Imiquimod - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

IMIQUIMOD A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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IMIQUIMOD A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Imiquimod: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84587-5 1. Imiquimod-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on imiquimod. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON IMIQUIMOD ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Imiquimod ..................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND IMIQUIMOD ..................................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Finding Nutrition Studies on Imiquimod.................................................................................... 41 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 42 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 3. CLINICAL TRIALS AND IMIQUIMOD............................................................................ 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Recent Trials on Imiquimod......................................................................................................... 45 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 47 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON IMIQUIMOD .................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 49 Academic Periodicals covering Imiquimod .................................................................................. 52 CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 53 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 54 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 57 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 59 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 63 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 66 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 69 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 69 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 69 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 75 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 75 IMIQUIMOD DICTIONARY........................................................................................................ 77 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 101

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with imiquimod is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about imiquimod, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to imiquimod, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on imiquimod. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to imiquimod, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on imiquimod. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON IMIQUIMOD Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on imiquimod.

Federally Funded Research on Imiquimod The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to imiquimod. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to imiquimod. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore imiquimod. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for imiquimod: •

Project Title: CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION--ROLE OF INFECTION/IMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Loprinzi, Charles L.; Professor; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Over the past decade, a substantial body of data has accumulated which implicates the human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in epithelial cancers, especially cervical

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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cancer. More recently, a new family HPV has been identified in skin cancers that are related to those found originally in patients with heritable skin cancer prone condition, epidermodysplasia verruciformis. With the advent of new chemoprevention strategies directed against each of these cancer types, it appears prudent to develop novel secondary endpoint biomarkers (SEBs). Accordingly, a central Theme of this project is to develop HPV-related SEBs in the context of two novel chemoprevention strategies, one of which is expressly directed against HPV infection. Two Phase II chemoprevention clinical trials are planned at the Mayo Clinic and in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) member institutions, with support for protocol development, data management, and statistical analysis deriving primarily from NCCTG CCOP grants ( i.e. research base and individual institution grants). The first is a randomized pilot evaluation of topical imiquimod, and immunomodulatory agent which has proven to be safe and effective for the treatment of genital warts. This trial will be conducted on patients with recurrent and/or high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). For skin cancers. This trial will attempt to reproduce and further substantiate a previous randomized trial in the which a treatment benefit was demonstrated. Broad-range PCR techniques will be used to monitor the type-specific persistence of HPV in cervical specimens after imiquimod therapy. Similar techniques will be used to characterize the potential role of HPV in skin cancers, strategies will also be developed to determine if HPV - specific immune responses can be used as SEBs in CIN related gene expression and AP-1 expression/activity will be developed for the skin cancer chemoprevention project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: USE IMMUNIZATIONS

OF

ADJUVANTS

TO

IMPROVE

SKIN

GENETIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Larregina, Adriana T.; Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 18-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Melanomas are one the most aggressive tumors with increasing incidence and mortality. Although melanomas are immunogenic tumors that could be potentially eliminated by immune-mediated spontaneous regression, this phenomenon is extremely rare. More frequently, melanomas are not recognized by the immune system due to the absence of tumor-specific antigens (Ags) or development of a state of tumor-specific tolerance. Immunization strategies against melanoma by means of DNA vaccines are promising therapeutic tools based on the induction of tumorspecific CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) lymphocytes and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). Due to its easy accessibility and intrinsic immune system, the skin is an optimal site for genetic immunization and the gene gun (GO is an excellent approach to induce high expression of transgenic Ags in the skin. Professional Ag processing and presenting cells of the skin [cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs): epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal DCs] can be transfected in situ by GG-immunization, or alternatively, they may internalize transgenic proteins from neighboring skin cells. Therefore, through direct of indirect transfection of skin DCs by the GG, it is possible to engineer in vivo the skin immune system. The presence of appropriate immuno-stimulatory signals during the early stages of DCs activation in peripheral tissues (i.e. skin) "instructs" DCs to fully mature and to induce an effective anti-tumor Th1-biased immune response. However, although the GG induces anti-tumor CD8+ CTLs, it is still controversial whether the GG is able to generate an effective CD4+ Th1-biased immune response (required to maintain efficient cellular anti-tumor immunity) and it rather induces Th2 cells. The hypothesis of this

Studies

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proposal is that the use of the GG to express transgenic melanoma Ags in the skin in the presence of the Th1-driving adjuvants substance P neurokinin 1 receptor agonist (SPNK1a) and Imiquimod (to mature and to Th1-polarize skin DCs at the site of GGimmunization) will generate fully activated skin DCs with ability to stimulate efficiently tumor Ag-specific T cells. Skin-derived DCs generated under these conditions will bias the differentiation of naive tumor-specific T cells into Th1 cells and promote development of CTLs, generating an effective and long-lasting anti-tumor immune response. To test the hypothesis, we propose the following specific aims: Aim 1: To investigate the function of DCs migrated from skin transfected with GG in the presence of Th1-driving adjuvants Imiquimod and SP-NK1a. Aim 2: To analyze in vivo the role of Th1-driving adjuvants in the outcome of the immune responses induced by GG genetic immunization of skin, and Aim 3: To analyze the capacity of the Th1-driving adjuvants to polarize different subpopulations of skin migratory DCs from human skin transfected with the GG. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “imiquimod” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for imiquimod in the PubMed Central database: •

Correlation between Pretreatment Levels of Interferon Response Genes and Clinical Responses to an Immune Response Modifier (Imiquimod) in Genital Warts. by Arany I, Tyring SK, Brysk MM, Stanley MA, Tomai MA, Miller RL, Smith MH, McDermott DJ, Slade HB.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89977

•

Imiquimod 5-Percent Cream Does Not Alter the Natural History of Recurrent Herpes Genitalis: a Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. by Schacker TW, Conant M, Thoming C, Stanczak T, Wang Z, Smith M.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128805

•

Imiquimod for the treatment of genital warts: a quantitative systematic review. by Moore RA, Edwards JE, Hopwood J, Hicks D.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32301

•

Imiquimod, a Patient-Applied Immune-Response Modifier for Treatment of External Genital Warts. by Beutner KR, Tyring SK, Trofatter KF Jr, Douglas JM Jr, Spruance S, Owens ML, Fox TL, Hougham AJ, Schmitt KA.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105543

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Imiquimod

•

Posttherapy suppression of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences and enhancement of HSV-specific T-cell memory by imiquimod in guinea pigs. by Harrison CJ, Miller RL, Bernstein DI.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284684

•

Stimulation of interferon and cytokine gene expression by imiquimod and stimulation by Sendai virus utilize similar signal transduction pathways. by Megyeri K, Au WC, Rosztoczy I, Raj NB, Miller RL, Tomai MA, Pitha PM.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230449

•

The Immune Response Modifier Imiquimod Requires STAT-1 for induction of Interferon, Interferon-Stimulated Genes, and Interleukin-6. by Bottrel RL, Yang YL, Levy DE, Tomai M, Reis LF.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89217

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with imiquimod, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “imiquimod” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for imiquimod (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

5% Imiquimod cream for external anogenital warts in HIV-infected patients under HAART therapy. Author(s): Cusini M, Salmaso F, Zerboni R, Carminati G, Vernaci C, Franchi C, Locatelli A, Alessi E. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2004 January; 15(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14769165

•

A phase I clinical trial of imiquimod, an oral interferon inducer, administered daily. Author(s): Savage P, Horton V, Moore J, Owens M, Witt P, Gore ME. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1996 November; 74(9): 1482-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8912549

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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•

A randomized, controlled, molecular study of condylomata acuminata clearance during treatment with imiquimod. Author(s): Tyring SK, Arany I, Stanley MA, Tomai MA, Miller RL, Smith MH, McDermott DJ, Slade HB. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 August; 178(2): 551-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9697742

•

A randomized, controlled, safety study using imiquimod for the topical treatment of anogenital warts in HIV-infected patients. Imiquimod Study Group. Author(s): Gilson RJ, Shupack JL, Friedman-Kien AE, Conant MA, Weber JN, Nayagam AT, Swann RV, Pietig DC, Smith MH, Owens ML. Source: Aids (London, England). 1999 December 3; 13(17): 2397-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10597781

•

A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study to assess 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses. Author(s): Stockfleth E, Meyer T, Benninghoff B, Salasche S, Papadopoulos L, Ulrich C, Christophers E. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 November; 138(11): 1498-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12437457

•

A review of imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of various dermatological conditions. Author(s): Salasche S, Shumack S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28 Suppl 1: 1-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616801

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A review of the applications of imiquimod: a novel immune response modifier. Author(s): Syed TA. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2001 May; 2(5): 877-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12219723

•

Administration of imiquimod, an interferon inducer, in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons to determine safety and biologic response modification. Author(s): Goldstein D, Hertzog P, Tomkinson E, Couldwell D, McCarville S, Parrish S, Cunningham P, Newell M, Owens M, Cooper DA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 September; 178(3): 858-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9728559

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•

An audit of patients who have received imiquimod cream 5% for the treatment of anogenital warts. Author(s): Maitland JE, Maw R. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 April; 11(4): 268-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10772094

•

An open case series of patients with basal cell carcinoma treated with topical 5% imiquimod cream. Author(s): Cowen E, Mercurio MG, Gaspari AA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4 Suppl): S240-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271286

•

An open label evaluation of the efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of recalcitrant subungual and periungual cutaneous warts. Author(s): Micali G, Dall'Oglio F, Nasca MR. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2003 December; 14(4): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14660271

•

An open label safety study of topical imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of Molluscum contagiosum in children. Author(s): Barba AR, Kapoor S, Berman B. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2001 February; 7(1): 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11328641

•

Anecdotal reports of 3 cases illustrating a spectrum of resistant common warts treated with cryotherapy followed by topical imiquimod and salicylic acid. Author(s): Housman TS, Jorizzo JL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4 Suppl): S217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271281

•

Application of imiquimod by suppositories (anal tampons) efficiently prevents recurrences after ablation of anal canal condyloma. Author(s): Kaspari M, Gutzmer R, Kaspari T, Kapp A, Brodersen JP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 October; 147(4): 757-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12366425

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•

Bowenoid papulosis of the vulva-immunotherapeutical approach with topical imiquimod. Author(s): Richter ON, Petrow W, Wardelmann E, Dorn C, Kupka M, Ulrich U. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003 October; 268(4): 333-6. Epub 2003 January 23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14504882

•

Bowenoid papulosis successfully treated with imiquimod. Author(s): Loo WJ, Holt PJ. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 May; 17(3): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12702095

