Jock Itch - A Medical Dictionary Bibliography and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

JOCK ITCH A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Jock Itch: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83602-7 1. Jock Itch-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on jock itch. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON JOCK ITCH ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Jock Itch......................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND JOCK ITCH ....................................................................................... 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 Finding Nutrition Studies on Jock Itch........................................................................................ 15 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 16 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON JOCK ITCH .............................................................................................. 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 Patents on Jock Itch...................................................................................................................... 19 Patent Applications on Jock Itch .................................................................................................. 20 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON JOCK ITCH ................................................................................................. 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 23 Chapters on Jock Itch.................................................................................................................... 23 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 29 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 31 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 34 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 35 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 39 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 41 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 41 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 41 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 47 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 48 JOCK ITCH DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................... 49 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 61

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with jock itch is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about jock itch, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to jock itch, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on jock itch. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to jock itch, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on jock itch. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON JOCK ITCH Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on jock itch.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and jock itch, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “jock itch” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Superficial Fungal Infection of the Skin: Where and How It Appears Help Determine Therapy Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 109(1): 117-120,123-126,131-132. January 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the features, diagnosis, and management of tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea versicolor, tinea capitis, tinea faciei, tinea manuum, cutaneous candidiasis, and onychomycosis. Tinea pedis, the most common fungal infection of the skin, involves the plantar surface and interdigital spaces of the foot and can include inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions. Differential diagnosis of tinea pedis includes acrodermatitis continua, candidiasis, contact dermatitis, eczema, erythrasma, psoriasis, pustular bacterids, pyoderma, and secondary syphilis. Tinea pedis usually responds to topical agents such as econazole nitrate, ketoconazole, and terbinafine hydrochloride. Tinea

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Jock Itch

corporis, commonly referred to as ringworm of the body, is dermatophytosis of the glabrous skin of the trunk and extremities. This condition typically develops after inappropriate topical corticosteroid therapy. Treatment involves topical therapy. Tinea cruris, or jock itch, is a dermatophytosis of the proximal medial thigh and buttock. Differential diagnosis includes mechanical intertrigo and candidiasis. Treatment involves topical therapy. Tinea versicolor, or pityriasis versicolor, is typically found in regions of the body that have sebaceous glands. The characteristic finding is skin depigmentation. Differential diagnosis includes vitiligo, tinea corporis, pityriasis rosea, pityriasis alba, and secondary syphilis. Topical therapies such as terbinafine, econazole, ketoconazole, and selenium sulfide lotion or shampoo are effective topical therapies. Tinea capitis, which is a dermatophytic infection of the head and scalp, can have a range of clinical presentations. Differential diagnosis includes seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, scalp psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and alopecia areata. An oral agent such as griseofulvin is usually needed to successfully treat this condition. Tinea faciei is dermatophytosis of the nonbearded areas of the face. This infection responds to topical therapy. Tinea manuum, an unusual dermatophytic infection of the interdigital and palmar surfaces, may coexist with other fungal infections. Differential diagnosis includes pompholyx, eczema, secondary syphilis, and callus formation. Although the condition responds to topical therapy, it may recur if untreated onychomycosis is present. Cutaneous candidiasis, a skin infection caused by Candida albicans and other species, often presents with erythema, cracking, or maceration. Topical agents commonly used to treat this condition include nystatin, ketoconazole, miconazole nitrate, and clotrimazole. Onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the nail unit, has a wide variety of clinical presentations. Differential diagnosis includes psoriasis, lichen planus, alopecia areata, subungual tumors and warts, and bacterial infections. Oral agents are more successful than topical agents. The article also discusses the topical and systemic agents used to treat cutaneous fungal infections. Topical agents include imidazoles, allylamines, and polyenes. Systemic agents include griseofulvin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine, and fluconazole. 16 figures, 2 tables, and 21 references.

Federally Funded Research on Jock Itch The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to jock itch. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to jock itch. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore jock itch.

