Hydrochlorothiazide - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES ...

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HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hydrochlorothiazide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83935-2 1. Hydrochlorothiazide-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hydrochlorothiazide. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE ........................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hydrochlorothiazide...................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE .............................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hydrochlorothiazide..................................................................... 57 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 62 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE ........................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 68 General References ....................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE ..................................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Patents on Hydrochlorothiazide................................................................................................... 73 Patent Applications on Hydrochlorothiazide ............................................................................... 80 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE ......................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 83 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 84 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 84 Chapters on Hydrochlorothiazide................................................................................................. 85 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE ........................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 87 Academic Periodicals covering Hydrochlorothiazide ................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 91 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 93 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 97 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 99 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 101 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 103 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 105 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 107 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 107 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 107 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 113

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Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 113 HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE DICTIONARY ......................................................................... 115 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 155

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hydrochlorothiazide is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hydrochlorothiazide, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hydrochlorothiazide, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hydrochlorothiazide. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hydrochlorothiazide, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hydrochlorothiazide. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hydrochlorothiazide.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hydrochlorothiazide, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Exercise-Induced Acute Renal Failure Associated with Ibuprofen, Hydrochlorothiazide, and Triamterene Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 5(12): 2020-2023. June 1995. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 428 East Preston Street, Baltimore, MD 21202-3993. (800) 638-6423. Summary: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) predispose to acute renal failure in conditions associated with decreased renal filtration. Such conditions include advanced age, hypertension, chronic renal insufficiency, diuretic use, and any condition decreasing effective circulating volume. In this article, the author presents a case in which the patient developed severe acute renal failure (ARF) after strenuous exercise

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and therapeutic doses of ibuprofen and hydrocholorothiazide-triamterene. A 37-yearold African-American man developed nonoliguric ARF after strenuous exercise. Urinalysis showed a nephritis sediment with red blood cell casts. Renal biopsy showed acute tubular necrosis and arteriolar nephrosclerosis. Although exercise-associated ARF is uncommon, susceptible patients with exercise-induced renal ischemia and prostaglandin inhibition may develop this complication. 1 figure. 1 table. 20 references.

Federally Funded Research on Hydrochlorothiazide The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hydrochlorothiazide. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hydrochlorothiazide. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hydrochlorothiazide. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for hydrochlorothiazide: •

Project Title: ALDOSTERONE ANTAG ON FIBRINOLYTIC BALANCE IN HYPERTENSIO Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Nancy J.; Associate Professor of Medicine and Phar; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: An interaction between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and fibrinolytic system has been postulated to be related w/an increased risk of cardiovascular events due to the activation of the RAAS. The purpose of the present study is to test the hypotheses that aldosterone increases PAI-1 syntheses in humans. SPECIFIC AIMS: 1) To test the hypothesis that aldosterone increases PAI-1 by comparing the effects of placebo, the thiazide diuretic hydrochlorothiazide and the aldosterone receptor antagonist spironolactone on fibrionolytic balance in hypertensive subjects. 2) To determine whether specific aldosterone receptor antagonism, like ACE inhibition, improves endothelial function in patients w/hypertension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH ADPKD Principal Investigator & Institution: Fick-Brosnahan, Godela M.; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1985; Project End 30-JUN-2006

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: The long-term objective of this research is to reduce the morbidity and mortality of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). This Project is a 5-year clinical trial to test the hypothesis blood pressure control with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) as first- line drugs will slow the progression of ADPKD in children. Progression in children will be measured by the increase in renal volume, which reflects an increased number and size of renal cysts, as determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Secondary aims are to evaluate the effect of intensive blood pressure control on left ventricular mass index, on microalbuminuria and proteinuria, and on the activation level of several growth-related and inflammatory cytokines. Three groups of children and young adults, age 4 to 21 years, will be randomized to different treatments: 1. Hypertensive subjects with blood pressure above the 9th percentile for age-, and gender- and height-matched children will be randomized to intensive or standard blood pressure control, with intensive control defined as lowering blood pressure to the 45th or 50th percentile and standard control as powering control defined as lowering blood pressure to the 85th to 90th percentile. 2. Borderline hypertensive subjects with blood pressures between the 75th and 95th percentile will be randomized to treatment to power the blood pressure to the 45th to 50th percentile or not treatment. 3. Normotensive subjects (blood pressure between the 25th and 75th percentile) will be randomized to treatment with ACEI or to no treatment. The first-line drug for all groups is enalapril, second-line drugs for groups 1 and 2 are amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide. The primary outcome variable is the increase in renal volume per year, compared between the different blood pressure levels or between ACEI treatment and no treatment. If intensive blood pressure control or treatment with ACEI can be shown to reduce progressive renal enlargement, it would change screening and treatment recommendations for children from ADPKD families, and would have a major impact on the morbidity associated with large kidneys and with end-stage renal disease in ADPKD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORRECTION OF THIAZIDE INDUCED HYPOKALEMIA AND HYPOMAGNESEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Pak, Charles Yc.; Professor of Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: The overall goal of this project is to conduct NDA required studies showing utility of K-Mag in the correction or prevention of hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia in subjects taking thiazide. Participating subject will be normal subjects rendered hypokalemic by hydrochlorothiazide treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN THREE RACIAL GROUPS Principal Investigator & Institution: Turner, Stephen T.; Professor of Medicine; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Essential hypertension is a common disorder that contributes to morbidity, mortality, and cost of health care in the population-at-large, particularly among AfricanAmericans. Although thiazide diuretics are commonly prescribed for treatment of hypertension, blood pressure decreases in response to diuretic therapy individuals

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within each ethnic group. The overall objective of the proposed research is to determine whether direct measures of gene variation will improve our ability to predict interindividual differences in blood pressure response to diuretic therapy in AfricanAmericans and in non-Hispanic Whites. Blood pressure response to diuretic therapy is in part dependent on the counterregulatory response of the renin-angiotensinaldosterone (RAA) system to sodium and volume loss. Individuals who respond to diuretic therapy with a decrease in blood pressure are characterized by a low plasma renin activity that increases minimally in response to sodium and volume loss. Although responses of the RAA system and blood pressure to sodium and volume loss are known to be influenced by genetic variation, the specific genes responsible have not been identified. The proposed research will determine whether measured variation in genes coding for components of the RAA system predicts interindividual differences in blood pressure response to diuretic therapy in 300 hypertensive African-Americans and in 300 hypertensive non-hispanic Whites (600 individuals, total). We will conduct a standardized clinical study protocol in which hypertensive individuals, ages 30-59.9 years, are treated with the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide, 25 mg/day, for four weeks. We will measure interindividual variation in five RAA system genes: angiotensinogen, renin, angiotensin-I converting enzyme, angiotensin-II receptor, and aldosterone synthase; activity of the RAA system as reflected in levels of plasma angiotensinogen, renin activity, aldosterone, serum angiotensin-I converting enzyme, and urinary aldosterone excretion; concomitant variables; and blood pressure levels. The following specific aims will be accomplished in each ethnic group: to determine whether variation in genes of the RAA system predicts interindividual differences in blood pressure to diuretic therapy; determine whether variation in genes of the RAA system predicts interindividual differences in baseline measures of the endocrine RAA system or response of these measures to diuretic therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE AND 1,25-(OH)(2) VITAMIN D IN OSTEOPOROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sakhaee, Khashayar; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The purpose of the study is to determine whether combined treatment with hydrochlorothiazide and 1,25-(OH)(2) Vitamin D treatment is effective in 1) increasing intestinal calcium absorption and 2) producing a positive calcium balance in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HYPERTENSION PHARMACOGENETICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Julie A.; Professor of Pharmacy Practice & Medicin; Pharmacy Practice; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 26-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hypertension (HTN) is the most common chronic disease in the United States, and is a leading cause of stroke, acute myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure and kidney failure. There are numerous effective antihypertensive drug classes, but only about half of patients have a good response to any given drug. Pharmacogenetics might significantly improve BP control and outcomes, as geneticallyguided drug therapy selection could dramatically increase the number of patients who

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receive the best drug for their HTN. We propose to test pharmacogenetic hypotheses that center on BP response and outcomes (death, MI, stroke) in HTN, using 5,871 genomic DNA samples we have collected from participants in INVEST, a large, international trial in patients with HTN and ischemic heart disease. We propose to test the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: Genetic variability in the proteins important to verapamil's pharmacologic action contribute to interpatient variability in verapamil's antihypertensive effect. Specific Aim 1A. Identify sequence variability in the genes for the major L-type Ca channel (LTCC) subunits alpha1C and beta, the sarcoplasmlc retlculum Ca2+-ATPase 2, the Ca2+-activated K channel, and critical portions of the ryanodine receptor by resequencing the genes in Corriel DNA from 60 individuals. Predict those polymorphisms most likely to be functionally significant using various bioinformatics techniques. Specific Aim lB. Perform in vitro functional studies, including ion channel patch-clamp studies, to test for functional significance of polymorphisms in the LTCC a1C subunit. Specific Aim 1C. Determine the association between verapamil's antihypertensive effect and genetic polymorphisms of interest, as identified in Aim 1A. Hypothesis 2: Antihypertensives that target the underlying molecular/genetic basis of a patient's HTN will result in better outcomes than antihypertensives that do not target the underlying pathophysiology. Specific Aim 2. Determine whether drug therapy that is targeted at a "drug response" polymorphism or haplotype results in better patient outcomes (specifically fewer deaths, strokes, MIs) than therapy that does not target the "drug response" polymorphism(s). This hypothesis will be tested for all four study drugs: atenolol, verapamil, hydrochlorothiazide and trandolapril. Because of the diversity of the INVEST genetics sample (47% Hispanic (mostly Puerto Ricans), 38% Caucasian and 11% African American), we will test Hypothesis 3: Use of molecular markers to define genetic heterogeneity in the study population is superior to race/ethnicity information in genetic associations with drug response. Specific Aim 3A. Determine whether models of genetic association with drug response perform better with use of genetic marker-defined population cluster and individual ancestral proportion information than with clinician-defined information on race/ethnicity. Specific Aim 3B. Document that any positive associations between drug response and genotype are not the result of population stratification or admixture. These aims will be accomplished by genotyping patients for at least 50 Ancestral Informative Markers. The proposed studies will provide considerable new evidence regarding the pharmacogenetics of verapamil, and will significantly further our understanding of the pharmacogenetics of p-blockers, thiazide diuretics, and ACE inhibitors. They will substantially enhance our understanding of the genetic variability in proteins important to Ca ++ regulation and response to CCBs and other drugs, and the functional significance of this genetic variability. Finally, the proposed studies will increase our understanding of the role of molecular markers for defining population stratification and admixture in pharmacogenetic studies. The proposed studies should add substantial new information about antihypertensive pharmacogenetics, and could influence how antihypertensive medications are prescribed in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHARMACOKINETICS OF ZIAC & ZEBETA IN HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Vogt, Beth A.; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Hypertension as a health concern in children was evaluated in the 1960's and epidemiologic studies established that Stage I essential hypertension is more common

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than suspected. In the junior high school age and older, the focus begins to shift to essential hypertension and treatment with pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic therapy to reduce blood pressure below the 95th percentile for the particular age group. On November 21, 1997, the FDA Modernization Act (FDAMA) was enacted. In this was a draft list of drugs for which pediatric information might be useful. Ziac and Zebeta are included in this list and, with their excellent 24-hour blood pressure control and side effect profiles comparable to placebo and 24-hour blood pressure lowering effect, would be good additions to the armamentarium of drugs used in treating childhood hypertension. The objective of this study is to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles of Ziac (bisoiprolol fumarate/hydrochlorothiazide) and Zebeta (bisooprolol fumerate) in patients 8 to 17 years of age, with hypertension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN HEART FAILURE TRIAL OF AMIODARONE, OR ICD Principal Investigator & Institution: Halperin, Blair; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the likelihood of death in people with weak hearts can be lessened. There are two principal causes of death in people with decreased heart strength: progressive, profound heart muscle weakness and severe heart rhythm disorders (ventricular fibrillation). Ventricular fibrillation is a rapid disorganized beating of the lower heart chambers, (ventricles), causing death because the heart can no longer pump blood effectively. This study will examine whether ventricular fibrillation can be prevented. People with decreased heart strength can also die from progressive heart weakness. Entry into the study will not alter the standard care given to individuals for the treatment of a weak heart. Standard therapy includes the use of diuretics (water pills like furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide), afterload reducers (enalapril, lisinopril, captopril, hydralazine, nitrates, and related drugs) and/or, digitalis (digoxin). Standard therapy may also include blood thinners (aspirin and warfarin), beta-blockers (metoprolol, atenolol), and, in patients with severely weakened hearts, heart transplantation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRIAL OF ZIAC (BISOPROLOL HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE) IN HYPERTENSION

FUMARATE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Porter, Craig C.; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This is a double-blind, multicenter, parallel, dose-escalation study comparing Ziac (bisoprolol fumarate/hydrochlorothiazide) to placebo in hypertensive patients aged 8 through 17. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hydrochlorothiazide, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hydrochlorothiazide (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A candesartan cilexetil/hydrochlorothiazide combination tablet provides effective blood pressure control in hypertensive patients inadequately controlled on monotherapy. Author(s): Campbell M, Sonkodi S, Soucek M, Wiecek A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993). 2001 May; 23(4): 345-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349825&dopt=Abstract

•

A comparison of felodipine and propranolol as additions to hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Carle WK, Latta D, Lees CT, Lough JR, Pender J, Ross JR, Sefton S, Peers EM, Richardson PD. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988; 34(2): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3289947&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of indapamide SR 1.5 mg with both amlodipine 5 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg in elderly hypertensive patients: a randomized doubleblind controlled study. Author(s): Emeriau JP, Knauf H, Pujadas JO, Calvo-Gomez C, Abate G, Leonetti G, Chastang C; European Study Investigators. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 February; 19(2): 343-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11212979&dopt=Abstract

3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of the antihypertensive effectiveness of a combination of moexipril or sustained-release verapamil with low-dose hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Chrysant SG, Stimpel M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 August; 36(8): 701-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8877673&dopt=Abstract

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A multicenter, randomized double-blind study of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination versus amlodipine in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Palatini P, Malacco E, Fogari R, Carretta R, Bonaduce D, Bertocchi F, Mann J, Condorelli M; Italian Collaborative Study Group. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 September; 19(9): 1691-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11564991&dopt=Abstract

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A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-week trial of the efficacy and tolerability of once-daily losartan 100 mg/hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg and losartan 50 mg/hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg in the treatment of moderate-to-severe essential hypertension. Author(s): Gradman AH, Brady WE, Gazdick LP, Lyle P, Zeldin RK. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 July; 24(7): 1049-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182251&dopt=Abstract

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A multifactorial trial design to assess combination therapy in hypertension. Treatment with bisoprolol and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Frishman WH, Bryzinski BS, Coulson LR, DeQuattro VL, Vlachakis ND, Mroczek WJ, Dukart G, Goldberg JD, Alemayehu D, Koury K. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1994 July 11; 154(13): 1461-8. Erratum In: Arch Intern Med 1995 April 10; 155(7): 709. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8018001&dopt=Abstract

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A new fixed-dose combination for added blood pressure control: telmisartan plus hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Lacourciere Y. Source: J Int Med Res. 2002 July-August; 30(4): 366-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12235918&dopt=Abstract

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A randomised comparative trial of nicardipine versus amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide in mild to moderate hypertension. A report from the General Practitioner Hypertension Study Group. Author(s): Gostick NK, Mayhew SR, Mukerji D, Bradley I, Ganvir P, Shepherd F, Davis A, MacKay D, Hopwood AM. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1989 April; 3(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2668525&dopt=Abstract

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A randomised double blind comparison of enalapril versus hydrochlorothiazide in elderly hypertensives. Author(s): Grosskopf S, German R, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R, Rogers P. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1989 April; 3(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2547950&dopt=Abstract

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A recent article in the Harvard Heart Letter mentioned that the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide could cause impotence. My doctor has me on this medication. While it hasn't caused me any problems yet, I'm wondering what are the chances that it will? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 1999 January; 9(5): 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9916563&dopt=Abstract

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A review of olmesartan medoxomil monotherapy: antihypertensive efficacy similar to that of other angiotensin II receptor blocker/hydrochlorothiazide combinations? Author(s): Greathouse M. Source: Congestive Heart Failure (Greenwich, Conn.). 2002 November-December; 8(6): 313-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461321&dopt=Abstract

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A study of losartan, alone or with hydrochlorothiazide vs nifedipine GITS in elderly patients with diastolic hypertension. Author(s): Conlin PR, Elkins M, Liss C, Vrecenak AJ, Barr E, Edelman JM. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1998 October; 12(10): 693-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9819017&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between losartan and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): McCrea JB, Lo MW, Tomasko L, Lin CC, Hsieh JY, Capra NL, Goldberg MR. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 December; 35(12): 1200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8750372&dopt=Abstract

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Acute effect of hydrochlorothiazide on renal calcium and magnesium handling in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Stefikova K, Spustova V, Dzurik R. Source: Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 1999; 48(4): 327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10638687&dopt=Abstract

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Acute pulmonary edema caused by ingestion of hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Young CC, Kyle JL, Young RT. Source: Wis Med J. 1997 March; 96(3): 38-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9086857&dopt=Abstract

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Alpha-blockade and thiazide treatment of hypertension. A double-blind randomized trail comparing doxazosin and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Grimm RH Jr, Flack JM, Schoenberger JA, Gonzalez NM, Liebson PR. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1996 May; 9(5): 445-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8735175&dopt=Abstract

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An equivalence study of the safety and efficacy of a fixed-dose combination of perindopril with indapamide versus fixed-dose combinations of captopril with hydrochlorothiazide and enalapril with hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Luccioni R, Sever PS, Di Perri T, Redon J, Laurandin I, Brault Y, Chastang C, Guez D. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1995 December; 13(12 Pt 2): 1847-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8903665&dopt=Abstract

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An open study to compare the efficacy and tolerability of two diuretic combinations, frusemide plus amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride, in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Author(s): Backhouse CI, Platt J, Crawford RJ, Allman S. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1988; 10(10): 690-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3371085&dopt=Abstract

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Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blockade in hypertensive women: benefits of candesartan cilexetil versus enalapril or hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Malmqvist K, Kahan T, Dahl M. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2000 May; 13(5 Pt 1): 504-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826401&dopt=Abstract

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Antihypertensive effect of low-dose hydrochlorothiazide alone or in combination with quinapril in black patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Radevski IV, Valtchanova ZP, Candy GP, Hlatswayo MN, Sareli P. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 July; 40(7): 713-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10883412&dopt=Abstract

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Antihypertensive effectiveness of a very low fixed-dose combination of moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Chrysant SG, Stimpel M. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1998 March; 31(3): 384-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514183&dopt=Abstract

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Antihypertensive effectiveness of low-dose lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination. A large multicenter study. Lisinopril-Hydrochlorothiazide Group. Author(s): Chrysant SG. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1994 April 11; 154(7): 737-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8147677&dopt=Abstract

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Antihypertensive effects of amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide in elderly patients with ambulatory hypertension. Author(s): Lacourciere Y, Poirier L, Lefebvre J, Archambault F, Cleroux J, Boileau G. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1995 December; 8(12 Pt 1): 1154-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8998248&dopt=Abstract

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Antihypertensive effects of combined lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide in elderly patients with systodiastolic or systolic hypertension: results of a multicenter trial. Author(s): Mancia G, Grassi G. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1997 November; 30(5): 548-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9388035&dopt=Abstract

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Antihypertensive effects of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination in essential hypertension. Author(s): Schmidt A, Adam SA, Kolloch R, Weidinger G, Handrock R. Source: Blood Pressure. 2001; 10(4): 230-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800062&dopt=Abstract

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Antihypertensive efficacy and safety of losartan alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in adult African Americans with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Flack JM, Saunders E, Gradman A, Kraus WE, Lester FM, Pratt JH, Alderman M, Green S, Vargas R, Espenshade M, Ceesay P, Alexander J Jr, Goldberg A; Study Group for Losartan in African Americans with Hypertension. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2001 August; 23(8): 1193-208. Erratum In: Clin Ther 2001 November; 23(11): 1922. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11558858&dopt=Abstract

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Antihypertensive treatment in elderly patients aged 75 years or over: a 24-week study of the tolerability of candesartan cilexetil in relation to hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Neldam S, Forsen B; Multicentre Study Group. Source: Drugs & Aging. 2001; 18(3): 225-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11302289&dopt=Abstract

