KH, Elder JS, Spirnak JP. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2001 December; 25(12): 1557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11775191

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Re: A prospective analysis of 1,930 patients with hematuria to evaluate current diagnostic practice. Author(s): Mariani AJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 February; 165(2): 545. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11176431

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Re: A prospective study of the natural history of hematuria associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and the effect of finasteride. Author(s): Harrison RH 3rd. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 November; 164(5): 1670-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11203073

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Re: The association of an increased urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio, and asymptomatic gross and microscopic hematuria in children. Author(s): Sin L, Lin T, Rana K, Wang YY, Savige J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 November; 168(5): 2126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12398091

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Re: The association of an increased urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio, and asymptomatic gross and microscopic hematuria in children. Author(s): Dodds PR, Dodds JH. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 November; 168(5): 2126; Author Reply 2126. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12394729

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Re: The BTA stat test is nonspecific for hematuria: an experimental hematuria model. Author(s): Kinders RJ, Landicho H. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 December; 168(6): 2556; Author Reply 2556-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12441978

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Renal artery aneurysm presenting with microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Serracino-Inglott F, Barnes N, Madan M. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2003 September; 38(3): 620. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12947289

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Retinopathy, hematuria, and diabetic nephropathy. Author(s): Izzedine H, Fongoro S, Pajot O, Beaufils H, Deray G. Source: Nephron. 2001 August; 88(4): 382-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11474236

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Reversible acute renal failure with prolonged oliguria and gross hematuria in a case of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Author(s): Khajehdehi P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 2000 August; 34(4): 284-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11095091

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Ruptured renal artery aneurysm presenting as hematuria. Author(s): Fiesseler FW, Riggs RL, Shih R. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2004 May; 22(3): 232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15138969

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Secondary amyloidosis of the bladder causing macroscopic hematuria. Author(s): Oka N, Fukumori T, Takahashi M, Kanayama H, Kagawa S. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2001 June; 8(6): 330-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11389752

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Segregation of hematuria in thin basement membrane disease with haplotypes at the loci for Alport syndrome. Author(s): Buzza M, Wilson D, Savige J. Source: Kidney International. 2001 May; 59(5): 1670-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11318937

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Serum tumor necrosis factor in mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis with macroscopic hematuria in children. Author(s): Inaba S, Takahashi T, Ishihara S, Kurose K, Arai M, Sakai Y, Yamamoto S, Matsukura H, Okada T. Source: Nephron. 1996; 72(4): 518-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8730414

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Short-term experimental hypercalciuria does not produce hematuria in normal subjects. Author(s): Welch TR, Shely E, de Rovetto CR. Source: Nephron. 1996; 73(2): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8773338

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Sifting the causes of microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Kasinath BS. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1996 July 15; 31(7): 99-106, 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8682891

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Significance and diagnostic accuracy of renal calculi found by ultrasonography in patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Marumo K, Horiguchi Y, Nakagawa K, Oya M, Ohigashi T, Asakura H, Nakashima J, Murai M. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2002 July; 9(7): 363-7; Discussion 367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12165017

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Significance of hematuria in patients with interstitial cystitis: review of radiographic and endoscopic findings. Author(s): Gomes CM, Sanchez-Ortiz RF, Harris C, Wein AJ, Rovner ES. Source: Urology. 2001 February; 57(2): 262-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11182333

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Significance of isolated hematuria and isolated pyuria in systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Rahman P, Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB. Source: Lupus. 2001; 10(6): 418-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11434577

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Snowmobiler's hematuria. Author(s): Parmar MS. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 March 18; 168(6): 670-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12642412

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Sport-related hematuria: a review. Author(s): Jones GR, Newhouse I. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 1997 April; 7(2): 119-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9113428

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The association of an increased urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio, and asymptomatic gross and microscopic hematuria in children. Author(s): Parekh DJ, Pope JC 4th, Adams MC, Brock JW 3rd. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 January; 167(1): 272-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11743337

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The BTA stat test is nonspecific for hematuria: an experimental hematuria model. Author(s): Oge O, Kozaci D, Gemalmaz H. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 March; 167(3): 1318-9; Discussion 1319-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11832722

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The incidence of hematuria in middle distance track running. Author(s): Jones GR, Newhouse IJ, Jakobi JM, LaVoie NL, Thayer R. Source: Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology = Revue Canadienne De Physiologie Appliquee. 2001 August; 26(4): 336-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11487707

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The management of childhood hematuria and proteinuria. Author(s): Redman JF, Blaszak RT, Reddy PP. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 2002 October; 99(4): 123-4. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: J Ark Med Soc. 2002 January; 99(7): 219. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12362655

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The natural history of immunoglobulin a nephropathy among patients with hematuria and minimal proteinuria. Author(s): Szeto CC, Lai FM, To KF, Wong TY, Chow KM, Choi PC, Lui SF, Li PK. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2001 April 15; 110(6): 434-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11331053

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The Proteus syndrome associated with life threatening hematuria. Author(s): Franc-Guimond J, Houle AM, Barrieras D. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 December; 170(6 Pt 1): 2418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14634442

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The value of cystoscopy as an initial diagnostic modality for asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Hong SK, Ahn C, Kim HH. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 June; 16(3): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11410691

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Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura presenting as bilateral flank pain and hematuria: a case report. Author(s): Qasim ZA, Partridge RA. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 July; 21(1): 15-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11399382

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Toxemic shock, hematuria, hypokalemia, and hypoproteinemia in a case of cutaneous anthrax. Author(s): Khajehdehi P. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 2001 May; 68(3): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11373695

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Traumatic hematuria in children can be evaluated as in adults. Author(s): Santucci RA, Langenburg SE, Zachareas MJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 February; 171(2 Pt 1): 822-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14713834

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Unusual cause of hematuria. Author(s): Deka PM, Rajeev TP. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2001; 66(1): 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11150952

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Urea resolves gross hematuria in a 15 year old with hemoglobin C trait. Author(s): Sakarcan A, Stallworth J. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2001 February; 16(2): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11261682

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Ureteropyeloscopy in the diagnosis of patients with upper tract hematuria: an initial clinical study. Author(s): Yazaki T, Kamiyama Y, Tomomasa H, Shimizu H, Okano Y, Iiyama T, Iizumi T, Umeda T. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 1999 May; 6(5): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10375183

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Ureteroscopy for benign hematuria. Author(s): Dooley RE, Pietrow PK. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2004 February; 31(1): 137-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15040410

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Urethral hemangioma. An unusual cause of hematuria. Author(s): Parshad S, Yadav SP, Arora B. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2001; 66(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11150953

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Urethral polyp presenting in a male infant with hematuria and urinary retention. Author(s): Walsh PJ, Wiener JS. Source: Urology. 1999 November; 54(5): 921-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10565761

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Urinary ascariasis in a man with hematuria. Author(s): Quick G, Sheikho SH, Walker JS. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 April; 94(4): 454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11332920

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Urinary nuclear matrix protein 22 as a new marker for the screening of urothelial cancer in patients with microscopic hematuria. Author(s): Miyanaga N, Akaza H, Tsukamoto T, Ishikawa S, Noguchi R, Ohtani M, Kawabe K, Kubota Y, Fujita K, Obata K, Hirao Y, Kotake T, Ohmori H, Kumazawa J, Koiso K. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 1999 April; 6(4): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10226833

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Urine circulating soluble egg antigen in relation to egg counts, hematuria, and urinary tract pathology before and after treatment in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium in Kenya. Author(s): Kahama AI, Odek AE, Kihara RW, Vennervald BJ, Kombe Y, Nkulila T, Hatz CF, Ouma JH, Deelder AM. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 August; 61(2): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10463669

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Usefulness of urinary erythrocyte morphology for the determination of the source of hematuria. Author(s): Oktenli C. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 2000 May-June; 20(3): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10878413

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Valve of Guerin as a cause of dysuria and hematuria in young boys: presentation and difficulties in diagnosis. Author(s): Friedman RM, King LR. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1993 July; 150(1): 159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8510239

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Vascular C3 deposits on renal biopsy in pediatric patients with hematuria. Author(s): Sheth RD, Hawkins EP, Brewer ED. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2000 August; 14(8-9): 797-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10955930

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Vesical telangiectasias as a cause of macroscopic hematuria in systemic sclerosis. Author(s): De Luca A, Terrone C, Tirri E, Rossetti SR, Valentini G. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001 January-February; 19(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11247335

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Vesicoileal fistula in a patient with hematochezia and hematuria. Author(s): Jang MK, Lee SK, Myung SJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 May 1; 348(18): 1820-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12724496

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Vesicoureteric reflux in a grafted kidney as a cause of massive hematuria: a case report. Author(s): Sathaye UV, Shah PR, Bhargava PA, Sathaye AU, Trivedi HL. Source: Nephron. 1993; 64(3): 476. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8341397

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Virtual cystoscopy of the contrast material-filled bladder in patients with gross hematuria. Author(s): Kim JK, Ahn JH, Park T, Ahn HJ, Kim CS, Cho KS. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 September; 179(3): 763-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185059

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Wegener's granulomatosis presenting with gross hematuria due to prostatitis. Author(s): Brunner A, Tzankov A, Akkad T, Lhotta K, Bartsch G, Mikuz G. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2004 January; 444(1): 92-4. Epub 2003 October 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14576940

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What is gross hematuria? Correlation of subjective and objective assessment. Author(s): Peacock PR Jr, Souto HL, Penner GE, Dalsey WC, Becher JW, Kaplan JL. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2001 June; 50(6): 1060-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11426121

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What is the appropriate evaluation and therapy for children with hypercalciuria and hematuria? Author(s): Stapleton FB. Source: Semin Nephrol. 1998 May; 18(3): 359-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9613877

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What is the appropriate workup for a child with isolated hematuria? Author(s): Wassner SJ. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1992 July; 6(4): 334. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1498000

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When faced with a blunt abdominal trauma patient who has hematuria, how should I proceed with the imaging workup? Author(s): Shuman WP. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1995 May; 164(5): 1294. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7717254

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With the constraints of managed care, what is a reasonable workup for microscopic hematuria? Author(s): Brouhard BH. Source: Semin Nephrol. 1998 May; 18(3): 369-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9613882

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With the high cost of nonionic contrast media, it has been suggested that we use a plain abdominal radiograph (KUB) and renal sonography to evaluate patients with hematuria. Author(s): Zagoria RJ. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1995 November; 165(5): 1297. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7572523

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Worcestershire sauce-induced hematuria. Author(s): Rivera M, Salcedo JR. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1982 March; 127(3): 554. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7062440