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with jock itch, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “jock itch” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for jock itch (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparative double-blind study of terbinafine (Lamisil) and griseofulvin in tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Author(s): del Palacio Hernandez A, Lopez Gomez S, Gonzalez Lastra F, Moreno Palancar P, Iglesias Diez L. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1990 May; 15(3): 210-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2194715&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of itraconazole and griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris: a double-blind study. Author(s): Panagiotidou D, Kousidou T, Chaidemenos G, Karakatsanis G, Kalogeropoulou A, Teknetzis A, Chatzopoulou E, Michailidis D. Source: J Int Med Res. 1992 September; 20(5): 392-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1333423&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of the efficacy of oral fluconazole, 150 mg/week versus 50 mg/day, in the treatment of tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and cutaneous candidosis. Author(s): Nozickova M, Koudelkova V, Kulikova Z, Malina L, Urbanowski S, Silny W. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 September; 37(9): 703-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9762826&dopt=Abstract

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A multicentre (double-blind) comparative study to assess the safety and efficacy of fluconazole and griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Author(s): Faergemann J, Mork NJ, Haglund A, Odegard T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 April; 136(4): 575-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9155961&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Ajoene in the topical short-term treatment of tinea cruris and tinea corporis in humans. Randomized comparative study with terbinafine. Author(s): Ledezma E, Lopez JC, Marin P, Romero H, Ferrara G, De Sousa L, Jorquera A, Apitz Castro R. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1999 June; 49(6): 544-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417874&dopt=Abstract

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An immunohistochemical staining of epidermal Langerhans' cells in tinea cruris. Author(s): Emtestam L, Kaaman T, Hovmark A, Asbrink E. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1985; 65(3): 240-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2411081&dopt=Abstract

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An outbreak of Tinea pedis and Tinea cruris in a tyre factory in Messina, Italy. Author(s): Todaro F, Germano D, Criseo G. Source: Mycopathologia. 1983; 83(1): 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6633632&dopt=Abstract

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Association of hypersensitivity and carriage of dermatophytes in clinically normal sites in patients with Tinea cruris. Author(s): Chakrabarti A, Sharma SC, Handa S, Chander J, Kumar D, Sahgal R. Source: Mycopathologia. 1995 August; 131(2): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8532057&dopt=Abstract

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Bifonazole cream: once-a-day application every second day in tinea cruris and tinea corporis. Author(s): Hernandez-Perez E. Source: Dermatologica. 1984; 169 Suppl 1: 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6396119&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical and physiological parameters on the healthy skin surface of persons with candidal intertrigo and of persons with tinea cruris. Author(s): Gloor M, Geilhof A, Ronneberger G, Friederich HC. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1976 December 15; 257(2): 203-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1008615&dopt=Abstract

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Butenafine 1% cream in the treatment of tinea cruris: a multicenter, vehiclecontrolled, double-blind trial. Author(s): Lesher JL Jr, Babel DE, Stewart DM, Jones TM, Kaminester L, Goldman M, Weintraub JS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 February; 36(2 Pt 1): S20-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9039201&dopt=Abstract

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Candida zeylanoides causing candidiasis as tinea cruris. Author(s): Liao WQ, Li ZG, Guo M, Zhang JZ. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 1993 July; 106(7): 542-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8243128&dopt=Abstract

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Cell-mediated reactivity in dermatophytosis: differences in skin responses to purified trichophytin in tinea pedis and tinea cruris. Author(s): Kaaman T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1981; 61(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6165186&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical experience with short schedules of itraconazole in the treatment of tinea corporis and/or tinea cruris. Author(s): Parent D, Decroix J, Heenen M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 189(4): 378-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7873824&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical, epidemiological and mycological aspects of tinea cruris. A survey on 350 cases. Author(s): Alteras I. Source: Mykosen. 1968 June 1; 11(6): 451-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5736392&dopt=Abstract

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Clotrimazole vs haloprogin in the treatment of tinea cruris. Author(s): Papa CM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 May; 114(5): 799-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=580551&dopt=Abstract

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Clotrimazole vs haloprogin treatment of tinea cruris. Author(s): VanDersarl JV, Sheppard RH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 September; 113(9): 1233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=578400&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study between terbinafine 1% emulsion-gel versus ketoconazole 2% cream in tinea cruris and tinea corporis. Author(s): Bonifaz A, Saul A. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2000 March; 10(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10694308&dopt=Abstract