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Antihypertensive treatment in postmenopausal women: results from a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study comparing an ACE inhibitor (moexipril) with a diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide). Author(s): Stimpel M, Koch B, Oparil S. Source: Cardiology. 1998 May; 89(4): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643274&dopt=Abstract

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Arterial stiffness, hydrochlorothiazide and converting enzyme inhibition in essential hypertension. Author(s): Benetos A, Lafleche A, Asmar R, Gautier S, Safar A, Safar ME. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1996 February; 10(2): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8867559&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma associated with drug sensitivity to hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Geanon JD, Perkins TW. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1995 October; 113(10): 1231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7575249&dopt=Abstract

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Binding of hydrochlorothiazide to erythrocytes. Author(s): Yamazaki M, Itoh S, Okuda T, Tanabe K, Nakahama H, Fukuhara Y, Orita Y. Source: J Pharmacobiodyn. 1989 July; 12(7): 423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2593083&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of hydrochlorothiazide from isomalt-based moulded tablets. Author(s): Ndindayino F, Vervaet C, Van den Mooter G, Remon JP. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2002 October 10; 246(1-2): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270622&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of hydrochlorothiazide from pellets, made by extrusion/spheronisation, containing polyethylene glycol 400 as a dissolution enhancer. Author(s): Vervaet C, Remon JP. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1997 November; 14(11): 1644-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9434288&dopt=Abstract

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Blood pressure and aortic elastic properties--verapamil SR/trandolapril compared to a metoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy. Author(s): Breithaupt-Grogler K, Gerhardt G, Lehmann G, Notter T, Belz GG. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 August; 36(8): 425-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9726695&dopt=Abstract

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By the way, doctor. I am 87 and have been taking blood pressure medications for years. In the past, side effects were a problem, but for about the last year I've done very well taking valsartan (Diovan) and hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrex). Now My blood pressure is about 165/72 mm hg. The top number seems high. One doctor told me that as long as the bottom number is low, I shouldn't be concerned. But I am. My father died from a stroke many years ago, and I'm pretty sure he had high blood pressure. Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2000 February; 25(4): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10637019&dopt=Abstract

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Candesartan cilexetil in combination with low-dose hydrochlorothiazide is effective in severe hypertension. Author(s): Oparil S. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 November 18; 84(10A): 35S-41S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10588093&dopt=Abstract

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Candesartan cilexetil plus hydrochlorothiazide combination: a review of its use in hypertension. Author(s): Melian EB, Jarvis B. Source: Drugs. 2002; 62(5): 787-816. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929332&dopt=Abstract

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Central nervous system and cardiac manifestations of hydrochlorothiazide overdosage; treatment with hemodialysis. Author(s): Zahid M, Krumlovsky FA, Roxe D, del Greco F, Mistovich M. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1988 June; 11(6): 508-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3376934&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebral perfusion in hypertensive patients: effects of lacidipine and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Semplicini A, Maresca A, Simonella C, Carollo C, Chierichetti F, Santipolo N, Pauletto P, Ferlin G, Pessina AC. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2000; 35(3 Suppl 1): S13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11347856&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebral perfusion in hypertensives with carotid artery stenosis: a comparative study of lacidipine and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Semplicini A, Maresca A, Simonella C, Chierichetti F, Pauletto P, Meneghetti G, Ferlin G, Pessina AC. Source: Blood Pressure. 2000; 9(1): 34-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10854006&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of antibody and selection of alternative drug therapy in hydrochlorothiazide-induced immune hemolytic anemia. Author(s): Shirey RS, Bartholomew J, Bell W, Pollack B, Kickler TS, Ness PM. Source: Transfusion. 1988 January-February; 28(1): 70-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3341072&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical results with bisoprolol 2.5 mg/hydrochlorothiazide 6.25 mg combination in systolic hypertension in the elderly. Author(s): Benetos A, Adamopoulos C, Argyriadis P, Bean K, Consoli S, Safar M. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2002 February; 20 Suppl 1: S21-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11996196&dopt=Abstract

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Combination of high-dose furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of refractory congestive heart failure. Author(s): Dormans TP, Gerlag PG. Source: European Heart Journal. 1996 December; 17(12): 1867-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8960430&dopt=Abstract

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Combination of hydrochlorothiazide or benazepril with valsartan in hypertensive patients unresponsive to valsartan alone. Author(s): Waeber B, Aschwanden R, Sadecky L, Ferber P. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 November; 19(11): 2097-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677377&dopt=Abstract

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Combination therapy with candesartan cilexetil plus hydrochlorothiazide in patients unresponsive to low-dose hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Plouin PF. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1997 September; 11 Suppl 2: S65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9331012&dopt=Abstract

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Combination therapy with felodipine and metoprolol compared with captopril and hydrochlorothiazide. German MC Study Group. Author(s): Klein G. Source: Blood Pressure. 1998 November; 7(5-6): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321444&dopt=Abstract

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Combination treatment with telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide in black patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): McGill JB, Reilly PA. Source: Clin Cardiol. 2001 January; 24(1): 66-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11195609&dopt=Abstract

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Comment: hydrochlorothiazide-induced pulmonary edema and associated immunologic changes. Author(s): Chittivelu S. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 September; 33(9): 1010-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10492511&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative bioavailability of two immediate release tablets of enalapril/hydrochlorothiazide in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Maya MT, Goncalves NJ, Silva NE, Filipe AE, Morais JA, Caturla MC, Rovira M. Source: Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2002 April-June; 27(2): 91-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064377&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative bioavailability of two immediate-release tablets of lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Gascon AR, Cuadrado A, Solinis MA, Hernandez RM, Ramirez E, Dalmau R, Pedraz JL. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 July; 41(7): 309-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875347&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative effects of candesartan and hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and sympathetic drive in obese hypertensive individuals: results of the CROSS study. Author(s): Grassi G, Seravalle G, Dell'Oro R, Trevano FQ, Bombelli M, Scopelliti F, Facchini A, Mancia G; CROSS Study. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2003 September; 21(9): 1761-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12923410&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative effects of zofenopril and hydrochlorothiazide on office and ambulatory blood pressures in mild to moderate essential hypertension. Author(s): Lacourciere Y, Provencher P. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989 March; 27(3): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2655685&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative efficacy and tolerability of nisoldipine coat core and hydrochlorothiazide in mild-to-moderate hypertension. Author(s): Fodor JG. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1997 July-August; 51(5): 271-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9489083&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of 26-week efficacy and tolerability of telmisartan and atenolol, in combination with hydrochlorothiazide as required, in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension: a randomized, multicenter study. Author(s): Freytag F, Schelling A, Meinicke T, Deichsel G; Telmisartan Hypertension Experience in a Randomized European Study Versus Atenolol Study Group. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2001 January; 23(1): 108-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11219471&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of a fixed-dose combination of 40 mg telmisartan plus 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide with 40 mg telmisartan in the control of mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Lacourciere Y, Martin K. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2002 March-April; 9(2): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897925&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of acebutolol with and without hydrochlorothiazide versus carvedilol with and without hydrochlorothiazide in black patients with mild to moderate systemic hypertension. Author(s): Radevski IV, Valtchanova SP, Candy GP, Tshele EF, Sareli P. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 July 1; 84(1): 70-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10404854&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of antihypertensive and metabolic effects of losartan and losartan in combination with hydrochlorothiazide--a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Owens P, Kelly L, Nallen R, Ryan D, Fitzgerald D, O'Brien E. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2000 March; 18(3): 339-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10726721&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of atenolol, amlodipine, enalapril, hydrochlorothiazide, and losartan for antihypertensive treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Kraiczi H, Hedner J, Peker Y, Grote L. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2000 May; 161(5): 1423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10806134&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of indapamide and hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride as a third drug in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Author(s): Poulsen L, Friberg M, Noer I, Krusell L, Pedersen OL. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1989 April; 3(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2487529&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of indapamide and low-dose hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy in black patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Radevski IV, Valtchanova ZP, Candy GP, Wald AM, Ngcezula T, Sareli P. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2002 July; 92(7): 532-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197195&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide on cognitive function and quality of life in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Tedesco MA, Ratti G, Mennella S, Manzo G, Grieco M, Rainone AC, Iarussi D, Iacono A. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1999 November; 12(11 Pt 1): 1130-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10604491&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of nifedipine GITS and hydrochlorothiazide in the management of elderly patients with stage I-III diastolic hypertension. Author(s): Dey HM, Soufer R, Hoffer P, Wackers FJ, Black HR. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1996 June; 9(6): 598-606. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8783785&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the AT1-receptor blocker, candesartan cilexetil, and the ACE inhibitor, lisinopril, in fixed combination with low dose hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients. Author(s): McInnes GT, O'Kane KP, Istad H, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Van Mierlo HF. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2000 April; 14(4): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10805052&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the combination of enalapril and a very low dose of hydrochlorothiazide with atenolol in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Scandinavian Study Group. Author(s): Os I, Hotnes T, Dollerup J, Mogensen CE. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1997 August; 10(8): 899-904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270085&dopt=Abstract

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Correlations between subjective compliance, objective compliance, and factors determining compliance in geriatric hypertensive patients treated with triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Oelzner S, Brandstadt A, Hoffmann A. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 June; 34(6): 236-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8793610&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of hydrochlorothiazide and rutin in Chinese herb medicines and human urine by capillary zone electrophoresis with amperometric detection. Author(s): Wang Q, Ding F, Li H, He P, Fang Y. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 January 1; 30(5): 150714. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467922&dopt=Abstract

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Different sensitivity to hydrochlorothiazide and to potassium-canrenoate among essential hypertensive patients. Author(s): Glorioso N, Melis MG, Manunta P, Troffa C, Tonolo G, Soro A, Madeddu P, Pazzola A, Pala F, Cusi D, et al. Source: Clinical and Experimental Hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993). 1993; 15 Suppl 1: 187-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8513309&dopt=Abstract

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Diltiazem compared with hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Author(s): Leary WP, van der Byl K. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1988 July 2; 74(1): 13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3388151&dopt=Abstract

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Direct tubular effect on calcium retention by hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Krause U, Zielke A, Schmidt-Gayk H, Ehrenthal W, Beyer J. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1989 September; 12(8): 531-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2592738&dopt=Abstract

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Direct vascular actions of hydrochlorothiazide and indapamide in isolated small vessels. Author(s): Calder JA, Schachter M, Sever PS. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1992 September 10; 220(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1425977&dopt=Abstract

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Diuretic effectiveness of hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide alone and in combination in chronic renal failure. Author(s): Knauf H, Mutschler E. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1995 September; 26(3): 394-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8583780&dopt=Abstract

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Dose-effect and concentration-effect relationships of pinacidil and hydrochlorothiazide in hypertension. Author(s): Goldberg MR, Rockhold FW, Offen WW, Dornseif BE. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1989 August; 46(2): 208-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2758730&dopt=Abstract

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Dose-finding study of candesartan cilexetil plus hydrochlorothiazide in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Philipp T, Letzel H, Arens HJ. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1997 September; 11 Suppl 2: S67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9331013&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind comparison of amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Ram CV, Ames RP, Applegate WB, Burris JF, Davidov ME, Mroczek WJ. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1994 May; 17(5): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8004839&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind comparison of the efficacy and safety of trandolapril 2 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Investigator Study Group. Author(s): Meyer BH, Pauly NC. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1994; 23 Suppl 4: S77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7527107&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind controlled study of rilmenidine versus hydrochlorothiazide in mild hypertension: clinical and renal haemodynamic evaluation. Author(s): Licata G, Scaglione R, Guillet C, Capuana G, Parrinello G, Indovina A, Lipari R, Mazzola G, Merlino G. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1993 April; 7(2): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8510088&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind study of dilevalol and captopril, both in combination with hydrochlorothiazide, in patients with moderate to severe hypertension. Author(s): McGrath BP, Matthews PG, Louis W, Howes L, Whitworth JA, Kincaid-Smith PS, Fraser I, Scheinkestel C, MacDonald G, Rallings M. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1990 November; 16(5): 831-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1703608&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind, parallel, comparative multicentre study of a new combination of diltiazem and hydrochlorothiazide with individual components in patients with mild or moderate hypertension. Author(s): Manning G, Joy A, Mathias CJ, McDonald CJ, Millar-Craig MW. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1996 July; 10(7): 443-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8880557&dopt=Abstract

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Doxazosin and hydrochlorothiazide equally affect arterial wall thickness in hypertensive males with hypercholesterolaemia (the DAPHNE study). Doxazosin Atherosclerosis Progression Study in Hypertensives in the Netherlands. Author(s): Hoogerbrugge N, de Groot E, de Heide LH, de Ridder MA, Birkenhageri JC, Stijnen T, Jansen H. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2002 October; 60(9): 354-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572707&dopt=Abstract

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Drug interaction of spirapril hydrochloride monohydrate and hydrochlorothiazide. A clinical study to compare the pharmacokinetics after administration of spirapril hydrochloride monohydrate tablets, hydrochlorothiazide tablets and fixed combination bi-layer tablets. Author(s): Schurer M, Erb K, Junge K, Schafer HF, Schulz HU, Amschler S, Krupp S, Hermann R. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2003; 53(6): 414-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872612&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of an alpha-adrenergic blocker, and ACE inhibitor and hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure and on renal function in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension and albuminuria. A randomized cross-over study. Author(s): Rachmani R, Levi Z, Slavachevsky I, Half-Onn E, Ravid M. Source: Nephron. 1998 October; 80(2): 175-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9736816&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of hydrochlorothiazide and indomethacin treatment on renal function in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Jakobsson B, Berg U. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1994 May; 83(5): 522-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8086732&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of hydrochlorothiazide in pseudohypoaldosteronism with hypercalciuria and severe hyperkalemia. Author(s): Stone RC, Vale P, Rosa FC. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1996 August; 10(4): 501-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8865253&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of hydrochlorothiazide therapy on cardiac arrhythmias in African-American men with systemic hypertension and moderate to severe left ventricular hypertrophy. Author(s): Narayan P, Papademetriou V. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1996 October 15; 78(8): 886-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8888660&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of quinapril and triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide on cardiac and vascular endorgan damage in isolated systolic hypertension. Author(s): Heesen WF, Beltman FW, Smit AJ, May JF, de Graeff PA, Havinga TK, Schuurman FH, van der Veur E, Meyboom-de Jong B, Lie KI. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1998 February; 31(2): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9475259&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of spirapril and hydrochlorothiazide on platelet function and euglobulin clot lysis time in patients with mild hypertension. Author(s): Gleerup G, Petersen JR, Mehlsen J, Winther K. Source: Angiology. 1996 October; 47(10): 951-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8873580&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of enalapril in combination with low-dose hydrochlorothiazide versus enalapril alone for mild to moderate systemic hypertension in black patients. Author(s): Middlemost SJ, Tager R, Davis J, Sareli P. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1994 June 1; 73(15): 1092-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8198036&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of eprosartan versus hydrochlorothiazide on markers of vascular oxidation and inflammation and blood pressure (renin-angiotensin system antagonists, oxidation, and inflammation). Author(s): Rahman ST, Lauten WB, Khan QA, Navalkar S, Parthasarathy S, Khan BV. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 March 15; 89(6): 686-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897210&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of hydrochlorothiazide and captopril on lipoprotein lipid composition in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Bagdade JD, Buchanan WF, Pollare T, Lithell H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996; 49(5): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8866628&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide diuretics on human bone marrow stromal osteoprogenitor cells. Author(s): Kim CH, Kim SW, Kim GS. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2000 January; 49(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10647059&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of indapamide versus hydrochlorothiazide on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in hypertensive patients: a direct comparison. Author(s): Spence JD, Huff M, Barnett PA. Source: Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Spring; 7(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10822211&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of lisinopril or lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide compared with adjusting of previous medication and intensifying non-pharmacological treatment in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Rasmusen M, Pekkarinen T, Pitkajarvi T, Romo M, Takala J. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1997 February; 47(2): 144-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9079233&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of losartan and candesartan monotherapy and losartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Losartan Trial Investigators. Author(s): Manolis AJ, Grossman E, Jelakovic B, Jacovides A, Bernhardi DC, Cabrera WJ, Watanabe LA, Barragan J, Matadamas N, Mendiola A, Woo KS, Zhu JR, Mejia AD, Bunt T, Dumortier T, Smith RD. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2000 October; 22(10): 1186-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110230&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of losartan titrated to losartan/hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine on blood pressure and peripheral capillary microcirculation in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Author(s): Martina B, Weinbacher M, Drewe J, Gasser P. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1998 July; 12(7): 473-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9702934&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of losartan titrated to Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine on left ventricular mass in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. A double-blind randomized controlled study. Author(s): Martina B, Dieterle T, Weinbacher M, Battegay E. Source: Cardiology. 1999; 92(2): 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10702653&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of fosinopril/hydrochlorothiazide combinations on ambulatory blood pressure profiles in hypertension. Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Investigators. Author(s): Guthrie R, Reggi DR, Plesher MM, Saini RK, Battikha JP. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1996 April; 9(4 Pt 1): 306-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8722432&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of losartan/hydrochlorothiazide in patients with severe hypertension. Author(s): Oparil S, Aurup P, Snavely D, Goldberg A. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2001 March 15; 87(6): 721-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11249890&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of omapatrilat with hydrochlorothiazide for the treatment of hypertension in subjects nonresponsive to hydrochlorothiazide alone. Author(s): Ferdinand K, Saini R, Lewin A, Yellen L, Barbosa JA, Kushnir E. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2001 August; 14(8 Pt 1): 788-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11497195&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and tolerability of a combination tablet of candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide in insufficiently controlled primary hypertension--comparison with a combination of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Ohma KP, Milon H, Valnes K. Source: Blood Pressure. 2000; 9(4): 214-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11055474&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and tolerability of a fixed-dose combination of telmisartan plus hydrochlorothiazide in patients uncontrolled with telmisartan monotherapy. Author(s): Lacourciere Y, Tytus R, O'Keefe D, Lenis J, Orchard R, Martin K. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2001 November; 15(11): 763-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687919&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of candesartan cilexetil alone or in combination with amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide in moderate-to-severe hypertension. UK and Israel Candesartan Investigators. Author(s): MacGregor GA, Viskoper JR, Antonios TF, He FJ. Source: Hypertension. 2000 September; 36(3): 454-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10988281&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of low-dose combination of bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide compared with amlodipine and enalapril in men and women with essential hypertension. Author(s): Papademetriou V, Prisant LM, Neutel JM, Weir MR. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 June 1; 81(11): 1363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9631978&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy, safety, and effects on quality of life of bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide versus amlodipine in elderly patients with systolic hypertension. Author(s): Benetos A, Consoli S, Safavian A, Dubanchet A, Safar M. Source: American Heart Journal. 2000 October; 140(4): E11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11011336&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy, tolerability, and effects on quality of life of losartan, alone or with hydrochlorothiazide, versus amlodipine, alone or with hydrochlorothiazide, in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Oparil S, Barr E, Elkins M, Liss C, Vrecenak A, Edelman J. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1996 July-August; 18(4): 608-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8879890&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy, tolerability, and quality of life of losartan, alone or with hydrochlorothiazide, versus nifedipine GITS in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Weir MR, Elkins M, Liss C, Vrecenak AJ, Barr E, Edelman JM. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1996 May-June; 18(3): 411-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8829017&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancement of radioiodine uptake in hyperthyroidism with hydrochlorothiazide: a prospective randomised control study. Author(s): Tepmongkol S. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 October; 29(10): 1307-10. Epub 2002 July 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271411&dopt=Abstract

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Erythema annulare centrifugum caused by hydrochlorothiazide-induced interstitial nephritis. Author(s): Goette DK, Beatrice E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1988 March; 27(2): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3360558&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of lacidipine (a calcium blocker) in the treatment of hypertension in black African people: a double-blind comparison with hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Salako BL, Kadiri S, Walker O, Fehintola FA. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 1998 March-June; 27(1-2): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10456135&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the effects of fixed combinations of sustained-release verapamil/trandolapril versus captopril/hydrochlorothiazide on metabolic and electrolyte parameters in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Cifkova R, Nakov R, Novozamska E, Hejl Z, Petrzilkova Z, Poledne R, Stavek P, Compagnone D. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2000 June; 14(6): 347-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10878692&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence of formation and participation of singlet oxygen in the in vitro phototoxicity of the combined diuretic triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Vargas F, Fuentes A. Source: Pharmazie. 1997 April; 52(4): 328-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9140146&dopt=Abstract