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Bowen's disease (squamous cell carcinoma in situ) in immunosuppressed patients treated with imiquimod 5% cream and a cox inhibitor, sulindac: potential applications for this combination of immunotherapy. Author(s): Smith KJ, Germain M, Skelton H. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2001 February; 27(2): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11207687

•

C/EBPbeta activity and HPV-16 E6/E7 mRNA expression are not altered by imiquimod (ALDARA) in human cervical cancer cells in vitro. Author(s): Belcastro M, Miller MR, Flynn DC, Soisson AP. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2004 February; 92(2): 660-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14766263

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Cellular requirements for cytokine production in response to the immunomodulators imiquimod and S-27609. Author(s): Gibson SJ, Imbertson LM, Wagner TL, Testerman TL, Reiter MJ, Miller RL, Tomai MA. Source: Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research. 1995 June; 15(6): 537-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7553223

•

Chronic erosive herpes simplex virus infection of the penis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive man, treated with imiquimod and famciclovir. Author(s): Danielsen AG, Petersen CS, Iversen J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 147(5): 1034-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410731

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Imiquimod

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Clinical and molecular responses in high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia treated with topical imiquimod 5%. Author(s): Diaz-Arrastia C, Arany I, Robazetti SC, Dinh TV, Gatalica Z, Tyring SK, Hannigan E. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2001 October; 7(10): 3031-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11595691

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Clinical effect of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of actinic keratosis. Author(s): Persaud AN, Shamuelova E, Sherer D, Lou W, Singer G, Cervera C, Lamba S, Lebwohl MG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4): 553-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271300

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Combined imiquimod and acitretin for non-surgical treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Author(s): Ingves C, Jemec GB. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery / Nordisk Plastikkirurgisk Forening [and] Nordisk Klubb for Handkirurgi. 2003; 37(5): 293-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14649688

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Correlation between pretreatment levels of interferon response genes and clinical responses to an immune response modifier (Imiquimod) in genital warts. Author(s): Arany I, Tyring SK, Brysk MM, Stanley MA, Tomai MA, Miller RL, Smith MH, McDermott DJ, Slade HB. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 July; 44(7): 1869-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10858346

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Cost-effectiveness of imiquimod for anogenital warts. Author(s): Birley H, Clark F, Sparks R. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 September; 13(9): 647; Author Reply 647-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12230931

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Cycle therapy of actinic keratoses of the face and scalp with 5% topical imiquimod cream: An open-label trial. Author(s): Salasche SJ, Levine N, Morrison L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4): 571-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271303

Studies

11

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Cytokine induction and modifying the immune response to human papilloma virus with imiquimod. Author(s): Slade HB. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 1998 October-November; 8(7 Suppl): 136; Discussion 20-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10387958

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Cytokine induction by the immunomodulators imiquimod and S-27609. Author(s): Testerman TL, Gerster JF, Imbertson LM, Reiter MJ, Miller RL, Gibson SJ, Wagner TL, Tomai MA. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 1995 September; 58(3): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7665993

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Cytokine induction in hairless mouse and rat skin after topical application of the immune response modifiers imiquimod and S-28463. Author(s): Imbertson LM, Beaurline JM, Couture AM, Gibson SJ, Smith RM, Miller RL, Reiter MJ, Wagner TL, Tomai MA. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1998 May; 110(5): 734-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9579537

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Detection of CD8+ T cell responses to human papillomavirus type 16 antigens in women using imiquimod as a treatment for high-grade vulval intraepithelial neoplasia. Author(s): Todd RW, Steele JC, Etherington I, Luesley DM. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2004 January; 92(1): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751153

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Detection of human papillomavirus and response to topical 5% imiquimod in a case of stucco keratosis. Author(s): Stockfleth E, Rowert J, Arndt R, Christophers E, Meyer T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 October; 143(4): 846-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069470

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Difficult wart cases -- use of imiquimod cream 5%. Author(s): O'Mahony C. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 June; 12(6): 400-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11368824

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Imiquimod

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Effect of adjuvant imiquimod 5% cream on sustained clearance of anogenital warts following laser treatment. Author(s): Hoyme UB, Hagedorn M, Schindler AE, Schneede P, Hopfenmuller W, Schorn K, Eul A. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002; 10(2): 79-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12530484

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Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral imiquimod relative to a subcutaneous dose. Author(s): Soria I, Myhre P, Horton V, Ellefson P, McCarville S, Schmitt K, Owens M. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 October; 38(10): 476-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11073288

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Effect of imiquimod on cytokine induction in first trimester trophoblasts. Author(s): Manlove-Simmons JM, Zaher FM, Tomai M, Gonik B, Svinarich DM. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000; 8(2): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10805366

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Effectiveness, satisfaction and compliance with imiquimod in the treatment of external anogenital warts. Author(s): Vilata JJ, Badia X; ESCCRIM group. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 January; 14(1): 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12590786

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Effects of a novel topical immunomodulator, imiquimod, on keratinocyte cytokine gene expression. Author(s): Kono T, Kondo S, Pastore S, Shivji GM, Tomai MA, McKenzie RC, Sauder DN. Source: Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 1994 April; 13(2): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8061117

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Efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of recalcitrant warts in children. Author(s): Grussendorf-Conen EI, Jacobs S. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 May-June; 19(3): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12047649

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Efficacy of imiquimod on external anogenital warts in HIV-infected patients previously treated by highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Saiag P, Bourgault-Villada I, Pavlovic M, Roudier-Pujol C. Source: Aids (London, England). 2002 July 5; 16(10): 1438-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131230

Studies

13

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Efficacy of topical 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of nodular basal cell carcinoma: comparison of dosing regimens. Author(s): Shumack S, Robinson J, Kossard S, Golitz L, Greenway H, Schroeter A, Andres K, Amies M, Owens M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 September; 138(9): 1165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12224977

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Enhancement of the innate and cellular immune response in patients with genital warts treated with topical imiquimod cream 5%. Author(s): Arany I, Tyring SK, Stanley MA, Tomai MA, Miller RL, Smith MH, McDermott DJ, Slade HB. Source: Antiviral Research. 1999 August; 43(1): 55-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10480263

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Evaluation of superficial basal cell carcinomas after treatment with imiquimod 5% cream or vehicle for apoptosis and lymphocyte phenotyping. Author(s): Sullivan TP, Dearaujo T, Vincek V, Berman B. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2003 December; 29(12): 1181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14725659

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Excellent response of basal cell carcinomas and pigmentary changes in xeroderma pigmentosum to imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Nagore E, Sevila A, Sanmartin O, Botella-Estrada R, Requena C, SerraGuillen C, Sanchez-Pedreno P, Guillen C. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 October; 149(4): 858-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616381

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Experience in treating molluscum contagiosum in children with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Bayerl C, Feller G, Goerdt S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 149 Suppl 66: 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616342

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Expression of Fas-receptor on basal cell carcinomas after treatment with imiquimod 5% cream or vehicle. Author(s): Berman B, Sullivan T, De Araujo T, Nadji M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 149 Suppl 66: 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616354

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Imiquimod

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Extensive and recalcitrant verrucae vulgares of the great toe treated with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Atzori L, Pinna AL, Ferreli C. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 May; 17(3): 366-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12702097

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Extensive condyloma acuminata treated with imiquimod 5% cream: a case report. Author(s): Cox JT. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28 Suppl 1: 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616817

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Extensive lentigo maligna clearing with topical imiquimod. Author(s): Epstein E. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 July; 139(7): 944-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873903

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Granuloma annulare resolved with topical application of imiquimod. Author(s): Kuwahara RT, Skinner RB Jr. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 July-August; 19(4): 368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12220291

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Histologic resolution of melanoma in situ (lentigo maligna) with 5% imiquimod cream. Author(s): Chapman MS, Spencer SK, Brennick JB. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 July; 139(7): 943-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873902

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Imiquimod (Aldara cream). Author(s): Buck HW. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998; 6(2): 49-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9702584

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Imiquimod (Aldara): modifying the immune response. Author(s): Rudy SJ. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2002 August; 14(4): 268-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12240505

Studies

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Imiquimod 5% cream for keloid management. Author(s): Berman B, Villa A. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2003 October; 29(10): 1050-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12974703

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Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of cutaneous lesions in immunocompromised patients. Author(s): Johnson R, Stockfleth E. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 2003 September; (214): 23-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606279

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Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial and nodular basal cell carcinoma: randomized studies comparing low-frequency dosing with and without occlusion. Author(s): Sterry W, Ruzicka T, Herrera E, Takwale A, Bichel J, Andres K, Ding L, Thissen MR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 December; 147(6): 1227-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12452875

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Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: a doubleblind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study. Author(s): Geisse JK, Rich P, Pandya A, Gross K, Andres K, Ginkel A, Owens M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 September; 47(3): 390-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12196749

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Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of anogenital warts in female patients. Author(s): Buck HW, Fortier M, Knudsen J, Paavonen J. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 June; 77(3): 231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12065134

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Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of Bowen's disease. Author(s): Mackenzie-Wood A, Kossard S, de Launey J, Wilkinson B, Owens ML. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 March; 44(3): 462-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11209116

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Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of human papillomavirus-16-positive erythroplasia of Queyrat. Author(s): Kaspari M, Gutzmer R, Kiehl P, Dumke P, Kapp A, Brodersen JP. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(1): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12145439

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Imiquimod

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Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: results of a multicenter 6-week dose-response trial. Author(s): Marks R, Gebauer K, Shumack S, Amies M, Bryden J, Fox TL, Owens ML; Australasian Multicentre Trial Group. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 May; 44(5): 807-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11312429

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Imiquimod 5% cream is a safe and effective self-applied treatment for anogenital warts--results of an open-label, multicentre Phase IIIB trial. Author(s): Garland SM, Sellors JW, Wikstrom A, Petersen CS, Aranda C, Aractingi S, Maw RD; Imiquimod Study Group. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 November; 12(11): 722-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11589811

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Imiquimod 5% cream is an acceptable treatment option for external anogenital warts in uncircumcised males. Author(s): Maw RD, Kinghorn GR, Bowman CA, Goh BT, Nayagam AT, Nathan M. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 January; 16(1): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11952292

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Imiquimod 5% cream: a new treatment option for basal cell carcinoma. Author(s): Salasche S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 41 Suppl 1: 16-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12087814

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Imiquimod 5% cream: a topical immune response modifier. Author(s): Marini M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 41 Suppl 1: 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12087812