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Workup and management of traumatic hematuria. Author(s): Ahn JH, Morey AF, McAninch JW. Source: Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 1998 February; 16(1): 145-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9496319

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HEMATURIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hematuria.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Hematuria The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hematuria” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hematuria” (or a synonym): •

Clinical significance of gross hematuria and its evaluation in patients receiving anticoagulant and aspirin treatment. Author(s): Department of Urology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Source: Avidor, Y Nadu, A Matzkin, H Urology. 2000 January; 55(1): 22-4 0090-4295

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Effect of thiazide on urinary calcium excretion and hematuria in children with postglomerular hematuria. Author(s): 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Medical School, Budapest, Hungary. Source: Reusz, G S Tulassay, T Szabo, A Miltenyi, M Int-J-Pediatr-Nephrol. 1987 JulSeptember; 8(3): 147-51 0391-6510

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Munchausen's syndrome with hematuria and sepsis: an unusual case. Author(s): Temple University School of Medicine, Pennsylvania. Source: Lazarus, A Kozinn, W P Int-J-Psychiatry-Med. 1991; 21(1): 113-6 0091-2174

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Urinary inhibitors of crystallization in hypercalciuric children with hematuria and nephrolithiasis. Author(s): Pediatric Department of Santa Casa, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Perrone, H C Toporovski, J Schor, N Pediatr-Nephrol. 1996 August; 10(4): 435-7 0931-041X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to hematuria; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

•

Minerals Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HEMATURIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to hematuria. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to hematuria and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “hematuria” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to hematuria: •

Djenkol beans as a cause of hematuria in children. Author(s): Vachvanichsanong P, Lebel L. Source: Nephron. 1997; 76(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9171298

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Phenolization of bladder in treatment of massive intractable hematuria. Author(s): Susan LP, Marsh RJ. Source: Urology. 1975 January; 5(1): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1054198

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Prof. Guan Jinghuan's experience in treating chronic nephritic hematuria. Author(s): Xue S, Liu Y, Ma L.

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Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2001 December; 21(4): 243-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12014119 •

The famous case of rheumatic hematuria described by Giammatteo Ferrari da Grado, professor at the University of Pavia (1432-1472). Author(s): Dal Canton I, Frosio-Roncalli M, Dal Canton A. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1997; 17(3-4): 282-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9189247

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to hematuria; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bladder Infection Alternative names: Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

Alternative Medicine 63

Bone Marrow Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com BPH Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cataracts (prevention) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemophilia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Myelofibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myeloproliferative Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Polycythemia Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Enlargement Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thrombocytosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Chinese Medicine Baimaogen Alternative names: Lalang Grass Rhizome; Rhizoma Imperatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baiwei Alternative names: Blackend Swallowwort Root; Radix Cynanchi Atrati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanniuxi Alternative names: Medicinal Cyathula Root; Radix Cyathulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Colla Corii Asini Alternative names: Donkey-hide Glue; Colla Corii Asini Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Colla Cornus Cervi Alternative names: Deerhorn Glue; Colla Cornus Cervi Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Daii Alternative names: Japanese Thistle Herb; Herba Cirsii Japonici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dijincao Alternative names: Creeping Euphorbia; Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Duanxueliu Alternative names: Clinopodium Herb; Herba Clinopodii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Haijinsha Alternative names: Japanese Climbing Fern Spore; Spora Lygodii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jixuecao Alternative names: Asiatic Pennywort Herb; Herba Centellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianfang Alternative names: Lotus Receptacle; Receptaculum Nelumbinis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mohanlian Alternative names: Yerbadetajo Herb; Herba Ecliptae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Niuxi Alternative names: Twotoothed Achyranthes Root; Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Oujie Alternative names: Lotus Rhizome Node; Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Puhuang Alternative names: Cattail Pollen; Pollen Typhae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Qianlieshu Wan Alternative names: Qianlieshu Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Qumai Alternative names: Lilac Pink Herb; Herba Dianthi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shiwei Alternative names: Shearer's Pyrrosia Leaf; Folium Pyrrosiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiaoji Alternative names: Field Thistle Herb; Herba Cirsii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xueyutan Alternative names: Carbonized Hair; Crinis Carbonisatus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhizi Alternative names: Cape Jasmine Fruit; Fructus Gardeniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zonglu Alternative names: Fortune Windmillpalm Petiole; Petiolus Trachycarpi Source: Chinese Materia Medica •

Herbs and Supplements Aristolochia Alternative names: Snakeroot, Guaco; Aristolochia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cranberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10019,00.html Cyclophosphamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fluorouracil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Methotrexate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Paclitaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Plantain Alternative names: Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON HEMATURIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hematuria. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hematuria include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “hematuria” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on hematuria: •

Q and A on PKD Source: Kansas City, MO: PKD (Polycystic Kidney Disease). 2002. 91 p. Contact: Available from PKD (Polycystic Kidney Disease) Foundation. 9221 Ward Parkway, Suite 400 Kansas City, MO 64114. (800) PKD-CURE. Fax (816) 931-8655. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.pkdcure.org. PRICE: $10.00 for members; $15.00 for nonmembers. Summary: In this monograph, scientific advisors from the Polycystic Kidney Foundation (PKF) answer patients' questions about dealing with polycystic kidney disease (PKD). The editors note that advances in basic and clinical science in the PKD field are occurring with encouraging speed and importance. Questions are considered in sixteen chapters: autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD) genes and proteins; identification of the autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) gene; strategies to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and end organ damage in ADPKD patients;

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diagnosis and genetics; extra-renal (outside the kidney) manifestations; liver and gastrointestinal involvement; brain (intracranial) aneurysms and cysts; hypertension; renal manifestations; infections and stones; proteinuria (protein in the urine) and hematuria (blood in the urine); pregnancy, birth control and menopause; kidney failure, dialysis, and transplantation; diet, drugs, surgery, and exercise; pain management; and general information. A final section considers PKD in children. A brief subject index concludes the monograph. •

Urinary Tract Infections: Detection, Prevention and Management. 5th ed Source: Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1997. 419 p. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 638-0672. Fax (800) 447-8438. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $30.00 (paperback). ISBN: 0683181025. Summary: The fifth edition of this book provides health care professionals with a comprehensive reference guide to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI). The current edition has been entirely rewritten and includes summary tables of important concepts. Each chapter is designed to stand alone if desired, and includes its own set of references. Topics include an overview of UTIs; bacteriuria, pyuria, proteinuria, hematuria, and pneumaturia; diagnostic methods; UTIs in children and adults; vesicoureteral reflux and reflux nephropathy; dysuria syndromes (infections of the urethra, vagina, bladder, and prostate); pyelonephritis and other kidney infections; caring for urinary catheters; pathogenesis of infection; and UTI management. The section on UTIs in adults discusses pregnancy, diabetes, the elderly, renal transplantation, hypertension, and other risk factors. Tables, guidelines, and illustrations are presented throughout the text. A subject index concludes the book.

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Urology for Primary Care Physicians Source: Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1999. 399 p. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $52.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721671489. Summary: The intent of this book is to present from the urologist's perspective the most cost effective and appropriate approaches for the primary care physician to evaluate and treat or triage patients with urologic problems in the office or emergency department. The book offers a systematic, problem oriented approach and a capsular presentation of highlights and 'take home' messages. The text includes 31 chapters: the anatomic basis of common urologic diseases, a systematic approach to urologic evaluation, laboratory investigations in urology, principles of imaging studies of the genitourinary system, urologic emergencies, the evaluation and management of hematuria (blood in the urine), genitourinary tract trauma, urinary calculus disease, sexually transmitted diseases, upper urinary tract infections (UTIs), UTIs in children, lower UTIs in women, lower UTIs in men, uncommon infections of the genitourinary tract, voiding dysfunction and urinary incontinence in women, voiding dysfunction in men with lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), benign prostatic hypertrophy, urologic problems in pregnancy, renal (kidney) function in pregnancy, perinatal urologic consultation, congenital anomalies, pediatric enuresis (bedwetting) and voiding dysfunction, genitourinary malignancies (cancer) in children, prostate specific antigen (PSA), carcinoma of the genitourinary system, the role of primary health care providers in cancer prevention, acute renal failure (ARF), endocrine and metabolic

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disorders, management of male infertility, sexual dysfunction in the male, and superficial lesions of the male external genitalia. Each chapter includes black and white illustrations and a list of suggested readings. A subject index concludes the text. •

Renal Disease in Children: Clinical Evaluation and Diagnosis Source: Secaucus, NJ: Springer-Verlag. 1990. 528 p. Contact: No longer available from publisher. Summary: The purpose of this book is to provide pediatricians, family physicians, nephrologists, urologists, residents, clinical fellows, and medical students with a complete compendium on the clinical evaluation of renal disease in children. It is meant to be a desk reference to help in the diagnosis of disease and the interpretation of relevant clinical laboratory data; it is not designed to be a textbook. The book covers pediatric nephrology problems classified by mode of investigation (urinalysis, imaging, kidney biopsy, etc.) or presentation (hematuria, proteinuria, urinary tract infection, renal failure, etc.). Detailed discussions of pathophysiology and management of different renal conditions have been omitted; the focus is on workup and diagnosis. Prenatal diagnosis, prevention, and use of the computer in renal disease are briefly discussed. Many tables, algorithms, and formulas are included to assist the reader. A limited number of specific references and a few key general references are included in each chapter to allow the reader to pursue selected areas in depth. Each chapter begins with an outline of the topics to be covered in that chapter. Detailed appendixes include: reference intervals; formulas used in the diagnosis and treatment of various renal conditions; nomograms; and a table of over 400 conditions and syndromes associated with renal involvement. This table presents the main clinical features, renal abnormalities, and hereditary factors for each condition. An extensive subject index is included. 519 references.

•

Managing the Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy: A Guide for Patients and Their Families. 3rd ed Source: San Francisco, CA: UCSF Nursing Press. 1996. 198 p. Contact: Available from UCSF Nursing Press. 521 Parnassus Avenue, Room N-535C, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608. (415) 476-4992 or (415) 476-2626. Fax (415) 476-6042. PRICE: $20.00 plus $6.00 shipping and handling. ISBN: 0943671120. Summary: This book is designed to help patients and their families learn to cope better with the many side effects of cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The chemotherapy section lists every frequently used cancer drug, each of its common side effects, and how to recognize the side effects. This information is first presented in chart format and then discussed in some detail, including suggestions for managing each side effect. The section on each side effect includes a description of the problem, its likely duration, recommended self-care measures, and when to consult with a health care provider. The latter half of the book discusses the common side effects of radiation therapy and provides guidelines for managing each side effect, using the same format as for the chemotherapy side effects. Side effects particularly relevant to kidney and urinary tract diseases include hematuria, hemorrhagic cystitis, kidney damage, impotence, urine retention, urine color changes, and bladder irritation or cystitis. A subject index concludes the book.