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Felodipine is more effective than hydrochlorothiazide when added to a beta-blocker in treating elderly hypertensive patients. Author(s): Weissel M, Stanek B, Flygt G. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1990; 15 Suppl 4: S95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1693740&dopt=Abstract

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Felodipine or hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene for treatment of hypertension in the elderly: effects on blood pressure, hypertensive heart disease, metabolic and hormonal parameters. Author(s): Trenkwalder P, Plaschke M, Aulehner R, Lydtin H. Source: Blood Pressure. 1996 May; 5(3): 154-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8790926&dopt=Abstract

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First-line therapy option with low-dose bisoprolol fumarate and low-dose hydrochlorothiazide in patients with stage I and stage II systemic hypertension. Author(s): Frishman WH, Burris JF, Mroczek WJ, Weir MR, Alemayehu D, Simon JS, Chen SY, Bryzinski BS. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 February; 35(2): 182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7751430&dopt=Abstract

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Fixed combination of benazepril and very low dose hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension: evaluation by 24-hour non invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Author(s): Fogari R, Zoppi A, Tettamanti F, Tettamanzi D, Lusardi P, Motolese M. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994 November; 32(11): 606-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7874375&dopt=Abstract

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Fixed combinations of delapril plus indapamide vs fosinopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in mild to moderate essential hypertension. Author(s): Cremonesi G, Cavalieri L, Cikes I, Dobovisek J, Bacchelli S, Degli Esposti D, Costa FV, Borghi C, Ambrosioni E. Source: Adv Ther. 2002 May-June; 19(3): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201354&dopt=Abstract

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Fosinopril and hydrochlorothiazide combination versus individual components: lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction. Author(s): Uderman HD, Much DR, Brennan J, Delaney CL, Morgenthien EA, Weaver J, Stouffer BC, Chang SY, VanHarken D, Liao W. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 May; 33(5): 525-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10369612&dopt=Abstract

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Fosinopril/hydrochlorothiazide: single dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Author(s): O'Grady P, Yee KF, Lins R, Mangold B. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 September; 48(3): 375-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10510149&dopt=Abstract

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Fully automated methods for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma and urine. Author(s): Hsieh JY, Lin C, Matuszewski BK, Dobrinska MR. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1994 December; 12(12): 1555-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7696380&dopt=Abstract

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Gender effect on diuretic response to hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide. Author(s): Franson KL, Kuk JM, Lam NP, Lau AH. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 March; 34(3): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8705087&dopt=Abstract

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Granulomatous interstitial nephritis associated with hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride. Author(s): Enriquez R, Cabezuelo JB, Gonzalez C, Lacueva J, Teruel A, Fernandez J, Arenas MD. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1995; 15(3): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7618655&dopt=Abstract

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Hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide and ampicillin associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis: case report. Author(s): Waters VV. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1989 April; 141(4): 936-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2926894&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide and myalgias. Author(s): Kavi NG, Mengel CE. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988 July 1; 109(1): 84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3377358&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide and verapamil in the treatment of hypertension. The Verapamil Versus Diuretic (VERDI) Trial Research Group. Author(s): Holzgreve H, Distler A, Michaelis J, Philipp T, Wellek S. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1991; 18 Suppl 6: S33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1725915&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide causing unexplained pulmonary oedema. Author(s): Grace AA, Morgan AD, Strickland NH. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1989 February; 43(2): 79-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2803905&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide dosage in hypertension. Author(s): Kelly JL, Hart LL. Source: Dicp. 1990 February; 24(2): 157-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2309510&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide effectively reduces urinary calcium excretion in two Japanese patients with gain-of-function mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor gene. Author(s): Sato K, Hasegawa Y, Nakae J, Nanao K, Takahashi I, Tajima T, Shinohara N, Fujieda K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 July; 87(7): 3068-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107202&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide exerts no direct vasoactivity in the human forearm. Author(s): Pickkers P, Russel FG, Hughes AD, Thien T, Smits P. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1995 December; 13(12 Pt 2): 1833-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8903662&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide is not additive to verapamil in treating essential hypertension. Author(s): Nicholson JP, Resnick LM, Laragh JH. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989 January; 149(1): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2643413&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide is superior to isradipine for reduction of left ventricular mass: results of a multicenter trial. The Isradipine Study Group. Author(s): Papademetriou V, Gottdiener JS, Narayan P, Cushman WG, Zachariah PK, Gottdiener PS, Chase GA. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1997 December; 30(7): 1802-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9385910&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide reduces loss of cortical bone in normal postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Reid IR, Ames RW, Orr-Walker BJ, Clearwater JM, Horne AM, Evans MC, Murray MA, McNeil AR, Gamble GD. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 October 1; 109(5): 362-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11020392&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide treatment of children with hypercalciuria: effects and side effects. Author(s): Reusz GS, Dobos M, Tulassay T, Miltenyi M. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1993 December; 7(6): 699-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8130085&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide versus spironolactone: long-term metabolic modifications in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Garca Puig J, Miranda ME, Mateos F, Herrero E, Lavilla P, Gil A. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 May; 31(5): 455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2050832&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide with or without amiloride for hypertension in the elderly. Author(s): Lisi DM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1988 July; 148(7): 1667. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3382315&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, nitrendipine, and enalapril in antihypertensive treatment. Influence on LVH, proteinuria and metabolic parameters. The HANE Trial Research Group. Author(s): Kribben A, Anlauf M, Distler A, Gartner H, Holzgreve H, Michaelis J, Rocker L, Schafers R, Philipp U, Wellek S, Philipp T. Source: Kidney International. Supplement. 1997 October; 61: S74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9328972&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide-associated pulmonary edema. Author(s): Anderson TJ, Berthiaume Y, Matheson D, Boiteau P. Source: Chest. 1989 September; 96(3): 695-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2766837&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide-induced acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Author(s): Petavy-Catala C, Martin L, Fontes V, Lorette G, Vaillant L. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 June-July; 81(3): 209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11558881&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide-induced acute pulmonary edema. Author(s): Fine SR, Lodha A, Zoneraich S, Mollura JL. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1995 July-August; 29(7-8): 701-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8520084&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide-induced acute pulmonary edema. Author(s): Kavaru MS, Ahmad M, Amirthalingam KN. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1990 March-April; 57(2): 181-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2182219&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide-induced lupus erythematosus: a new variant? Author(s): Goodrich AL, Kohn SR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 June; 28(6): 1001-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8496440&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide-induced pulmonary edema and associated immunologic changes. Author(s): Bernal C, Patarca R. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 February; 33(2): 172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10084412&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide-induced pulmonary edema with severe acute myocardial dysfunction. Author(s): Frierson JH, Marvel SL, Thomas GM. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1995 February; 18(2): 112-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7720286&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide-induced pulmonary edema. Author(s): Almoosa KF. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1999 November; 92(11): 1100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10586840&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide-induced pulmonary edema: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Shieh CM, Chen CH, Tao CW, Tsai JJ, Perng RP. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1992 December; 50(6): 495-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1338027&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide

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Hydrochlorothiazide-induced relapsing fever. Author(s): Huminer D, Hardy B, Pitlik S. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1992 December; 28(12): 880-2. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1286960&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperkalemia in diabetes mellitus. Effect of a triamterene-hydrochlorothiazide combination. Author(s): Hollenberg NK, Mickiewicz C. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989 June; 149(6): 1327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2730251&dopt=Abstract

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Hypertension in elderly patients. A comparative study between indapamide and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Plante GE, Dessurault DL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 January 29; 84(1B): 98-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3341391&dopt=Abstract

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Hypertension in the elderly: a study of a combination of atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride hydrochloride. Author(s): Duckett GK, Cheadle B. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1990 September; 44(9): 354-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2223528&dopt=Abstract

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Hyponatraemia due to the combination of hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride (Moduretic): Australian spontaneous reports 1977-1988. Author(s): Mathew TH, Boyd IW, Rohan AP. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1990 March 19; 152(6): 308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2314335&dopt=Abstract

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Increased efficacy and tolerability with losartan plus hydrochlorothiazide in patients with uncontrolled hypertension and therapy-related symptoms receiving two monotherapies. Author(s): Naidoo DP, Sareli P, Marin F, Aroca-Martinez G, Maritz FJ, Jardim PC, Guerrero AA, Thompson CA, Bero T, Drazka J, Kosmalova V, Dumortier T, Smith RD. Source: Adv Ther. 1999 September-October; 16(5): 187-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10915394&dopt=Abstract

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Increased phototoxicity of hydrochlorothiazide by photodegradation. Author(s): Han KD, Bark KM, Heo EP, Lee JK, Kang JS, Kim TH. Source: Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 2000 June; 16(3): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10885441&dopt=Abstract

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Indapamide inhibits human platelet aggregation in vitro: comparison with hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Rendu F, Bachelot C, Molle D, Caen J, Guez D. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1993; 22 Suppl 6: S57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7508063&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of antihypertensive therapy with cilazapril and hydrochlorothiazide on the stiffness of the aorta. Author(s): Breithaupt-Grogler K, Leschinger M, Belz GG, Butzer R, Erb K, de May C, Sinn W. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1996 March; 10(1): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8723170&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of combination of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in primary hypertension. Author(s): Lacourciere Y, Gagne C. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1993 April; 7(2): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8510087&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of zofenopril and low doses of hydrochlorothiazide on plasma lipoproteins in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Author(s): Lacourciere Y, Gagne C. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1989 November; 2(11 Pt 1): 861-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2686713&dopt=Abstract

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Initial antihypertensive drug therapy--a comparison of alpha-blocker (prazosin) and diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide). Brief summary of a randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Stamler R, Stamler J, Gosch FC, Berkson DM, Dyer AR, Hershinow P. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1989 January 23; 86(1B): 24-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2643862&dopt=Abstract

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Interacting effects of gender and genotype on blood pressure response to hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Schwartz GL, Turner ST, Chapman AB, Boerwinkle E. Source: Kidney International. 2002 November; 62(5): 1718-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12371972&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide

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Interaction of allopurinol and hydrochlorothiazide during prolonged oral administration of both drugs in normal subjects. I. Uric acid kinetics. Author(s): Loffler W, Landthaler R, de Vries JX, Walter-Sack I, Ittensohn A, Voss A, Zollner N. Source: Clin Investig. 1994 December; 72(12): 1071-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7711418&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction of allopurinol and hydrochlorothiazide during prolonged oral administration of both drugs in normal subjects. II. Kinetics of allopurinol, oxipurinol, and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): de Vries JX, Voss A, Ittensohn A, Walter-Sack I, Loffler W, Landthaler R, Zollner N. Source: Clin Investig. 1994 December; 72(12): 1076-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7711419&dopt=Abstract

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Interference of different ACE-inhibitors with the diuretic action of furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Toussaint C, Masselink A, Gentges A, Wambach G, Bonner G. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1989 November 17; 67(22): 1138-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2586018&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction to lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination. Author(s): Miller E. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 2: 49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1665176&dopt=Abstract

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Is hydrochlorothiazide-induced hypocalciuria due to inhibition of prostaglandin E2 synthesis? Author(s): Calo L, Cantaro S, Marchini F, Giannini S, Castrignano R, Gambaro G, Antonello A, Baggio B, D'Angelo A, Williams H, et al. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1990 March; 78(3): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2156653&dopt=Abstract

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Isradipine (PN 200-110) versus hydrochlorothiazide in mild to moderate hypertension. A multicenter study. Author(s): Mohanty PK, Gonasun LM, Goodman RP, Kirkendal WM, Kontos HA, Samuel P, Wright JT. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1988 July; 1(3 Pt 3): 241S-244S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2970853&dopt=Abstract

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Isradipine vs propranolol in hydrochlorothiazide-treated hypertensives. A multicenter evaluation. Author(s): Prisant LM, Carr AA, Nelson EB, Winer N, Velasquez MT, Gonasun LM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989 November; 149(11): 2453-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2530945&dopt=Abstract

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Ketanserin and hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Author(s): Soro S, Grassi A, Pasanisi F, Ferrara LA. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 1991 May; 32(3): 307-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1920817&dopt=Abstract

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Lacidipine, hydrochlorothiazide and their combination in systolic hypertension in the elderly. Author(s): Wing LM, Arnolda LF, Harvey PJ, Upton J, Molloy D, Bune AJ, Chalmers JP. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1997 December; 15(12 Pt 1): 1503-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9431858&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Hutt V, Michaelis K, Verbesselt R, De Schepper PJ, Salomon P, Bonn R, Cawello W, Angehrn JC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996; 51(3-4): 339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9010710&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between moxonidine and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Weimann HJ, Pabst G, Weber W. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992; 43(2): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1425882&dopt=Abstract

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Large differences in the biological half-life and volume of distribution of hydrochlorothiazide in normal subjects from eleven studies. Correlation with their last blood sampling times. Author(s): Chen TM, Chiou WL. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1992 January; 30(1): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1551742&dopt=Abstract

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Left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions measured at the P wave and Q wave during a randomized, double-blind one-year follow-up study comparing the effect of atenolol vs. hydrochlorothiazide + amiloride on blood pressure in men with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Otterstad JE, Froeland G, Erikssen J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1993 April; 53(2): 155-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8469914&dopt=Abstract

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Left ventricular mass, serum electrolyte levels and cardiac arrhythmias in patients with mild hypertension treated with cilazapril or hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Lumme JA, Jounela AJ. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1993 November; 42(1): 71-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7509325&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid and apolipoprotein levels during therapy with pinacidil combined with hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Corder CN, Goldberg MR, Alaupovic PA, Price MD, Furste SS. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992; 42(1): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1541318&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid profile in 100 men with moderate hypertension treated for 1 year with atenolol or hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride: a double-blind, randomized study. Author(s): Otterstad JE, Froeland G, Soeyland AK, Illingworth JM. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1992 April; 52(2): 83-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1589701&dopt=Abstract

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Liquid extraction and HPLC-DAD assay of hydrochlorothiazide from plasma for a bioequivalence study at the lowest therapeutic dose. Author(s): Medvedovici A, Mircioiu C, David V, Miron DS. Source: Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2000 April-June; 25(2): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11112088&dopt=Abstract

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Lisinopril versus hydrochlorothiazide in obese hypertensive patients: a multicenter placebo-controlled trial. Treatment in Obese Patients With Hypertension (TROPHY) Study Group. Author(s): Reisin E, Weir MR, Falkner B, Hutchinson HG, Anzalone DA, Tuck ML. Source: Hypertension. 1997 July; 30(1 Pt 1): 140-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9231834&dopt=Abstract

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Lisinopril versus lisinopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in essential hypertension. Author(s): Mehta J, Lopez LM, Thorman AD. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1988 April 1; 61(10): 803-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2833090&dopt=Abstract

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Lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination compared with the monocomponents in elderly hypertensive patients. Author(s): Hart W. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 2: 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1665184&dopt=Abstract

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Lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination vs lisinopril for the treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Pathe M. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 2: 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1665177&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effect of nifedipine and hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure and sodium homeostasis at varying levels of salt intake in mildly hypertensive patients. Author(s): Luft FC, Fineberg NS, Weinberger MH. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1991 September; 4(9): 752-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1930859&dopt=Abstract

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Longterm effects of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide on glucose metabolism in the hypertensive patient. Author(s): Lithell H, Pollare T, Berne C. Source: Horm Metab Res Suppl. 1990; 22: 74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2202632&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term lipid profiles with isradipine and hydrochlorothiazide treatment in elderly hypertensive patients. Author(s): Stein GH, Matthews K, Bannatyne RE, Quay G, Lopez L, McCarley D. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1990; 15 Suppl 1: S90-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1695313&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term open evaluation of amlodipine vs hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Adolphe AB, Vlachakis ND, Rofman BA, Brescia D, Zellner SR. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1993; 13(4): 203-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8150546&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term safety and efficacy of moexipril alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in elderly patients with hypertension. Author(s): White WB, Stimpel M. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1995 November; 9(11): 879-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8583466&dopt=Abstract

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Losartan and low-dose hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of concomitant administration compared with individual components. Author(s): MacKay JH, Arcuri KE, Goldberg AI, Snapinn SM, Sweet CS. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1996 February 12; 156(3): 278-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8572837&dopt=Abstract

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Low dose hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 to 25 mg daily) as monotherapy in black patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Assessment by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Author(s): Skoularigis J, Strugo V, Chopamba A, Setekge S, Sareli P. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1995 October; 8(10 Pt 1): 1046-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8845074&dopt=Abstract

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Low-dose bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide: an option in first-line, antihypertensive treatment. Author(s): Zachariah PK, Messerli FH, Mroczek W. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1993 September-October; 15(5): 779-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8269444&dopt=Abstract

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Low-dose combination treatment for hypertension versus single-drug treatmentbisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide versus amlodipine, enalapril, and placebo: combined analysis of comparative studies. Author(s): Prisant LM, Neutel JM, Papademetriou V, DeQuattro V, Hall WD, Weir MR. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1998 September; 5(5): 313-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10099075&dopt=Abstract

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Low-dose hydrochlorothiazide and preservation of bone mineral density in older adults. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): LaCroix AZ, Ott SM, Ichikawa L, Scholes D, Barlow WE. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000 October 3; 133(7): 516-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11015164&dopt=Abstract

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Matrix study of irbesartan with hydrochlorothiazide in mild-to-moderate hypertension. Author(s): Kochar M, Guthrie R, Triscari J, Kassler-Taub K, Reeves RA. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1999 August; 12(8 Pt 1): 797-805. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10480473&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic effects of hydrochlorothiazide and enalapril during treatment of the hypertensive diabetic patient. Enalapril for hypertensive diabetics. Author(s): Prince MJ, Stuart CA, Padia M, Bandi Z, Holland OB. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1988 November; 148(11): 2363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2847668&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic effects of isradipine versus hydrochlorothiazide in diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Klauser R, Prager R, Gaube S, Gisinger C, Schnack C, Kuenburg E, Schernthaner G. Source: Hypertension. 1991 January; 17(1): 15-21. Erratum In: Hypertension 1991 May; 17(5): 722. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1824760&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic effects of the combination of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive subjects. Author(s): Perani G, Martignoni A, Muggia C, Ferrari T, Simonich P, Pompei R, Marchesi E, Finardi G. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990 November; 30(11): 1031-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2243150&dopt=Abstract

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Methaemoglobinaemia after inhalation of nitric oxide for treatment of hydrochlorothiazide-induced pulmonary oedema. Author(s): Hovenga S, Koenders ME, van der Werf TS, Moshage H, Zijlstra JG. Source: Lancet. 1996 October 12; 348(9033): 1035-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8855888&dopt=Abstract

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Micardis/HCT (telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide). Author(s): Scarpa WJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2001 July-August; 3(4): 261. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11498659&dopt=Abstract

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Mitogenic action of hydrochlorothiazide on human osteoblasts in vitro: requirement for platelet-derived growth factor. Author(s): Lau KH, Song XD, Ochi M, Wergedal JE. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 1996 December; 59(6): 505-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8939780&dopt=Abstract

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Moexipril as add-on therapy to hydrochlorothiazide in moderate to severe hypertension. Author(s): Stimpel M, Koch B, Dickstein K. Source: Cardiology. 1996 July-August; 87(4): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8793166&dopt=Abstract

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Moxonidine and hydrochlorothiazide in combination: a synergistic antihypertensive effect. Author(s): Frei M, Kuster L, Gardosch von Krosigk PP, Koch HF, Kuppers H. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1994; 24 Suppl 1: S25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7533223&dopt=Abstract

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Multicenter comparison of once- and twice-daily isradipine to hydrochlorothiazide for the treatment of hypertension in elderly patients. Author(s): Holtzman JL, Abrams A, Cutler R, Hamilton B, Kirkendall WM, Neri G, Stein GH, Matthews KP. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1990 November; 48(5): 590-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2146060&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of telmisartan and of hydrochlorothiazide following concurrent administration in healthy subjects. Author(s): Young CL, Dias VC, Stangier J. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 December; 40(12 Pt 1): 1323-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11185630&dopt=Abstract

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Nail fold capillaroscopy and echocardiography in mild-to-moderate hypertension treated with cilazapril plus hydrochlorothiazide: first results. Author(s): Weinbacher M, Martina B, Gasser P, Kohler M, Bart T. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1994; 24 Suppl 3: S83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7700073&dopt=Abstract