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Imiquimod 5-percent cream does not alter the natural history of recurrent herpes genitalis: a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Schacker TW, Conant M, Thoming C, Stanczak T, Wang Z, Smith M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 October; 46(10): 3243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12234851

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Imiquimod and 5% fluorouracil therapy for anal and perianal squamous cell carcinoma in situ in an HIV-1-positive man. Author(s): Pehoushek J, Smith KJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 January; 137(1): 14-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11176654

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Imiquimod and genital herpes. Author(s): Slade HB, Schacker T, Conant M, Thoming C. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 April; 138(4): 534; Author Reply 534-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939822

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Imiquimod and HIV transmission. Author(s): Das S, Allan PS, Wade AA. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 January; 13(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11808542

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Imiquimod and resiquimod as novel immunomodulators. Author(s): Dockrell DH, Kinghorn GR. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 December; 48(6): 751-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11733457

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Imiquimod and the imidazoquinolones: mechanism of action and therapeutic potential. Author(s): Stanley MA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 October; 27(7): 571-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12464152

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Imiquimod and the treatment of cutaneous T-cell proliferative diseases: at the threshold. Author(s): Herbert WC. Source: Skinmed. 2003 September-October; 2(5): 273-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14673259

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Imiquimod applied topically: a novel immune response modifier and new class of drug. Author(s): Miller RL, Gerster JF, Owens ML, Slade HB, Tomai MA. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1999 January; 21(1): 1-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10411278

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Imiquimod applied topically: A novel immune response modifier. Author(s): Tyring S. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2001 March; 6(6): 1-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298484

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Imiquimod

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Imiquimod as a possible treatment for keratoacanthoma. Author(s): Bhatia N. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2004 January-February; 3(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14964750

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Imiquimod cream in the treatment of actinic keratoses. Author(s): Persaud A, Lebwohl M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4 Suppl): S236-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271285

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Imiquimod does not affect shedding of viable chlamydiae in a murine model of Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection. Author(s): Ramsey KH, Shaba N, Cohoon KP, Ault KA. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003; 11(2): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14627213

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Imiquimod for plantar and periungual warts. Author(s): Sparling JD, Checketts SR, Chapman MS. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 December; 68(6): 397-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11775772

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Imiquimod for the treatment of Bowen's disease and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Author(s): Nouri K, O'Connell C, Rivas MP. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 December; 2(6): 669-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14711149

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Imiquimod for the treatment of genital warts: a quantitative systematic review. Author(s): Moore RA, Edwards JE, Hopwood J, Hicks D. Source: Bmc Infectious Diseases [electronic Resource]. 2001; 1(1): 3. Epub 2001 June 05. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11401728

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Imiquimod in basal cell carcinoma: how does it work? Author(s): Dummer R, Urosevic M, Kempf W, Hoek K, Hafner J, Burg G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 149 Suppl 66: 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616353

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Imiquimod in clinical practice. Author(s): Edwards L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 July; 43(1 Pt 2): S12-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10861102

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Imiquimod in clinical practice. Author(s): Edwards L. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1998 November; 39 Suppl 1: S14-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9842096

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Imiquimod in the treatment of actinic keratoses and other intraepithelial neoplasms. Author(s): Flowers F. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 41 Suppl 1: 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12087813

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Imiquimod in the treatment of multifocal vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3. Results of a pilot study. Author(s): van Seters M, Fons G, van Beurden M. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 September; 47(9): 701-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12380448

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Imiquimod induces complete clearance of a PUVA-resistant plaque in mycosis fungoides. Author(s): Dummer R, Urosevic M, Kempf W, Kazakov D, Burg G. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 207(1): 116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12835571

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Imiquimod is highly effective for extensive, hyperproliferative condyloma in children. Author(s): Majewski S, Pniewski T, Malejczyk M, Jablonska S. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 September-October; 20(5): 440-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14521566

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Imiquimod stimulates innate and cell mediated immunity which controls virus infections and tumors. Author(s): Miller R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 41 Suppl 1: 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12087815

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Imiquimod therapy for molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Liota E, Smith KJ, Buckley R, Menon P, Skelton H. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2000 April; 4(2): 76-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11179929

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Imiquimod to treat different cancers of the epidermis. Author(s): Eklind J, Tartler U, Maschke J, Lidbrink P, Hengge UR. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2003 August; 29(8): 890-6; Discussion 896. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12859398

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Imiquimod, a patient-applied immune-response modifier for treatment of external genital warts. Author(s): Beutner KR, Tyring SK, Trofatter KF Jr, Douglas JM Jr, Spruance S, Owens ML, Fox TL, Hougham AJ, Schmitt KA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 April; 42(4): 789-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9559784

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Imiquimod, a topical immune response modifier, in the treatment of cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma. Author(s): Bong AB, Bonnekoh B, Franke I, Schon MP, Ulrich J, Gollnick H. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(2): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12218228

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Imiquimod. Author(s): Skinner RB Jr. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2003 April; 21(2): 291-300. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12757252

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Imiquimod. Author(s): Garland SM. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2003 April; 16(2): 85-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12734440

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Imiquimod: a cytokine inducer. Author(s): Dahl MV. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4 Suppl): S205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271278

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Imiquimod: a new immune response modifier for the treatment of external genital warts and other diseases in dermatology. Author(s): Berman B. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 41 Suppl 1: 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12087816

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Imiquimod: a new possibility for treatment-resistant verrucae planae. Author(s): Oster-Schmidt C. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 May; 137(5): 666-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11346354

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Imiquimod: a novel treatment for lentigo maligna. Author(s): Ahmed I, Berth-Jones J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 October; 143(4): 843-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069469

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Imiquimod: a potential role in dermatology? Author(s): Eedy DJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 147(1): 1-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100177

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Imiquimod: a review. Author(s): Gupta AK, Browne M, Bluhm R. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2002 November-December; 6(6): 554-60. Epub 2002 October 09. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12362256

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Imiquimod: a topically applied link between innate and acquired immunity. Author(s): Hurwitz DJ, Pincus L, Kupper TS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 October; 139(10): 1347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14568839

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Imiquimod: an immune response modifier. Author(s): Dahl MV. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 July; 43(1 Pt 2): S1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10861100

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Imiquimod: mode of action and therapeutic potential. Author(s): Chosidow O, Dummer R. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 2003 September; (214): 8-11. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606276

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Imiquimod: modes of action. Author(s): Sauder DN. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 149 Suppl 66: 5-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616337

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Imiquimod; an international update on therapeutic uses in dermatology. Author(s): Tyring S, Conant M, Marini M, Van Der Meijden W, Washenik K. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 41(11): 810-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12453012

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Imiquimod-induced interleukin-1 alpha stimulation improves barrier homeostasis in aged murine epidermis. Author(s): Barland CO, Zettersten E, Brown BS, Ye J, Elias PM, Ghadially R. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2004 February; 122(2): 330-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15009713

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Imiquimod-responsive basal cell carcinomas and factor XIIIa-enriched dendrocytes. Author(s): Quatresooz P, Pierard GE. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28 Suppl 1: 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616809

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Immune response modification: imiquimod. Author(s): Tyring S. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1998 November; 39 Suppl 1: S11-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9842095

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Immunomodulatory and pharmacologic properties of imiquimod. Author(s): Sauder DN. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 July; 43(1 Pt 2): S6-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10861101

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Increased frequency of dosing of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of external genital warts in women. Author(s): Trofatter KF Jr, Ferenczy A, Fife KH. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 February; 76(2): 191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11818121

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Induction of cytokines in cynomolgus monkeys by the immune response modifiers, imiquimod, S-27609 and S-28463. Author(s): Wagner TL, Horton VL, Carlson GL, Myhre PE, Gibson SJ, Imbertson LM, Tomai MA. Source: Cytokine. 1997 November; 9(11): 837-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9367544

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Induction of interferon and other cytokines by imiquimod and its hydroxylated metabolite R-842 in human blood cells in vitro. Author(s): Weeks CE, Gibson SJ. Source: Journal of Interferon Research. 1994 April; 14(2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8077768

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Ineffectiveness of imiquimod therapy for Alopecia Totalis/Universalis. Author(s): D'Ovidio R, Claudatus J, Di Prima T. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 July; 16(4): 416-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12224709

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Infantile hemangioma: clinical resolution with 5% imiquimod cream. Author(s): Martinez MI, Sanchez-Carpintero I, North PE, Mihm MC Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 July; 138(7): 881-4; Discussion 884. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12071813

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Is imiquimod effective and safe for actinic keratosis? Author(s): Walker JK, Koenig C. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2003 March; 52(3): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12620165

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Lip papillomatosis in immunodeficiency: therapy with imiquimod. Author(s): Rinne D, Linhart C, Schofer H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 January; 142(1): 196-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10819559

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Lip silicone granulomatous foreign body reaction treated with aldara (imiquimod 5%). Author(s): Baumann LS, Halem ML. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2003 April; 29(4): 429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12656829

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Malignant conversion of florid oral and labial papillomatosis during topical immunotherapy with imiquimod. Author(s): Wenzel K, Saka B, Zimmermann R, Gundlach KK, Barten M, Gross G. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 2003 August; 192(3): 161-4. Epub 2003 April 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12719972

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Management of cutaneous locoregional recurrences of melanoma: a new therapeutic perspective with imiquimod. Author(s): Vereecken P, Mathieu A, Laporte M, Petein M, Velu T, Awada A, Heenen M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 206(3): 279-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12673091

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Management of female genital warts with an analog of imiquimod 2% in cream: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Syed TA, Ahmadpour OA, Ahmad SA, Ahmad SH. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 July; 25(7): 429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9714974

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Mechanisms underlying imiquimod-induced regression of basal cell carcinoma in vivo. Author(s): Urosevic M, Maier T, Benninghoff B, Slade H, Burg G, Dummer R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 October; 139(10): 1325-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14568837

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Medical treatment of nasal squamous papilloma with imiquimod cream. Author(s): Caversaccio M, Aebi S. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 September; 117(9): 720-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14561362

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Modulation of TH1 and TH2 cytokine production with the immune response modifiers, R-848 and imiquimod. Author(s): Wagner TL, Ahonen CL, Couture AM, Gibson SJ, Miller RL, Smith RM, Reiter MJ, Vasilakos JP, Tomai MA. Source: Cellular Immunology. 1999 January 10; 191(1): 10-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9918682

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Novel dermatologic uses of the immune response modifier imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Berman B, Poochareon VN, Villa AM. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2002 November; 7(9): 1-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12548325

