Lactose - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

LACTOSE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N. P A...

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LACTOSE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Lactose: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84293-0 1. Lactose-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on lactose. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LACTOSE ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Lactose......................................................................................... 11 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 39 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 58 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LACTOSE ....................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Finding Nutrition Studies on Lactose ....................................................................................... 103 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 108 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 108 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LACTOSE ................................................................. 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 111 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 124 General References ..................................................................................................................... 127 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON LACTOSE ................................................................................... 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129 Dissertations on Lactose ............................................................................................................ 129 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 130 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON LACTOSE .............................................................................................. 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 Patents on Lactose...................................................................................................................... 131 Patent Applications on Lactose.................................................................................................. 159 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 190 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON LACTOSE.................................................................................................. 191 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 191 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 191 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 192 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 195 Chapters on Lactose ................................................................................................................... 195 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON LACTOSE ....................................................................................... 197 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 197 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 197 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LACTOSE .................................................................... 199 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 199 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 199 Newsletters on Lactose............................................................................................................... 202 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 202 Academic Periodicals covering Lactose ...................................................................................... 204 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 207 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 207 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 207 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 209 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 211 The Genome Project and Lactose................................................................................................ 211 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 217 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 217 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 217 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 224

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 227 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 227 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 227 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 227 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 227 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 233 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 236 LACTOSE DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................ 237 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 317

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with lactose is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about lactose, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to lactose, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on lactose. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to lactose, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on lactose. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LACTOSE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on lactose.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and lactose, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Influence of the Pharmacological Modification of Gastric Emptying on Lactose Digestion and Gastrointestinal Symptoms Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 13(1): 81-86. January 1999. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: In people who have difficulty digesting lactose (milk sugar), the ingestion of food that retards gastric emptying improves tolerance to lactose. This article reports on a randomized, double blind study undertaken to investigate the effects of the pharmacological modification of gastric emptying on the speed of development of lactose induced symptoms. After an overnight fast, 18 people who had trouble digesting

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lactose were given, at 1 week intervals, either propantheline, metoclopramide, or placebo (in identical capsules), 60 minutes before ingesting 50 g lactose colored with 1 g carmine dye (to measure gastrointestinal time). Gastrointestinal symptoms, urinary galactose excretion, and breath hydrogen and blood glucose concentrations were recorded. The propantheline induced prolongation of gastric emptying improved tolerance to lactose, compared with placebo or metoclopramide. The total hydrogen excretion increased by 15 percent after metoclopramide (as compared with placebo). Propantheline decreased this variable by 15 percent from placebo. Non-significant differences in blood glucose, urinary galactose, or gastrointestinal transit time were found. The authors conclude that delaying gastric emptying improves lactose intolerance in individuals who have trouble digesting lactose. 1 figure. 1 table. 16 references. (AA-M). •

Lactose Intolerance (editorial) Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 333(1): 53-54. July 6, 1995. Summary: In this letter to the New England Journal of Medicine, the author comments on a research report on lactose intolerance published in the same issue. The author of this editorial focuses on the difference between people who attribute abdominal symptoms to lactose intolerance and those who ignore the same symptoms. The research study found that, when lactose intake is limited to the equivalent of 240ml of milk or less per day, symptoms are likely to be negligible and the use of lactosedigestive aids unnecessary. The author of this editorial contends that the interplay of mind and body is critical in the development of abdominal symptoms. 14 references. (AA-M).

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Lactose Intolerance: Problems in Diagnosis and Treatment Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 28(3): 208-216. April 1999. Contact: Available from Lippincott-Raven Publishers. P.O. Box 1550, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Summary: Lactose (milk sugar) malabsorption and lactase deficiency are chronic organic pathologic conditions characterized by abdominal pain and distention, flatulence (gas), and the passage of loose, watery stools. This article reviews problems in the diagnosis and treatment of lactose intolerance. Though malabsorption of sugar lactose can be determined by breath hydrogen test or jejunal biopsy, intolerance can be confirmed only by challenge with food containing lactose, and the response to it may not be immediate. The difficulty of making a positive diagnosis of these conditions has led to a proportion of lactose intolerant patients being misdiagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which has a remarkably similar symptom complex and for which there is no current pathophysiologic marker. The incidence of the two disorders is approximately equal, but the actual proportion of patients with IBS incorrectly diagnosed in this way varies as a function of the methodology used. Once the correct diagnosis is established, introduction of a lactose free dietary regime relieves symptoms in most patients. Symptom similarity and the resultant incorrect diagnosis of IBS may explain the refractory nature of some patients who are thought to have IBS and remain largely unaware of the relationship between food intake and symptoms. 4 tables. 80 references. (AA).