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Dermatophytes causing tinea cruris in Karachi. Author(s): Haroon TS. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1979 September; 29(9): 190-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=117152&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind comparison of itraconazole and placebo in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Author(s): Pariser DM, Pariser RJ, Ruoff G, Ray TL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 August; 31(2 Pt 1): 2324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8040406&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind comparison of itraconazole with griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Author(s): Bourlond A, Lachapelle JM, Aussems J, Boyden B, Campaert H, Conincx S, Decroix J, Geeraerts C, Ghekiere L, Morias J, et al. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1989 July-August; 28(6): 410-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2548967&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of bifonazole (BAY h 4502) in patients with pityriasis versicolor and tinea cruris. Author(s): Vena GA, Barile F, Faravelli M, Angelini G. Source: Mykosen. 1983 August; 26(8): 415-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6621617&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of butenafine in superficial dermatophytoses (tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea corporis). Author(s): Saple DG, Amar AK, Ravichandran G, Korde KM, Desai A. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2001 May; 99(5): 274-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11676116&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of terbinafine 1% solution in the treatment of interdigital tinea pedis and tinea corporis or tinea cruris. Author(s): Lebwohl M, Elewski B, Eisen D, Savin RC. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 March; 67(3): 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270304&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and tolerability of topical terbinafine in the treatment of tinea cruris. Author(s): Millikan LE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 October; 23(4 Pt 2): 7959. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2229526&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of a 1-week, once-daily regimen of terbinafine 1% cream in the treatment of tinea cruris and tinea corporis. Author(s): Zaias N, Berman B, Cordero CN, Hernandez A, Jacobson C, Millikan L, Rojas R, de la Rosa I, Villars V, Birnbaum JE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 October; 29(4): 646-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8408803&dopt=Abstract

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Fluconazole in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Author(s): Stary A, Sarnow E. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 196(2): 237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9568414&dopt=Abstract

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Fungal infection as a cause of skin disease in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia: tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Author(s): al-Sogair SM, Moawad MK, al-Humaidan YM. Source: Mycoses. 1991 September-October; 34(9-10): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1820522&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infections of the skin: tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea faciei, tinea manuum, and tinea pedis. Guidelines/Outcomes Committee. American Academy of Dermatology. Author(s): Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER, Goltz RW, Graham GF, Hardinsky MK, Lewis CW, Pariser DM, Skouge JW, Webster SB, Whitaker DC, Butler B, Lowery BJ, Elewski BE, Elgart ML, Jacobs PH, Lesher JL Jr, Scher RK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 February; 34(2 Pt 1): 282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8642094&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of tinea cruris by topical nitrogen mustard and by systemic chemotherapy. Author(s): Shelley WB. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1981; 61(2): 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6165198&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of dermatophytes from clinically normal sites in patients with tinea cruris. Author(s): Chakrabarti A, Sharma SC, Talwar P. Source: Mycopathologia. 1992 December; 120(3): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1494358&dopt=Abstract

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Itraconazole in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Author(s): Katsambas A, Antoniou C, Frangouli E, Rigopoulos D, Vlachou M, Michailidis D, Stratigos J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1993 July; 18(4): 322-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8403466&dopt=Abstract

10 Jock Itch

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Itraconazole in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris: comparison of two treatment schedules. Author(s): Boonk W, de Geer D, de Kreek E, Remme J, van Huystee B. Source: Mycoses. 1998 December; 41(11-12): 509-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9919895&dopt=Abstract

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Ketoconazole 2 percent cream in the treatment of tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis. Author(s): Lester M. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1995 March; 55(3): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7634851&dopt=Abstract

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Multicentre double-blind clinical trials of ciclopirox olamine cream 1% in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Author(s): Bogaert H, Cordero C, Ollague W, Savin RC, Shalita AR, Zaias N. Source: J Int Med Res. 1986; 14(4): 210-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3530834&dopt=Abstract

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Naftifine cream 1% versus econazole cream 1% in the treatment of tinea cruris and tinea corporis. Author(s): Millikan LE, Galen WK, Gewirtzman GB, Horwitz SN, Landow RK, Nesbitt LT Jr, Roth HL, Sefton J, Day RM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 January; 18(1 Pt 1): 526. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3279083&dopt=Abstract

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New data on the epidemiology of Tinea cruris in Israel. Author(s): Alteras I, Feuerman EJ. Source: Mycopathologia. 1983 November 21; 83(2): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6669165&dopt=Abstract

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Once-daily naftifine cream 1% in the treatment of tinea cruris and tinea corporis. Author(s): Jordon RE, Rapini RP, Rex IH Jr, Katz HI, Hickman JG, Bard JW, Medansky RS, Lew-Kaya DA, Sefton J, DeGryse RE, et al. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1990 July-August; 29(6): 441-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2397973&dopt=Abstract

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One-week therapy with oral terbinafine in cases of tinea cruris/corporis. Author(s): Farag A, Taha M, Halim S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 November; 131(5): 684-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7999601&dopt=Abstract