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Nudging epidermal field cancerogenesis by imiquimod. Author(s): Uhoda I, Quatresooz P, Pierard-Franchimont C, Pierard GE. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 206(4): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12771486

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Pilot study of the effect of postoperative imiquimod 5% cream on the recurrence rate of excised keloids. Author(s): Berman B, Kaufman J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4 Suppl): S209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271279

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Plantar wart treatment with combination imiquimod and salicylic acid pads. Author(s): Tucker SB, Ali A, Ransdell BL. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 April; 2(2): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12905977

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Plantar wart treatment with combination imiquimod and salicylic acid pads. Author(s): Tucker SB, Ali A, Ransdell BL. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 January; 2(1): 70-2. Corrected and Republished In: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 April; 2(2): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12852385

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Plasmacytoid dendritic cells produce cytokines and mature in response to the TLR7 agonists, imiquimod and resiquimod. Author(s): Gibson SJ, Lindh JM, Riter TR, Gleason RM, Rogers LM, Fuller AE, Oesterich JL, Gorden KB, Qiu X, McKane SW, Noelle RJ, Miller RL, Kedl RM, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P, Tomai MA, Vasilakos JP. Source: Cellular Immunology. 2002 July-August; 218(1-2): 74-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12470615

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Porokeratosis of Mibelli: successful treatment with 5% imiquimod cream. Author(s): Agarwal S, Berth-Jones J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 146(2): 338-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11903259

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Porokeratosis of Mibelli: successful treatment with topical 5% imiquimod cream. Author(s): Harrison S, Sinclair R. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 44(4): 281-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616497

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Potentiating effect of imiquimod in the treatment of verrucae vulgares in immunocompromised patients. Author(s): Weisshaar E, Gollnick H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 July-August; 80(4): 306-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11028871

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Prolonged imiquimod treatment and graft-versus-host reaction: histological mimicry in the skin infiltration pattern of the monocyte-macrophage-dendrocyte lineage. Author(s): Hermanns-Le T, Paquet P, Nikkels AF, Pierard-Franchimont C, Pierard GE. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 206(4): 361-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12771487

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Recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in an HIV-afflicted male treated successfully with topical imiquimod. Author(s): Brown CW Jr, O'Donoghue M, Moore J, Tharp M. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 June; 65(6): 363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10879304

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Recurrent urogenital herpes simplex--successful treatment with imiquimod? Author(s): Christensen B, Hengge UR. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 April; 75(2): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10448381

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Resolution of vulvitis circumscripta plasmacellularis with topical imiquimod: two case reports. Author(s): Ee HL, Yosipovitch G, Chan R, Ong BH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 September; 149(3): 638-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511002

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Safety and efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of penile genital warts in uncircumcised men when applied three times weekly or once per day. Author(s): Gollnick H, Barasso R, Jappe U, Ward K, Eul A, Carey-Yard M, Milde K. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 January; 12(1): 22-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11177478

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Safety studies of topical imiquimod 5% cream on normal skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Author(s): Kaidbey K, Owens M, Liberda M, Smith M. Source: Toxicology. 2002 September 2; 178(2): 175-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12160622

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Self-administered topical 5% imiquimod cream for external anogenital warts. HPV Study Group. Human PapillomaVirus. Author(s): Edwards L, Ferenczy A, Eron L, Baker D, Owens ML, Fox TL, Hougham AJ, Schmitt KA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 January; 134(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9449906

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Self-administered topical 5% imiquimod for the treatment of common warts and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Hengge UR, Esser S, Schultewolter T, Behrendt C, Meyer T, Stockfleth E, Goos M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 143(5): 1026-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069514

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Self-administered topical imiquimod treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. A report of four cases. Author(s): Davis G, Wentworth J, Richard J. Source: J Reprod Med. 2000 August; 45(8): 619-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10986679

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Short-course therapy with imiquimod 5% cream for solar keratoses: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Chen K, Yap LM, Marks R, Shumack S. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 44(4): 250-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616490

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Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen's disease) in renal transplant patients treated with 5% imiquimod and 5% 5-fluorouracil therapy. Author(s): Smith KJ, Germain M, Skelton H. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2001 June; 27(6): 561-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11442593

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Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the penis successfully treated with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Schroeder TL, Sengelmann RD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 April; 46(4): 545-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11907505

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Stimulation of interferon and cytokine gene expression by imiquimod and stimulation by Sendai virus utilize similar signal transduction pathways. Author(s): Megyeri K, Au WC, Rosztoczy I, Raj NB, Miller RL, Tomai MA, Pitha PM. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1995 April; 15(4): 2207-18. Erratum In: Mol Cell Biol 1995 May; 15(5): 2905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7534379

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Successful management of viral infections and other dermatoses with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Berman B, Hengge U, Barton S. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 2003 September; (214): 12-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606277

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Successful topical immunotherapy of bowenoid papulosis with imiquimod. Author(s): Petrow W, Gerdsen R, Uerlich M, Richter O, Bieber T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 December; 145(6): 1022-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11899127

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Successful treatment of a high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia with imiquimod, with vulvar pemphigus as a side effect. Author(s): Campagne G, Roca M, Martinez A. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2003 August 15; 109(2): 224-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12860347

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Successful treatment of actinic keratosis with imiquimod cream 5%: a report of six cases. Author(s): Stockfleth E, Meyer T, Benninghoff B, Christophers E. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 May; 144(5): 1050-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11359396

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Successful treatment of anogenital Bowen's disease with the immunomodulator imiquimod, and monitoring of therapy by DNA image cytometry. Author(s): Gutzmer R, Kaspari M, Vogelbruch M, Kiehl P, Kapp A, Werfel T, Brodersen JP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 147(1): 160-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100202

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Successful treatment of basal cell carcinoma on the face with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Oster-Schmidt C, Altmeyer P, Stucker M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(6): 477. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12575864

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Successful treatment of basal cell carcinomas in a nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome with topical 5% imiquimod. Author(s): Stockfleth E, Ulrich C, Hauschild A, Lischner S, Meyer T, Christophers E. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2002 November-December; 12(6): 56972. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12459530

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Successful treatment of butcher's warts with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Poochareon V, Berman B, Villa A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28 Suppl 1: 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616814

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Successful treatment of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus of the scalp with imiquimod. Author(s): Gerdsen R, Wenzel J, Uerlich M, Bieber T, Petrow W. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(4): 416-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12444344

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Successful treatment of drug-resistant cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans by use of imiquimod, an immunomodulator. Author(s): Arevalo I, Ward B, Miller R, Meng TC, Najar E, Alvarez E, Matlashewski G, Llanos-Cuentas A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 December 1; 33(11): 1847-51. Epub 2001 October 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11692295

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Successful treatment of extensive condyloma acuminata of the inguinal area and thigh with topical imiquimod cream. Author(s): Weinberg JM, Stewart A, Stern JO. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 January-February; 81(1): 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11411935

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Successful treatment of extramammary Paget's disease of the scrotum with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Berman B, Spencer J, Villa A, Poochareon V, Elgart G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28 Suppl 1: 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616812

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Successful treatment of extramammary Paget's disease with imiquimod. Author(s): Qian Z, Zeitoun NC, Shieh S, Helm T, Oseroff AR. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 January; 2(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12852386

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Successful treatment of facial plane warts with imiquimod. Author(s): Khan Durani B, Jappe U. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 147(5): 1018. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410718

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Successful treatment of keratoacanthoma and actinic keratoses with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Peris K, Micantonio T, Fargnoli MC. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 July-August; 13(4): 413-4; Author Reply 415. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12948930

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Successful treatment of molluscum contagiosum with topical imiquimod in a severely immunocompromised HIV-positive patient. Author(s): Strauss RM, Doyle EL, Mohsen AH, Green ST. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 April; 12(4): 264-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11319979

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Successful treatment of multiple filiform facial warts with imiquimod 5% cream in a patient infected by human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Hagman JH, Bianchi L, Marulli GC, Soda R, Chimenti S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 May; 28(3): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12780707

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Successful treatment of multiple superficial basal cell carcinomas with topical imiquimod: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Drehs MM, Cook-Bolden F, Tanzi EL, Weinberg JM. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2002 May; 28(5): 427-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12030878

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Successful treatment of perianal warts in a child with 5% imiquimod cream. Author(s): Gruber PC, Wilkinson J. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2001 December; 12(4): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12241631

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Successful treatment of recurrent extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva with topical imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Wang LC, Blanchard A, Judge DE, Lorincz AA, Medenica MM, Busbey S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 October; 49(4): 769-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512941

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Successful treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia with topical imiquimod 5% cream in a lung transplanted patient. Author(s): Travis LB, Weinberg JM, Krumholz BA. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(6): 475-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12575863

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Summary of actinic keratosis studies with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Tran H, Chen K, Shumack S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 149 Suppl 66: 37-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616347

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The effects of 5% imiquimod cream on high-grade vulval intraepithelial neoplasia. Author(s): Todd RW, Etherington IJ, Luesley DM. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2002 April; 85(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11925122

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The imidazoquinolines, imiquimod and R-848, induce functional, but not phenotypic, maturation of human epidermal Langerhans' cells. Author(s): Burns RP Jr, Ferbel B, Tomai M, Miller R, Gaspari AA. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2000 January; 94(1): 13-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10607486

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The immune response modifiers imiquimod and R-848 are potent activators of B lymphocytes. Author(s): Tomai MA, Imbertson LM, Stanczak TL, Tygrett LT, Waldschmidt TJ. Source: Cellular Immunology. 2000 July 10; 203(1): 55-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10915562

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The importance of patient and healthcare provider perceptions in the evaluation of imiquimod and other prior treatments for anogenital warts. Author(s): Nelson AL. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 January; 13(1): 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11802927

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The treatment of basal cell carcinomas in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum with a combination of imiquimod 5% cream and oral acitretin. Author(s): Giannotti B, Vanzi L, Difonzo EM, Pimpinelli N. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28 Suppl 1: 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616811

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The use of imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma as observed in Gorlin's syndrome. Author(s): Micali G, Lacarrubba F, Nasca MR, De Pasquale R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28 Suppl 1: 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616807

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The use of imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinomas in a basal cell nevus syndrome patient. Author(s): Kagy MK, Amonette R. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2000 June; 26(6): 577-8; Discussion 578-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10848940

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Therapeutic response of a brother and sister with xeroderma pigmentosum to imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Weisberg NK, Varghese M. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2002 June; 28(6): 518-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12081683