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Natriuretic and diuretic effects of felodipine and hydrochlorothiazide after single and repeated doses. Author(s): Hasselgren B, Johansson P. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995; 47(5): 395-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7720759&dopt=Abstract

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New sensitive method for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Richter K, Oertel R, Kirch W. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1996 April 5; 729(1-2): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9004952&dopt=Abstract

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Nicardipine and hydrochlorothiazide in essential hypertension. Author(s): Fagan TC, Brown R, Schnaper H, Smolens P, Montijo M, Michelson E, Conrad KA, Lessem J, Freedman D. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1989 April; 45(4): 429-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2649300&dopt=Abstract

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Nicardipine or propranolol combined with hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Arriaga-Gracia J, Sanchez-Garcia JL, Gonzalez-Garcia CA. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 1993; 36: 39-43. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8378396&dopt=Abstract

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Nitrendipine versus hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients over 70 years of age. Author(s): Jansen RW, Van Lier HJ, Hoefnagels WH. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1989 March; 45(3): 291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2920503&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational UVA-induced allergic photodermatitis in a welder due to hydrochlorothiazide and ramipril. Author(s): Wagner SN, Welke F, Goos M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 October; 43(4): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11011944&dopt=Abstract

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Once vs twice daily administration of a fixed combination of captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in essential hypertension: a double-blind crossover study in known responders to a standard combination. Author(s): Lacourciere Y, Poirier L, Provencher P, Guivarc'h PH. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 July; 32(1): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1888630&dopt=Abstract

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Oral therapy with combined enalapril, prazosin and hydrochlorothiazide in the acute treatment of severe hypertension in Nigerians. Author(s): Ajayi AA, Afolabi MA, Balogun MO, Adigun AQ, Ajayi OE, Akintomide AO. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996; 51(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8880050&dopt=Abstract

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Perindopril plus nifedipine versus perindopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in mild to severe hypertension: a double-blind multicentre study. The Multicentre Study Group on Treatment Association with Perindopril. Author(s): Letellier P, Overlack A, Agnes E, Desche P. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1994 February; 8(2): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8207741&dopt=Abstract

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Perindopril/hydrochlorothiazide dose combinations for the treatment of hypertension: a multicenter study. Author(s): Chrysant SG. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997 January; 37(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9048272&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic and dynamic interactions of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor imidapril with hydrochlorothiazide, bisoprolol and nilvadipine. Author(s): Breithaupt-Grogler K, Ungethum W, Meurer-Witt B, Belz GG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 July; 57(4): 275-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549204&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide in nephrotic patients. Author(s): Nakahama H, Orita Y, Yamazaki M, Itoh S, Okuda T, Yamaji A, Miwa Y, Yanase M, Fukuhara Y, Kamada T. Source: Nephron. 1988; 49(3): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3398982&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic comparison of a combination tablet of enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide with enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide tablets administered together and separately. Author(s): Howes LG, Conway EL, Phillips PA, Broadbear J, Drummer OH, Louis WJ. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1991 August-September; 12(6): 447-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1932608&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics and effects on renal function following cilazapril and hydrochlorothiazide alone and in combination in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. Author(s): Nilsen OG, Sellevold OF, Romfo OS, Smedsrud A, Grynne B, Williams PE, Kleinbloesem CH. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989; 27 Suppl 2: 323S-328S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2527546&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide and their combination in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Mohrke W, Knauf H, Mutschler E. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 October; 35(10): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352394&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of triamterene in geriatric patients--influence of piretanide and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Muhlberg W, Spahn H, Platt D, Mutschler E, Jung R. Source: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 1989 January; 8(1): 73-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2712651&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics, safety, and antihypertensive efficacy of losartan in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients with renal impairment. Author(s): Dickson TZ, Zagrobelny J, Lin CC, Ritter MA, Snavely D, Ramjit D, Shahinfar S, Lo MW. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 June; 43(6): 591-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12817522&dopt=Abstract

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Placebo-controlled comparison of captopril, metoprolol, and hydrochlorothiazide therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with primary hypertension. Author(s): Gall MA, Rossing P, Skott P, Hommel E, Mathiesen ER, Gerdes LU, Lauritzen M, Volund A, Faergeman O, Beck-Nielsen H, et al. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1992 May; 5(5 Pt 1): 257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1581012&dopt=Abstract

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Placebo-controlled comparison of the effects of nebivolol and low-dose hydrochlorothiazide as monotherapies and in combination on blood pressure and lipid profile in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Lacourciere Y, Arnott W. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1994 April; 8(4): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8021909&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma lipid profiles and antihypertensive agents: effects of lisinopril, enalapril, nitrendipine, hydralazine, and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Williams LL, Lopez LM, Thorman AD, Quay GP, Stein GH, Mehta JL. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1988 July-August; 22(7-8): 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2843341&dopt=Abstract

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Possible cross-reactivity between hydrochlorothiazide and sulfanilic acid. Author(s): Pereyo N. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1991 August; 30(8): 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1938067&dopt=Abstract

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Postmarketing surveillance in 70,898 patients treated with a triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide combination (Maxzide) Author(s): Hollenberg NK, Mickiewicz CW. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1989 January 17; 63(4): 37B-41B. Erratum In: Am J Cardiol 1990 August 1; 66(3): 388. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2911994&dopt=Abstract

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Potassium restoration in hypertensive patients made hypokalemic by hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Schnaper HW, Freis ED, Friedman RG, Garland WT, Hall WD, Hollifield J, Jain AK, Jenkins P, Marks A, McMahon FG, et al. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989 December; 149(12): 2677-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2596940&dopt=Abstract

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Potentiation of furosemide by hydrochlorothiazide in chronic renal failure patients. Author(s): Nakahama H, Orita Y, Yamazaki M, Itoh S, Okuda T, Yamaji A, Miwa Y, Yanase M, Fukuhara Y, Kamada T. Source: Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi. 1988 September; 30(9): 1103-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3216553&dopt=Abstract

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Prazosin versus hydrochlorothiazide as initial antihypertensive therapy in black versus white patients. Author(s): Batey DM, Nicolich MJ, Lasser VI, Jeffrey SS, Lasser NL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1989 January 23; 86(1B): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2643866&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of antihypertensive response to a standard dose of hydrochlorothiazide for essential hypertension. Author(s): Chapman AB, Schwartz GL, Boerwinkle E, Turner ST. Source: Kidney International. 2002 March; 61(3): 1047-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11849460&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary oedema and hypotension induced by hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Leser C, Bolliger CT, Winnewisser J, Burkart F, Perruchoud AP. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1994 September; 49(4): 308-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8000416&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary oedema with shock induced by hydrochlorothiazide: a rare side effect mimicking myocardial infarction. Author(s): Hoegholm A, Rasmussen SW, Kristensen KS. Source: British Heart Journal. 1990 March; 63(3): 186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2328172&dopt=Abstract

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Quinapril and hydrochlorothiazide combination for control of hypertension: assessment by factorial design. Quinapril Investigator Group. Author(s): Canter D, Frank GJ, Knapp LE, Phelps M, Quade M, Texter M. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1994 March; 8(3): 155-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8006914&dopt=Abstract

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Quinapril, hydrochlorothiazide, and combination in patients with moderate to severe hypertension. Author(s): Lenz T, Schulte KL, Wagner B, Lilienthal J, Gotzen R. Source: European Heart Journal. 1994 July; 15(7): 940-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7925516&dopt=Abstract

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Racial differences in response to acute dosing with hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Ripley E, King K, Sica DA. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2000 February; 13(2): 157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10701815&dopt=Abstract

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Randomised, double blind, multicentre comparison of hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, nitrendipine, and enalapril in antihypertensive treatment: results of the HANE study. HANE Trial Research Group. Author(s): Philipp T, Anlauf M, Distler A, Holzgreve H, Michaelis J, Wellek S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 July 19; 315(7101): 154-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9251545&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid life-threatening hyperkalemia after addition of amiloride HCl/hydrochlorothiazide to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. Author(s): Chiu TF, Bullard MJ, Chen JC, Liaw SJ, Ng CJ. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1997 November; 30(5): 612-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9360571&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid recovery of bone mass in hypercalciuric, osteoporotic men treated with hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Adams JS, Song CF, Kantorovich V. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999 April 20; 130(8): 658-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10215562&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent hydrochlorothiazide-induced pulmonary edema. Author(s): Mas A, Jordana R, Valles J, Cervantes M. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1998 April; 24(4): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9609416&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent pancreatitis after treatment with hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Rion RJ. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1994 January-February; 7(1): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7510925&dopt=Abstract

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Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in previously untreated essential hypertension: different effects of enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Dahlof B, Hansson L. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1992 December; 10(12): 1513-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1338083&dopt=Abstract

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Relation between low dose of hydrochlorothiazide, antihypertensive effect and adverse effects. Author(s): Jounela AJ, Lilja M, Lumme J, Morlin C, Hoyem A, Wessel-Aas T, Borrild NJ. Source: Blood Pressure. 1994 July; 3(4): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7994447&dopt=Abstract

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Renal excretory actions of furosemide, of hydrochlorothiazide and of the vasodilator flosequinan in healthy subjects. Author(s): Leary WP, Reyes AJ, Wynne RD, van der Byl K. Source: J Int Med Res. 1990 March-April; 18(2): 120-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2340945&dopt=Abstract

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Reproducibility of blood pressure response to hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Finkielman JD, Schwartz GL, Chapman AB, Boerwinkle E, Turner ST. Source: Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2002 NovemberDecember; 4(6): 408-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461303&dopt=Abstract

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Review of international safety data for lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination treatment. Author(s): Murray NH. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 2: 63-7; Discussion 68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1665180&dopt=Abstract

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Role of angiotensin II in L-NAME-induced systemic and renal hemodynamic effects in hydrochlorothiazide-pretreated hypertensive subjects. Author(s): van der Linde NA, van den Meiracker AH, Boomsma F. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2003 February; 21(2): 345-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569265&dopt=Abstract

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Safe and effective management of hypertension with fixed-dose combination therapy: focus on losartan plus hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Benedict CR. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2000 January-February; 54(1): 48-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10750261&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and antihypertensive efficacy of carvedilol and atenolol alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Widmann L, van der Does R, Horrmann M, Machwirth M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990; 38 Suppl 2: S143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1974505&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and efficacy of amlodipine added to hydrochlorothiazide therapy in essential hypertension. Author(s): Glasser SP, Chrysant SG, Graves J, Rofman B, Koehn DK. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1989 March; 2(3 Pt 1): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2522008&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and tolerability of eprosartan in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Bohm M, Sachse A. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2002; 25(8): 599-611. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113644&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and tolerability of losartan potassium, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, compared with hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, felodipine ER, and angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of systemic hypertension. Author(s): Goldberg AI, Dunlay MC, Sweet CS. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1995 April 15; 75(12): 793-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7717281&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitive liquid chromatographic method for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma. Author(s): Azumaya CT. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1990 October 26; 532(1): 168-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2079531&dopt=Abstract

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Serum selenium levels in diuretic-treated hypertensives: a double-blind trial of piretanide against hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride. Author(s): Verho M, Bossaller W, Malerczyk V. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1988; 8(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3284831&dopt=Abstract

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Severe hyponatraemia in an amiloride/hydrochlorothiazide-treated patient. Author(s): van Assen S, Mudde AH. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1999 March; 54(3): 108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10189785&dopt=Abstract

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Severe shaking chills and fever following hydrochlorothiazide administration. Author(s): Hoss DM, Nierenberg DW. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 November; 85(5): 747. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3189385&dopt=Abstract

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Short report: ramipril and hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy in hypertension: a clinical trial of factorial design. The East Germany Collaborative Trial Group. Author(s): Scholze J, Breitstadt A, Cairns V, Bauer B, Bender N, Priestley C, Moreadith C, Phillips J, Vander Elst E, Koch G. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1993 February; 11(2): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8385183&dopt=Abstract

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Simple determination of hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): de Vries JX, Voss A. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1993 January-February; 7(1): 12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8431674&dopt=Abstract

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Simple method for determination of hydrochlorothiazide in human urine by high performance liquid chromatography utilizing narrowbore chromatography. Author(s): Farthing D, Fakhry I, Ripley EB, Sica D. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1998 September; 17(8): 14559. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9800665&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous determination of irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma by liquid chromatography. Author(s): Erk N. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2003 January 25; 784(1): 195-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504198&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous determination of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide in combined dosage forms by first-derivative spectroscopy and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Author(s): Shah SA, Rathod IS, Suhagia BN, Savale SS, Patel JB. Source: J Aoac Int. 2001 November-December; 84(6): 1715-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11767136&dopt=Abstract

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Stability of labetalol hydrochloride, metoprolol tartrate, verapamil hydrochloride, and spironolactone with hydrochlorothiazide in extemporaneously compounded oral liquids. Author(s): Allen LV Jr, Erickson MA 3rd. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1996 October 1; 53(19): 2304-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8893069&dopt=Abstract

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Steady-state pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and hydrochlorothiazide administered alone and in combination. Author(s): Weir SJ, Dimmitt DC, Lanman RC, Morrill MB, Geising DH. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1998 September; 19(6): 365-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9737817&dopt=Abstract

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Stimulated parotid salivary flow rates in normotensive, hypertensive, and hydrochlorothiazide-medicated. Author(s): Streckfus CF, Wu AJ, Ship JA, Brown LJ. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1994 July; 23(6): 280-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7932248&dopt=Abstract

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Study of supplemental oral l-arginine in hypertensives treated with enalapril + hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Pezza V, Bernardini F, Pezza E, Pezza B, Curione M. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1998 October; 11(10): 1267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9799047&dopt=Abstract

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Study of the efficacy and safety of the combination ramipril 2.5 mg plus hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. ATHES Study Group. Author(s): Genthon R. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1994; 14(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7927956&dopt=Abstract

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Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus associated with hydrochlorothiazide therapy. Author(s): Fine RM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1989 July-August; 28(6): 375-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2767835&dopt=Abstract

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Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus-like drug eruption due to combination diuretic hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene. Author(s): Darken M, McBurney EI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 January; 18(1 Pt 1): 3842. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3346407&dopt=Abstract

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Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus-like eruption caused by hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Parodi A, Romagnoli M, Rebora A. Source: Photodermatol. 1989 April; 6(2): 100-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2748430&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment with hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride in an infant with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Uyeki TM, Barry FL, Rosenthal SM, Mathias RS. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1993 October; 7(5): 554-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8251321&dopt=Abstract

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Telmisartan plus hydrochlorothiazide versus telmisartan or hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy in patients with mild to moderate hypertension: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Author(s): McGill JB, Reilly PA. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2001 June; 23(6): 833-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440284&dopt=Abstract

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Telmisartan vs losartan plus hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of mild-tomoderate essential hypertension--a randomised ABPM study. Author(s): Neutel JM, Kolloch RE, Plouin PF, Meinicke TW, Schumacher H; OTELLOH Study Group. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2003 August; 17(8): 569-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12874615&dopt=Abstract

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The addition of mibefradil to chronic hydrochlorothiazide therapy in hypertensive patients is associated with a significant antihypertensive effect. Author(s): Carney S, Wing L, Ribeiro A, Kallwellis R, Zimlichman R, Viskoper RJ, Mion D Jr, Kobrin I. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1997 July; 11(7): 459-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9283064&dopt=Abstract

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The antihypertensive efficacy of the combination of irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide assessed by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Irbesartan Multicenter Study Group. Author(s): Howe P, Phillips P, Saini R, Kassler-Taub K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993). 1999 November; 21(8): 1373-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10574419&dopt=Abstract

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The blunting of the antiproteinuric efficacy of ACE inhibition by high sodium intake can be restored by hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Buter H, Hemmelder MH, Navis G, de Jong PE, de Zeeuw D. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1998 July; 13(7): 1682-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681711&dopt=Abstract

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The dissolution rate and bioavailability of hydrochlorothiazide in pellet formulations. Author(s): Herman J, Remon JP, Lefebvre R, Bogaert M, Klinger GH, Schwartz JB. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1988 March; 40(3): 157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2899142&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of enalapril with and without hydrochlorothiazide on insulin sensitivity and other metabolic abnormalities of hypertensive patients with NIDDM. Author(s): Shamiss A, Carroll J, Peleg E, Grossman E, Rosenthal T. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1995 March; 8(3): 276-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7794577&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of lacidipine on patients with mild to moderate hypertension and the effect of a combination of lacidipine and hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension uncontrolled after four weeks of lacidipine treatment: an open study. Author(s): Okeahialam BN, Isamade EI, Ibrahim TM, Anjorin FI. Source: West Afr J Med. 1998 January-March; 17(1): 42-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643160&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of antihypertensive combination therapy on lipid and glucose metabolism: hydrochlorothiazide plus sotalol vs. hydrochlorothiazide plus captopril. Author(s): Middeke M, Richter WO, Schwandt P, Holzgreve H. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 June; 35(6): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9208337&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of irbesartan added to hydrochlorothiazide for the treatment of hypertension in patients non-responsive to hydrochlorothiazide alone. Author(s): Rosenstock J, Rossi L, Lin CS, MacNeil D, Osbakken M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 1998 December; 23(6): 433-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10048504&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy and tolerability of amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide in Nigerians with essential hypertension. Author(s): Ajayi AA, Akintomide AO. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1995 July; 87(7): 485-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7636894&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy and tolerability of enalapril in a formulation with a very low dose of hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients resistent to enalapril monotherapy. Author(s): Guul SJ, Os I, Jounela AJ. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1995 July; 8(7): 727-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7546499&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of ibuprofen on the efficacy of antihypertensive treatment with hydrochlorothiazide in elderly persons. Author(s): Gurwitz JH, Everitt DE, Monane M, Glynn RJ, Choodnovskiy I, Beaudet MP, Avorn J. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1996 March; 51(2): M74-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8612107&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of antihypertensive therapy on the structural arteriolar changes in essential hypertension: different effects of enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Dahlof B, Hansson L. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1993 September; 234(3): 271-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8354977&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of hydrochlorothiazide and tripamide on serum and urinary amylase. Author(s): Conrad KA, Fagan TC, Simons JA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 May; 28(5): 436-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2455741&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of perindopril and the diuretic combination amiloride+hydrochlorothiazide on the vessel wall properties of large arteries in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Kool MJ, Lustermans FA, Breed JG, Struyker Boudier HA, Hoeks AP, Reneman RS, Van Bortel LM. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1995 August; 13(8): 839-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8557961&dopt=Abstract

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The long-term antihypertensive activity and tolerability of irbesartan with hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Raskin P, Guthrie R, Flack J, Reeves R, Saini R. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1999 October; 13(10): 683-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10516738&dopt=Abstract

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The modulatory effect of endogenous parathyroid hormone on the action of hydrochlorothiazide in pseudohypoparathyroidism type I. Author(s): Mizunashi K, Furukawa Y, Abe K, Yoshinaga K. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 1994 June; 54(6): 473-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8082049&dopt=Abstract

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The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metoprolol after conventional and controlled-release administration in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Lundborg P, Abrahamsson B, Wieselgren I, Walter M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993; 45(2): 161-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8223839&dopt=Abstract

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The treatment of severe hypertension with trandolapril, verapamil, and hydrochlorothiazide. Trandolapril/Verapamil Multicenter Study Group. Author(s): Punzi HA, Novrit BA. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1997 August; 11(8): 477-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322827&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of ambulatory hypertensives with nebivolol or hydrochlorothiazide alone and in combination. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorialdesign trial. Author(s): Lacourciere Y, Lefebvre J, Poirier L, Archambault F, Arnott W. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1994 February; 7(2): 137-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8179848&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride. Author(s): Kirchlechner V, Koller DY, Seidl R, Waldhauser F. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1999 June; 80(6): 548-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10332005&dopt=Abstract

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Trough:peak ratio and smoothness index in the evaluation of 24-h blood pressure control in hypertension: a comparative study between valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination and amlodipine. Author(s): Palatini P, Malacco E, Di SS, Carretta R, Dorigatti F, Bertocchi F, Mann J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 January; 57(11): 765-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868797&dopt=Abstract

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Trough-to-peak ratio, smoothness index, and circadian blood pressure profile after treatment with once-daily fixed combination of losartan 100 and hydrochlorothiazide 25 in essential hypertension. Author(s): Coca A, Sobrino J, Soler J, Felip A, Pelegri A, Minguez A, Vila J, de la Sierra A, Plana J. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2002 June; 39(6): 824-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021576&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary excretion of oxalate by patients with renal hypercalciuric stone disease. Effect of chronic treatment with hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Urivetzky M, Braverman S, Motola JA, Smith AD. Source: Urology. 1991 April; 37(4): 327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2014597&dopt=Abstract