Studies 11

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Open clinical study of the efficacy and safety of terbinafine cream 1% in children with tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Author(s): Bakos L, Brito AC, Castro LC, Gontijo B, Lowy G, Reis CM, Ribeiro AM, Souza FH, Villar Mdo L, Zaitz C. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 June; 16(6): 545-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9194102&dopt=Abstract

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Oral treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris with terbinafine and griseofulvin: a randomized double blind comparative study. Author(s): Voravutinon V. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1993 July; 76(7): 388-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8089640&dopt=Abstract

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Personal hygiene as an alternative to griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea cruris. Author(s): Akinwale SO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2000 March; 29(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11379466&dopt=Abstract

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Pityriasis rotunda mimicking tinea cruris/corporis and erythrasma in an Indian patient. Author(s): Gupta S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 28(1): 50-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11280467&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and efficacy of short-duration oral terbinafine for the treatment of tinea corporis or tinea cruris in subjects with HIV infection or diabetes. Author(s): Rich P, Houpt KR, LaMarca A, Loven KH, Marbury TC, Matheson R, Miller B, Smith S, Wolf J; Tinea Corporis/Tinea Cruris Research Group. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 July; 68(1 Suppl): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11499330&dopt=Abstract

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SCH 370 (clotrimazole-betamethasone dipropionate) cream in patients with tinea cruris or tinea corporis. Author(s): Katz HI, Bard J, Cole GW, Fischer S, McCormick GE, Medansky RS, Nesbitt LT, Rex IH. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1984 August; 34(2): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6383734&dopt=Abstract

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Scrotal dermatophytosis. An insufficiently documented aspect of tinea cruris. Author(s): La touche CJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1967 June; 79(6): 339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6027195&dopt=Abstract

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Scutular favus-like tinea cruris et pedis in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Bakos L, Bonamigo RR, Pisani AC, Mariante JC, Mallmann R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 June; 34(6): 1086-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8647981&dopt=Abstract

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Study of tinea cruris in Egypt. Author(s): el-Mazny H, Abdel-Fattah A, Abdallah MA, Refai M. Source: Mykosen. 1972 August 1; 15(8): 331-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4636066&dopt=Abstract

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Sulconazole nitrate 1.0 percent cream: a comparison with miconazole in the treatment of tinea pedis and tinea cruris/corporis. Author(s): Tanenbaum L, Anderson C, Rosenberg MJ, Howard W, McDaniel W, Neimanis A, Ryan ME, Perez R. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1982 July; 30(1): 105-7, 115, 118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6749440&dopt=Abstract

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Sulconazole nitrate cream 1 percent for treating tinea cruris and corporis. Author(s): Tanenbaum L, Taplin D, Lavelle C, Akers WA, Rosenberg MJ, Carmargo G. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1989 October; 44(4): 344-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2805811&dopt=Abstract

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Terbinafine 1% cream vs. bifonazole 1% cream in the treatment of tinea cruris. Author(s): Budimulja U. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 November; 37(11): 871-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9865880&dopt=Abstract

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The etiology of tinea cruris in Karachi. Author(s): Khan KA, Anwar AA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1969 November; 81(11): 858-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5359905&dopt=Abstract

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The frequency of tinea pedis in patients with tinea cruris in Tehran, Iran. Author(s): Sadri MF, Farnaghi F, Danesh-Pazhooh M, Shokoohi A. Source: Mycoses. 2000; 43(1-2): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10838845&dopt=Abstract

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Therapy with fluconazole for tinea corporis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedis. Author(s): Montero-Gei F, Perera A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992 March; 14 Suppl 1: S77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1562699&dopt=Abstract

Studies 13

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Tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea nigra, and piedra. Author(s): Gupta AK, Chaudhry M, Elewski B. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2003 July; 21(3): 395-400, V. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12956194&dopt=Abstract

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Tinea cruris due to combined infections of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis. A case report. Author(s): Lee HJ, Ha SJ, Ha JH, Cho BK, Kim JW. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 October-November; 81(5): 381. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800157&dopt=Abstract

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Tinea cruris epidemiology (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Author(s): Silva-Tavares H, Alchorne MM, Fischman O. Source: Mycopathologia. 2001; 149(3): 147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11307598&dopt=Abstract