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Primer on Kidney Diseases. 2nd ed Source: San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 1998. 542 p. Contact: Available from Academic Press. Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 321-5068 or (407) 345-3800. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 345-4060. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.apnet.com. PRICE: $57.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0122990900. Summary: This comprehensive textbook on kidney diseases is designed for medical students, house staff, and practitioners. The text offers a summary of the management of renal disease and fluid and electrolyte disorders. The 79 chapters are categorized in 11 sections, covering renal function and its assessment, electrolyte disorders, glomerular disease, the kidney in systemic disease, acute renal failure, drugs and the kidney, hereditary renal diseases, tubulointerstitial diseases, the kidney in special circumstances, chronic renal disease, and hypertension. Specific chapter topics include the characteristics of kidney function in the very young and in the very old, tubulointerstitial diseases, analgesic abuse nephropathy and the effects of NSAIDs on the kidneys, hematuria (blood in the urine), proteinuria, renal imaging techniques, metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, edema and the clinical use of diuretics, immunopathogenesis, minimal change nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, Goodpasture's syndrome, renal function in congestive heart failure, renal function in liver disease, renal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetic nephropathy, dysproteinemias and amyloidosis, renal and urologic complications of cancer and its treatment, hemolytic uremic syndrome, the renal manifestations of HIV, interstitial nephritis, sickle cell nephropathy, Alport's syndrome, medullary cystic disease, tubulointerstitial disease, lead nephrotoxicity, lithium induced renal disease, medullary sponge kidney, obstructive uropathy, nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), urinary tract infections, the kidney in pregnancy, the uremic syndrome, hemodialysis and hemofiltration, peritoneal dialysis, nutrition and renal disease, renal osteodystrophy, renal transplantation, and the pathogenesis of hypertension. Each chapter is written by an established expert in the field. The book is illustrated with full color and black and white photographs, figures, and tables. Each chapter concludes with suggested readings. An extensive subject index concludes the text.

•

Manual of Urology: Diagnosis and Therapy. 2nd ed Source: Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 1999. 362 p. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Fax (301) 824-7390. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $37.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 078171785X. Summary: This manual is designed to be used by the house officer and medical student responsible for urology patients. The related endoscopic, medical, and diagnostic procedures are well described. Twenty two chapters cover imaging of the genitourinary tract, radionuclide imaging, endoscopic instruments and surgery, nontraumatic genitourinary emergencies, fluid and electrolyte disorders, lower urinary tract symptoms, hematuria (blood in the urine) and other urine abnormalities, evaluation of renal mass lesions, surgical disorders of the adrenal gland, urinary calculi (stones) and endourology, the management of urinary incontinence, male erectile dysfunction (impotence), male reproductive dysfunction, neoplasms (cancerous and benign) of the genitourinary tract, the medical management of genitourinary malignancy (cancer), radiation therapy of genitourinary malignancy, genitourinary infection, management of genitourinary trauma, pediatric urology, neurourology and urodynamic testing, and

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renal (kidney) transplantation. Each chapter presents information in outline form, with numerous tables and diagrams, as necessary. Each chapter concludes with a list of suggested reading. The handbook concludes with two appendices, presenting the American Urological Association Symptom Score (for benign prostatic hyperplasia) and the staging of genitourinary tumors, as well as a subject index. •

Care of the Renal Patient. 2nd ed Source: Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1991. 1,031 p. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 782-4479. PRICE: $46.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721630561. Summary: This medical textbook, written for students as well as practicing health care providers, presents a comprehensive overview of care of the renal patient. Twenty chapters, each written by an expert in the field, cover: the assessment of patients with renal disease; hematuria, proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome; acute nephritic syndrome; sodium and potassium disturbances in renal patients; acid-base disturbances in azotemic patients; obstructive uropathy; diabetic nephropathy; renal disease and hypertension in pregnancy; pediatric nephrology; stone disease; edematous states and hepatorenal syndrome; drug use in renal patients and the extracorporeal treatment of poisonings; chronic renal failure; renal bone diseases and aluminum toxicity in renal patients; nutritional therapy in patients with renal failure; psychiatric aspects of renal care; peritoneal dialysis; hemodialysis; renal transplantation; and urgent problems in the renal patient. Each chapter includes figures, tables, and suggested readings. A subject index to the volume is appended. This textbook is also available in Spanish, Japanese, and Portuguese.

•

20 Common Problems in Urology Source: New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2001. 335 p. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. (612) 832-7869. Website: www.bookstore.mcgraw-hill.com. PRICE: $45.00;plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070634130. Summary: This text on common problems in urology is designed for the primary care provider. The text covers both pediatric and adult conditions and features quick reference algorithms, charts and tables that organize presenting signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments. Twenty chapters cover fetal and postnatal hydronephrosis (fluid accumulation in the kidneys), urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children, cryptorchidism (undescended testicles), circumcision, nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting), UTIs in adults, urethritis, urinary incontinence, interstitial cystitis, geriatric urology, hematuria (blood in the urine), prostate cancer screening, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), scrotal mass and pain, genital skin rash, urinary calculi (stones), erectile dysfunction (impotence), male infertility, vasectomy, male menopause, and imaging studies (diagnostic tests). Most chapters define the condition and then discuss the differential diagnosis, the physical examination, recommended diagnostic tests, special considerations, treatment options, and patient care strategies. The text also offers practice advice on when to refer to a specialist and what to expect post-referral. The text concludes with a subject index and is illustrated with black and white photographs and diagrams.

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Pediatric Urology Practice Source: Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 1999. 736 p. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Fax (301) 824-7390. Website: lww.com. PRICE: $150.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0397513682. Summary: This textbook on pediatric urology practice defines pediatric urology, provides an understanding of the physiology of the maturing urinary tract, considers the psychological impact that reconstruction has on the child and his or her family, and encourages a compassion for and a willingness to undertake and manage the many nonsurgical urologic conditions that are common to pediatric urologic practice (e.g., dysfunctional voiding and urinary infection). The text begins with a thorough chapter on the pediatric physical examination. The remaining 39 chapters cover pediatric anesthesia, the surgical physiology of the neonate, the workup of hematuria and tubular disorders, the management of renal failure in children, prenatal diagnosis and therapy, imaging the urinary tract in children, the molecular basis of pediatric urologic disease, clinical genetics, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, megaureter, posterior urethral valves and other obstructions of the urethra, the effect of obstruction on the detrusor, nonvirilizing adrenal disease, disorders of renal position and parenchymal development, ureteral ectopy, ureteroceles, anatomic abnormalities of the bladder, bladder and cloacal exstrophy, pediatric neurogenic bladder, the surgical and nonsurgical management of the neurogenic bladder, physiology of micturition (urination) and dysfunctional voiding, urinary infection in children, vesicoureteral reflex, hypospadias, cryptorchidism (undescended testicle), adolescent varicocele, anomalies of the penis and scrotum, intersex states, menstrual problems in the adolescent, urolithiasis (urinary stones) in children, pediatric oncology, hydrocele and hernia, imperforate anus and caudal regression syndrome, urogenital sinus and cloaca, the role of urinary diversion in childhood, and indications for laparoscopic procedures in pediatric urology. Each chapter is written by specialists in the field and includes references, black and white photographs, tables, and figures. A subject index concludes the textbook.

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Nephrology and Hypertension. 4th ed Source: Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 1999. 368 p. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Fax (301) 824-7390. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $26.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 078172077X. Summary: Written by those who remember the information that was useful to them in their training, this book provides students, residents, and practitioners with basic clinical information on commonly encountered conditions in nephrology (kidney disease). Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of the structural and functional features of the kidney. Chapters 2 through 4 outline a practical approach to the functional and radiologic evaluation of the kidney, including the clinical indications for a kidney biopsy. Chapter 5 discusses the clinical significance of hematuria (blood in the urine) and identifies those clinical settings in which thorough evaluation is a necessity. In Chapter 6, the etiology, pathophysiology, and method of evaluation of proteinuria (protein in the urine) and the nephrotic syndrome are presented. Chapter 7 reviews diabetic nephropathy; then Chapter 8 discusses several forms of renal disease that are glomerular in type, including minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous glomerulonephritis, post infectious proliferative

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glomerulonephritis, and IgA nephropathy. Chapter 9 describes the various types of glomerulonephritis observed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In Chapter 10, the problem of vasculitis is addressed in its many forms, including Wegener's granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa, and Schonlein Henoch purpura. Chapter 11 provides descriptions of the renal (kidney) manifestations of the thrombotic microangiopathies, progressive systemic sclerosis, multiple myeloma, and amyloidosis. Chapter 12 discusses tubulointerstitial nephritis, and Chapter 13 reviews the more frequently encountered familial and cystic forms of renal disease. Chapter 14 covers HIV infection and the kidney, including management of HIV infected patients with acute or chronic renal failure. The next section contains four chapters on disorders of water, electrolytes, and acid base regulation. In Chapter 19 renal stone disease is reviewed; Chapter 20 covers urinary tract infection (UTI). The next five chapters cover the diagnosis and management of hypertension (high blood pressure) and the use of diuretics in clinical practice. The last section covers diagnosis and management of renal failure; six chapters cover dialysis, patient care management, the role of nutrition in managing kidney failure, and drug therapy for acute and chronic renal failure. Each chapter concludes with a list of suggested readings, and the handbook concludes with a subject index.

Chapters on Hematuria In order to find chapters that specifically relate to hematuria, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and hematuria using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “hematuria” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on hematuria: •

Hematuria, Proteinuria, and Nephrotic Syndrome Source: in Levine, D.Z. Care of the Renal Patient. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1991. p. 13-21. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 782-4479. PRICE: $46.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721630561. Summary: This chapter, from a comprehensive medical textbook about the care of the renal patient, discusses hematuria, proteinuria, and nephrotic syndrome. Topics include the detection of hematuria or proteinuria; hematuria, including hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, and glomerular versus nonglomerular hematuria; proteinuria and the nephrotic syndrome, notably tubular proteinuria, monoclonal overflow proteinuria, and the approach to treating patients with proteinuria; the general management of patients with nephrotic syndrome, including treating edema and hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, and the treatment of specific glomerular diseases; and the role of renal biopsy in the management of nephrotic syndrome. 6 tables. 6 references.