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Use of the factorial design and quadratic response surface models to evaluate the fosinopril and hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy in hypertension. Author(s): Pool JL, Cushman WC, Saini RK, Nwachuku CE, Battikha JP. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1997 January; 10(1): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9008256&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide in moderately severe essential hypertension. Author(s): White WB, Koch B, Stimpel M. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1997 April; 4(4): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10423601&dopt=Abstract

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Valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. A multiple dose, double-blind, placebo controlled trial comparing combination therapy with monotherapy. Author(s): Benz JR, Black HR, Graff A, Reed A, Fitzsimmons S, Shi Y. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1998 December; 12(12): 861-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9883710&dopt=Abstract

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Valsartan, a new angiotensin II antagonist for the treatment of essential hypertension: efficacy and safety compared to hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Hegner G, Faust G, Freytag F, Meilenbrock S, Sullivan J, Bodin F. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997; 52(3): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9218922&dopt=Abstract

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Valsartan, a new angiotensin II receptor antagonist: a double-blind study comparing the incidence of cough with lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Benz J, Oshrain C, Henry D, Avery C, Chiang YT, Gatlin M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997 February; 37(2): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9055135&dopt=Abstract

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Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide is effective in hypertensive patients inadequately controlled by valsartan monotherapy. Author(s): Mallion JM, Carretta R, Trenkwalder P, Martinez JF, Tykarski A, Teitelbaum I, Oddou P, Fagan T; Co-Diovan Study Group. Source: Blood Pressure. Supplement. 2003 May; Suppl 1: 36-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12800986&dopt=Abstract

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Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Langtry HD, McClellan KJ. Source: Drugs. 1999 May; 57(5): 751-5; Discussion 756-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10353300&dopt=Abstract

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Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide: a review of its pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy and place in the management of hypertension. Author(s): Wellington K, Faulds DM. Source: Drugs. 2002; 62(13): 1983-2005. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12215069&dopt=Abstract

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Verapamil versus hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension: results of long term double blind comparative trial. Verapamil versus Diuretic (VERDI) Trial Research Group. Author(s): Holzgreve H, Distler A, Michaelis J, Philipp T, Wellek S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 October 7; 299(6704): 881-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2510877&dopt=Abstract

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Voglibose has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Kleist P, Suzuki Y, Thomsen T, Moller M, Romer A, Hucke HP, Kurowski M, Eckl KM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 May; 54(3): 273-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681672&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hydrochlorothiazide.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Hydrochlorothiazide The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hydrochlorothiazide” (or a synonym): •

3-Bromomethyl-propyphenazone as a new derivatization reagent for high performance liquid chromatography of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide with UVdetection. Author(s): Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Egypt. Source: Khedr, A el Sherief, H Biomed-Chromatogr. 1998 Mar-April; 12(2): 57-60 02693879

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A new fixed-dose combination for added blood pressure control: telmisartan plus hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Hypertension Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec, Canada. [email protected] Source: Lacourciere, Y J-Int-Med-Res. 2002 Jul-August; 30(4): 366-79 0300-0605

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A normal dietary calcium intake or hydrochlorothiazide inhibits bone resorption when serum 1,25-(OH)2-D levels are elevated. Source: Lemann, J. Jr. Gray, R.W. Maierhofer, W.J. Cheung, H.S. Vitamin D : chemical, biochemical, and clinical update; proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Vitamin D, Merano, Italy, March 1985 / editors, A.W. Norman. [et al.]. Berlin [West Ger.] : De Gruyter, 1985. page 485-486. ISBN: 3111010815

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Acute effect of hydrochlorothiazide on renal calcium and magnesium handling in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Department of Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Source: Stefikova, K Spustova, V Dzurik, R Physiol-Res. 1999; 48(4): 327-30 0862-8408

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Antihypertensive effects of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination in essential hypertension. Source: Schmidt, A Adam, S A Kolloch, R Weidinger, G Handrock, R Blood-Press. 2001; 10(4): 230-7 0803-7051

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By the way, doctor. I am 87 and have been taking blood pressure medications for years. In the past, side effects were a problem, but for about the last year I've done very well taking valsartan (Diovan) and hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrex). Now My blood pressure is about 165/72 mm hg. The top number seems high. One doctor told me that as long as the bottom number is low, I shouldn't be concerned. But I am. My father died from a stroke many years ago, and I'm pretty sure he had high blood pressure. Source: Lee, T H Harv-Health-Lett. 2000 February; 25(4): 8 1052-1577

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Captopril and hydrochlorothiazide combined: Acezide/Capozide. Source: Anonymous Drug-Ther-Bull. 1989 July 24; 27(15): 59-60 0012-6543

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Chronopharmacology of captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in hypertension: morning versus evening dosing. Author(s): Medical Policlinic, University of Munich, Germany. Source: Middeke, M Kluglich, M Holzgreve, H Chronobiol-Int. 1991; 8(6): 506-10 07420528

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Combination of a thiazide, a vasodilator and reserpine compared with methyldopa plus hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension in Zimbabwe. Author(s): Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare.

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Source: Stein, C M Neill, P Mwaluko, G M Kusema, T S-Afr-Med-J. 1990 March 3; 77(5): 243-5 0038-2469 •

Combination therapy with felodipine and metoprolol compared with captopril and hydrochlorothiazide. German MC Study Group. Author(s): Klinik Hohenried fur Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Germany. Source: Klein, G Blood-Press. 1998 November; 7(5-6): 308-12 0803-7051

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Combined treatment with captopril, hydrochlorothiazide and pravastatin in dyslipidemic hypertensive patients. Author(s): Division d'Hypertension, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland. Source: Waeber, B Greminger, P Riesen, W Darioli, R Simeon Dubach, D Wunderlin, R Blood-Press. 1995 November; 4(6): 358-62 0803-7051

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Comparison of potassium alone and potassium-magnesium supplementation in patients with heart failure using hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Malmi Municipal Hospital, Finland. Source: Kohvakka, A Luurila, O Gordin, A Sundberg, S Magnesium. 1989; 8(2): 71-6 0252-1156

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Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus-vasopressin and prostaglandins in response to treatment with hydrochlorothiazide and indomethacin. Author(s): Universitat-Kinderklinik, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Rascher, W Rosendahl, W Henrichs, I A Maier, R Seyberth, H W PediatrNephrol. 1987 July; 1(3): 485-90 0931-041X

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Controlling hypertension: lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide vs captoprilhydrochlorothiazide. An Italian multicentre study. Author(s): Istituto di Patologia Medica, Universita degli Studi, Ancona, Italy. Source: Rappelli, A J-Hum-Hypertens. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 255-7; discussion 57-8 0950-9240

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Direct tubular effect on calcium retention by hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University Clinic, Mainz, FRG. Source: Krause, U Zielke, A Schmidt Gayk, H Ehrenthal, W Beyer, J J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1989 September; 12(8): 531-5 0391-4097

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Effect of 8-phenyltheophylline, enprofylline and hydrochlorothiazide on glycerolinduced acute renal failure in the rat. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Leeds, UK. Source: Yates, M S Bowmer, C J Kellett, R Collis, M G J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 1987 October; 39(10): 803-8 0022-3573

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Effect of hydrochlorothiazide in pseudohypoaldosteronism with hypercalciuria and severe hyperkalemia. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Hospital St. Maria, University of Lisbon, Portugal. Source: Stone, R C Vale, P Rosa, F C Pediatr-Nephrol. 1996 August; 10(4): 501-3 0931041X

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Evaluation of the effects of fixed combinations of sustained-release verapamil/trandolapril versus captopril/hydrochlorothiazide on metabolic and electrolyte parameters in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Department of Preventive Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic. [email protected] Source: Cifkova, R Nakov, R Novozamska, E Hejl, Z Petrzilkova, Z Poledne, R Stavek, P Compagnone, D J-Hum-Hypertens. 2000 June; 14(6): 347-54 0950-9240

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Fosinopril and hydrochlorothiazide combination versus individual components: lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction. Author(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Clinical Research Unit, Hamilton, NJ 08690, USA. Source: Uderman, H D Much, D R Brennan, J Delaney, C L Morgenthien, E A Weaver, J Stouffer, B C Chang, S Y VanHarken, D Liao, W Ann-Pharmacother. 1999 May; 33(5): 525-30 1060-0280

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Hydrochlorothiazide action on the apical Cl-, Ca2+ and K+ conductances in rabbit gallbladder epithelium. Presence of an apamin-sensitive, Ca(2+)-activated K+ conductance. Author(s): Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimeca Generali, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Italy. Source: Cremaschi, D Vallin, P Porta, C J-Membr-Biol. 1995 September; 147(2): 159-71 0022-2631

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Hyperhomocysteinemia induces elastolysis in minipig arteries: structural consequences, arterial site specificity and effect of captopril-hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): DRED EA 2195, INSERM CFJ 94-01, Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Marseille, France. Source: Charpiot, P Bescond, A Augier, T Chareyre, C Fraterno, M Rolland, P H Garcon, D Matrix-Biol. 1998 December; 17(8-9): 559-74 0945-053X

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Influence of combination of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in primary hypertension. Author(s): Hypertension Unit, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada. Source: Lacourciere, Y Gagne, C J-Hum-Hypertens. 1993 April; 7(2): 149-52 0950-9240

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Interaction of allopurinol and hydrochlorothiazide during prolonged oral administration of both drugs in normal subjects. I. Uric acid kinetics. Author(s): Medizinische Poliklinik, Universitat Munchen, Germany. Source: Loffler, W Landthaler, R de Vries, J X Walter Sack, I Ittensohn, A Voss, A Zollner, N Clin-Investig. 1994 December; 72(12): 1071-5 0941-0198

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Longterm effects of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide on glucose metabolism in the hypertensive patient. Author(s): Dept. of Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Uppsala University, Sweden. Source: Lithell, H Pollare, T Berne, C Horm-Metab-Res-Suppl. 1990; 2274 0170-5903

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Multicenter private practice comparison of tripamide and hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Family Practice Center, Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, OH 43214. Source: Bope, E T Adams, R C Brewer, S C Cairns, C B Fosnaugh, N R Leidheiser, P C Platt, C W Polsley, J S Romaker, R R Scarbrough, S D et al. Fam-Pract-Res-J. 1988 Summer; 7(4): 197-204 0270-2304

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Perindopril plus nifedipine versus perindopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in mild to severe hypertension: a double-blind multicentre study. The Multicentre Study Group on Treatment Association with Perindopril. Author(s): Departement de Medecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Caen, France. Source: Letellier, P Overlack, A Agnes, E Desche, P J-Hum-Hypertens. 1994 February; 8(2): 145-9 0950-9240

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Physicochemical properties of liposomes incorporating hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide. Author(s): Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio 26500, Patras, Greece.

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Source: Fatouros, D G Antimisiaris, S G J-Drug-Target. 2001; 9(1): 61-74 1061-186X •

The effect of perindopril and hydrochlorothiazide alone and in combination on blood pressure and on the renin-angiotensin system in hypertensive subjects. Author(s): Servier Research and Development, Fulmer, Bucks., UK. Source: Brown, C L Backhouse, C I Grippat, J C Santoni, J P Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1990; 39(4): 327-32 0031-6970

•

The treatment of severe hypertension with trandolapril, verapamil, and hydrochlorothiazide. Trandolapril/Verapamil Multicenter Study Group. Author(s): Trinity Hypertension Research Center, Trinity Medical Center, Carrollton, TX 75010, USA. Source: Punzi, H A Novrit, B A J-Hum-Hypertens. 1997 August; 11(8): 477-81 0950-9240

•

Treating mild-to-moderate hypertension: a comparison of lisinoprilhydrochlorothiazide fixed combination with captopril and hydrochlorothiazide free combination. Source: Graham, R D J-Hum-Hypertens. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 259-60; discussion 61 0950-9240

•

Trough:peak ratio and smoothness index in the evaluation of 24-h blood pressure control in hypertension: a comparative study between valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination and amlodipine. Author(s): Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Universita di Padova, Italy. [email protected] Source: Palatini, Paolo Malacco, Ettore Di, Somma Salvatore Carretta, Renzo Dorigatti, Francesca Bertocchi, Federico Mann, Jessica Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 2002 January; 57(11): 765-70 0031-6970

•

Urinary excretion of oxalate by patients with renal hypercalciuric stone disease. Effect of chronic treatment with hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Department of Urology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York. Source: Urivetzky, M Braverman, S Motola, J A Smith, A D Urology. 1991 April; 37(4): 327-30 0090-4295

•

Valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. A multiple dose, double-blind, placebo controlled trial comparing combination therapy with monotherapy. Author(s): Clinical Research, Cedar Rapids, IA 52401, USA. Source: Benz, J R Black, H R Graff, A Reed, A Fitzsimmons, S Shi, Y J-Hum-Hypertens. 1998 December; 12(12): 861-6 0950-9240

•

Zinc, hydrochlorothiazide and sexual dysfunction. Author(s): Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Natal Medical School, Durban, South Africa. Source: Khedun, S M Naicker, T Maharaj, B Cent-Afr-J-Med. 1995 October; 41(10): 312-5 0008-9176

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to hydrochlorothiazide; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin D Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,905,00.html

•

Minerals Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10086,00.html Potassium-sparing Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spironolactone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Food and Diet Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE

MEDICINE

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to hydrochlorothiazide. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to hydrochlorothiazide and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to hydrochlorothiazide: •

A comparison of Chinese traditional and Western medical approaches for the treatment of mild hypertension. Author(s): Wong ND, Ming S, Zhou HY, Black HR. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 1991 January-February; 64(1): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1897264&dopt=Abstract

•

Addition of a thiazide: an effective remedy for furosemide resistance after cardiac operations. Author(s): Vanky F, Broquist M, Svedjeholm R. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1997 April; 63(4): 993-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9124977&dopt=Abstract

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•

An attempt to detect drug abuse. Author(s): Stika L, Vinar O. Source: Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1971; 13(3): 229-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5000338&dopt=Abstract

•

Antihypertensive effects of drugs measured in unanesthetized rats with established adrenal regeneration hypertension. Author(s): Stanton HC, Cooper CM. Source: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1967 July; 168(1): 1-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6048726&dopt=Abstract

•

Antihypertensive effects, determined by a telemetry method, of trichloromethiazide and 7-O-ethylfangchinoline, a derivative of tetrandrine, in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Author(s): Kawashima K, Negishi T, Amano H, Fujimoto K, Suzuki T, Fujii T. Source: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Suppl. 1995 December; 22(1): S300-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9072401&dopt=Abstract

•

Antihypertensive therapy with diuretics without potassium supplement. Author(s): Wadhawan DN. Source: Med J Zambia. 1981 November-1982 January; 16(1): 4-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7052731&dopt=Abstract

•

Cerebral perfusion in hypertensive patients: effects of lacidipine and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Semplicini A, Maresca A, Simonella C, Carollo C, Chierichetti F, Santipolo N, Pauletto P, Ferlin G, Pessina AC. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2000; 35(3 Suppl 1): S13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11347856&dopt=Abstract

•

Cerebral perfusion in hypertensives with carotid artery stenosis: a comparative study of lacidipine and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Semplicini A, Maresca A, Simonella C, Chierichetti F, Pauletto P, Meneghetti G, Ferlin G, Pessina AC. Source: Blood Pressure. 2000; 9(1): 34-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10854006&dopt=Abstract

•

Changes in the fasting blood sugar after hydrochlorothiazide and potassium supplementation. Author(s): McFarland KF, Carr AA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1977 January; 17(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=833337&dopt=Abstract

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•

Clinical efficacy and cost comparison of an amiloride-hydrochlorothiazide combination versus hydrochlorothiazide and wax-matrix potassium supplement in the treatment of essential hypertension. Author(s): Vardan S, Rapacke J, Mookherjee S. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1986; 8(4): 420-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3731211&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of hydrochlorothiazide and slow release furosemide as adjuvant therapy to beta-blockers in the treatment of moderate hypertension. Author(s): Hylander B, Danielson M, Eliasson K. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1987; 222(2): 137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2890268&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of potassium alone and potassium-magnesium supplementation in patients with heart failure using hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Kohvakka A, Luurila O, Gordin A, Sundberg S. Source: Magnesium. 1989; 8(2): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2755214&dopt=Abstract

•

Determination of hydrochlorothiazide and rutin in Chinese herb medicines and human urine by capillary zone electrophoresis with amperometric detection. Author(s): Wang Q, Ding F, Li H, He P, Fang Y. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 January 1; 30(5): 150714. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467922&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of hydrochlorothiazide in pseudohypoaldosteronism with hypercalciuria and severe hyperkalemia. Author(s): Stone RC, Vale P, Rosa FC. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1996 August; 10(4): 501-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8865253&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of benazepril and hydrochlorothiazide, given alone and in low- and high-dose combinations, on blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Author(s): Chrysant SG, Fagan T, Glazer R, Kriegman A. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1996 January; 5(1): 17-24; Discussion 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8542050&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of fosinopril and hydrochlorothiazide on cerebral perfusion in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Author(s): Semplicini A, Simonella C, Meneghetti G, Chierichetti F, Serena L, Claroni F, Fazari G, Ferlin G, Pessina AC.

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Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1993 December; 11 Suppl 5: S372-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8158428&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients and the need for potassium supplementation. Author(s): Kochar MS, Itskovitz HD. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1973 June; 15(6): 298-304. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4197254&dopt=Abstract

•

Potassium bicarbonate supplementation blocks the hypocalciuric response to hydrochlorothiazide in rats. Author(s): Goulding A, McIntosh J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1985 May; 133(5): 891-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2985833&dopt=Abstract

•

Serum magnesium and potassium levels in hypertensive patients after a therapeutic switch from hydrochlorothiazide plus a potassium supplement to maxzide. Author(s): Davidov ME, Becker FE, Hollifield JW. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 March 20; 82(3A): 48-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3565425&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of amiloride/hydrochlorothiazide combination vs furosemide plus potassium supplementation in the treatment of oedema of cardiac origin. Author(s): Viherkoski M, Huikko M, Varjoranta K. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1981 February; 13(1): 11-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7018361&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of potassium and potassium plus magnesium supplementation on ventricular extrasystoles in mild hypertensives treated with hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Lumme JA, Jounela AJ. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1989 October; 25(1): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2477338&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to hydrochlorothiazide; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Cardiac Arrhythmia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Aldactazide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aldoril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aloe Vera Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10001,00.html

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Amiloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Apresazide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Captozide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dandelion Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10021,00.html Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dyazide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Equisetum Alternative names: Horsetail; Equisetum arvense L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hyzaar Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indapamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Inderide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,801,00.html Loop Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lopressor HCT Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Losartan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 71

Lotrel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Maxzide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Moduretic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prinizide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Timolide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Triamterene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vaseretic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zestoretic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ziac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “hydrochlorothiazide” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hydrochlorothiazide, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Hydrochlorothiazide By performing a patent search focusing on hydrochlorothiazide, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on hydrochlorothiazide: •

Chemical compounds triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide Inventor(s): Ahn; Kap S. (Northbrook, IL) Assignee(s): Multilan AG (CH) Patent Number: 4,981,852 Date filed: May 13, 1988 Abstract: A diuretic pharmaceutically acceptable solution of triamterene and solutions of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide to provide an antihypertensive and diuretic effect for those in need thereof. Triamterene is solubilized in a combination of a glycol and lactic acid present in an amount sufficient to maintain the triamterene in solution. A pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, such as glycerin is also present. Excerpt(s): invention relates to novel medicinal compositions having substantial diuretic and/or antihypertensive activities. The invention relates to two solutions, one of triamterene and the other, a solution of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide. Triamterene is 2,4,7-triamino-6-phenylpteridine. Hydrochlorothiazide is 6-chloro-3,4dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide. Triamterene is a diuretic and the combination of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic with antihypertensive properties. As is known, the hydrochlorothiazide component blocks the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions thereby increasing the quantity of sodium traversing the distal tubule and the volume of water excreted. Although the exact antihypertensive effect of hydrochlorothiazide is not known, the continued use of the drug decreases the excretion of uric acid and may increase the excretion of iodide and may also reduce glomerular filtration rate. The triamterene exerts its diuretic effect as does hydrochlorothiazide except that it only inhibits the reabsorption of sodium in exchange for potassium and hydrogen ions. Both of the drugs exhibit approximately the same duration of effectiveness in that they both have peak activity at two to three hours after ingestion with tapering effectiveness during the subsequent seven to nine hours. The combination of both triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide finds particular usefulness in the treatment of edema and has been indicated as injunctive therapy associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis and the nephrotic syndrome. General dosage has been set at 100 mg triamterene and 100-200 mg triamterene and 50100 mg hydrochlorothiazide in divided doses. The drug is available in solid form administered as capsules. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04981852__