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Therapeutic response of basal cell carcinoma to the immune response modifier imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Beutner KR, Geisse JK, Helman D, Fox TL, Ginkel A, Owens ML. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 December; 41(6): 10027. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10570388

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To cut a long story short - the use of imiquimod in resistant warts. Author(s): Murray C. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 April; 13(4): 275-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11886616

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Topical 5% imiquimod for the therapy of actinic cheilitis. Author(s): Smith KJ, Germain M, Yeager J, Skelton H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4): 497-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271290

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Topical 5% imiquimod long-term treatment of cutaneous warts resistant to standard therapy modalities. Author(s): Grussendorf-Conen EI, Jacobs S, Rubben A, Dethlefsen U. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12218229

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Topical application of imiquimod 5% cream to keloids alters expression genes associated with apoptosis. Author(s): Jacob SE, Berman B, Nassiri M, Vincek V. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 149 Suppl 66: 62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616355

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Topical imiquimod 5% cream as an effective treatment for external genital and perianal warts in different patient populations. Author(s): Sauder DN, Skinner RB, Fox TL, Owens ML. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 February; 30(2): 124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12567169

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Topical imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of Bowen's disease of the penis. Author(s): Cook-Bolden F, Weinberg JM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 January; 46(1): 146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11756968

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Topical imiquimod cream 5% for resistant perianal warts in a renal transplant patient. Author(s): Gayed SL. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 July; 13(7): 501-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12171672

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Topical imiquimod cream 5% for resistant perianal warts in a renal transplant patient. Author(s): Gayed SL. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 May; 13(5): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11972940

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Topical imiquimod eradicates skin metastases of malignant melanoma but fails to prevent rapid lymphogenous metastatic spread. Author(s): Ugurel S, Wagner A, Pfohler C, Tilgen W, Reinhold U. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 September; 147(3): 621-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12207622

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Topical imiquimod for acyclovir-unresponsive herpes simplex virus 2 infection. Author(s): Gilbert J, Drehs MM, Weinberg JM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 August; 137(8): 1015-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11493093

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Topical imiquimod for Bowenoid papulosis in an HIV-positive woman. Author(s): Redondo P, Lloret P. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(3): 212-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12353717

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Topical imiquimod for molluscum contagiosum in T cell immunodeficiency. Author(s): Yazdani S, Stiehm ER. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 June; 22(6): 575-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12799517

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Topical imiquimod for recalcitrant facial flat warts. Author(s): Schwab RA, Elston DM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 March; 65(3): 160-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10738635

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Topical imiquimod immunotherapy in the management of lentigo maligna. Author(s): Powell AM, Russell-Jones R, Barlow RJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2004 January; 29(1): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14723712

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Topical imiquimod in the treatment of metastatic melanoma to skin. Author(s): Wolf IH, Smolle J, Binder B, Cerroni L, Richtig E, Kerl H. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 March; 139(3): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12622616

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Topical imiquimod therapy for chronic giant molluscum contagiosum in a patient with advanced human immunodeficiency virus 1 disease. Author(s): Buckley R, Smith K. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 October; 135(10): 1167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10522662

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Topical imiquimod therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Author(s): Do JH, McLaughlin SS, Gaspari AA. Source: Skinmed. 2003 September-October; 2(5): 316-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14673267

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Topical imiquimod to treat intraepidermal carcinoma. Author(s): Hengge UR, Stark R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 June; 137(6): 709-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11405756

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Topical imiquimod treatment of a cutaneous melanoma metastasis. Author(s): Steinmann A, Funk JO, Schuler G, von den Driesch P. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 September; 43(3): 555-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10954675

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Topical imiquimod treatment of human papillomavirus in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Gilbert J, Drehs MM, Weinberg JM. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 August-September; 81(4): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11720183

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Topical imiquimod treatment of superficial and nodular basal cell carcinomas in patients affected by basal cell nevus syndrome: a preliminary report. Author(s): Micali G, De Pasquale R, Caltabiano R, Impallomeni R, Lacarrubba F. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2002 September; 13(3): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12227875

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Topical imiquimod. Author(s): Pearson GW, Langley RG. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2001 March; 12(1): 37-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12171687

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Topical imiquimod: a review of its use in genital warts. Author(s): Perry CM, Lamb HM. Source: Drugs. 1999 August; 58(2): 375-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10473026

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Topical therapy for actinic keratoses, I: 5-Fluorouracil and imiquimod. Author(s): Tutrone WD, Saini R, Caglar S, Weinberg JM, Crespo J. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 May; 71(5): 365-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12769403

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Topical treatment of common warts in an HIV-positive patient with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Juschka U, Hartmann M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28 Suppl 1: 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616816

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Topical treatment of intraepithelial penile carcinoma with imiquimod. Author(s): Micali G, Nasca MR, Tedeschi A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28 Suppl 1: 4-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616802

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Topical treatment of lentigo maligna melanoma with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Borucki U, Metze D. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 207(3): 326-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571081

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Imiquimod

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Topical treatment of warts and mollusca with imiquimod. Author(s): Hengge UR, Goos M, Arndt R. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000 January 4; 132(1): 95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10627266

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Topical treatment with imiquimod may induce regression of facial keratoacanthoma. Author(s): Dendorfer M, Oppel T, Wollenberg A, Prinz JC. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 January-February; 13(1): 80-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12609789

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Transient effect of topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with imiquimod. Author(s): Seeberger J, Daoud S, Pammer J. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 July; 42(7): 576-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839616

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Treatment of a large superficial basal cell carcinoma with 5% imiquimod: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Chen TM, Rosen T, Orengo I. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2002 April; 28(4): 344-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11966794

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Treatment of anogenital warts in children with topical 0.05% podofilox gel and 5% imiquimod cream. Author(s): Moresi JM, Herbert CR, Cohen BA. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 September-October; 18(5): 448-50; Discussion 452. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737696

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Treatment of anogenital warts with imiquimod 5% cream followed by surgical excision of residual lesions. Author(s): Carrasco D, vander Straten M, Tyring SK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4 Suppl): S212-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271280

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Treatment of Bowen's disease and basal cell carcinoma of the nose with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Wu JK, Siller G, Whitehead K. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2003 May; 44(2): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12752186

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Treatment of Bowen's disease of the penis with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Danielsen AG, Sand C, Weismann K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28 Suppl 1: 7-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616803

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Treatment of Bowen's disease of the penis with imiquimod. Author(s): Thai KE, Sinclair RD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 March; 46(3): 470-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11862196

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Treatment of Bowen's disease using a cycle regimen of imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Chen K, Shumack S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28 Suppl 1: 10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616804

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Treatment of Bowen's disease with imiquimod 5% cream in transplant recipients. Author(s): Prinz BM, Hafner J, Dummer R, Burg G, Bruswanger U, Kempf W. Source: Transplantation. 2004 March 15; 77(5): 790-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15021851

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Treatment of external genital warts in men using 5% imiquimod cream applied three times a week, once daily, twice daily, or three times a day. Author(s): Fife KH, Ferenczy A, Douglas JM Jr, Brown DR, Smith M, Owens ML; HPV Study Group. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 April; 28(4): 226-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11318254

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Treatment of external genital warts in men with imiquimod 2% in cream. A placebocontrolled, double-blind study. Author(s): Syed TA, Hadi SM, Qureshi ZA, Ali SM, Kwah MS. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2000 September; 41(2): 148-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11023759

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Treatment of facial superficial basal cell carcinomas with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Mirza B, De'Ambrosis B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28 Suppl 1: 16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616806

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Treatment of facial verrucae with topical imiquimod cream in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Cutler K, Kagen MH, Don PC, McAleer P, Weinberg JM. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 March-April; 80(2): 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10877136

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Treatment of genital warts with an immune-response modifier (imiquimod). Author(s): Beutner KR, Spruance SL, Hougham AJ, Fox TL, Owens ML, Douglas JM Jr. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 February; 38(2 Pt 1): 230-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9486679

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Treatment of granuloma annulare with topical 5% imiquimod cream. Author(s): Kuwahara RT, Naylor MF, Skinner RB. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 20(1): 90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558858

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Treatment of high-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia with imiquimod cream. Author(s): Diakomanolis E, Haidopoulos D, Stefanidis K. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 August 1; 347(5): 374. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12151484

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Treatment of human papilloma virus in a 6-month-old infant with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Schaen L, Mercurio MG. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 September-October; 18(5): 450-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737697

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Treatment of lentigo maligna with topical imiquimod. Author(s): Naylor MF, Crowson N, Kuwahara R, Teague K, Garcia C, Mackinnis C, Haque R, Odom C, Jankey C, Cornelison RL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 149 Suppl 66: 66-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616356

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Treatment of melanoma in situ on sun-damaged skin with topical 5% imiquimod cream complicated by the development of invasive disease. Author(s): Fisher GH, Lang PG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 July; 139(7): 945-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873904

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Treatment of molluscum contagiosum in males with an analog of imiquimod 1% in cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Author(s): Syed TA, Goswami J, Ahmadpour OA, Ahmad SA. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 May; 25(5): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9640884

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Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Skinner RB Jr. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4 Suppl): S221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271282

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Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with topical 5% imiquimod cream. Author(s): Skinner RB Jr, Ray S, Talanin NY. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2000 September-October; 17(5): 420. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11085678

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Treatment of multiple basal cell carcinomas in the scalp with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Hannuksela-Svahn A, Nordal E, Christensen OB. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 September-October; 80(5): 381-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11200841

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Treatment of non-genital warts with topical imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Muzio G, Massone C, Rebora A. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2002 July-August; 12(4): 347-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12095879

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Treatment of primary herpes simplex virus infection in guinea pigs by imiquimod. Author(s): Miller RL, Imbertson LM, Reiter MJ, Gerster JF. Source: Antiviral Research. 1999 November; 44(1): 31-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10588331

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Treatment of primary limited cutaneous extramammary Paget's disease with topical imiquimod monotherapy: two case reports. Author(s): Zampogna JC, Flowers FP, Roth WI, Hassenein AM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4 Suppl): S229-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271284

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Imiquimod

•

Treatment of recalcitrant plantar warts with imiquimod. Author(s): Yesudian PD, Parslew RA. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2002 March; 13(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12006136

•

Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the penis with 5% imiquimod cream: a case report. Author(s): Orengo I, Rosen T, Guill CK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4 Suppl): S225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271283

•

Treatment of stage IA cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma with topical application of the immune response modifier imiquimod. Author(s): Suchin KR, Junkins-Hopkins JM, Rook AH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 September; 138(9): 1137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12224972

•

Treatment of verrucous carcinoma with imiquimod and CO2 laser ablation. Author(s): Heinzerling LM, Kempf W, Kamarashev J, Hafner J, Nestle FO. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 207(1): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12835572

•

Treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 with imiquimod. Author(s): Jayne CJ, Kaufman RH. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 May; 47(5): 395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063878

•

Tumor-selective induction of apoptosis and the small-molecule immune response modifier imiquimod. Author(s): Schon M, Bong AB, Drewniok C, Herz J, Geilen CC, Reifenberger J, Benninghoff B, Slade HB, Gollnick H, Schon MP. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 August 6; 95(15): 1138-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12902443

41

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND IMIQUIMOD Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and imiquimod.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Imiquimod The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “imiquimod” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “imiquimod” (or a synonym): •

Experimental nonsurgical tattoo removal in a guinea pig model with topical imiquimod and tretinoin. Author(s): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Dermatology, 77555-0783, USA. Source: Solis, Renee R Diven, Dayna G Colome Grimmer, Maria I Snyder, Ned 4th Wagner, Richard F Jr Dermatol-Surg. 2002 January; 28(1): 83-6; discussion 86-7 1076-0512

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

43

45

CHAPTER 3. CLINICAL TRIALS AND IMIQUIMOD Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning imiquimod.