•

Hematuria and IgA Nephropathy Source: in Suki, W.N.; Massry, S.G., eds. Therapy of Renal Diseases and Related Disorders, 2nd ed. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1991. p. 343-347.

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Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018. (617) 871-6600. PRICE: $315. ISBN: 0792306767. Summary: This chapter, from a medical text on the therapy of renal disease and related disorders, discusses hematuria and IgA nephropathy. IgA nephropathy occupies an important position in the differential diagnosis of glomerular hematuria. It often presents with hematuria characterized by episodic gross hematuria, and is perhaps the most common glomerulonephritis in certain countries, including Japan. The author discusses the epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory findings, pathology, differential diagnosis, pathogenesis, prognosis, and management of IgA nephropathy. 27 references. •

Hematuria and Proteinuria Source: in Barakat, A.Y. Renal Disease in Children: Clinical Evaluation and Diagnosis. Secaucus, NJ: Springer-Verlag. 1990. p. 133-155. Contact: No longer available from publisher. Summary: This chapter, from an extensive desk reference book about the clinical evaluation and diagnosis of renal disease in children, discusses hematuria and proteinuria, the most important laboratory signs of renal disease. Clinical investigation of these findings in children must be both logical and orderly, taking into consideration the clinical presentation, natural history and judicial testing of a patient-tailored differential diagnosis. The authors discuss hematuria in seven sections: definition; tests for hematuria; hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria; red blood cell morphology; the clinical approach to isolated hematuria; the workup of isolated hematuria; and the association of hematuria and proteinuria. The second part of the chapter covers proteinuria in six sections: definitions; methods of detection; etiologies of proteinuria; diagnosis of proteinuria; clinical approach to proteinuria; and the nephrotic syndrome. Numerous figures and tables illustrate and summarize the key points. 27 references.

Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to hematuria have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:8 •

1998-1999 Complete Directory for People with Rare Disorders Source: Lakeville, CT: Grey House Publishing, Inc. 1998. 726 p. Contact: Available from Grey House Publishing, Inc. Pocket Knife Square, Lakeville, CT 06039. (860) 435-0868. Fax (860) 435-0867. PRICE: $190.00. ISBN: 0939300982. Summary: This directory from the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) provides a wealth of information on diseases and organizations. The directory offers four sections: disease descriptions, disease specific organizations, umbrella organizations, and Government agencies. In the first section, the directory includes

8

You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “hematuria” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “hematuria” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

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descriptions of 1,102 rare diseases in alphabetical order. Each entry defines the disorder, then refers readers to organizations that might be of interest. Diseases related to kidney and urologic diseases are Alport syndrome, Bartter's syndrome, blue diaper syndrome, branchiotorenal syndrome, renal cell carcinoma, citrullinemia, cystinuria, Drash syndrome, Fraser syndrome, Galloway Mowat syndrome, Golderhar syndrome, Goodpasture syndrome, benign familial hematuria, hemolytic uremic syndrome, hepatic fibrosis, IgA nephropathy, interstitial cystitis, Loken senior syndrome, medullary cystic disease, medullary sponge kidney, Mullerian aplasia, multiple myeloma, nail patella syndrome, Ochoa syndrome, Peyronie disease, polycystic kidney diseases, prostatitis, purpura, renal agenesis, renal glycosuria, WAGR syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, and Wilms tumor. Each of the 445 organizations listed in the second section is associated with a specific disease or group of diseases. In addition to contact information, there is a descriptive paragraph about the organization and its primary goals and program activities. Entries include materials published by the organization as well as the diseases the organization covers. The third section lists 444 organizations that are more general in nature, serving a wide range of diseases (for example, the American Liver Foundation). The final section describes 74 agencies that are important Federal Government contacts that serve the diverse needs of individuals with rare disorders. A name and keyword index concludes the volume.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HEMATURIA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover hematuria.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on hematuria is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “hematuria” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to hematuria. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “hematuria” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for hematuria: •

Glomerular hematuria rare in patients with diabetic nephropathy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 03, 2004

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Absence of hematuria does not rule out urolithiasis in children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 10, 2001

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “hematuria” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “hematuria” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to hematuria, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “hematuria” (or synonyms).

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Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “hematuria” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on hematuria: •

In the Know: PKD Glossary Source: PKD Progress. 17(2): 7. Summer 2002. Contact: Available from PKD (Polycystic Kidney Disease) Foundation. 9221 Ward Parkway, Suite 400 Kansas City, MO 64114.(800) PKD-CURE. Fax (816) 931-8655. Email:[email protected]. Website: www.pkdcure.org. Summary: This brief article offers a glossary of terms commonly used when discussing polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Terms defined are: anemia, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, creatinine clearance, electrolytes, erythropoietin, hematuria, hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, proteinuria, and uremia. Each word is defined in a sentence or two. The article includes a web site recommended for patients who would like additional information (www.pkdcure.org).

Academic Periodicals covering Hematuria Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to hematuria. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering hematuria that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for hematuria. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with hematuria. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to hematuria: Antiandrogens, Nonsteroidal •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Casodex; Eulexin; Nilandron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203418.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hematuria” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 14062 55 186 45 716 15064

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “hematuria” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hematuria can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hematuria. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hematuria. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hematuria”:

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Bladder Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bladdercancer.html Bladder Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bladderdiseases.html Carcinoid Tumors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/carcinoidtumors.html Food Contamination and Poisoning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodcontaminationandpoisoning.html Infant and Toddler Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerhealth.html Kidney Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneydiseases.html Knee Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kneeinjuriesanddisorders.html Osteoarthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoarthritis.html Prostate Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatediseases.html Urinary Tract Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/urinarytractinfections.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on hematuria. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Hematuria: Blood in the Urine Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 1999. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. Order Department, 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-9821. (800) 333-3032. Fax (650) 244-4512. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: $20.00 for pack of 50; plus shipping and handling.

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Summary: Blood in the urine (hematuria) may be one of two types: gross hematuria, in which the blood can be seen by the naked eye and the urine looks pink, brown, or red; and microscopic hematuria, in which the urine looks clear, but blood cells can be seen when urine is looked at under a microscope. This patient education brochure describes hematuria and what this finding can imply. Most of the time, the cause of hematuria is not serious, but it should always be investigated. Some of the most common causes, such as kidney or bladder stones, enlargement of the prostate, trauma or injury to the urinary tract, and infection, are usually easily treated. Other causes, such as cancer, are more serious. The diagnosis is usually established with history and physical exam, laboratory tests (notably a urinalysis), intravenous pyelogram (x rays of the urinary tract), cystoscopy, computer tomography (CT scan), ultrasound, and cystourethrogram. Treatment for hematuria varies depending on the cause of the bleeding; the brochure briefly reviews some of the treatment options. The brochure is illustrated with full color line drawings. 13 figures. •

Hematuria Source: Marietta, GA: GU Logic. 1994. 2 p. Contact: Available from GU Logic. 2470 Windy Hill Road, Suite 108, Marietta, GA 30067. (800) 451-8107. PRICE: $35 for 50 copies. Order Number: GU120. Summary: This brochure presents a brief guide to hematuria, the excretion of abnormal quantities of red blood cells into the urine. Topics covered include the evaluation of hematuria, the difference between gross hematuria and microscopic hematuria, the causes of hematuria, and treatment options. One table summarizes the causes of hematuria.

•

Hematuria in Children Source: New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation, Inc. 2004. 2 p. Contact: Available from National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Medical Department, 30 East 33rd Street, New York, NY 10016. (800) 622-9010. Fax: (212) 689-9261. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.kidney.org. PRICE: Single copy free; Full-text available online at no charge. Summary: This fact sheet discusses hematuria (the presence of red blood cells in the urine) in children. Urine does not normally contain red blood cells because the filters in the kidney prevent blood from entering the urine. In hematuria, the filters or other parts of the urinary tract allow blood to leak into the urine. The fact sheet reviews the causes of hematuria including structural, inherited, mineral imbalances, glomerulonephritis, and idiopathic hematuria; and the evaluation of hematuria. Microscopic hematuria can be detected only with a microscope, while gross hematuria features urine discolored by blood. Microscopic hematuria in an otherwise healthy child does not usually need to be investigated unless it is present in at least three urine tests over several months. However, if the child has high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease, or protein in the urine (proteinuria), the hematuria should be investigated promptly.

•

Hematuria: Patient Education Source: Tarrytown, NY: Bayer Corporation. 1999. 11 p. Contact: Available from Bayer Corporation. Diagnostics Division, 511 Benedict Avenue, Tarrytown, NY 10591-5097. (800) 445-5901. PRICE: Single copy free.

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Summary: This patient education brochure reviews hematuria, the presence of blood in the urine. The brochure defines the condition, describes risk factors and causes, outlines the diagnostic approaches that may be used, reviews treatment options, and offers suggestions for prevention. Hematuria is classified as gross (easily seen) or microscopic (only detected by a microscope or chemical test). Common causes of hematuria are kidney or ureteral stones, cystitis (bladder infection), cancer, enlarged prostate, injury, an underlying medical problem (such as sickle cell anemia and glomerulonephritis, a type of kidney inflammation), medications, and certain foods that can turn the urine red. The brochure notes the risks for different age groups, from newborn through children through three different age groups of adults. Diagnostic strategies include urinalysis, urine culture and sensitivity, urine cytology (cell study), intravenous pyelogram (IVP) or computed tomography (CT scan) urograms, ultrasound, and cystoscopy. Treatment of hematuria depends on the cause of the bleeding and where the bleeding is located. Cystitis is usually treated with antibiotics. Urinary stones are usually broken into smaller pieces by shock waves and then flushed out of the body with the urine. Bladder tumors usually need surgical removal; chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also be indicated. The brochure concludes with a brief glossary of terms and a short list of resources for readers wishing to obtain additional information. A tear-off section lists the topics covered in the booklet; readers are encouraged to check off the items corresponding to issues they would like to discuss with their health care provider and to use the checklist as a reminder tool. 2 figures. •

Microscopic Hematuria Source: American Family Physician. 60(4): 1154. September 15, 1999. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This patient education fact sheet on microscopic hematuria (blood in the urine) accompanies an article on the diagnosis and evaluation of microscopic hematuria. The fact sheet describes microscopic hematuria as the presence of red blood cells in the urine that are too small to be seen without a microscope. The fact sheet offers patients information before their urine is tested for blood. The fact sheet outlines the technique used for a clean catch urine sample, then lists the common causes of blood in the urine. These causes include urinary tract (bladder) infection, swelling in the filtering system of the kidneys (glomerulonephritis), a stone in the bladder or kidney, a hereditary disease (such as cystic kidney disease), some medications, blood disease (such as sickle cell anemia), or a tumor in the urinary tract (which may or may not be cancerous). The fact sheet includes a brief section on what the physician will do if microscopic hematuria is found. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “hematuria” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted:

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Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy. Parts I and II Source: American Urological Association, Inc. - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 April; 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2920&nbr=2146&a mp;string=hematuria Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) Summary: This consumer health information fact sheet provides basic information about Hematuria (blood in the urine) along with resources where you can get additional information. Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3971 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hematuria. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. PEDBASE Similar to NORD, PEDBASE covers relatively rare disorders, limited mainly to pediatric conditions. PEDBASE was designed by Dr. Alan Gandy. To access the database, which is more oriented to researchers than patients, you can view the current list of health topics covered at the following Web site: http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/pedlynx.htm.