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Lactose Intolerance: Recognizing the Link Between Diet and Discomfort Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 95(1): 113-120. January 1994.

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Summary: Lactose intolerance is highly prevalent among certain ethnic populations and should be suspected when evaluating gastrointestinal complaints in members of these groups. In this article, the authors discuss methods of clinical evaluation and offer basic dietary recommendations for patients with lactose intolerance. Topics covered include the prevalence of lactose intolerance in the U.S. adult population; types of lactase deficiency, including primary, secondary, and congenital; the causes of lactose intolerance; clinical evaluation methods, including the lactose tolerance test, breath hydrogen test, and small-bowel biopsy; and dietary management and patient monitoring. The authors caution that lack of suspicion of the problem can lead to expensive and invasive diagnostic procedures, which may further aggravate patients' anxiety and result in iatrogenic complications. 1 figure. 3 tables. 11 references. (AA-M). •

When to Suspect Lactose Intolerance: Symptomatic, Ethnic, and Laboratory Clues Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 104(3): 109-111, 115-116, 122-123. September 1998. Summary: Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest significant amounts of lactose (the sugar found in milk and dairy products). Lactose intolerance affects millions of people worldwide and should be suspected particularly when evaluating gastrointestinal symptoms in ethnic populations in which it is prevalent. The authors of this article discuss symptoms and methods of detection and offer their recommendations for helping patients with this common disorder. Daily ingestion of less than 240 mL of milk is well tolerated by most adults with lactose intolerance. Some persons with normal lactase activity may become symptomatic after consuming products containing lactose. Lactose maldigestion can coexist in adults with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and in children with recurrent abdominal pain. Management consists primarily of dietary changes. People who avoid dairy products should receive calcium supplementation and should be advised to read ingredient labels carefully. Several lactase replacement products are available, but their efficacy varies. One sidebar discusses hidden sources of lactose, listing common foods that may contain lactose. 4 tables. 21 references. (AA-M).

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Commonsense Approach to Lactose Intolerance Source: Patient Care. 31(7): 185-190, 195. April 15, 1997. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: Many adults avoid milk and milk products because they believe that even small quantities of lactose will cause diarrhea, bloating, and flatulence resulting from lactose intolerance. However, the author of this article stresses that nearly everyone can tolerate moderate amounts of lactose. A sizable fraction of people self-diagnosed as having lactose intolerance actually absorb lactose completely, and virtually all lactose malabsorbers tolerate moderate amounts of lactose without exhibiting discernible symptoms. The author describes the importance of milk in the adult diet, notably to counter the bone loss usually observed in middle and late adulthood. An additional section describes lactose digestion and lactase activity. One sidebar explores the physiology of lactose digestion in detail. Lactose digestive aids are available in several formulations at varying cost; these include lactase-containing drops and tablets that resist acid-peptic denaturation in the stomach. The author concludes by describing how the symptomatic and breath-hydrogen response of people with lactase nonpersistence appears to decrease when they regularly consume large amounts of lactose. This improved tolerance apparently reflects an adaptation by the colonic flora, resulting in

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increased metabolism of lactose via non-gas-forming reactions. 1 figure. 2 tables. 5 references. •

Weight-Gain Arrest Secondary to Lactose Intolerance Source: JAAPA. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 11(1): 19-20, 25. January 1998. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: There are many reasons that an infant may fail to grow, but food intolerance is often the culprit. This article explores problems of lactose intolerance in infants. Lactose intolerance is particularly significant in infants because milk is the major component of their diet. Severe symptoms of diarrhea, intestinal gas, and nausea can result in malnutrition and lack of weight gain. The authors help readers understand the mechanisms of lactose intolerance in order to better manage patients with this problem. The article begins with a case presentation of a 17 month old girl with a 10 month history of arrested weight gain. The authors use this case to demonstrate how the growth curves can be used to diagnose problems. Lactose intolerance results when the body cannot produce lactase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and galactose. When this enzyme is absent or deficient, lactose accumulates in the gut. Subsequent fermentation in the gut produces gas and acidic contents. Familial investigations have established that the persistence of lactose absorption is inherited as an autosomal dominant characteristic. Secondary disaccharidase deficiency (SDD) is not hereditary. This disorder of the small intestine involves diffuse mucosal injury caused by several mechanisms and results in diminished activity of all the disaccharidases. The authors briefly review the diagnostic tests used to determine lactose intolerance. They also note that lactose tolerance can be spontaneously restored if the patient has no latent genetic predisposition to hereditary lactase deficiency (HLD) and if damage to the mucosa heals. 2 figures. 12 references.