•

Diltiazem pharmaceutical spheroid formulation Inventor(s): Brown; Adrian (Cambridge, GB), Buxton; Ian R. (Cambridge, GB), Critchley; Helen (Cambridge, GB), Leslie; Stewart T. (Cambridge, GB), Malkowska; Sandra T. A. (Cambridge, GB), Miller; Ronald B. (Basel, CH), Prater; Derek A. (Cambridge, GB) Assignee(s): Euro-Celtique, S.A. (LU) Patent Number: 5,508,044 Date filed: July 22, 1994

Patents 75

Abstract: A solid oral dosage form comprising diltiazem (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) in controlled release form and hydrochlorothiazide in immediate release form. Preferably, the controlled release component comprises a plurality of spheroids comprising diltiazem and a spheronizing agent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a solid oral dosage form and to a process for its preparation. In particular it relates to a solid oral dosage form comprising a combination of diltiazem and hydrochlorothiazide for the treatment of hypertension. Thiazide diuretics, and in particular hydrochlorothiazide, are widely used in antihypertensive therapy. Diltiazem is a calcium antagonist which has been shown to be useful in treating chronic heart disease such as angina and hypertension. The administration of diltiazem together with hydrochlorothiazide has been reported to produce significant additive effects in mild to moderate hypertension with twice-daily dosing (see Burris et al, JAMA, 263, (11), 1507-12, 1990). It is an object of the present invention to provide a combined dosage form comprising diltiazem and hydrochlorothiazide suitable for once daily administration for the treatment of hypertension. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05508044__ •

Filled gelatin capsules Inventor(s): Adesunloye; Adedotun Tony (Aurora, CO), Stach; Paul Edward (Broomfield, CO) Assignee(s): Novartis Finance Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,874,106 Date filed: March 6, 1997 Abstract: Disclosed is a method of reducing crosslinking in gelatin capsules wherein an amino acid and a carboxylic acid are incorporated into the capsule fill, as well as filled gelatin capsules that utilize the disclosed method. The inventive method is especially useful for pharmaceutical formulations which include hydrochlorothiazide, triamterene, gemfibrozil, chloramphenicol, etodolac, piroxicam, nifedipine, tetracycline, diphenhydramine, hydroflumethiazide and rifampin, or a combination thereof as active ingredient. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/013,289, filed Mar. 12, 1996. This invention relates to a method of reducing crosslinking in the gelatin shell of a filled gelatin capsule by incorporating an amino acid and a carboxylic acid into the capsule filling. The inventive filled gelatin capsules possess improved stability relative to filled capsules which do not contain both the amino acid and the carboxylic acid in the filling. The use of filled gelatin capsules as delivery devices is well-known in many art fields, especially the pharmaceutical sciences. In pharmaceutical applications, filled gelatin capsules are especially suitable as a means to orally administer a pharmaceutical product to a subject. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05874106__

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•

Method of manufacturing an antihypertensive, diuretic and antihypokalemic pharmaceutical composition with polyethylene glycol Inventor(s): Sheth; Prabhakar R. (224 Highland Ave., Pearl River, NY 10965) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,793,999 Date filed: March 27, 1987 Abstract: A novel method of manufacturing a novel effective antihypertensive, diuretic and antihypokalemic pharmaceutical composition in which a triamterene active pteridine, a hydrochlorothiazide active benzothiadiazide, and a filler are thoroughly mixed with a polyethylene glycol, applying heat to the melting point thereof when the mixture instantaneously fuses to form granules, while cooled, then the granules are formulated into effective dosage units. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel method of manufacturing a novel effective antihypertensive, diuretic, antihypokalemic pharmaceutical composition in which a triamterene active pteridine, a hydrochlorothiazide active benzothiadiazide and a filler are thoroughly mixed with polyethylene glycol while heating to its melting point to fuse the constituents into granules while cooling, which are then mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable inert ingredients and a lubricant and formed into effective dosage units. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) has been known to be a useful diuretic and to reduce hypertension. However, when administered alone to a patient, it can result in a loss of potassium or a condition known as hypokalemia. In order to counteract the loss of potassium, it is therefore usually administered with a pteridine such as triamterene (TT). This has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,081,230, Weinstock et al., issued Mar. 12, 1963; by Kobuckka et al., 205 Acta Med Scand Vol. 205, pages 319-324 (1979) and "The Influence of Dosage Form on the Activity of a Diuretic Agent" by Tannenbaum et al., Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp 598-604 (1968), as described in Blume et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,769, issued Apr. 24, 1984, which is incorporated herein by reference. Typically, such prior art compositions have been prepared by intimately mixing the HCT and TT together with suitable fillers and forming the mixture into dosage units. One of the problems arising from the use of such mixtures is that the components have been only erratically and incompletely absorbed into the system of patients because of poor dissolution in gastric juices and, thus, have provided only low bioavailability of the active components. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04793999__

•

Pharmaceutical compositions for relief of dysmenorrhea and/or premenstrual syndrome and process Inventor(s): Jones; Howard (Holmdel, NJ), Lukacsko; Alison B. (West Windsor, NJ), Patel; Mahesh K. (Edison, NJ), Sarsfield; Beth A. (East Brunswick, NJ), Tencza; Thomas M. (Wallington, NJ) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Company (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,888,343 Date filed: September 15, 1986 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for relieving symptoms of dysmenorrhea and/or premenstrual syndrome comprising a combination of aspirin or ibuprofen and a

Patents 77

diuretic from the group pamabrom and hydrochlorothiazide; optionally it may also contain an antihistamine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition and process and more particularly to a composition and process of this character which is useful in relieving dysmenorrhea and/or premenstrual syndrome in female subjects. Pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of dysmenorrhea and/or premenstrual syndrome are known in the prior art and have been marketed commercially. These, however, have been too complicated in character adding to the expense of such compositions or have lacked as an essential ingredient a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent. Thus, for example, a number of commercially available products contain a combination of acetaminophen and pamabrom or a combination of acetaminophen, pamabrom and pyrilamine maleate. The problem with products of this character is that they do not contain a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, such as ibuprofen or aspirin which are highly important but not optimal in relieving the symptoms of dysmenorrhea and/or premenstrual syndrome. The acetaminophen used in such products is an effective analgesic but does not exhibit significant antiinflammatory properties. There is at least one commercial product containing a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory such as aspirin that is marketed for use in treating dysmenorrhea and/or premenstrual syndrome. This product has the disadvantage in that it does not contain a highly potent diuretic, another factor which is important in relieving symptoms of dysmenorrhea and/or premenstrual syndrome. This product is a mixture of aspirin, cinnamedrine and caffeine. Cinnamedrine is conventionally recognized as an antispasmodic. Caffeine, although it is recognized as a diuretic is not a highly potent diuretic. Moreover, the latter has the disadvantage of inducing sleeplessness in the subjects to whom it is administered; an important consideration for evening utility. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04888343__ •

Pharmaceutical products of moxonidine and hydrochlorothiazide Inventor(s): Armah; Ben (Hamburg, DE), Planitz; Vera (Henstedt-Ulzburg, DE), Stenzel; Wolfgang (Reinbek, DE) Assignee(s): Beiersdorf AG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 4,952,410 Date filed: November 17, 1988 Abstract: Pharmaceutical composition containing moxonidine (4-chloro-6-methoxy-2methyl-5-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)aminopyrimidine) or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrochlorothiazide (6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7sulphonamide-1,1-dioxide ) and, if appropriate, triamterene (2,4,7-triamino-6phenylpteridine). Excerpt(s): The invention relates to new pharmaceutical compositions or products, to the use thereof and to the preparation thereof. The compound 4-chloro-6-methoxy-2methyl-5-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)aminopyrimidine (moxonidine) is disclosed as a centrally acting antihypertensive in U.S. Pat. No. 4,323,570. The compound 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro2H-1,2,4-benzo-thiadiazine-7-sulphonamide 1,1-dioxide is known as hydrochlorothiazide and was introduced as a diuretic (Merck Index, 10th edition, page 692). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04952410__

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•

Process for preparing hydrochlorothiazide

the

combination

products

of

triamterene

and

Inventor(s): Nugent; Frederic J. (Sherwood Park, CA), Yen; John K. C. (Oakville, CA) Assignee(s): G. D. Searle & Co. (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 4,804,540 Date filed: December 16, 1987 Abstract: A combination pharmaceutical composition is described, together with the process for manufacturing said pharmaceutical composition wherein the active ingredients, namely triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide, are incorporated into a solid dosage form via a single wet granulation process utilizing an acid component. Said process simplifies the formulation and manufacturing, permits greater uniformity, and increases in vitro dissolution. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel pharmaceutical composition having effective combined diuretic and antihypertensive properties while also being capable of resisting hypokalmeia. This invention provides a formulation for combining active ingredients having significantly different hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic properties. Specifically this invention provides a process formulation for a combination product containing triamterene (2,4,7-triamino-6-phenylpteridine) and hydrochlorothiazide (6chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazide-7-sulfonamide-1,1-dioxide). This invention also provides a process which utilizes an acid component and a solvent for manufacturing the combination product of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide. Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide administered to human patients in order to provide diuretic and antihypertensive medication and treatment. In addition to producing beneficial effects on hypertension, the diuretic action serves to relieve edema caused by renal, cardiac, hepatic ineffectiveness or other causes. However, one of the problems which arises when administering single-entity hydrochlorothiazide is that this medication also tends to cause a loss of potassium from the patient, which may be excessive and which may thereby create an undesired hypokalemia condition. While potassium supplements have been prescribed, this may cause further adverse side effects. Therefore, in order to eliminate the problems associated with the administration of potassium supplements, it is known to administer hydrochlorothiazide in combination with a compound capable of resisting hypokalmeia. Triamterene is a compound capable of resisting hypokalemia. Thus a combination product consisting of hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene is known in the art. Descriptions of such combinations are found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,081,230; "Bioequivalence Study of a New Tablet Formuilation of Triamterene and Hydrochlorothiazide" by Blume, et al.; The American Journal of Medicine: Nov. 5, 1984: pp. 59-61 and "The Influence of Dosage Form on the Activity of a Diuretic Agent" by Tannenbaum, et al. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Volume 9, No. 5, pp. 598-604 (1968). However, triamterene's relative hydrophobic characteristics adversely affect the relatively hydrophilic hydrochlorothiazide resulting in a decrease in the dissolution rate in physiological fluids of both active ingredients and thus, their bioavailabilities. Because of this attempts to combine these active ingredients have not been without problems. Descriptions of combinations of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide as well as methods for their formulation are known from U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,769, 4,526,777 and 4,547,498 and references cited therein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04804540__

Patents 79

•

Process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical formulation containing at least two different active substances and use of such a formulation Inventor(s): Gerhard; Gergely (Gartengasse 8, A-1053 Vienna, AT), Wolfram; Tritthart (Allgau 36, A-9400 Wolfsberg, AT) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,393,531 Date filed: July 1, 1992 Abstract: An aqueous solution or dispersion for oral intake of at least two different pharmaceutical active substances is prepared by dissolving or suspending at least two different effervescent, soluble and/or disintegrating mixtures in tablet or granule form, each of which contains a different active substance or a different active substance combination, in one and the same quantity of water. At least one of the tablets may be used only as a fragment, and at least one of the mixtures may weigh less than 2000 mg, preferably less than 1500 mg, in particular less than 1000 mg. In particular at least one of the mixtures contains diuretic, in particular hydrochlorothiazide and/or furosemide, and at least one of the further mixtures contains a beta-blocker and/or a vasodilator, in particular naftidrofuryl, calcium antagonist, ACE inhibitor or alpha-1-blocker. Such effervescent, soluble and/or disintegrating mixtures in tablet or granule form are preferably used for the treatment of hypertension. Other active substance combinations are suitable for the treatment of asthma or osteoporosis or for ulcer therapy. Excerpt(s): The therapeutic treatment of various disease states very frequently necessitates--particularly in elderly people--the intake of various pharmaceutical substances, sometimes over weeks or months or even years, some of which have to be taken dally or even several times a day and others perhaps only every second day or even only once per week. Furthermore, the dose very often is to be individually set by the doctor for a certain patient and is to be varied with the passage of time. This is difficult to achieve with the conventional dosage forms of the tablets or sugar-coated tablets. On the one hand, the intake of tablets--again particularly in the case of elderly people who often have difficulties in swallowing--is found to be unpleasant, especially when a large number of such tablets have to be taken, sometimes at each mealtime; on the other hand, the variation of the dose is complicated: small sugar-coated tablets or tablets are difficult for the patient to divide up when it is intended, for example, to administer half or quarter tablets. It is therefore the object of the invention to provide a dosage, form for two or more active substances which is easy to take even for elderly patients and/or those with swallowing difficulties, and which on the other hand allow the doctor very substantial freedom with regard to the individual dose and its variation over the duration of a treatment with medicaments. This object is surprisingly and satisfactorily achieved by the features of the invention. Further embodiments of the invention are also described. In the past, always only one effervescent tablet has been dissolved in water. The reason for this was, on the one hand, that the effervescent tablet had a weight of 2 g of more, generally 3 to 4 g, and for complete dissolution therefore required at least 100 ml, preferably 200 to 250 ml of water for dissolution. However, many people--particularly elderly ones--do not readily consume such large quantities of liquid, a problem that would be further exacerbated if they had to take two or more such tablets. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05393531__

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Use of amiloride for treating cancer Inventor(s): Evans; Douglas McCullough (Akron, OH), Sloan-Stakleff; Kimberly Denise (Akron, OH) Assignee(s): Evans; Douglas M. (Akron, OH), Sloan-Stakleff; Kimberly D. (Akron, OH) Patent Number: 6,214,824 Date filed: August 6, 1999 Abstract: Use of the proprietary drug amiloride for the treatment of cancer types that depend on an enzymatic cascade triggered by the activation of plasminogen to plasmin by the specific activating enzyme Urokinase Plasminogen Activator (uPA). Administration of amiloride inhibits the action of uPA, inhibits the ability of the cancer cell to attract new blood supply, blocks the Na+/H+ transporter, and inhibits ornithine decarboxylase necessary for DNA synthesis. Further, in combination with amiloride, a different step in the enzymatic cascade is targeted by a secondary agent, Batimistat, for example, which is a metalloprotease inhibitor. Additionally, the use of hydrochlorothiazide promotes excretion of potassium. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to the art of methods for suppressing the invasion and spread of cancer cells and more particularly to the use of amiloride, alone or in combination with other agents, to inhibit the proliferation and invasive capability of epithelial based cancers which are dependent on the plasmin enzymatic cascade. Cancer cells proliferate through a series of events such as separation of cells from the primary tumor mass, migration of the separated cells through solid tissue, penetration of the vascular system with embolization at a distant site (intravasation), escape of embolic cells from the confines of the capillary bed involved (extravasation), and parasitization of blood supply at the target site. The mechanisms which allow these events to occur are perversions of normal physiologic processes and are dependent on a cascade of enzymatic activity which is initiated by the intracellular chemistry of the cancer cell. The trigger for this cascade is the activation of plasminogen to plasmin. This activation is a physiologic function which normally allows for the dissolution of blood clots within the vascular system, allows for the migration of blood cells through solid tissue to fight infection or to reject foreign material, and allows for the penetration of the ovum by the sperm cell. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06214824__

Patent Applications on Hydrochlorothiazide As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to hydrochlorothiazide:

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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•

Pharmaceutical compositions containing carvedilol and hydrochlorothiazide Inventor(s): Heller, Rudolf; (Traunfeld, AT) Correspondence: Hoffmann-la Roche INC.; Patent Law Department; 340 Kingsland Street; Nutley; NJ; 07110 Patent Application Number: 20020052367 Date filed: September 5, 2001 Abstract: A pharmaceutical combination preparation for the treatment of cardiac and cardiovascular disorders, such as hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac insufficiency and illnesses associated therewith, contains the active substances carvedilol, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and hydrochlorothiazide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as well as pharmaceutically usual additives. Excerpt(s): This is a divisional of copending application Ser. No. 09/447,872 filed Nov. 23 1999. The present invention is concerned with pharmaceutical combination preparations that are suitable for treating cardiac and cardiovascular disorders and the illnesses associated therewith. Specifically, the present invention relates to pharmaceutical combination preparations containing carvedilol and hydrochlorothiazide as active substances. is a.beta.-blocker with additional.alpha.sub.1blocking activity, which has been commercially available for several years under the trade name Coreg.RTM. in the United States and Dilatrend.TM. outside the United States. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with hydrochlorothiazide, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on hydrochlorothiazide. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning hydrochlorothiazide. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

83

CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hydrochlorothiazide. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hydrochlorothiazide include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on hydrochlorothiazide: •

Disorders of the Genitourinary Tract Source: in AARP Pharmacy Service Prescription Drug Handbook, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Association of Retired Persons. 1992. p. 914-974. Contact: Available from Virginia Pharmacy Service. P.O. Box 13671, Richmond, VA 23225-6115. (800) 456-2277. PRICE: $12.95 plus $1 shipping and handling. Summary: This text chapter details information concerning the causes, diagnosis, and drug treatment of urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence and kidney stones. Information is included for various specific drugs for treating urinary tract infections, covering dosage form and strength, drug profile, what to know before using the drug, food-drug interactions, restrictions during daily living, possible side effects, storage instructions, and ancillary information. Also included are various urinary anti-infectives (Azo Gantanol, Azo Gantrisin, NegGRAM, Trimethoprim, Bactrim, Septra,

84

Hydrochlorothiazide

Methenamine salts, Cipro, Floxin, Noroxin, Macrodantin) and urinary analgesics (Pyridium drugs). Topics under urinary incontinence include causes and types (stress, overactive bladder, overflow incontinence), diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and detailed information on specific urinary tract stimulants (Bethanechol drugs) and antispasmodics (Ditropan, Urispas). Uric acid reducers (Allopurinol) and thiazide diuretics (Hydrochlorothiazide) used in the treatment of kidney stones also are described.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “hydrochlorothiazide” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “hydrochlorothiazide” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “hydrochlorothiazide” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Diuresis, kaliuresis, and hypertension : long-term clinical experience with a fixed combination of amiloride hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide; ISBN: 0879931078; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879931078/icongroupinterna

•

NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of Hydrochlorothiazide (CAS no. 58-93-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F b1 s mice (feed studies) (SuDoc HE 20.3159/2:357) by John R. Bucher; ISBN: B000102W32; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000102W32/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

7

NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of Hydrochlorothiazide (CAS no. 58-93-5) in F344 Author: Bucher, John R. (John Ray); Year: 1989; Research Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology Program, U.S. Dept. of

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

85

Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health; Springfield, VA: Available through the National Technical Information Service, [1989]

Chapters on Hydrochlorothiazide In order to find chapters that specifically relate to hydrochlorothiazide, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and hydrochlorothiazide using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on hydrochlorothiazide: •

Effect of Medications on Diabetes Source: in Carlisle, B.A.; Kroon, L.A.; Koda-Kimble, M.A. 101 Medication Tips for People with Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. p. 76-83. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400329. Order number 483301. Summary: This chapter answers questions about the effects of common medications, alcohol, birth control pills, estrogen therapy, beta blockers, hydrochlorothiazide, and niacin on blood glucose levels. Common medications that can increase blood glucose include glucocorticoids, niacin, and protease inhibitors. Glucocorticoids taken as pills or by injection are likely to increase blood glucose levels if they are taken in large doses. If they are inhaled or applied to the skin, they are unlikely to increase blood glucose. The effect of alcohol on blood glucose depends on how much a person drinks during a particular timespan. Birth control pills will not generally make diabetes worse, and estrogen replacement therapy is safe for most women with diabetes. The benefits of beta blockers for people who have diabetes and who have had a heart attack far exceed the risks; currently prescribed doses of hydrochlorothiazide used to control blood pressure have minimal effects on blood glucose level. The amount of niacin in multivitamins is not high enough to increase blood glucose levels.