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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hematuria. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hematuria. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hematuria. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hematuria” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received

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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hematuria”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hematuria” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hematuria” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

105

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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HEMATURIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of

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antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Chromatography: In affinity chromatography, a ligand attached to a column binds specifically to the molecule to be purified. [NIH] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]

Aggravation: An increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkalosis: A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU]

Dictionary 109

Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU] Angioneurotic: Denoting a neuropathy affecting the vascular system; see angioedema. [EU] Angioneurotic Edema: Recurring attacks of transient edema suddenly appearing in areas of the skin or mucous membranes and occasionally of the viscera, often associated with dermatographism, urticaria, erythema, and purpura. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU]

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Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arterial embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot of foreign material. This can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteriovenous Fistula: An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascariasis: Infection by nematodes of the genus Ascaris. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH]

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Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH]

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Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood urea: A waste product in the blood that comes from the breakdown of food protein. The kidneys filter blood to remove urea. As kidney function decreases, the BUN level increases. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

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Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cataracts: In medicine, an opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye obstructing partially or totally its transmission of light. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Circumcision: Excision of the prepuce or part of it. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge

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with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloaca: The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians and many fishes; also a phylogenetically related embryonic structure in mammals. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Coloboma: Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement

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activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response. [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH]

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Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Media: Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues. [NIH]

Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Creatinine clearance: A test that measures how efficiently the kidneys remove creatinine and other wastes from the blood. Low creatinine clearance indicates impaired kidney function. [NIH] Cryopreservation: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens. [NIH]

Cryptorchidism: A condition in which one or both testicles fail to move from the abdomen, where they develop before birth, into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism may increase the risk for development of testicular cancer. Also called undescended testicles. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH]

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Cyproterone Acetate: An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cyst Fluid: Liquid material found in epithelial-lined closed cavities or sacs. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cystoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the urinary bladder. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH]

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Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during cryopreservation. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysuria: Painful or difficult urination. [EU] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH]

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Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis). [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and

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differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exons: Coding regions of messenger RNA included in the genetic transcript which survive the processing of RNA in cell nuclei to become part of a spliced messenger of structural RNA in the cytoplasm. They include joining and diversity exons of immunoglobulin genes. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU]

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Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fat Necrosis: A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Finasteride: An orally active testosterone 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flank Pain: Pain emanating from below the ribs and above the ilium. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary system: The parts of the body that play a role in reproduction, getting rid of waste products in the form of urine, or both. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH]

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Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glomerulosclerosis: Scarring of the glomeruli. It may result from diabetes mellitus (diabetic glomerulosclerosis) or from deposits in parts of the glomerulus (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). The most common signs of glomerulosclerosis are proteinuria and kidney failure. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosuria: The presence of glucose in the urine; especially the excretion of an abnormally large amount of sugar (glucose) in the urine, i.e., more than 1 gm. in 24 hours. [EU] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH]

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Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemoptysis: Bronchial hemorrhage manifested with spitting of blood. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Heparin-binding: Protein that stimulates the proliferation of endothelial cells. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatorenal Syndrome: Renal failure in those with liver disease, usually liver cirrhosis or obstructive jaundice. Historically called Heyd disease, urohepatic syndrome, or bile nephrosis. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH]

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Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]

Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydronephrosis: Abnormal enlargement of a kidney, which may be caused by blockage of the ureter (such as by a kidney stone) or chronic kidney disease that prevents urine from draining into the bladder. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercalciuria: Abnormally large amounts of calcium in the urine. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertension, Renal: Hypertension due to renal diseases, especially chronic parenchymal disease. Hypertension as a result of compression or obstruction of the renal artery or its branches is hypertension, renovascular. [NIH] Hypertension, Renovascular: Hypertension due to compression or obstruction of the renal artery or its branches. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypospadias: A developmental anomaly in the male in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis or on the perineum. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient

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during the course of treatment. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Imperforate Anus: A birth defect in which the anal canal fails to develop. The condition is treated with an operation. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inferior vena cava: A large vein that empties into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet, and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it

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or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intravenous pyelogram: IVP. A series of x-rays of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The xrays are taken after a dye is injected into a blood vessel. The dye is concentrated in the urine, which outlines the kidneys, ureters, and bladder on the x-rays. [NIH] Intravenous pyelography: IVP. X-ray study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The x-rays are taken after a dye is injected into a blood vessel. The dye is concentrated in the urine, which outlines the kidneys, ureters, and bladder on the x-rays. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes.

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[NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU]

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Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lithiasis: A condition characterized by the formation of calculi and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Lithotripsy: The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is laser lithotripsy. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lupus Nephritis: Glomerulonephritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. It is classified into four histologic types: mesangial, focal, diffuse, and membranous. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune

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system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mass Screening: Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Merkel: Neuroendocrine cell. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Metabolic acidosis: (met-ah-BOL-ik as-id-O-sis): A condition in which the blood is too

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acidic. It may be caused by severe illness or sepsis (bacteria in the bloodstream). [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microphthalmos: Congenital or developmental anomaly in which the eyeballs are abnormally small. [NIH] Micturition: The passage of urine; urination. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycotic: Pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi. [EU]

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Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrectomy: Surgery to remove a kidney. Radical nephrectomy removes the kidney, the adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue. Simple nephrectomy removes only the kidney. Partial nephrectomy removes the tumor but not the entire kidney. [NIH]

Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones. [NIH] Nephrologist: A doctor who treats patients with kidney problems or hypertension. [NIH] Nephrology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by

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volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Matrix: The fibrogranular network of residual structural elements within which are immersed both chromatin and ribonucleoproteins. It extends throughout the nuclear interior from the nucleolus to the nuclear pore complexes along the nuclear periphery. [NIH] Nuclear Pore: An opening through the nuclear envelope formed by the nuclear pore complex which transports nuclear proteins or RNA into or out of the cell nucleus and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nulliparous: Having never given birth to a viable infant. [EU] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Nutcracker Syndrome: Abnormal muscle tightening in the esophagus. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Orderly: A male hospital attendant. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteodystrophy: Defective bone formation. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of

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kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreas Transplant: A surgical procedure that involves replacing the pancreas of a person who has diabetes with a healthy pancreas that can make insulin. The healthy pancreas comes from a donor who has just died or from a living relative. A person can donate half a pancreas and still live normally. [NIH] Pancreas Transplantation: The transference of a pancreas from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patella: The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the knee. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH]

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Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage: Bleeding from a peptic ulcer. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs

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of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Polyarteritis Nodosa: A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ system. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polycystic Kidney Diseases: Diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed cysts within the kidney. [NIH] Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis,

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therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth. [NIH] Prepuce: A covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Progressive disease: Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prone Position: The posture of an individual lying face down. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH]

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Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons,

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and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radionuclide Imaging: Process whereby a radionuclide is injected or measured (through tissue) from an external source, and a display is obtained from any one of several rectilinear scanner or gamma camera systems. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph. [NIH]

Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Renal agenesis: The absence or severe malformation of one or both kidneys. [NIH] Renal Artery: A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure

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to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Renal Veins: Short thick veins which return blood from the kidneys to the vena cava. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retroperitoneal Fibrosis: A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis. [NIH]

Retroperitoneal Space: An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the diaphragm to the brim of the true pelvis, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space. [NIH] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Scarlet Fever: Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Sclerotherapy: Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to

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another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Sickle Cell Trait: The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for

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oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stents: Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs

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or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Struvite: A type of kidney stone caused by infection. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Testicle: The male gonad where, in adult life, spermatozoa develop; the testis. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH]

Dictionary 143

Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Expansion: Process whereby tissue adjacent to a soft tissue defect is expanded by means of a subcutaneously implanted reservoir. The procedure is used in reconstructive surgery for injuries caused by trauma, burns, or ablative surgery. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transitional cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that develops in the lining of the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral resection: Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. [NIH]

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Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Resection of the prostate using a cystoscope passed through the urethra. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triage: The sorting out and classification of patients or casualties to determine priority of need and proper place of treatment. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Calculi: Calculi in any part of the urinary tract. According to their composition or pattern of chemical composition distribution, urinary calculi types may include alternating or combination, cystine, decubitus, encysted, fibrin, hemp seed, matrix, mulberry, oxalate, struvite, urostealith, and xanthic calculi. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive,

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neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urodynamic: Measures of the bladder's ability to hold and release urine. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Urography: Radiography of any part of the urinary tract. [NIH] Urolithiasis: Stones in the urinary system. [NIH] Urologic Diseases: Diseases of the urinary tract in both male and female. It does not include the male genitalia for which urogenital diseases is used for general discussions of diseases of both the urinary tract and the genitalia. [NIH] Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. [NIH] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Varices: Stretched veins such as those that form in the esophagus from cirrhosis. [NIH] Varicocele: A complex of dilated veins which surround the testicle, usually on the left side. [NIH]

Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasectomy: An operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles. [NIH]

Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH]