Recent Trials on Imiquimod The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to imiquimod.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Aldara(tm) (Trademark) (Imiquimod) Cream to Treat Basal Cell Carcinoma Condition(s): Basal Cell Carcinoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Warren G Magnuson Clinical Center (CC) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate the effectiveness of Aldara(tm) (Trademark) (Imiquimod) Cream in treating basal cell carcinoma (skin cancer). Patients 18 years of age and older with an untreated suspected basal cell carcinoma may be eligible for this study. First Visit: Participants will have a medical history taken. A blood sample will be drawn and a doctor will examine, measure, and photograph the skin lesion. Two punch skin biopsies (surgical removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination), will be taken from the area of the skin cancer, each less than 1/8th inch in diameter. One sample will be examined to confirm the diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma; the other will be sent to a laboratory for special tests that will be compared with another skin sample taken after treatment. In addition, a small amount of tissue will be removed from the area of skin cancer with a very fine needle. Patients will be shown how to apply the study cream and will be given a dosing kit with a supply of cream to take home. The cream contains either Aldara cream or a placebo (look-alike cream with no active ingredient). Treatment Initiation Patients will be randomly assigned to one of four treatment dosing groups. They will apply the cream as instructed in their kit according to one of the following schedules: - Four doses, one dose every 12 hours, twice a day Four doses, one dose every 24 hours, once a day - Eight doses, one dose every 12 hours,

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

46

Imiquimod

twice a day - Eight doses, one dose every 24 hours, once a day End-of-Treatment Visit Patients will come to the clinic about 24 hours after their last dose for an end-oftreatment visit. A doctor will examine and photograph the skin cancer area. A second punch biopsy and fine needle aspiration will be taken and sent for special tests at a research laboratory. The doctor will then surgically remove the entire skin cancer and send it to a laboratory to be examined for skin cancer cells. Upon starting treatment and at each clinic visit, participants will report any illnesses, side effects, or reactions to the study drug and will be asked about any medications they have taken. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00045851 •

Imiquimod Cream in Treating Patients With Basal Cell Skin Cancer Condition(s): basal cell carcinoma of the skin Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Naval Medical Center Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Biological therapies, such as imiquimod cream, work in different ways to stimulate the immune system and stop tumor cells from growing. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase I trial to study the effectiveness of imiquimod cream in treating patients who have basal cell skin cancer. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00079300

•

Imiquimod in Preventing Cervical Cancer in Women With Cervical Neoplasia Condition(s): Cervical Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): North Central Cancer Treatment Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Chemoprevention therapy is the use of certain substances to try to prevent the development of cancer. Applying topicalimiquimod before abnormal cervical cells are removed may be effective in preventing cervical cancer. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase II trial to study the effectiveness of applying topical imiquimod before abnormal cervical cells are removed in preventing cervical cancer in patients who have recurrent or persistent cervical neoplasia. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00031759

Clinical Trials 47

•

Topical Imiquimod Compared With Surgery in Treating Patients With Basal Cell Skin Cancer Condition(s): basal cell carcinoma of the skin Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Cancer Research UK Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Biological therapies such as imiquimod use different ways to stimulate the immune system and stop cancer cells from growing. It is not yet known if topical imiquimod is more effective than surgery in treating basal cell skin cancer. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase III trial to compare the effectiveness of topical imiquimod with that of surgery in treating patients who have basal cell skin cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00066872

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “imiquimod” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

•

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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Imiquimod

•

For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

•

For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

•

For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

•

For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

•

For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

•

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

49

CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON IMIQUIMOD Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover imiquimod.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on imiquimod is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “imiquimod” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to imiquimod. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “imiquimod” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for imiquimod: •

FDA OKs new application for 3M's Aldara drug Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 03, 2004

•

Findings shed light on how imiquimod clears basal cell cancer Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 07, 2003

50

Imiquimod

•

3M seeks skin cancer indication for Aldara Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 11, 2003

•

Imiquimod proves successful in treating pre-cancerous skin conditions Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 03, 2003

•

3M's Aldara successful in treating pre-cancerous skin conditions in phase III Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 03, 2003

•

Imiquimod shows early promise for treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 25, 2002

•

Imiquimod cream appears effective in treating superficial basal cell carcinoma Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 25, 2001

•

Imiquimod cream highly effective in patients with Bowen's disease Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 13, 2001

•

Imiquimod cream reduces keloid recurrence after excision Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 05, 2001

•

Imiquimod 2% cream safely treats external genital warts in men Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 17, 2000

•

Imiquimod beneficial for patients with basal cell carcinoma, actinic keratoses Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 16, 2000

•

Imiquimod reduces anogenital wart burden in HIV-infected patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 15, 1999

•

Preliminary findings indicate imiquimod may have role in HIV treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 10, 1998

•

Imiquimod shows efficacy in genital warts Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 15, 1998

•

ACOG Report: Systemic effects of topical imiquimod appear minimal Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 12, 1998

•

Another Study Shows Imiquimod Effective Against Genital Warts Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 09, 1998

•

Imiquimod Reduces Genital Wart Extent In HIV-Positive Patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 06, 1998

Periodicals and News

•

51

Imiquimod Safe And Effective For At-Home Genital Wart Treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 27, 1998 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “imiquimod” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “imiquimod” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to imiquimod, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “imiquimod” (or synonyms).

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Imiquimod

Academic Periodicals covering Imiquimod Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to imiquimod. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering imiquimod that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

53

CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for imiquimod. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with imiquimod. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

54

Imiquimod

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to imiquimod: Imiquimod •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Aldara http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203585.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

55

APPENDICES

57

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

58

Imiquimod

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

59

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “imiquimod” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 418 0 6 1 1 426

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “imiquimod” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

61

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on imiquimod can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to imiquimod. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to imiquimod. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “imiquimod”:

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AIDS and Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aidsandinfections.html Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html Cervical Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cervicalcancer.html HPV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hpv.html Reproductive Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/reproductivehealth.html Vaginal Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vaginaldiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on imiquimod. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Guide to Skin Cancers and Precancers, A Source: New York, NY: Skin Cancer Foundation. 2002. 18 p. Contact: Available from Skin Cancer Foundation. Box 561, New York, NY 10156. (212) 725-5176. Fax (212) 725-5751. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.skincancer.org. PRICE: Contact for current pricing; bulk orders available. Item No. BR-19. Summary: This booklet provides the general public with information on skin precancers and cancers. Actinic keratosis (AK), or solar keratosis, is the most common type of precancerous skin lesion. AKs most often appear on skin surfaces that have been frequently exposed to the sun or to artificial sources of ultraviolet light. They range in size from 1 millimeter to 1 inch in diameter. AKs usually appear as small crusty, scaly, or crumbly bumps or horns that are dry and rough to the touch. Untreated AKs may develop into squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Treatment options for AKs include cryosurgery; curettage and desiccation; topical medications such as 5-fluorouracil cream or solution, hyaluronic acid/diclofenac, and imiquimod cream; chemical peeling; laser surgery; and photodynamic therapy. The most common skin cancers are basal cell

Patient Resources 65

carcinoma (BCC) and SCC. Both are mainly caused by long term sun exposure, so they typically occur in areas that are exposed to the sun. Although BCCs rarely spread to vital organs, they can lead to disfigurement. SCCs have a greater chance of spreading and becoming life threatening if untreated. Treatment options for BCCs and SCCs include curettage and electrodesiccation, excisional surgery, radiation, and Mohs micrographic surgery. In addition, cryosurgery, laser surgery, and photodynamic therapy can be used to treat BCCs and SCCs. The deadliest form of skin cancer is melanoma. It is most often caused by intense, intermittent exposure to the sun, especially before age 18. Melanoma is treatable in its earliest stage, but if left untreated, it will spread to vital organs. People should check their skin every month for lesions that are asymmetrical and have border irregularity, color variability, and a diameter larger than a pencil eraser. Treatment options for melanoma discovered at an early stage include excisional surgery, Mohs micrographic surgery, and regional lymph node dissection. Approaches for treating melanoma that has spread include radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Skin cancers can be prevented by taking appropriate sun safety measures. 18 figures. •

Genital Warts Source: Schaumburg, IL: American Academy of Dermatology (AAD). 2001. 6 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Dermatology, Marketing Department. P.O. Box 2289, Carol Stream, IL 60132-2289. (847) 240-1280. Fax (847) 240-1859. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aad.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk prices available. Summary: This pamphlet uses a question and answer format to provide people who have genital warts with information on the etiology, symptoms, and treatment of this condition. Genital warts, also known as venereal warts, are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). They are usually sexually transmitted, but they can transmitted to infants who have been delivered vaginally by mothers with HPV in their genital tract. These warts are a problem in pregnant women and in people whose immune system has been compromised. Warts can be rough or smooth surfaced, large or small, and are usually flesh colored. Diagnosis is usually based on simple visual inspection by the doctor. The type of treatment selected depends on the number of warts, their specific location, and other factors. Treatment options include surgical excision, removal with an electric needle, freezing, or laser excision. Chemicals may also be used to remove warts, including acids, 5-fluorouracil cream, and podophyllin. These surgical and chemical treatments do not affect the underlying HPV, so the warts may recur. Two new treatments that have become available are podofilox gel and imiquimod cream. The former medication stops the growth of the wart cells, while the latter medication induces the body to produce proteins that act against the HPV and boost the immune system locally. One of the most promising new areas being investigated for the treatment and prevention of genital warts is HPV vaccines. 3 figures. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to imiquimod. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals

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and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to imiquimod. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with imiquimod. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about imiquimod. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “imiquimod” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

Patient Resources 67

Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “imiquimod”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “imiquimod” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “imiquimod” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

69

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 71

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 73

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

75

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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IMIQUIMOD DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of etretinate with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate. [NIH]

Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Actinic keratosis: A precancerous condition of thick, scaly patches of skin. Also called solar or senile keratosis. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as

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standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anogenital: Pertaining to the anus and external genitals. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH]

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Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome: Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to

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infection and disease. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH]

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Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Carcinoma in Situ: A malignant tumor that has not yet invaded the basement membrane of the epithelial cell of origin and has not spread to other tissues. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: CIN. A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how much of the cervix contains abnormal cells. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] Cicatrix, Hypertrophic: An elevated scar, resembling a keloid, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue

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and regresses spontaneously. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Condyloma: C. acuminatum; a papilloma with a central core of connective tissue in a treelike structure covered with epithelium, usually occurring on the mucous membrane or skin of the external genitals or in the perianal region. [EU] Condylomata Acuminata: Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a

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myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cryosurgery: The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue. [NIH]

Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]

Curette: A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desiccation: Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.). [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel

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movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discoid: Shaped like a disk. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrodesiccation: The drying of tissue by a high-frequency electric current applied with a needle-shaped electrode. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Enterohepatic: Of or involving the intestine and liver. [EU] Enterohepatic Circulation: Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis: An autosomal recessive trait with impaired cell-

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mediated immunity. About 15 human papillomaviruses are implicated in associated infection, four of which lead to skin neoplasms. The disease begins in childhood with red papules and later spreads over the body as gray or yellow scales. [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Etretinate: An oral retinoid used in the treatment of keratotic genodermatosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. Beneficial effects have also been claimed in the prophylaxis of epithelial neoplasia. The compound may be teratogenic. [NIH] Excisional: The surgical procedure of removing a tumor by cutting it out. The biopsy is then examined under a microscope. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expert Systems: Computer programs based on knowledge developed from consultation with experts on a problem, and the processing and/or formalizing of this knowledge using these programs in such a manner that the problems may be solved. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.

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[NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Annulare: Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Genitalis: Herpes simplex of the genitals. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin

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help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Image Cytometry: A technique encompassing morphometry, densitometry, neural networks, and expert systems that has numerous clinical and research applications and is particularly useful in anatomic pathology for the study of malignant lesions. The most common current application of image cytometry is for DNA analysis, followed by quantitation of immunohistochemical staining. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immune-response: The production of antibodies or particular types of cytotoxic lymphoid cells on challenge with an antigen. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU]

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Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell

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activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keloid: A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (cicatrix, hypertrophic) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues. [NIH] Keratoacanthoma: A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lentigo: Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome). [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locoregional: The characteristic of a disease-producing organism to transfer itself, but typically to the same region of the body (a leg, the lungs, .) [EU]

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Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in

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the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Millimeter: A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mollusca: A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Aplacophora, Scaphopoda, Polyplacophora, and Monoplacophora. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH]

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Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the

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corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains podophyllotoxin and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for

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the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of

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pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purgative: 1. Cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. A cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regional lymph node: In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a tumor. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and

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cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skin Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the skin. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU]

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Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Standard therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of cancer, based on the results of past research. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Subungual: Beneath a nail. [NIH] Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active anti-inflammatory analgesic that undergoes enterohepatic circulation to maintain constant blood levels without causing gastrointestinal side effects. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Teratogenesis: Production of monstrous growths or fetuses. [NIH]

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Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the

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treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation

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occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease affecting all races. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ultraviolet light as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA. [NIH]

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INDEX A Ablation, 8, 40, 77 Acitretin, 10, 31, 77 Acne, 77, 99 Acne Vulgaris, 77, 99 Actinic keratosis, 10, 23, 28, 31, 64, 77 Acyclovir, 33, 77 Adjuvant, 12, 77, 85 Adverse Effect, 77, 96 Affinity, 77, 96 Agonist, 5, 77 Algorithms, 77, 80 Alpha Particles, 77, 95 Alternative medicine, 51, 77 Amino acid, 78, 93, 94, 97 Anaesthesia, 78, 88 Anal, 8, 16, 78 Analgesic, 78, 83, 97 Analog, 24, 39, 77, 78, 85 Analogous, 78, 98 Anaplasia, 78 Anogenital, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 27, 28, 31, 36, 50, 78, 82 Antibacterial, 78, 96 Antibiotic, 78, 96 Antibodies, 78, 87, 90 Antibody, 77, 78, 87, 88 Antigen, 77, 78, 83, 87, 88 Antigen-presenting cell, 78, 83 Anti-inflammatory, 78, 83, 97 Antimetabolite, 77, 78, 85 Antineoplastic, 79, 85, 93 Antipyretic, 79, 83 Antiviral, 13, 39, 77, 79, 88 Anus, 78, 79, 80, 93 Apoptosis, 13, 33, 40, 79 Aqueous, 79, 83 Arteries, 79, 80, 82, 91 Aspiration, 46, 79 Asymptomatic, 7, 79 B Bacteria, 78, 79, 95, 96, 98, 99 Bacteriophage, 79, 93, 98 Basal cell carcinoma, 45, 46, 47, 50, 65 Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome, 32, 35, 79 Basal cells, 79 Base, 4, 79, 89 Basement Membrane, 79, 81

Benign, 79, 86, 89, 92 Bioavailability, 12, 79 Biological response modifier, 79, 88 Biomarkers, 4, 80 Biopsy, 46, 80, 85 Biotechnology, 5, 6, 51, 59, 80 Biotransformation, 80 Bladder, 80, 82, 94, 99 Blister, 80, 92 Blood pressure, 80, 91, 96 Blood vessel, 80, 81, 90, 97, 98, 99 Body Fluids, 80, 96, 99 Bone Marrow, 80, 87, 90, 94 Bowel, 78, 80, 83 Bowel Movement, 80, 84 Branch, 42, 73, 80, 90, 92, 96, 98 Buccal, 80, 90 C Calcium, 80, 96 Callus, 81, 89 Carcinoma, 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 24, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 45, 46, 47, 50, 64, 79, 81 Carcinoma in Situ, 81 Case report, 14, 26, 30, 36, 39, 40, 81 Case series, 8, 81 Cell, 6, 45, 46, 47, 49 Cell Death, 79, 81 Cell Differentiation, 81, 96 Cell proliferation, 81, 96 Cervical, 3, 9, 46, 64, 81 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 4, 81 Cervix, 81 Cheilitis, 32, 81 Chemoprevention, 4, 46, 81 Chemotherapy, 10, 16, 17, 20, 65, 81 Chin, 81, 90 Chromatin, 79, 81 Chronic, 9, 29, 34, 77, 81, 88, 91, 92, 94, 97 Cicatrix, 81, 89 Cicatrix, Hypertrophic, 81, 89 Clinical trial, 3, 4, 6, 45, 47, 59, 82, 84, 94, 95 Cloning, 80, 82 Coagulation, 80, 82, 89 Collagen, 78, 79, 82, 85, 86, 89 Compliance, 12, 82 Computational Biology, 59, 82 Condyloma, 8, 14, 19, 29, 82

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Condylomata Acuminata, 7, 82 Cone, 82, 97 Connective Tissue, 80, 82, 83, 85, 89, 90 Contraindications, ii, 82 Controlled study, 7, 15, 16, 24, 82 Corneum, 82, 84 Coronary, 82, 91 Coronary Thrombosis, 82, 91 Corpus, 83, 93 Cryosurgery, 64, 83 Cryotherapy, 8, 83 Curative, 83, 98 Curettage, 64, 83 Curette, 83 Cutaneous, 4, 8, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 26, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 83, 89, 90, 93 Cytokine, 6, 9, 11, 12, 20, 23, 24, 28, 83 Cytoplasm, 79, 83, 86 Cytotoxic, 4, 83, 87, 96 D Databases, Bibliographic, 59, 83 Deletion, 79, 83 Dendrites, 83 Dendritic, 4, 25, 83, 90 Dendritic cell, 4, 25, 83 Depolarization, 83, 96 Dermal, 4, 83 Dermis, 83, 89 Desiccation, 64, 83 Diagnostic procedure, 51, 83 Diclofenac, 64, 83 Diclofenac Sodium, 83 Digestive system, 48, 83 Digestive tract, 84, 97 Direct, iii, 4, 53, 84, 95 Discoid, 29, 84 Dissection, 65, 84 Domesticated, 84, 86 Dorsal, 84, 91, 93 Double-blind, 7, 15, 16, 24, 37, 39, 84 Drug Interactions, 54, 84 Drug Tolerance, 84, 98 E Efficacy, 8, 12, 13, 26, 50, 84 Electrode, 84 Electrodesiccation, 65, 84 Embryo, 81, 84, 88 Enterohepatic, 84, 97 Enterohepatic Circulation, 84, 97 Environmental Health, 58, 60, 84 Enzyme, 84, 96, 99, 100 Epidermal, 4, 25, 31, 84, 90

Epidermis, 20, 22, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 87, 92 Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis, 4, 84 Epidermoid carcinoma, 85, 97 Epithelial, 3, 81, 85, 89, 92 Epithelium, 79, 82, 85, 92 Erectile, 85, 92 Esophagus, 84, 85, 97 Etretinate, 77, 85 Excisional, 65, 85, 100 Exogenous, 80, 85 Expert Systems, 85, 87 F Facial, 30, 34, 36, 37, 38, 85 Family Planning, 59, 85 Fluorouracil, 16, 27, 35, 64, 65, 85 Fungi, 85 Fungus, 85, 91 G Gallbladder, 84, 85 Gastrointestinal, 85, 97, 99 Gelatin, 85, 97 Gene, 4, 6, 12, 28, 80, 85, 86, 98 Gene Expression, 4, 6, 12, 28, 86, 98 Genital, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 50, 51, 65, 86, 99, 100 Genitourinary, 86, 99 Gland, 86, 90, 92, 94, 97 Governing Board, 86, 94 Grade, 4, 10, 11, 28, 31, 38, 86 Graft, 26, 86, 87, 88 Graft Rejection, 86, 88 Granulocytes, 86, 96, 100 Granuloma, 14, 38, 86 Granuloma Annulare, 38, 86 Groin, 86, 88 Growth, 65, 78, 79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 96, 98, 100 Guinea Pigs, 6, 39, 86 H Half-Life, 77, 86 Hemorrhage, 86, 97 Heredity, 77, 85, 86 Herpes, 5, 6, 9, 16, 17, 26, 33, 39, 77, 86 Herpes Genitalis, 5, 16, 86 Herpes Zoster, 86 Homeostasis, 22, 86 Hormone, 86, 96 Horny layer, 84, 87 Host, 26, 79, 87, 88 Human papillomavirus, 3, 11, 15, 35, 82, 85, 87