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Tinea cruris in female prostitutes. Author(s): Otero L, Palacio V, Vazquez F. Source: Mycopathologia. 2002; 153(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11913763&dopt=Abstract

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Tinea cruris: diagnostic confusion due to isolation of Candida albicans alone. Author(s): Kane J, Blakeman JM, Fischer JB. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1976 May 8; 114(9): 797-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=773524&dopt=Abstract

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Topical antifungal drugs in the treatment of tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis. Author(s): Smith EB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 May; 28(5 Pt 1): S24S28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8496408&dopt=Abstract

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Topical treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris with eberconazole (WAS 2160) cream 1% and 2%: a phase II dose-finding pilot study. Author(s): del Palacio A, Cuetara S, Rodriguez Noriega A. Source: Mycoses. 1995 July-August; 38(7-8): 317-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8559197&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of tinea corporis or tinea cruris with bifonazole 1% gel: an open, multicentre study. Author(s): Belli L, Galimberti R, Negroni R, Rohwedder R, Castro JM. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1985; 4(2): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4059289&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of tinea cruris with topical terbinafine. Author(s): Greer DL, Jolly HW Jr. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 October; 23(4 Pt 2): 8004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2229527&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructures of the epidermis in tinea cruris. Author(s): Sato A. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1983 December; 10(6): 511-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6368629&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND JOCK ITCH Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and jock itch.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Jock Itch The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “jock itch” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

16 Jock Itch

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “jock itch” (or a synonym): •

Ajoene in the topical short-term treatment of tinea cruris and tinea corporis in humans. Randomized comparative study with terbinafine. Author(s): Centro de Investigationes en Ciencias de la Salud (CICS), Instituto de Investigacion y Desarrollo Anzoategui, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Oriente, Nucleo Anzoategui, Puerto la Cruz, Venezuela. [email protected] Source: Ledezma, E Lopez, J C Marin, P Romero, H Ferrara, G De Sousa, L Jorquera, A Apitz Castro, R Arzneimittelforschung. 1999 June; 49(6): 544-7 0004-4172

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition 17

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to jock itch; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Garlic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.; www.personalhealthzone.com

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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON JOCK ITCH Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “jock itch” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on jock itch, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Jock Itch By performing a patent search focusing on jock itch, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.).

5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

20 Jock Itch

Patent Applications on Jock Itch As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to jock itch: •

Adhesive treatment for tinea cruris Inventor(s): Narang, Upvan; (Raleigh, NC), Nicholson, William S. C. (Raleigh, NC), Sherbondy, Anthony; (Raleigh, NC), Szabo, Gabriel N. (Raleigh, NC) Correspondence: OLIFF & BERRIDGE, PLC; P.O. BOX 19928; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22320; US Patent Application Number: 20030007946 Date filed: July 5, 2001 Abstract: A method of treating or preventing tinea cruris, commonly known as Jock Itch, includes applying a polymerizable monomer adhesive composition to an area of skin afflicted with or susceptible to tinea cruris, optionally with at least one of an additional anti-fungal agent or a skin care additive, and allowing the polymerizable monomer composition to polymerize to form a polymer film over the area of skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to treatment and prevention of tinea cruris, commonly known as Jock Itch. Monomer and polymer adhesives are used in both industrial (including household) and medical applications. Included among these adhesives are the 1,1-disubstituted ethylene monomers and polymers, such as the.alpha.-cyanoacrylates. Since the discovery of the adhesive properties of such monomers and polymers, they have found wide use due to the speed with which they cure, the strength of the resulting bond formed, and their relative ease of use. These characteristics have made the.alpha.-cyanoacrylate adhesives the primary choice for numerous applications such as bonding plastics, rubbers, glass, metals, wood, and, more recently, biological tissues. It is known that monomeric forms of.alpha.-cyanoacrylates are extremely reactive, polymerizing rapidly in the presence of even minute amounts of an initiator, including moisture present in the air or on moist surfaces such as animal (including human) tissue. Monomers of.alpha.-cyanoacrylates are anionically polymerizable or free radical polymerizable, or polymerizable by zwitterions or ion pairs to form polymers. Once polymerization has been initiated, the cure rate can be very rapid. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with jock itch, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “jock itch” (or synonyms) into the

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 21

“Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on jock itch. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning jock itch. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON JOCK ITCH Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to jock itch. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on jock itch include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “jock itch” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “jock itch” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “jock itch” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Jock Itch by Donald D. Sabatke; ISBN: 0965907104; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965907104/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Jock Itch In order to find chapters that specifically relate to jock itch, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and jock itch using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “jock itch” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on jock itch:

24 Jock Itch

•

Skin Care Source: in American Diabetes Association. Diabetes A to Z: What You Need to Know About Diabetes, Simply Put. 4th ed. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2000. p. 156-159. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $12.95 for members; $14.95 for nonmembers; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400353. Summary: This chapter provides people who have diabetes with information on skin care. People with diabetes may experience skin problems including bacterial infections such as sties, boils, and carbuncles. These infections appear as red, painful, pus-filled lumps. People with diabetes may also develop fungal infections including jock itch, athlete's foot, ringworm, and vaginal infections. Diabetic dermopathy is a harmless skin condition that occurs in some people with diabetes. Digital sclerosis, which is another condition that occurs in some people with diabetes, causes the skin on the hands, fingers, or toes to become thick and tight and waxy and shiny. Other symptoms include aching and stiffness. The chapter offers tips for skin care, including maintaining good diabetes control, keeping skin clean and moist or dry as needed, protecting the skin from the sun, treating minor skin problems, and seeing a dermatologist about skin problems. 2 figures.

•

Chapter 202: Fungal Skin Infections Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 5 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have fungal skin infections with information on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of ringworm, candidiasis, and tinea versicolor. Fungi that infect the skin live only in the topmost, dead layer. Ringworm is a fungal skin infection caused by several different fungi and is generally classified by where it appears on the body. Athlete's foot occurs on the feet and is caused by either Trichophyton or Epidermophyton. Jock itch occurs in the groin and can be caused by various fungi and yeasts. Scalp ringworm is caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum. Nail and body ringworm is caused by Tricophyton. Beard ringworm is rare. Most fungal skin infections can be cured with antifungal creams. Corticosteroids can be used to relieve itching and pain. Griseofulvin may be prescribed to treat more serious infections. Good hygiene is important to thwart fungal growth and promote healing. Candidiasis is caused by the yeast Candida, which usually infects the skin and mucous membranes. Symptoms vary with the location of the infection. Infections in the skinfolds usually cause a red rash. Vaginal Candida infections produce a white or yellow discharge from the vagina and burning, itching, and redness along the walls and external area of the vagina. Penile Candida infections produce a red, scaling, sometimes painful rash on the underside of the penis. Thrush, an infection inside the mouth, produces creamy white patches on the tongue and sides of the mouth. Perleche creates cracks and tiny cuts at the corners of the mouth. Candidal paronychia, which affects the nail beds, produces painful swelling and pus. Diagnosis is based on examination or culture of a skin sample. Most Candida skin infections are cured by medicated creams and lotions. Tinea versicolor causes white to light brown patches on

Books 25

the skin. The infection is diagnosed by its appearance. Dandruff shampoos usually cure this infection.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

30 Jock Itch

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources 31

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “jock itch” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “jock itch” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Tinea Infections: Athlete's Foot, Jock Itch, and Ringworm Source: American Family Physician. 58(1): 177-178. July 1998. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article uses a question and answer format to provide people who have tinea infections with information on these fungal conditions of the skin, hair, or nails. Fungal infections can be contracted by touching a person or a pet who has an infection or walking through public showers or locker rooms. Fungal infections are named for the part of the body they infect. Tinea corporis is an infection of the skin; tinea pedis is an infection of the feet (usually called athlete's foot); tinea cruris is an infection of the groin; and tinea capitis causes itchy, red areas on the scalp. The best way for a person to determine whether he or she has a fungal infection is to consult a doctor. Different medicines can be used to treat fungal infections. Oral medications usually need to be taken for a long time to eradicate the infection. Although a fungus rarely spreads below the surface of the body, people with weak immune systems may have a hard time getting rid of a fungal infection. The article presents ways of preventing tinea infections.

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd.

10 11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Physician Resources 33

Type “jock itch” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2 1 31 0 0 34

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “jock itch” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/. 12

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

13

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

14 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 15 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 16

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

35

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on jock itch can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to jock itch. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to jock itch. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “jock itch”:

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•

Other guides Athlete's Foot http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/athletesfoot.html Candidiasis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/candidiasis.html Fungal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fungalinfections.html Herpes Simplex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herpessimplex.html Male Genital Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malegenitaldisorders.html Nail Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/naildiseases.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html Tinea Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tineainfections.html Vaginal Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vaginaldiseases.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to jock itch, the following was listed: •