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Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicoureteral: An abnormal condition in which urine backs up into the ureters, and occasionally into the kidneys, raising the risk of infection. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 107, 116, 120, 123, 125, 128, 133, 134, 139, 141, 146 Abdominal, 5, 10, 19, 24, 39, 43, 56, 107, 125, 126, 133, 134, 138, 139 Abdominal Pain, 5, 43, 107 Ablation, 47, 107 Acidosis, 107 Acne, 107, 116 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 39, 107 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 107 Acute renal, 15, 19, 22, 36, 49, 68, 70, 107, 123 Adaptability, 107, 113 Adenocarcinoma, 11, 107 Adenoma, 45, 107 Adipose Tissue, 107, 121 Adolescence, 107, 133 Adrenal Glands, 107, 108, 138 Adverse Effect, 4, 107, 140 Affinity, 9, 107, 108, 140 Affinity Chromatography, 9, 108 Age Groups, 94, 108 Aged, 80 and Over, 108 Agenesis, 108 Aggravation, 15, 108 Algorithms, 69, 71, 108, 111 Alkaline, 107, 108, 112 Alkaloid, 108, 130 Alkalosis, 70, 108 Alpha Particles, 108, 137 Alternative medicine, 78, 108 Aluminum, 71, 108 Amino acid, 108, 109, 110, 117, 118, 124, 130, 134, 135, 136, 137, 144 Ammonia, 108, 144 Ampulla, 108, 119 Amyloidosis, 14, 42, 50, 70, 73, 108 Anal, 108, 125 Analgesic, 70, 108, 130, 132 Anaphylatoxins, 109, 115 Anaplasia, 109 Anatomical, 109, 133, 139 Anemia, 33, 79, 94, 109, 112, 130 Anesthesia, 72, 109 Aneurysm, 34, 42, 49, 50, 109, 110 Angioedema, 109 Angioneurotic, 22, 109

Angioneurotic Edema, 22, 109 Anionic, 9, 109 Anomalies, 68, 72, 109 Anthrax, 52, 109 Antibiotics, 94, 109 Antibodies, 109, 123, 129, 135 Antibody, 9, 14, 29, 108, 109, 110, 114, 115, 123, 125, 129, 130, 138, 141 Anticoagulant, 15, 58, 109, 136 Antigen, 54, 68, 107, 109, 110, 114, 124, 125, 129 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 110, 114 Anti-inflammatory, 110 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 110 Anus, 108, 110, 126, 134, 138 Aorta, 110, 125, 138 Aortic Aneurysm, 110, 139 Aplasia, 75, 110 Apoptosis, 11, 110 Arginine, 48, 109, 110 Arterial, 16, 34, 42, 110, 124, 137, 142 Arterial embolization, 16, 42, 110 Arteries, 110, 112, 116, 125, 130, 135 Arterioles, 110, 112 Arteriovenous, 40, 110 Arteriovenous Fistula, 40, 110 Artery, 49, 109, 110, 116, 118, 119 Articular, 110, 132 Ascariasis, 53, 110 Aspirin, 58, 110 Asymptomatic, 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, 17, 24, 26, 29, 36, 37, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 95, 110 Attenuation, 30, 110 Autosuggestion, 110, 124 Axillary, 32, 110 B Bacillus, 109, 110 Back Pain, 44, 110 Bacteria, 109, 111, 118, 121, 122, 130, 140, 141, 145 Bactericidal, 111, 120 Bacterium, 111, 123, 143 Bacteriuria, 6, 17, 28, 68, 111, 144 Basement Membrane, 12, 15, 28, 30, 38, 41, 47, 50, 111, 127 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 11, 25, 29, 49, 68, 71, 111, 121 Bilateral, 5, 14, 52, 111

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Bile, 111, 121, 123, 126, 128, 139 Bile duct, 111, 139 Biliary, 111, 112 Biliary Tract, 111, 112 Biochemical, 111, 127, 132 Biopsy, 4, 6, 8, 35, 40, 54, 69, 72, 73, 111, 134 Biotechnology, 13, 78, 87, 111 Biotransformation, 111 Blood Coagulation, 111, 112 Blood Glucose, 111, 123 Blood pressure, 3, 4, 10, 67, 73, 93, 112, 124, 130, 134, 141 Blood urea, 79, 112, 127 Blood vessel, 112, 113, 118, 119, 122, 123, 126, 128, 129, 134, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145 Body Fluids, 108, 112, 141 Body Mass Index, 10, 112 Bone Marrow, 63, 107, 112, 120, 128, 130, 142 Brachytherapy, 31, 112, 126, 138 Buccal, 112, 128 Burns, 112, 143 C Cadmium, 46, 112 Cadmium Poisoning, 112 Calcium, 9, 49, 51, 58, 112, 114, 124, 132 Calcium Oxalate, 9, 112, 133 Calculi, 8, 50, 112, 128, 144 Capillary, 13, 112, 146 Capsular, 68, 112 Carcinoma, 18, 21, 68, 112, 116 Cardiac, 113, 119, 123, 131 Cardiovascular, 10, 49, 113 Case report, 18, 35, 42, 52, 55, 113, 114 Case series, 40, 113, 114 Cataracts, 39, 63, 113 Catheter, 113, 128 Caudal, 72, 113, 135 Cell Count, 23, 113 Cell Death, 110, 113, 131 Cell Survival, 11, 113 Chemotactic Factors, 113, 115 Chemotherapy, 65, 69, 94, 113 Chlamydia, 4, 113 Cholesterol, 10, 111, 113, 116 Chromatin, 110, 113, 132, 141 Chromosome, 113, 128, 140 Chronic renal, 4, 10, 12, 70, 71, 73, 113, 135 Circumcision, 71, 113 Cirrhosis, 34, 113, 145

Cleft Lip, 24, 113 Clinical Medicine, 114, 136 Clinical study, 53, 114 Clinical trial, 9, 87, 114, 116, 137, 138 Cloaca, 72, 114 Clone, 10, 114 Cloning, 111, 114 Collagen, 12, 16, 17, 28, 36, 108, 111, 114, 136 Coloboma, 24, 114 Complement, 9, 41, 109, 114, 115, 129 Complement Activation, 41, 109, 115 Complementary and alternative medicine, 61, 66, 115 Complementary medicine, 61, 115 Compliance, 4, 115 Computational Biology, 87, 115 Computed tomography, 94, 115 Computerized axial tomography, 115 Computerized tomography, 15, 21, 44, 115 Concomitant, 3, 115 Concretion, 112, 115 Confusion, 115, 144 Congestive heart failure, 70, 115 Connective Tissue, 112, 114, 115, 121, 128, 129, 139, 142 Consciousness, 108, 115, 118 Consultation, 7, 68, 116 Contraindications, ii, 116 Contrast Media, 56, 116 Controlled study, 25, 116 Convulsions, 116, 118, 136 Cornea, 116, 142 Coronary, 10, 30, 116, 130 Coronary heart disease, 10, 116 Coronary Thrombosis, 116, 130 Corpus, 116, 133 Cortical, 116, 140 Creatinine, 10, 49, 51, 79, 116, 127 Creatinine clearance, 79, 116 Cryopreservation, 116, 118 Cryptorchidism, 71, 72, 116 Crystallization, 58, 116 Curative, 116, 142 Cutaneous, 23, 52, 109, 116, 128 Cyclic, 9, 116 Cyproterone, 25, 116, 117 Cyproterone Acetate, 25, 117 Cyst, 12, 117 Cyst Fluid, 12, 117 Cystine, 117, 144

149

Cystitis, 22, 25, 27, 37, 51, 69, 71, 75, 94, 117 Cystoscopy, 5, 22, 26, 42, 52, 55, 93, 94, 117 Cytoplasm, 110, 117, 119, 120, 122 D De novo, 10, 117 Deamination, 117, 144 Decompression, 33, 117 Decompression Sickness, 117 Decubitus, 117, 144 Degenerative, 117, 132 Deletion, 110, 117 Density, 112, 117, 132 Depressive Disorder, 117, 128 Diabetes Mellitus, 117, 122, 123, 126 Diagnostic procedure, 70, 78, 117 Dialyzer, 117, 123 Diarrhea, 110, 117 Diastolic, 117, 124 Diffusion, 117, 125, 144 Digestion, 111, 117, 128, 133, 141 Dihydrotestosterone, 117, 118, 138 Dimethyl, 37, 118 Dimethyl Sulfoxide, 37, 118 Direct, iii, 81, 114, 118, 138 Disinfectant, 118, 120 Dissociation, 107, 118 Dorsal, 118, 135 Drug Interactions, 82, 118 Duodenum, 111, 118, 119, 133, 141 Dysuria, 6, 41, 54, 68, 118 E Eclampsia, 118, 136 Edema, 70, 73, 109, 118, 131, 136 Effector, 114, 118 Elastin, 114, 118 Electrolyte, 70, 118, 123, 127, 135, 141 Electrons, 118, 126, 137, 138 Emboli, 40, 118, 119 Embolism, 44, 118 Embolization, 40, 119 Embryo, 119, 129, 136 Encephalitis, 119 Encephalomyelitis, 25, 119 Endocarditis, 42, 44, 63, 119 Endocardium, 119 Endoscope, 119 Endoscopic, 25, 51, 70, 117, 119 Endothelial cell, 119, 123 Endotoxins, 114, 119 End-stage renal, 10, 12, 113, 119, 135 Enuresis, 68, 71, 119

Environmental Health, 86, 88, 119 Enzymatic, 108, 112, 114, 119 Enzyme, 118, 119, 130, 137, 138, 146 Eosinophilic, 37, 119 Epidemic, 10, 119 Epidermal, 11, 119 Epidermal Growth Factor, 11, 119 Epidermis, 119, 120, 137 Epigastric, 120, 133 Epithelial, 9, 11, 107, 117, 120, 127 Epithelial Cells, 9, 120, 127 Epithelium, 111, 120 Erectile, 70, 71, 120, 133 Erection, 120 Erythema, 109, 120, 145 Erythrocytes, 23, 24, 40, 109, 112, 120, 138 Erythropoietin, 79, 120 Esophageal, 31, 120, 139 Esophageal Varices, 31, 120, 139 Esophagus, 120, 132, 133, 138, 141, 145 Estrogen, 116, 120 Ethanol, 37, 120 Excrete, 120, 127, 139 Exocrine, 120, 133 Exogenous, 9, 111, 120 Exons, 36, 120 External-beam radiation, 120, 138 Extracellular, 115, 120, 141 Extracorporeal, 9, 71, 120, 123 Extravasation, 120, 123 F Family Planning, 87, 121 Fat, 38, 107, 112, 116, 118, 121, 139, 141 Fat Necrosis, 38, 121 Fatigue, 121, 123 Feces, 110, 121, 141 Fetus, 120, 121, 136, 145 Fibrosis, 16, 31, 75, 121, 139 Finasteride, 25, 29, 49, 121 Fissure, 114, 121 Fistula, 33, 34, 55, 121 Flank Pain, 7, 23, 37, 52, 121 Forearm, 112, 121 Fungi, 121, 130, 145, 146 G Gallbladder, 107, 111, 121, 128 Gamma Rays, 121, 137, 138 Gas, 108, 117, 121, 131 Gastric, 119, 121, 133, 139 Gastrointestinal, 68, 112, 120, 121 Gastrointestinal tract, 120, 121 Gene, 10, 12, 17, 36, 67, 111, 121, 140