•

Diuretics Source: in Moreau, D., ed. Nursing96 Drug Handbook. Springhouse, PA: Nursing96 Books. Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 793-822. Contact: Available from Springhouse Publishing. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477. (800) 331-3170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671. Fax (215) 6468716. PRICE: $29.95. ISBN: 087434817X. ISSN: 0273320X. Summary: This chapter on diuretics is from a nursing handbook on pharmaceuticals; the handbook focuses on the clinical aspects of drug therapy. The chapter begins with an alphabetically arranged list of the generic names of drugs described in the chapter, followed by an alphabetized list of its brand names and a list of selected combination products in which these drugs are found. Specific information on each drug is arranged under the following headings: How Supplied, Action, Onset, Peak, Duration,

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Indications and Dosage, Adverse Reactions, Interactions, Contraindications, and Nursing Considerations. Drugs covered are acetazolamide, acetazolamide sodium, amiloride hydrochloride, bendroflumethiazide, bumetanide, chlorothiazide, chlorothiazide sodium, chlorthalidone, dichlorphenamide, ethacrynate sodium, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide, mannitol, methazolamide, methyclothiazide, metolazone, polythiazide, quinethazone, spironolactone, torsemide, triamterene, trichlormethiazide, and urea.

87

CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE

AND

NEWS

ON

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover hydrochlorothiazide.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on hydrochlorothiazide is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to hydrochlorothiazide. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for hydrochlorothiazide: •

Hydrochlorothiazide Superior To Isradipine In Reducing LV Mass Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 01, 1997

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•

Watson's Brand-Name Hydrochlorothiazide 'Approvable' Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 14, 1996

•

Hydrochlorothiazide Alone May Be Inadequate For Elderly Hypertensives Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 09, 1996

•

Bisoprolol Plus Hydrochlorothiazide Effective First-Line Hypertension Treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 21, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to hydrochlorothiazide, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

Periodicals and News

89

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Hydrochlorothiazide Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to hydrochlorothiazide. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering hydrochlorothiazide that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for hydrochlorothiazide. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with hydrochlorothiazide. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).

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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to hydrochlorothiazide: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (Ace) Inhibitors and Hydrochlorothiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Accuretic; Capozide; Lotensin HCT; Prinzide; Uniretic; Vaseretic; Zestoretic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202045.html

Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents and Thiazide Diuretics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Corzide 40/5; Corzide 80/5; Inderide; Inderide LA; Lopressor HCT; Tenoretic 100; Tenoretic 50; Timolide 10-25; Ziac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202088.html

Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing, and Hydrochlorothiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aldactazide; Dyazide; Maxzide; Moduretic; Spirozide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202207.html

Diuretics, Thiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aquatensen; Diucardin; Diulo; Diuril; Enduron; Esidrix; Hydro-chlor; Hydro-D; HydroDIURIL; Hydromox; Hygroton; Metahydrin; Microzide; Mykrox; Naqua; Naturetin; Oretic; Renese; Saluron; Thalitone; Trichlorex 10; Zaroxolyn http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202208.html

Hydralazine and Hydrochlorothiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Apresazide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202286.html

Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hyzaar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203639.html

Methyldopa and Thiazide Diuretics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aldoclor; Aldoril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202360.html

Rauwolfia Alkaloids and Thiazide Diuretics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Demi-Regroton; Diupres; Diurigen with Reserpine; Diutensen-R; Enduronyl; Enduronyl Forte; Oreticyl; Oreticyl Forte; Rauzide; Regroton http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202504.html

Reserpine, Hydralazine, and Hydrochlorothiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cam-Ap-Es; Cherapas; Ser-A-Gen; Seralazide; Ser-ApEs; Serpazide; Tri-Hydroserpine; Unipres http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202506.html

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Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 5762 22 972 3 0 6759

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hydrochlorothiazide can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hydrochlorothiazide. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hydrochlorothiazide. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hydrochlorothiazide”:

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•

Other guides Arrhythmia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arrhythmia.html Heart Failure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartfailure.html Hip Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hipinjuriesanddisorders.html Kidney Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneydiseases.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on hydrochlorothiazide. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Diabetes Insipidus Source: American Family Physician. 55(6): 2153. May 1, 1997. Summary: This fact sheet for patients describes diabetes insipidus, a condition in which the kidneys lose their capacity to concentrate urine. Patients with diabetes insipidus have to urinate often and are constantly thirsty. The fact sheet covers the causes of diabetes insipidus, diagnostic tests used to confirm the condition, and treatment options. Most people with diabetes insipidus get it after an injury to the head or after brain surgery. Some people with diabetes insipidus have a brain tumor. In about 25 percent of cases, no cause is determined. The fact sheet describes the water deprivation test that is often used to diagnose diabetes insipidus. Treatment options include drug therapy with DDAVP or hydrochlorothiazide. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hydrochlorothiazide. The drawbacks of this approach are that the

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information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hydrochlorothiazide. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hydrochlorothiazide. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hydrochlorothiazide. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/.

106 Hydrochlorothiazide

Simply type in “hydrochlorothiazide” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hydrochlorothiazide”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hydrochlorothiazide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hydrochlorothiazide” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

112 Hydrochlorothiazide

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acute tubular: A severe form of acute renal failure that develops in people with severe illnesses like infections or with low blood pressure. Patients may need dialysis. Kidney function often improves if the underlying disease is successfully treated. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]

Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic betaantagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. [NIH]

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Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Afterload: The tension produced by the heart muscle after contraction. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Albuminuria: More than normal amounts of a protein called albumin in the urine. Albuminuria may be a sign of kidney disease. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allopurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases uric acid production. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alprenolol: 1-((1-Methylethyl)amino)-3-(2-(2-propenyl)phenoxy)-2-propanol. Adrenergic beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy,

Dictionary 117

magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amlodipine: 2-((2-Aminoethoxy)methyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3,5pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl 5-methyl ester. A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the

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lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are diuretics (especially diuretics, thiazide), adrenergic beta-antagonists, adrenergic alpha-antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers, and vasodilator agents. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects

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(orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Apamin: A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the

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body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH]

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Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bumetanide: A sulfamyl diuretic. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the

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drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catecholamines: A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH]

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Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cilazapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. Preliminary results also indicate its potential in the treatment of congestive heart failure. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clot Retraction: Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by

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physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coenzymes: Substances that are necessary for the action or enhancement of action of an enzyme. Many vitamins are coenzymes. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy,

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spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum

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and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific

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gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diuretics, Thiazide: Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Doxazosin: A selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker that lowers serum cholesterol. It is also effective in the treatment of hypertension. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH]

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Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat hypertension. [NIH]

Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences,

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or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]

Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracelluar fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic. [NIH] Etodolac: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with potent analgesic and antiarthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and in the alleviation of postoperative pain. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] F Factor: A plasmid whose presence in the cell, either extrachromosomal or integrated into

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the bacterial chromosome, determines the "sex" of the bacterium, host chromosome mobilization, transfer via conjugation of genetic material, and the formation of sex pili. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat. [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH]

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Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gemfibrozil: A lipid-regulating agent that lowers elevated serum lipids primarily by decreasing serum triglycerides with a variable reduction in total cholesterol. These decreases occur primarily in the VLDL fraction and less frequently in the LDL fraction. Gemfibrozil increases HDL subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 as well as apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. Its mechanism of action has not been definitely established. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally

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occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Transplantation: The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another. [NIH]

Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially

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lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. [NIH] Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypercalciuria: Abnormally large amounts of calcium in the urine. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH]

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Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indapamide: A sulfamyl diuretic with about 16x the effect of furosemide. It has also been shown to be an effective antihypertensive agent in the clinic. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues

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caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interindividual: Occurring between two or more individuals. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isradipine: 4-(4-Benzofurazanyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid methyl 1-methyl ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel antagonist that is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually

136 Hydrochlorothiazide

by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labetalol: Blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an antihypertensive. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Lisinopril: An orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood.

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LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent. Before its alphaadrenergic actions became clear, methyldopa was thought to act by inhibiting decarboxylation of DOPA leading to depletion of norepinephrine or by conversion to and release as the false transmitter alpha-methylnorepinephrine. [NIH] Metolazone: A potent, long acting diuretic useful in chronic renal disease. It also tends to lower blood pressure and increase potassium loss. [NIH] Metoprolol: Adrenergic beta-1-blocking agent with no stimulatory action. It is less bound to plasma albumin than alprenolol and may be useful in angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of

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the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that binds selectively to and inhibits calcium channels, T-type. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Natriuresis: The excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH]

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Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephrogenic: Constant thirst and frequent urination because the kidney tubules cannot respond to antidiuretic hormone. The result is an increase in urine formation and excessive urine flow. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicardipine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl) methyl 2(methyl(phenylmethyl)amino)-3,5-pyridinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nisoldipine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4 (2-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid methyl 2-methylpropyl ester. Nisoldipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitrendipine: Ethyl methyl 2,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5pyridinedicarboxylate. A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular

140 Hydrochlorothiazide

endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Ornithine Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated Sadenosylmethionine to form spermidine. EC 4.1.1.17. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osteoarthritis: Degeneration of articular cartilage. Primary osteoarthritis is very common in older persons, especially affecting weight-bearing joints. Articular cartilage becomes soft, frayed and thinned. [NIH] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and

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secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overactive bladder: A condition in which the patient experiences two or all three of the following conditions: [NIH] Overdosage: 1. The administration of an excessive dose. 2. The condition resulting from an excessive dose. [EU] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Parasitization: The act or state of infestation by one or more parasites. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partnership Practice: A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural

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and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic components of variability in individual responses to and metabolism (biotransformation) of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and

Dictionary 143

teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photodermatitis: Dermatitis caused or elicited by exposure to ultraviolet light, may be phototoxic or photoallergic. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Piroxicam: 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1dioxide. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is well established in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its usefulness has also been demonstrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily. The drug has also been shown to be effective if administered rectally. Gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequently reported side effects. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alphagranules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH]

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Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases). [NIH] Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's syndrome, prostatic hypertrophy, and urinary retention. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Private Practice: Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or

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severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other

146 Hydrochlorothiazide

aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH]

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Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal cysts: Abnormal fluid-filled sacs in the kidney that range in size from microscopic to much larger. Many simple cysts are harmless, while other types can seriously damage the kidneys. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve disorders; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retroperitoneal Fibrosis: A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology,

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characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis. [NIH]

Retroperitoneal Space: An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the diaphragm to the brim of the true pelvis, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Ryanodine: Insecticidal alkaloid isolated from Ryania speciosa; proposed as a myocardial depressant. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH]

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Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH]

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Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH]

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Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH]

152 Hydrochlorothiazide

Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triamterene: A pteridine that is used as a mild diuretic. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH]

Dictionary 153

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular fibrillation: Rapid, irregular quivering of the heart's ventricles, with no effective heartbeat. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Water Deprivation: The withholding of water in a structured experimental situation. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH]

154 Hydrochlorothiazide

155

INDEX A Abdomen, 115, 136, 142, 147, 150 Abdominal, 115, 141, 142, 144, 147, 148 Acceptor, 115, 141 Acebutolol, 18, 115 Acetaminophen, 77, 115 Acetylcholine, 115, 140 Acute renal, 3, 59, 115, 133 Acute tubular, 4, 115 Adenosine, 115, 121, 143 Adjuvant, 67, 115, 131 Adjuvant Therapy, 67, 115 Adrenal Cortex, 115, 116, 147 Adrenergic, 22, 92, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 127, 129, 136, 137, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, 115, 118 Adverse Effect, 46, 116, 147, 149 Affinity, 116, 149 Afterload, 8, 116 Agonist, 116, 137 Airway, 116, 149 Albumin, 116, 137 Albuminuria, 22, 116 Aldosterone, 4, 6, 116 Alertness, 116, 121 Algorithms, 116, 120 Alkaline, 116, 117, 121, 151 Alkaloid, 116, 146, 147, 148 Allopurinol, 34, 60, 84, 116 Alpha-1, 79, 116, 127, 144 Alprenolol, 116, 137 Alternative medicine, 88, 116 Amino Acids, 117, 119, 142, 144, 145, 152 Amlodipine, 5, 9, 10, 13, 18, 21, 24, 25, 26, 37, 38, 47, 52, 54, 61, 117 Ammonia, 117, 152 Ampicillin, 28, 117 Amylase, 52, 117 Anal, 117, 129 Analgesic, 77, 115, 117, 129, 134 Anatomical, 117, 134 Anemia, 16, 117 Angina, 75, 81, 115, 117, 120, 135, 137, 139, 145 Angina Pectoris, 81, 115, 117, 120, 135, 137, 145 Anginal, 116, 117, 139

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, 5, 117 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 47, 117, 118 Angiotensinogen, 6, 117, 147 Anions, 116, 117, 135 Antagonism, 4, 117, 121, 127 Antibiotic, 117, 121, 142, 151 Antibodies, 117, 118 Antibody, 16, 116, 118, 124, 126, 134, 146, 149 Anticoagulant, 118, 145, 153 Antidiuretic, 118, 139 Antiemetic, 118, 127 Antigen, 116, 117, 118, 124, 133, 134 Antihistamine, 77, 118 Antihypertensive Agents, 43, 118 Anti-infective, 83, 118 Anti-inflammatory, 3, 77, 115, 118, 119, 129, 131, 134, 143 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 118, 119 Antineoplastic, 118, 139 Antineoplastic Agents, 118, 139 Antipsychotic, 118, 147 Antipyretic, 115, 119 Antispasmodic, 77, 119 Antitussive, 119, 127 Anuria, 119, 136 Anxiety, 115, 119, 145 Aorta, 33, 119, 153 Aortic Aneurysm, 119, 131, 148 Apamin, 60, 119 Apnea, 119 Apolipoproteins, 33, 60, 119, 131, 136 Aqueous, 79, 119, 120 Arachidonic Acid, 119, 145 Arginine, 49, 119, 139, 140, 146 Arrhythmia, 69, 104, 119, 153 Arterial, 14, 18, 22, 35, 60, 119, 122, 123, 125, 131, 133, 139, 145, 151 Arteries, 52, 60, 119, 121, 126, 137, 138 Arteriolar, 4, 52, 119, 121, 130, 147 Arterioles, 119, 121, 122, 138 Arteriovenous, 119, 138 Ascites, 119, 140 Aspirin, 8, 76, 77, 119 Assay, 36, 119 Asymptomatic, 119, 141

156 Hydrochlorothiazide

Atenolol, 7, 8, 18, 19, 30, 32, 35, 36, 45, 46, 47, 119 Atrial, 119, 125, 153 Atrial Fibrillation, 119, 153 Autacoids, 119, 134 Autodigestion, 120, 141 B Bacteria, 117, 118, 120, 125, 128, 131, 143, 152 Bacterium, 120, 125, 130, 133 Base, 120, 126, 135, 136, 152 Beta blocker, 85, 120 Bile, 120, 130, 136, 148 Biliary, 120, 141 Biliary Tract, 120, 141 Bioavailability, 14, 17, 51, 76, 120 Biochemical, 58, 120, 136, 148 Biopsy, 4, 120 Biosynthesis, 119, 120, 140, 145 Biotechnology, 9, 84, 88, 99, 120 Biotransformation, 120, 142 Bisoprolol, 8, 10, 16, 25, 26, 27, 38, 41, 88, 120 Bladder, 120, 134, 147, 152 Blood Coagulation, 120, 121 Blood Glucose, 85, 120, 132, 135 Blood vessel, 117, 120, 121, 122, 126, 128, 131, 133, 135, 142, 149, 150, 151, 153 Body Fluids, 121, 127, 149 Bone Marrow, 23, 121, 137, 150 Bone Resorption, 58, 121 Bradykinin, 121, 140 Branch, 111, 121, 141, 142, 149, 151 Broad-spectrum, 117, 121 Bronchial, 115, 121, 133 Buccal, 121, 137 Bumetanide, 86, 121 C Caffeine, 77, 121 Calcium blocker, 26, 121 Calcium channel blocker, 117, 118, 121, 139, 153 Calcium Channel Blockers, 118, 121, 139 Calcium Channels, 122, 138 Calcium Oxalate, 122, 141 Capillary, 20, 24, 67, 80, 121, 122, 131, 148, 153 Capillary Fragility, 122, 148 Capsules, 74, 75, 122, 127, 130, 131 Captopril, 8, 12, 16, 21, 23, 27, 33, 37, 39, 41, 43, 51, 58, 59, 60, 61, 122 Carbohydrate, 122, 131, 132

Carcinogenesis, 84, 122 Cardiac, 15, 23, 36, 65, 68, 69, 78, 81, 115, 119, 121, 122, 126, 129, 135, 137, 138, 139, 146 Cardioselective, 115, 119, 120, 122, 145 Cardiotonic, 122, 127 Cardiovascular, 4, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, 21, 23, 27, 29, 33, 37, 39, 40, 54, 66, 81, 122, 148 Case report, 28, 31, 122, 123 Case series, 122, 123 Catecholamines, 122, 147 Cations, 122, 135 Causal, 122, 129 Central Nervous System, 115, 121, 122, 123, 131, 132, 148 Cerebral, 15, 66, 67, 123, 125, 129 Cerebrum, 123 Character, 77, 117, 123 Chemotherapy, 115, 123 Cholesterol, 120, 123, 127, 131, 136 Cholesterol Esters, 123, 136 Chromosome, 123, 125, 130 Chronic Disease, 6, 123 Chronic renal, 3, 20, 44, 123, 130, 137, 144, 152 Chylomicrons, 123, 136 Cilazapril, 33, 36, 40, 42, 123 Circadian, 54, 123 Clamp, 7, 123 Clinical study, 6, 22, 123 Clinical trial, 4, 5, 48, 99, 123, 125, 138, 145, 146 Cloning, 120, 123 Clot Retraction, 123, 143 Coagulation, 120, 123, 151, 153 Coenzymes, 124, 139 Cofactor, 124, 145 Cohort Studies, 124, 129 Collagen, 124, 131, 143 Collapse, 124, 149 Colloidal, 116, 124, 128 Combination Therapy, 10, 14, 24, 46, 48, 51, 54, 61, 124, 129 Complement, 124, 125 Complementary and alternative medicine, 65, 71, 124 Complementary medicine, 65, 125 Computational Biology, 99, 125 Concomitant, 6, 37, 125 Congestive heart failure, 16, 74, 123, 125, 136 Conjugation, 120, 125, 130

Index 157

Connective Tissue, 121, 124, 125, 130, 131, 148 Consciousness, 117, 125 Constriction, 125, 135 Contractility, 117, 125 Contraindications, ii, 86, 125 Controlled study, 9, 14, 21, 24, 125 Convulsions, 119, 125 Cor, 125, 131 Coronary, 117, 126, 138, 139 Coronary Circulation, 117, 126 Coronary Thrombosis, 126, 138 Cortex, 126 Cortical, 30, 126 Corticosteroids, 126, 131 Cross-Sectional Studies, 126, 129 Curative, 126, 139, 151 Cutaneous, 49, 50, 126, 137 Cyclic, 121, 126, 132, 140, 145 Cytokines, 5, 126 D Databases, Bibliographic, 99, 126 Deamination, 126, 152 Decarboxylation, 126, 133, 137, 140, 146 Density, 38, 126, 136, 140, 144 Deuterium, 126, 133 Diabetes Insipidus, 22, 50, 53, 59, 104, 126, 133 Diabetes Mellitus, 32, 39, 127, 132 Diagnostic procedure, 73, 88, 127 Dialyzer, 127, 132 Diastole, 127 Diastolic, 11, 19, 35, 127, 133 Dichlorphenamide, 86, 127 Digitalis, 8, 127 Dihydroxy, 116, 127, 148 Diltiazem, 20, 22, 49, 74, 75, 127 Dimethyl, 127, 135, 139 Diphenhydramine, 75, 127 Direct, iii, 6, 20, 24, 29, 59, 91, 127, 133, 147 Distal, 74, 127, 129, 146 Diuresis, 84, 121, 127 Diuretics, Thiazide, 92, 118, 127 Dosage Forms, 48, 79, 127 Doxazosin, 12, 22, 127 Drive, ii, vi, 17, 57, 127 Drug Interactions, 83, 93, 127 Duct, 127, 148 Dysmenorrhea, 76, 77, 128, 143 Dyspareunia, 128, 129 E Echocardiography, 40, 128