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Hydrogen, 79, 87, 91, 92, 94 I Id, 42, 66, 72, 74, 87 Image Cytometry, 28, 87 Immune response, 4 Immune Sera, 87 Immune system, 4, 46, 47, 65, 78, 87, 88, 90, 91, 99, 100 Immune-response, 20, 38, 87 Immunity, 4, 19, 21, 85, 87, 98 Immunization, 4, 87, 88 Immunocompromised, 15, 26, 30, 87 Immunodeficiency, 7, 9, 23, 30, 34, 35, 38, 87 Immunogenic, 4, 87 Immunologic, 87 Immunology, 24, 25, 31, 77, 87 Immunomodulator, 12, 28, 29, 87 Immunosuppressant, 85, 87 Immunosuppressive, 88 Immunosuppressive therapy, 88 Immunotherapy, 9, 24, 28, 34, 65, 88 Impairment, 88, 90 In situ, 4, 9, 14, 16, 27, 38, 40, 88 In vitro, 9, 23, 88 In vivo, 4, 24, 88, 97 Incision, 88, 89 Induction, 4, 6, 11, 12, 23, 40, 88 Infarction, 83, 88, 91 Infection, 4, 9, 18, 33, 37, 39, 80, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 97, 100 Infiltration, 26, 88 Inguinal, 29, 88 Interferon, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 23, 28, 88 Interferon-alpha, 88 Interleukin-1, 22, 88 Interleukin-2, 88 Intermittent, 65, 89 Intracellular, 88, 89, 95, 96 Intraepithelial, 4, 10, 11, 19, 27, 28, 31, 35, 38, 40, 50, 89 Intrinsic, 4, 77, 79, 89 Invasive, 18, 38, 87, 89 Ions, 79, 87, 89 K Kb, 58, 89 Keloid, 15, 50, 81, 89 Keratoacanthoma, 18, 30, 36, 89 Keratosis, 11, 64, 77, 89 Kinetic, 89 L Large Intestine, 84, 89, 95

Laser Surgery, 64, 89 Leishmaniasis, 29, 36, 89 Lentigo, 14, 21, 34, 35, 38, 89 Lesion, 45, 64, 86, 89, 96 Library Services, 72, 89 Liver, 84, 85, 89 Localized, 86, 88, 89, 93 Locoregional, 24, 89 Lupus, 29, 90 Lymph, 65, 81, 90, 91, 95 Lymph node, 65, 81, 90, 91, 95 Lymphatic, 88, 90, 98 Lymphatic system, 90, 98 Lymphocyte, 13, 78, 90 Lymphoid, 78, 87, 90 Lymphoma, 34, 40, 90, 91 M Macrophage, 26, 88, 90 Malignant, 20, 24, 33, 79, 81, 87, 90, 91, 92 Malignant tumor, 81, 90 Medicament, 90, 97 MEDLINE, 59, 90 Melanocytes, 90, 92 Melanoma, 4, 14, 20, 24, 33, 34, 35, 38, 65, 90, 99 Membrane, 82, 83, 90, 91, 96 Memory, 6, 90 Mental, iv, 3, 48, 58, 60, 81, 90, 94 Mental Disorders, 48, 90 Metabolite, 23, 77, 80, 90 Metastasis, 34, 90, 91 Metastatic, 33, 34, 91, 96 MI, 23, 75, 91 Millimeter, 64, 91 Mitosis, 79, 91 Modification, 7, 22, 78, 91 Molecular, 7, 10, 28, 59, 61, 80, 82, 91, 98 Molecule, 40, 78, 79, 91, 95, 96, 99 Mollusca, 36, 91 Monitor, 4, 91 Monocyte, 26, 91 Mononuclear, 86, 91 Monotherapy, 39, 91 Mucocutaneous, 89, 91 Mucosa, 90, 91 Mycosis, 19, 91 Mycosis Fungoides, 19, 91 Myocardium, 91 N Naive, 5, 91 NCI, 1, 46, 47, 57, 91 Need, 67, 91, 98

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Neoplasia, 4, 10, 11, 19, 27, 28, 31, 38, 40, 46, 50, 85, 92 Neoplasm, 92 Neoplastic, 78, 89, 90, 92 Networks, 87, 92 Neural, 87, 92 Neurotransmitter, 78, 92, 96, 97 Neutrons, 77, 92, 95 Nevus, 89, 92 Nucleus, 79, 81, 83, 91, 92, 94 O Oncology, 9, 11, 31, 92, 95 P Palliative, 92, 98 Pancreas, 80, 84, 92, 99 Papilloma, 11, 24, 38, 65, 82, 92 Papillomavirus, 92 Pathologic, 79, 80, 82, 92, 94 Pathologic Processes, 79, 92 Patient Education, 64, 70, 72, 75, 92 Pemphigus, 28, 92 Penis, 9, 27, 33, 37, 40, 92 Peptide, 78, 93, 94 Perianal, 16, 30, 33, 82, 93 Pharmacokinetic, 93 Pharmacologic, 22, 86, 93, 98 Phospholipases, 93, 96 Photodynamic therapy, 64, 93 Photosensitivity, 93, 100 Physiologic, 77, 86, 93, 95 Pilot study, 19, 25, 93 Plaque, 19, 93 Platelet Activation, 93, 96 Pneumonia, 82, 93 Podophyllin, 65, 93 Podophyllotoxin, 93 Posterior, 78, 84, 92, 93 Postoperative, 25, 93 Postsynaptic, 93, 96 Potentiates, 88, 93 Potentiation, 93, 96 Practice Guidelines, 60, 93 Precancerous, 64, 77, 94 Premalignant, 94 Progressive, 81, 84, 86, 93, 94 Promyelocytic leukemia, 94, 99 Prone, 4, 94 Prostate, 80, 94, 99 Protein S, 80, 94 Proteins, 4, 65, 78, 81, 82, 88, 91, 93, 94 Protocol, 4, 94 Protons, 77, 87, 94, 95

Protozoa, 89, 94 Psoriasis, 77, 85, 94, 99 Psychic, 90, 94 Public Policy, 59, 94 Publishing, 5, 94 Pulse, 91, 94 Purgative, 93, 95 R Radiation, 65, 95, 99 Randomized, 4, 5, 7, 15, 16, 24, 27, 84, 95 Receptor, 5, 13, 78, 82, 95, 96 Rectum, 79, 80, 84, 89, 94, 95, 97 Recur, 65, 95 Recurrence, 25, 50, 81, 95 Refer, 1, 80, 85, 86, 91, 92, 95, 98 Refraction, 95, 96 Regimen, 37, 84, 95 Regional lymph node, 65, 95 Remission, 95 Respiration, 91, 95 Retinoid, 77, 85, 95 Rickettsiae, 95 S Salicylic, 8, 25, 95 Salivary, 84, 95 Salivary glands, 84, 95 Scatter, 95, 99 Screening, 82, 95 Scrotum, 29, 95, 98 Secondary tumor, 90, 95 Senile, 77, 89, 93, 96 Shedding, 18, 96 Side effect, 28, 46, 53, 77, 96, 97, 98 Signal Transduction, 6, 28, 96 Skeletal, 79, 96 Skin Neoplasms, 85, 93, 96 Sneezing, 96 Sodium, 83, 96 Specialist, 66, 96 Species, 84, 86, 89, 91, 96, 98 Spectrum, 8, 96 Spina bifida, 79, 96 Spinous, 84, 96 Squamous, 9, 16, 18, 24, 27, 40, 64, 85, 89, 96, 97 Squamous cell carcinoma, 9, 16, 18, 27, 40, 64, 85, 89, 97 Squamous cells, 97 Standard therapy, 32, 97 Stimulus, 84, 97, 98 Stomach, 84, 85, 87, 97 Stroke, 48, 58, 97

105

Subacute, 88, 97 Subclinical, 88, 97 Subcutaneous, 12, 97 Substance P, 90, 97 Subungual, 8, 97 Sulindac, 9, 97 Sunburn, 97, 99 Suppositories, 8, 85, 97 Suppression, 6, 97 Synaptic, 92, 96, 97 Systemic, 50, 80, 88, 97, 98 T Teratogenesis, 93, 97 Teratogenic, 85, 98 Testicles, 95, 98 Therapeutics, 54, 98 Thigh, 29, 86, 98 Threshold, 17, 98 Thrombosis, 94, 97, 98 Thymus, 87, 90, 98 Tissue, 45, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98 Tolerance, 4, 98 Topical, 4, 42, 46, 47, 50, 54, 64 Toxic, iv, 87, 93, 98 Toxicity, 84, 98 Toxicokinetics, 98 Toxicology, 26, 60, 98 Toxin, 98 Transduction, 6, 96, 98 Transfection, 4, 80, 98 Transfer Factor, 87, 98

Transplantation, 37, 87, 98 Tretinoin, 42, 98 Tumor marker, 80, 99 U Ultraviolet radiation, 26, 97, 99 Unconscious, 87, 99 Urethra, 93, 94, 99 Urinary, 86, 99 Urogenital, 26, 86, 99 Uterus, 81, 83, 99 V Vaccine, 77, 94, 99 Vagina, 81, 99, 100 Vaginal, 38, 64, 99, 100 Vascular, 83, 88, 99 Vector, 98, 99 Venereal, 65, 99 Ventral, 91, 99 Vertebrae, 79, 99 Veterinary Medicine, 59, 99 Viral, 28, 98, 99 Virus, 6, 7, 9, 11, 19, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 65, 79, 87, 88, 93, 98, 99 Visceral, 89, 91, 99 Vitro, 99 Vivo, 5, 100 Vulva, 9, 30, 100 W Wart, 11, 25, 50, 51, 65, 89, 100 White blood cell, 78, 90, 91, 100 X Xeroderma Pigmentosum, 13, 31, 32, 100

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Imiquimod - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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