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Hematuria

Genetics, 13, 24, 68, 72, 121 Genital, 71, 114, 121, 145 Genitourinary system, 68, 121 Genotype, 121, 134 Geriatric, 71, 122 Gestation, 114, 122, 134 Gland, 70, 122, 128, 131, 133, 136, 140, 141, 142 Glomerular, 12, 14, 23, 24, 30, 31, 38, 41, 70, 72, 73, 74, 77, 122, 127, 138 Glomeruli, 122, 137 Glomerulonephritis, 7, 14, 30, 50, 72, 74, 93, 94, 122, 128 Glomerulosclerosis, 72, 122 Glomerulus, 12, 122, 131 Glucose, 111, 117, 122, 123, 126 Glucuronic Acid, 122, 123 Glycerol, 121, 122, 134 Glycogen, 113, 122 Glycoprotein, 10, 120, 122, 127, 144 Glycosuria, 75, 122 Gonad, 122, 142 Gonorrhea, 31, 122 Governing Board, 122, 136 Graft, 35, 122 Gram-negative, 113, 122 Granulocytes, 122, 146 Groin, 7, 123 H Haplotypes, 50, 123 Haptens, 107, 123 Heart failure, 10, 123 Hematoma, 27, 123 Hemodialysis, 70, 71, 117, 123, 127, 144 Hemofiltration, 70, 123, 144 Hemoglobin, 30, 53, 109, 120, 123, 140 Hemoglobinuria, 7, 49, 73, 74, 123 Hemolytic, 70, 75, 123 Hemoptysis, 30, 123 Hemorrhage, 37, 41, 123, 137, 142 Hemorrhoids, 123, 139 Heparin, 11, 123 Heparin-binding, 11, 123 Hepatic, 34, 75, 123, 128 Hepatorenal Syndrome, 71, 123 Hereditary, 22, 69, 70, 94, 123 Heredity, 121, 124 Hernia, 72, 124 Heterogeneity, 27, 107, 124 Hirsutism, 116, 124 Homeostasis, 13, 124 Hormone, 120, 124, 126, 139, 142

Hybrid, 114, 124 Hydronephrosis, 71, 124 Hydroxylysine, 114, 124 Hydroxyproline, 108, 114, 124 Hypercalciuria, 28, 36, 45, 50, 55, 124 Hyperlipidemia, 4, 73, 124 Hyperplasia, 22, 124 Hypersensitivity, 124, 139 Hypertension, 3, 8, 10, 12, 33, 35, 39, 48, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 79, 124, 131, 136 Hypertension, Renal, 8, 124 Hypertension, Renovascular, 124 Hypertrophy, 68, 111, 124 Hypospadias, 72, 124 I Iatrogenic, 5, 124 Idiopathic, 36, 37, 93, 125 Ileal, 32, 34, 125 Ileum, 125 Iliac Artery, 34, 42, 125 Immune response, 109, 123, 125, 129, 146 Immune system, 125, 129, 146 Immunocompromised, 8, 125 Immunodeficiency, 6, 125 Immunoglobulin, 52, 109, 120, 125, 130 Immunology, 107, 125 Immunosuppressive, 25, 125 Immunosuppressive therapy, 25, 125 Imperforate Anus, 72, 125 Implant radiation, 125, 126, 138 Impotence, 69, 70, 71, 120, 125 In vivo, 123, 125 Incision, 125, 126, 136 Incontinence, 68, 70, 71, 125 Infant, Newborn, 108, 125 Infarction, 116, 125, 130, 135 Inferior vena cava, 21, 125 Infertility, 69, 71, 125, 145 Infiltration, 39, 122, 125 Inflammation, 94, 107, 110, 117, 118, 119, 121, 126, 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 142, 143, 145 Infusion, 126, 139 Ingestion, 109, 110, 112, 126 Insight, 9, 126 Insulin, 126, 133 Intermittent, 4, 7, 126, 134 Internal radiation, 126, 138 Interstitial, 14, 51, 70, 71, 75, 112, 126, 131, 138 Intestinal, 114, 126 Intestines, 107, 121, 126, 140

151

Intracellular, 9, 125, 126, 135 Intraocular, 114, 126 Intraperitoneal, 38, 126 Intrathecal, 41, 126 Intravenous, 5, 7, 25, 29, 38, 93, 94, 126 Intravenous pyelogram, 29, 93, 94, 126 Intravenous pyelography, 5, 7, 126 Intrinsic, 108, 111, 126 Invasive, 8, 126 Involuntary, 119, 126, 131, 138 Ions, 118, 126 J Jaundice, 123, 126 K Kb, 86, 127 Kidney Failure, 5, 15, 68, 73, 119, 122, 127 Kidney Failure, Acute, 127 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 127 Kidney stone, 9, 70, 124, 127, 131, 133, 139, 142 Kidney Transplantation, 36, 127 Kinetic, 127 L Labile, 114, 127 Lactation, 46, 127 Laminin, 111, 127 Large Intestine, 126, 127, 138, 140 Lens, 16, 44, 112, 113, 127 Lesion, 41, 46, 127, 128 Leukemia, 20, 63, 127 Leukocytes, 112, 113, 122, 127, 144 Life Expectancy, 12, 127 Ligament, 127, 136 Linkage, 10, 128 Lip, 113, 128 Lithiasis, 37, 128 Lithium, 70, 128 Lithotripsy, 9, 128 Liver, 68, 70, 75, 107, 108, 111, 113, 120, 121, 122, 123, 128, 144 Liver Cirrhosis, 123, 128 Localization, 21, 128 Localized, 14, 108, 109, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 135, 139, 145 Loop, 124, 128 Lumbar, 110, 128 Lupus, 14, 46, 51, 128, 142 Lupus Nephritis, 14, 46, 128 Lymph, 32, 110, 119, 128, 131, 142 Lymph node, 110, 128, 131 Lymphadenopathy, 32, 128 Lymphatic, 125, 128, 129, 141

Lymphatic system, 128, 141 Lymphoblasts, 107, 128 Lymphocyte, 109, 128, 129 Lymphoid, 109, 129 Lymphoma, 6, 23, 129 Lytic, 129, 140 M Major Histocompatibility Complex, 123, 129 Malformation, 42, 129, 138 Malignancy, 5, 8, 70, 129 Malignant, 6, 11, 107, 129, 130, 131, 138 Malignant tumor, 129, 130 Manic, 128, 129 Mass Screening, 48, 129 Maxillary, 113, 129 Medial, 114, 129, 139 Mediate, 9, 11, 129 Mediator, 11, 129 MEDLINE, 8, 87, 129 Medullary, 70, 75, 129 Membrane, 11, 12, 17, 114, 117, 122, 127, 129, 130, 133, 134, 135 Menopause, 68, 71, 129 Menstruation, 129 Mental, iv, 8, 86, 88, 115, 118, 121, 129, 137, 144 Merkel, 43, 129 Mesenchymal, 120, 129 Mesoderm, 114, 129 Metabolic acidosis, 70, 129 Metabolic disorder, 69, 130 Metabolite, 111, 118, 130 Metastasis, 18, 32, 130 Methionine, 118, 130 MI, 17, 37, 105, 130 Microbe, 130, 143 Microbiology, 111, 130 Microphthalmos, 24, 130 Micturition, 72, 130 Migration, 114, 130 Mitosis, 110, 130 Molecular, 13, 72, 87, 89, 111, 115, 123, 130, 144 Molecule, 108, 109, 114, 118, 130, 135, 138 Monitor, 116, 130, 132 Monoclonal, 9, 73, 130, 138 Mononuclear, 130, 144 Morphine, 41, 130, 131, 132 Morphology, 38, 54, 74, 130 Mucosa, 128, 130 Multiple Myeloma, 73, 75, 130

152

Hematuria

Mycosis, 130 Mycotic, 42, 130 Myocardium, 130, 131 N Narcotic, 130, 131 Nausea, 131, 144 Necrosis, 110, 125, 130, 131, 139 Neoplasia, 131 Neoplasm, 131 Neoplastic, 11, 109, 129, 131 Nephrectomy, 40, 131 Nephritis, 14, 30, 36, 70, 73, 131 Nephrolithiasis, 9, 58, 70, 131 Nephrologist, 5, 7, 131 Nephropathy, 7, 15, 17, 25, 28, 38, 47, 48, 49, 52, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 127, 131 Nephrosis, 123, 131 Nephrotic, 30, 31, 45, 46, 71, 72, 73, 74, 79, 131 Nephrotic Syndrome, 30, 31, 71, 72, 73, 74, 79, 131 Nerve, 109, 129, 131, 139, 141, 143 Nervous System, 129, 130, 131 Neuromuscular, 11, 131 Neuropathy, 109, 131 Neutrons, 108, 131, 137 Nitrogen, 79, 108, 117, 127, 131, 144 Nuclear, 22, 54, 118, 121, 131, 132, 144 Nuclear Matrix, 54, 132 Nuclear Pore, 132 Nuclei, 108, 118, 120, 130, 131, 132, 137 Nucleic acid, 132 Nucleolus, 132 Nucleus, 110, 113, 116, 117, 121, 130, 131, 132, 137 Nulliparous, 37, 132 Nursing Care, 132, 133 Nutcracker Syndrome, 32, 132 O Occult, 6, 39, 132 Occupational Exposure, 10, 132 Oliguria, 49, 127, 132 Oncology, 18, 19, 23, 39, 46, 72, 132 Opacity, 113, 117, 132 Opiate, 130, 132 Opium, 130, 132 Orderly, 74, 132 Osteoarthritis, 92, 132 Osteodystrophy, 70, 132 Outpatient, 7, 47, 132 Oxalate, 10, 132, 144