Edema, 74, 78, 128, 130, 133, 139, 140, 152 Efficacy, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 21, 24, 25, 26, 32, 37, 42, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 67, 128 Electrolyte, 27, 36, 59, 116, 128, 136, 144, 149, 152 Electrons, 120, 128, 135, 141, 146 Electrophoresis, 20, 67, 128 Emboli, 80, 128, 153 Embolism, 128, 146, 153 Embolization, 80, 128, 153 Emollient, 128, 132, 140 Enalapril, 5, 8, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 23, 25, 30, 38, 41, 42, 43, 45, 49, 51, 52, 128 Endopeptidases, 128, 145 Endothelium, 128, 139, 143 Endothelium-derived, 128, 139 Endotoxic, 128, 136 End-stage renal, 5, 123, 128, 144 Enhancer, 14, 128 Environmental Health, 98, 100, 128 Enzymatic, 80, 121, 124, 129, 130, 133 Epidemiologic Studies, 7, 129 Epinephrine, 115, 129, 140 Epithelial, 80, 129 Epithelial Cells, 129 Epithelium, 60, 128, 129 Erythrocytes, 14, 117, 121, 129, 147 Escalation, 8, 129 Estrogen, 85, 129 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 85, 129 Ethacrynic Acid, 86, 129 Etodolac, 75, 129 Excrete, 119, 129, 135 Exhaustion, 117, 129 Exogenous, 120, 122, 129 Extracellular, 125, 129, 140, 149, 151 Extracellular Matrix, 125, 129, 140 Extraction, 36, 129 Extravasation, 80, 129 F F Factor, 48, 129 Facial, 130, 141 Facial Nerve, 130, 141 Family Planning, 99, 130 Fat, 119, 121, 125, 128, 130, 131, 136, 148, 149 Fatigue, 130, 132 Fatty acids, 116, 130, 145 Felodipine, 9, 16, 27, 40, 47, 59, 130 Fibrillation, 8, 130 Fibrin, 120, 123, 130, 143, 151

158 Hydrochlorothiazide

Fibrinogen, 130, 143, 151 Fibrinolytic, 4, 130 Fibrosis, 130, 148 Filler, 76, 130 Filtration, 3, 130, 136 Fold, 40, 130 Forearm, 29, 121, 130 Fosinopril, 24, 28, 54, 60, 67, 130 Furosemide, 8, 16, 20, 23, 28, 34, 42, 44, 46, 65, 67, 68, 79, 86, 130, 134 G Gallbladder, 60, 115, 120, 130 Ganglia, 115, 118, 131, 139, 142, 150 Ganglionic Blockers, 118, 131 Gas, 117, 131, 133, 139, 150, 153 Gastric, 76, 120, 127, 131, 133 Gastric Juices, 76, 131 Gelatin, 75, 131, 150 Gemfibrozil, 75, 131 Gene, 6, 29, 84, 120, 131, 136 Genetics, 7, 125, 131, 142 Genotype, 7, 33, 131 Geriatric, 19, 42, 131 Gland, 115, 131, 141, 148, 150, 151 Glomerular, 74, 131, 135, 136, 137, 139, 147 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 74, 131, 136, 137, 139 Glomerulus, 131, 139 Glucocorticoids, 85, 115, 131 Gluconeogenesis, 131 Glucose, 37, 51, 60, 85, 120, 127, 131, 132, 135, 147, 149 Glucose Intolerance, 127, 132 Glutathione Peroxidase, 132, 148 Glycerol, 59, 132, 142 Glycogen, 131, 132 Governing Board, 132, 144 Granule, 79, 132 Growth, 5, 117, 132, 143, 151 Guanylate Cyclase, 132, 140 H Habitual, 123, 132 Half-Life, 35, 132, 143 Headache, 121, 132, 144 Heart attack, 85, 132 Heart failure, 6, 59, 67, 117, 132, 140, 142, 144 Heart Transplantation, 8, 132 Heartbeat, 132, 153 Hemodialysis, 15, 127, 132, 136 Hemoglobin, 117, 129, 132 Hemolytic, 16, 133

Hemorrhage, 132, 133, 150 Hepatic, 74, 78, 116, 133 Heredity, 131, 133 Heterogeneity, 7, 116, 133 Histamine, 118, 127, 133, 146 Homeostasis, 37, 133 Hormonal, 27, 129, 133 Hormone, 115, 116, 126, 129, 133, 135, 137, 139, 143, 148, 151 Hormone therapy, 115, 133 Host, 130, 133 Hydralazine, 8, 28, 43, 92, 133 Hydrogen, 133 Hydrophilic, 78, 133 Hydrophobic, 78, 133, 136 Hypercalciuria, 22, 30, 59, 67, 133 Hypersensitivity, 127, 133, 148 Hyperthyroidism, 26, 134, 145 Hypertrophy, 23, 45, 126, 134, 144 Hypnotic, 127, 134, 146 Hypotension, 44, 119, 125, 131, 134 I Ibuprofen, 3, 4, 52, 76, 77, 134 Id, 62, 68, 105, 110, 112, 134 Immune response, 115, 118, 134, 153 Immunogenic, 134, 136 Immunologic, 17, 31, 134 Immunology, 115, 116, 134 Impairment, 42, 134 Impotence, 11, 134 In vitro, 7, 27, 33, 39, 78, 134 In vivo, 134 Incision, 134, 135 Incontinence, 83, 134 Indapamide, 9, 12, 18, 19, 20, 24, 28, 32, 33, 70, 86, 134 Indicative, 84, 134, 141, 153 Indomethacin, 22, 59, 134 Infarction, 134 Infection, 80, 134, 137, 142, 148, 150, 153 Infestation, 134, 141 Inflammation, 23, 116, 118, 119, 130, 134, 139, 141, 148, 150, 153 Ingestion, 11, 74, 135, 151 Inhalation, 39, 135 Inlay, 135, 147 Inotropic, 119, 130, 135 Insomnia, 135, 144 Insulin, 17, 43, 51, 135 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 135 Interindividual, 6, 135 Interstitial, 26, 28, 135, 139, 147

Index 159

Intestinal, 6, 135 Intestines, 115, 123, 135 Intracellular, 80, 121, 134, 135, 137, 140, 144, 145, 148 Inulin, 131, 135 Invasive, 27, 80, 135, 137 Involuntary, 130, 135, 138, 149 Ions, 74, 120, 122, 127, 128, 129, 133, 135 Ischemia, 4, 135 Isradipine, 30, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 87, 135 K Kb, 98, 135 Kidney Disease, 5, 15, 98, 104, 116, 135 Kidney Failure, 6, 128, 135, 136, 137 Kidney Failure, Acute, 135, 136 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 136 Kidney stone, 83, 136, 141, 152 Kinetics, 34, 60, 122, 136 L Labetalol, 48, 136 Lesion, 136, 152 Leucocyte, 116, 136 Leukocytes, 121, 126, 134, 136 Library Services, 110, 136 Lipid, 23, 36, 37, 43, 51, 119, 131, 132, 135, 136 Lipid A, 51, 136 Lipopolysaccharides, 136 Lipoprotein, 23, 136 Liposomes, 60, 136 Lisinopril, 8, 13, 17, 19, 24, 34, 36, 37, 43, 46, 55, 59, 61, 136 Liver, 115, 116, 119, 120, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 146, 147, 152 Localized, 134, 136, 140, 143, 152 Loop, 70, 129, 136 Low-density lipoprotein, 136 Lupus, 31, 49, 50, 137 Lymphatic, 128, 134, 137, 140 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 5, 137 Mannitol, 86, 137 MEDLINE, 99, 137 Membrane, 122, 124, 127, 129, 136, 137, 138, 142 Membrane Proteins, 136, 137 Menopause, 137, 144, 145 Menstrual Cycle, 137, 144 Menstruation, 128, 137, 144 Metabolic disorder, 126, 137 Metabolite, 120, 123, 127, 130, 137, 144, 146

Methazolamide, 86, 137 Methyldopa, 58, 92, 137 Metolazone, 86, 137 Metoprolol, 8, 14, 16, 43, 48, 53, 59, 137 MI, 6, 113, 137 Mibefradil, 50, 138 Microcirculation, 24, 138, 143 Migration, 80, 138 Mitochondrial Swelling, 138 Mobilization, 130, 138 Modification, 138, 146 Molecular, 7, 26, 99, 101, 120, 125, 130, 136, 138, 143 Molecule, 118, 120, 124, 128, 138, 141, 143, 147 Monotherapy, 9, 11, 19, 24, 25, 38, 50, 52, 54, 55, 61, 138 Motility, 134, 138, 148 Mucosa, 137, 138 Multicenter study, 13, 18, 34, 41, 138 Myocardial infarction, 6, 44, 126, 137, 138, 145, 153 Myocardial Ischemia, 117, 138 Myocardium, 117, 137, 138 N Natriuresis, 117, 138 Nausea, 118, 127, 138, 144, 152 Necrosis, 4, 134, 137, 138 Need, 3, 68, 74, 83, 85, 106, 115, 123, 132, 139 Nephritis, 4, 26, 28, 139 Nephrogenic, 22, 50, 53, 59, 139 Nephropathy, 135, 139 Nephrosis, 139 Nephrotic, 42, 74, 139 Nephrotic Syndrome, 74, 139 Nerve, 115, 130, 139, 147, 150, 152 Nervous System, 15, 123, 139, 142, 150 Neurotoxic, 119, 139 Niacin, 85, 139 Nicardipine, 10, 40, 139 Nifedipine, 11, 19, 26, 37, 41, 60, 75, 139 Nisoldipine, 17, 139 Nitrates, 8, 139 Nitrendipine, 30, 41, 43, 45, 139 Nitric acid, 139 Nitric Oxide, 39, 139 Norepinephrine, 115, 137, 140, 147 Normotensive, 5, 49, 140 Nuclear, 26, 125, 128, 138, 140 Nuclei, 125, 128, 137, 140, 146

160 Hydrochlorothiazide

O Oedema, 29, 39, 44, 68, 140 Ointments, 127, 140 Oliguria, 136, 137, 140 Opacity, 126, 140 Ornithine, 80, 140, 146 Ornithine Decarboxylase, 80, 140 Osmolarity, 137, 140 Osteoarthritis, 129, 140, 143 Osteoblasts, 39, 140 Osteoporosis, 6, 79, 129, 140 Ovary, 140, 141 Overactive bladder, 84, 141 Overdosage, 15, 141 Ovulation, 141 Ovum, 80, 141 Oxalate, 54, 61, 141 Oxidation, 23, 115, 120, 132, 141 P Palliative, 141, 151 Pancreas, 115, 135, 141 Pancreatic, 141 Pancreatitis, 45, 141 Parasitization, 80, 141 Parathyroid, 53, 141, 151 Parathyroid Glands, 141 Parathyroid hormone, 53, 141 Parotid, 49, 141 Paroxysmal, 117, 141 Partnership Practice, 141, 144 Patch, 7, 141 Pathologic, 120, 126, 133, 141, 153 Pathophysiology, 7, 142 Patient Education, 104, 108, 110, 113, 142 Penicillin, 117, 142 Peptide, 128, 142, 143, 144, 145 Perfusion, 15, 66, 67, 142 Perindopril, 12, 41, 52, 60, 61, 142 Peripheral Nervous System, 137, 142 Peritoneal, 119, 140, 142 Peritoneal Cavity, 119, 140, 142 Peritoneum, 142, 147 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 131, 142 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 127, 142 Pharmacodynamic, 42, 142 Pharmacogenetics, 6, 142 Pharmacokinetic, 8, 11, 28, 35, 41, 42, 60, 142 Pharmacologic, 7, 8, 120, 132, 142, 151, 152 Phospholipids, 130, 136, 142 Phosphorus, 121, 141, 142 Photodermatitis, 41, 69, 143

Physiologic, 80, 116, 120, 132, 135, 137, 143, 145, 147 Piroxicam, 75, 143 Plants, 116, 127, 132, 135, 140, 143, 148, 151 Plasma, 6, 24, 28, 33, 36, 43, 47, 48, 60, 116, 118, 123, 130, 131, 132, 135, 137, 143, 147 Plasmid, 129, 143 Plasmin, 80, 143 Plasminogen, 80, 143 Plasminogen Activators, 143 Platelet Aggregation, 33, 140, 143 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, 39, 143 Platelets, 140, 143, 148, 151 Pleural, 140, 143 Pleural cavity, 140, 143 Polycystic, 5, 144 Polyethylene, 14, 76, 144 Polymorphism, 7, 144 Polypeptide, 119, 124, 130, 143, 144 Postmenopausal, 6, 11, 14, 30, 58, 129, 140, 144 Postoperative, 129, 143, 144 Potassium, 20, 43, 47, 59, 63, 66, 67, 68, 74, 76, 78, 80, 92, 116, 127, 129, 133, 137, 144, 146 Practice Guidelines, 100, 144 Pravastatin, 59, 144 Prazosin, 33, 41, 44, 144 Precursor, 117, 119, 129, 140, 143, 144, 150 Premenstrual, 76, 77, 144 Premenstrual Syndrome, 76, 77, 144 Primary tumor, 80, 144 Private Practice, 60, 144 Prodrug, 123, 130, 144, 146 Progression, 5, 22, 144 Progressive, 5, 8, 123, 129, 132, 136, 138, 144, 147 Prophylaxis, 145, 153 Propranolol, 9, 35, 40, 119, 145 Prostaglandin, 4, 34, 117, 145 Prostaglandins A, 134, 145 Protease, 85, 124, 145 Protease Inhibitors, 85, 145 Protein C, 116, 119, 136, 145, 152 Protein S, 84, 120, 145, 151 Proteins, 7, 117, 118, 119, 124, 126, 137, 138, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148, 151 Proteinuria, 5, 30, 139, 145 Proteolytic, 116, 124, 130, 143, 145 Protocol, 6, 145 Protons, 133, 146

Index 161

Proximal, 127, 129, 146 Pruritus, 127, 146, 152 Public Policy, 99, 146 Pulmonary, 11, 17, 29, 30, 31, 39, 44, 45, 121, 126, 136, 146, 153 Pulmonary Artery, 121, 146, 153 Pulmonary Edema, 11, 17, 30, 31, 45, 136, 146 Pulmonary Embolism, 146, 153 Putrescine, 140, 146, 150 Pyridoxal, 140, 146 Pyrilamine, 77, 146 Q Quality of Life, 19, 26, 146 Quinidine, 115, 146 R Race, 7, 138, 146 Radiation, 115, 117, 146 Radiation therapy, 115, 146 Radioactive, 132, 133, 140, 146 Ramipril, 41, 48, 49, 146 Randomized, 5, 9, 10, 12, 14, 18, 22, 24, 30, 33, 35, 36, 38, 50, 53, 128, 146 Reabsorption, 74, 133, 147 Reagent, 58, 147 Receptor, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 19, 29, 47, 55, 118, 147, 148 Rectum, 131, 134, 147, 150 Red blood cells, 129, 133, 147 Reductase, 144, 147 Refer, 1, 121, 124, 147 Refractory, 16, 147 Regeneration, 66, 147 Regimen, 128, 147 Renal cysts, 5, 147 Renal failure, 3, 147 Renal pelvis, 136, 147 Renin, 4, 6, 23, 61, 117, 122, 147 Renin-Angiotensin System, 23, 61, 117, 122, 147 Reserpine, 58, 92, 147 Respiratory Paralysis, 119, 147 Restoration, 43, 147 Retroperitoneal, 28, 147, 148 Retroperitoneal Fibrosis, 28, 147 Retroperitoneal Space, 148 Rheumatism, 134, 148 Rheumatoid, 129, 143, 148 Rheumatoid arthritis, 129, 143, 148 Risk factor, 129, 148 Rod, 120, 123, 148 Rutin, 20, 67, 148

Ryanodine, 7, 148 S Saliva, 148 Salivary, 49, 130, 148 Screening, 5, 123, 148 Secretion, 131, 133, 135, 148 Sedative, 127, 148 Sediment, 4, 148 Selenium, 47, 148 Senile, 140, 148 Serotonin, 118, 147, 148 Serum, 6, 36, 40, 47, 52, 58, 68, 116, 124, 127, 131, 136, 137, 148 Shock, 44, 149, 152 Side effect, 8, 15, 30, 44, 58, 78, 83, 91, 116, 118, 143, 149, 151 Skeletal, 123, 146, 149 Skeleton, 145, 149 Sleep apnea, 18, 149 Smooth muscle, 120, 121, 130, 133, 135, 147, 149 Social Environment, 146, 149 Sodium, 6, 37, 51, 74, 86, 116, 127, 129, 133, 138, 139, 146, 147, 149 Soft tissue, 121, 149 Solvent, 78, 132, 142, 149 Sorbitol, 137, 149 Sotalol, 51, 149 Spasm, 119, 149, 151 Specialist, 105, 149 Species, 129, 138, 146, 149, 152 Specificity, 60, 116, 122, 128, 149 Sperm, 80, 123, 149 Spermidine, 140, 150 Spinal cord, 123, 139, 142, 147, 150 Spondylitis, 129, 150 Steel, 123, 150 Sterile, 141, 150 Stimulant, 121, 133, 150 Stimulus, 125, 127, 150, 151 Stomach, 115, 120, 131, 133, 135, 138, 142, 150 Stool, 134, 150 Stress, 84, 122, 138, 148, 150 Stroke, 6, 15, 58, 98, 150 Stromal, 23, 150 Subacute, 49, 50, 134, 150 Subclinical, 134, 150 Subcutaneous, 128, 140, 150 Suction, 130, 150 Supplementation, 59, 66, 67, 68, 150 Suppositories, 131, 150

162 Hydrochlorothiazide

Sympathetic Nervous System, 117, 150 Sympathomimetic, 115, 129, 140, 150 Symptomatic, 141, 150 Synergistic, 39, 151 Systemic, 18, 23, 27, 46, 47, 92, 119, 121, 129, 134, 140, 146, 151, 153 Systolic, 13, 16, 23, 26, 35, 133, 151 T Teratogenic, 127, 151 Tetany, 141, 151 Tetracycline, 75, 151 Therapeutics, 10, 13, 18, 21, 24, 26, 38, 40, 41, 50, 51, 54, 67, 76, 78, 93, 151 Threshold, 133, 151 Thrombin, 130, 143, 145, 151 Thrombolytic, 143, 151 Thrombosis, 145, 150, 151 Thrombus, 126, 134, 138, 143, 151, 153 Thyroid, 134, 141, 151 Thyroid Gland, 134, 141, 151 Toxic, iv, 125, 127, 139, 146, 148, 151 Toxicity, 127, 151 Toxicology, 47, 84, 100, 151 Toxins, 118, 122, 134, 151 Traction, 123, 151 Transfection, 120, 152 Transmitter, 115, 137, 140, 152 Transplantation, 51, 123, 136, 152 Trauma, 132, 138, 141, 152 Triamterene, 3, 4, 19, 23, 27, 32, 42, 43, 49, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 86, 152 Tuberculosis, 137, 152 U Ulcer, 79, 152 Unconscious, 134, 152 Uraemia, 141, 152 Urea, 86, 136, 140, 152 Uremia, 135, 147, 152 Ureters, 136, 148, 152 Urethra, 152 Uric, 34, 60, 74, 84, 116, 152

Urinary, 6, 29, 52, 54, 61, 83, 129, 134, 140, 144, 152, 153 Urinary Retention, 144, 152 Urinary tract, 83, 152 Urinary tract infection, 83, 152 Urinate, 104, 152 Urine, 20, 28, 48, 67, 104, 116, 118, 119, 120, 122, 127, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 145, 147, 152 V Vaccine, 115, 145, 152 Vascular, 20, 23, 80, 121, 128, 130, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 143, 151, 153 Vasculitis, 141, 153 Vasodilation, 117, 153 Vasodilator, 46, 58, 79, 118, 121, 133, 139, 153 Vasomotor, 129, 153 VE, 15, 58, 153 Vein, 119, 140, 141, 153 Venom, 119, 153 Venous, 119, 140, 145, 153 Venous Thrombosis, 153 Ventricle, 125, 146, 151, 153 Ventricular, 5, 8, 23, 24, 30, 35, 36, 45, 68, 125, 153 Ventricular fibrillation, 8, 153 Venules, 121, 122, 138, 153 Verapamil, 7, 10, 14, 27, 29, 48, 53, 55, 59, 61, 153 Veterinary Medicine, 99, 153 Virus, 128, 153 Vitro, 153 W Warfarin, 8, 153 Water Deprivation, 104, 153 White blood cell, 118, 136, 153 X Xanthine, 116, 153 Xanthine Oxidase, 116, 153

Index 163

164 Hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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Hydrochlorothiazide - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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