Oxalic Acid, 112, 133 P Palate, 24, 133 Palliative, 116, 133, 142 Pancreas, 31, 107, 126, 133 Pancreas Transplant, 31, 133 Pancreas Transplantation, 31, 133 Parenchyma, 4, 12, 133 Paroxysmal, 49, 133 Patella, 75, 133 Pathogenesis, 9, 68, 70, 74, 133 Pathologic, 36, 107, 110, 111, 116, 124, 133 Pathologic Processes, 110, 133 Pathophysiology, 69, 72, 133 Patient Care Management, 73, 133 Patient Education, 7, 92, 93, 94, 100, 102, 105, 133 Pediatrics, 5, 11, 15, 17, 23, 28, 30, 32, 40, 47, 58, 133 Pelvic, 133, 136, 139 Pelvis, 107, 125, 128, 133, 137, 139, 144, 145 Penis, 72, 124, 133, 136 Peptic, 133, 134, 139 Peptic Ulcer, 133, 134, 139 Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage, 134, 139 Peptide, 108, 134, 135, 137 Percutaneous, 30, 47, 128, 134 Perinatal, 68, 134 Perineum, 124, 134 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 10, 134 Peritoneal, 70, 71, 126, 134 Peritoneal Cavity, 126, 134 Peritoneal Dialysis, 70, 71, 134 Peritoneum, 134, 139 Phantom, 12, 134 Pharmacokinetic, 134 Pharmacologic, 109, 134, 143, 145 Pharyngitis, 134, 139 Phenotype, 6, 13, 134 Phospholipids, 121, 134 Phosphorus, 112, 134 Physical Examination, 5, 7, 8, 71, 72, 134 Physiologic, 11, 129, 135, 138 Physiology, 13, 51, 72, 131, 135 Plants, 108, 122, 130, 133, 135, 143 Plasma, 109, 123, 127, 130, 135, 140 Plasma cells, 109, 130, 135 Pneumonia, 116, 135 Pneumonitis, 110, 112, 135 Point Mutation, 12, 135 Polyarteritis Nodosa, 73, 135 Polycystic, 12, 32, 67, 75, 79, 135

153

Polycystic Kidney Diseases, 75, 135 Polyp, 21, 53, 135 Polypeptide, 108, 114, 119, 135 Polysaccharide, 109, 135, 137 Port, 51, 135 Port-a-cath, 135 Posterior, 45, 72, 108, 110, 118, 133, 135, 139 Postnatal, 71, 135, 141 Potassium, 71, 135 Practice Guidelines, 88, 94, 135 Precursor, 6, 118, 119, 136, 144 Preeclampsia, 37, 136 Prenatal, 69, 72, 119, 136 Prenatal Diagnosis, 72, 136 Prepuce, 113, 136 Prevalence, 26, 48, 136 Progression, 10, 12, 136 Progressive, 6, 12, 73, 113, 127, 131, 132, 135, 136, 138, 139 Progressive disease, 12, 136 Proline, 114, 124, 136 Prone, 25, 136 Prone Position, 25, 136 Prospective study, 10, 44, 49, 136 Prostate, 11, 31, 42, 63, 68, 71, 92, 93, 94, 111, 136, 144 Prostate gland, 136 Prostatectomy, 16, 136 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 62, 136 Prostatitis, 55, 75, 136 Protein C, 136, 144 Protein S, 111, 137 Proteins, 10, 11, 24, 67, 108, 109, 113, 114, 130, 132, 134, 135, 137, 140, 143, 145 Proteoglycans, 111, 137 Proteolytic, 114, 137 Protocol, 9, 137 Protons, 108, 137 Psychiatric, 71, 137 Psychiatry, 58, 137 Psychic, 129, 137, 140 Psychogenic, 137, 145 Public Policy, 87, 137 Publishing, 5, 6, 8, 13, 74, 137 Pulmonary, 8, 29, 112, 119, 123, 127, 137 Pulmonary Artery, 112, 137 Pulmonary Edema, 127, 137 Purpura, 15, 33, 52, 73, 75, 109, 137 Pyelonephritis, 68, 137 R Race, 10, 130, 137

Radiation, 25, 69, 70, 94, 120, 121, 126, 134, 137, 138, 146 Radiation therapy, 69, 70, 94, 120, 126, 137 Radioactive, 125, 126, 132, 138, 142, 144 Radiography, 116, 138, 145 Radiolabeled, 138 Radiological, 44, 134, 138 Radionuclide Imaging, 70, 138 Radiotherapy, 112, 138 Randomized, 25, 138 Receptor, 10, 109, 117, 138 Rectal, 39, 138 Rectum, 110, 121, 125, 127, 136, 138 Red blood cells, 4, 6, 7, 22, 93, 94, 120, 123, 138 Reductase, 121, 138 Refer, 1, 4, 71, 112, 114, 121, 128, 131, 138 Reflex, 72, 138 Reflux, 55, 68, 138 Renal agenesis, 75, 138 Renal Artery, 42, 50, 124, 138 Renal cell carcinoma, 75, 138 Renal failure, 12, 15, 35, 69, 71, 72, 73, 123, 138 Renal pelvis, 127, 138, 143 Renal tubular, 46, 138 Renal Veins, 21, 139 Resection, 139, 144 Retrograde, 7, 139 Retroperitoneal, 33, 107, 139 Retroperitoneal Fibrosis, 33, 139 Retroperitoneal Space, 139 Retropubic, 136, 139 Rhabdomyolysis, 43, 139 Rheumatism, 14, 139 Rheumatoid, 38, 42, 139 Rheumatoid arthritis, 38, 42, 139 Risk factor, 10, 12, 46, 68, 94, 136, 139 S Sagittal, 10, 139 Sanitation, 110, 139 Scarlet Fever, 35, 139 Scatter, 134, 139 Sclerosis, 54, 73, 139 Sclerotherapy, 25, 31, 139 Screening, 5, 6, 7, 19, 21, 24, 43, 54, 71, 114, 139, 144 Scrotum, 72, 116, 139 Secondary tumor, 130, 139 Secretion, 119, 127, 140 Sedentary, 4, 140 Sediment, 4, 140, 144

154

Hematuria

Segmental, 29, 72, 122, 140 Segmentation, 140 Segregation, 50, 111, 140 Seizures, 32, 133, 140 Semen, 136, 140 Sepsis, 58, 130, 140 Serologic, 14, 140 Serum, 9, 10, 50, 109, 114, 115, 127, 140, 144 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 68, 140 Shock, 9, 52, 94, 128, 140, 144 Sickle Cell Trait, 48, 140 Side effect, 69, 81, 107, 140, 143 Signs and Symptoms, 71, 135, 140 Skeletal, 130, 139, 140 Skin graft, 140, 141 Small intestine, 118, 124, 125, 126, 140 Smooth muscle, 11, 109, 130, 140 Sodium, 71, 140 Soft tissue, 112, 141, 143 Solvent, 118, 120, 122, 141 Specialist, 71, 96, 141 Species, 110, 113, 124, 130, 137, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146 Specificity, 108, 141 Sperm, 113, 141, 145 Spermatozoa, 140, 141, 142 Spinal cord, 113, 119, 126, 131, 138, 141 Spleen, 108, 128, 141 Staging, 71, 141 Stem Cells, 120, 141 Stents, 32, 141 Sterility, 125, 141 Stimulus, 138, 141, 143 Stomach, 107, 120, 121, 124, 126, 131, 133, 134, 138, 140, 141 Stool, 125, 127, 141 Streptococcal, 7, 141 Streptococci, 139, 141 Streptococcus, 141 Stress, 131, 139, 142, 145 Stroke, 10, 86, 142 Stroma, 11, 133, 142 Stromal, 11, 142 Struvite, 142, 144 Subacute, 42, 125, 142 Subclinical, 125, 140, 142 Subcutaneous, 109, 118, 142 Submaxillary, 119, 142 Symphysis, 136, 142 Symptomatic, 37, 142 Symptomatic treatment, 37, 142

Systemic, 51, 54, 70, 73, 82, 108, 110, 112, 125, 128, 138, 142 Systemic disease, 70, 142 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 51, 70, 73, 128, 142 Systolic, 124, 142 T Technetium, 22, 142 Testicle, 72, 122, 142, 145 Testicular, 47, 116, 142 Testis, 142 Testosterone, 121, 138, 142 Therapeutics, 82, 142 Thigh, 123, 142 Thoracic, 110, 143 Threshold, 124, 143 Thrombosis, 137, 139, 142, 143 Tissue Expansion, 11, 143 Tomography, 93, 143 Tone, 133, 143 Tonsillitis, 139, 143 Topical, 118, 120, 143 Toxaemia, 136, 143 Toxic, iv, 119, 131, 143 Toxicity, 71, 118, 143 Toxicokinetics, 143 Toxicology, 46, 88, 143 Toxins, 109, 119, 122, 125, 143 Transfection, 111, 143 Transitional cell carcinoma, 5, 143 Transmitter, 129, 143 Transplantation, 19, 30, 36, 68, 70, 71, 113, 129, 143 Transurethral, 16, 42, 136, 143, 144 Transurethral resection, 42, 136, 143 Transurethral Resection of Prostate, 136, 144 Trauma, 22, 24, 39, 48, 55, 56, 68, 70, 93, 131, 143, 144 Triage, 68, 144 Tryptophan, 114, 144 Tuberculosis, 4, 8, 128, 144 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 50, 144 U Ultrafiltration, 123, 144 Ultrasonography, 7, 21, 22, 50, 144 Uranium, 142, 144 Urea, 47, 53, 112, 144 Uremia, 79, 127, 138, 144 Ureter, 124, 128, 138, 143, 144 Urethra, 11, 45, 68, 72, 111, 124, 133, 136, 143, 144, 145

155

Urinalysis, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 24, 69, 93, 94, 144 Urinary Calculi, 33, 70, 71, 144 Urinary Retention, 11, 53, 144 Urinary tract infection, 4, 7, 8, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 111, 145 Urinate, 144, 145 Urodynamic, 70, 145 Urogenital, 72, 122, 145 Urogenital Diseases, 145 Urography, 25, 38, 44, 145 Urolithiasis, 15, 33, 72, 77, 145 Urologic Diseases, 68, 75, 145 Urologist, 68, 145 Urticaria, 109, 145 Uterus, 116, 129, 145 V Vaccines, 145, 146 Vagina, 68, 129, 145 Valves, 45, 72, 145 Varices, 21, 22, 145 Varicocele, 72, 145 Varicose, 139, 145

Varicose vein, 139, 145 Vascular, 11, 32, 41, 42, 49, 54, 109, 125, 128, 145 Vasculitis, 73, 135, 145 Vasectomy, 71, 145 Vein, 33, 39, 109, 110, 125, 126, 132, 145 Vena, 139, 146 Venous, 110, 123, 137, 146 Venules, 112, 146 Vesicoureteral, 68, 72, 146 Veterinary Medicine, 87, 146 Virulence, 143, 146 Virus, 6, 146 Viscera, 109, 146 Vitro, 123, 125, 146 W White blood cell, 6, 107, 109, 127, 128, 129, 135, 146 X X-ray, 115, 121, 126, 132, 137, 138, 146 Y Yeasts, 121, 134, 146

156

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