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Managing Lactose Intolerance Source: Dairy Council Digest. 65(2): 7-12. March-April 1994. Contact: Available from National Dairy Council. O'Hare International Center, 10255 West Higgins Road, Suite 900, Rosemont, IL 60018-5616. Summary: This article addresses the issues involved in managing lactose intolerance, the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from the inability to digest lactose, the predominant carbohydrate in human and cow's milks. The article provides information about development, causes and symptoms of lactose-reduced milk products; lactase activity in various ethnic and racial populations and age groups; diagnostic tests; dairy foods that may be tolerated; increasing tolerance of dairy foods; prevalence of lactose maldigestion; the dietary management of lactose maldigestion; and specific dairy items and their place in an adequate, well-tolerated diet. 1 table. 48 references.

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Breath Testing in Health and Disease: Lactose Maldigestion, Bacterial Overgrowth, Intestinal Transit Time and Helicobacter Pylori Infection Source: Practical Gastroenterology. 23(4): 72, 74, 76, 78, 80. April 1999. Contact: Available from Shugar Publishing, Inc. 99B Main Street, Westhampton Beach, NY 11978. (631) 288-4404. Fax (631) 288-4435. E-Mail: [email protected].

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Summary: This article describes the use of breath testing, a convenient and reliable method of evaluating lactose maldigestion, bacterial overgrowth, intestinal transit time, and H. pylori infection. These tests are inexpensive, noninvasive, and present little risk to the patient. The normal colonic flora produces hydrogen (H2) gas from food processed in the gastrointestinal tract. A portion of the H2 is absorbed and excreted by the lungs. In bacterial overgrowth, the bacteria are located more proximally and expired H2 will increase sooner after ingestion of food. Maldigested lactose, present in lactose intolerant patients, provides more substrate and consequently increases expired H2. Helicobacter pylori bacteria produce an urease that hydrolyzes urea producing carbon dioxide. If radiolabeled urea is given to a patient with an active infection, radiolabeled CO2 will be discharged from the lungs. The authors conclude that breath testing is an effective diagnostic aid that is well suited for the gastroenterologic and primary care clinic. 7 references. •

Comparison of Symptoms After the Consumption of Milk or Lactose-Hydrolyzed Milk by People With Self-Reported Severe Lactose Intolerance Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 333(1): 1-4. July 6, 1995. Summary: This article reports on a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial in which researchers evaluated gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in 30 people (mean age, 29.4 years) who reported severe lactose intolerance and consistent symptoms after ingesting less than 240 ml (8 oz) of milk. The ability to digest lactose was assessed in all participants (21 had lactose malabsorption; 9 were able to absorb lactose). Subjects then received either 240 ml of lactose-hydrolyzed milk containing 2 percent fat, or 240 ml of milk containing 2 percent fat and sweetened with aspartame to approximate the taste of lactose-hydrolyzed milk; each type of milk was administered daily with breakfast for a 1-week period. Using a standardized scale, subjects rated the occurrence and severity of bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and recorded each passage of gas. During the study periods, GI symptoms were minimal. When the periods were compared, there were no statistically significant differences in the severity of the four GI symptoms measured. The authors conclude that people who identify themselves as severely lactose-intolerant may mistakenly attribute a variety of abdominal symptoms to lactose intolerance. When lactose intake is limited to the equivalent of 240 ml of milk or less per day, symptoms are likely to be negligible and the use of lactose-digestive aids unnecessary. 1 figure. 1 table. 27 references. (AA-M).

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Improved Lactose Digestion and Intolerance Among African-American Adolescent Girls Fed a Dairy-Rich Diet Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 100(5): 524-528. May 2000. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine whether African American girls who were fed a dairy rich diet for 21 days could adapt to lactose, experiencing an overall improvement in lactose tolerance as well as a decrease in hydrogen gas production. Seventeen of 21 girls (aged 11 to 15 years) enrolled in a calcium metabolism study chose to participate in the lactose tolerance study. Subjects consumed a dairy based diet averaging 1,200 mg calcium and 33 g lactose per day for 21 days. Lactose digestion was assessed by an 8 hour breath hydrogen test on days 1 and 21, and symptoms of intolerance (abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence, and diarrhea) were evaluated hourly on a ranked scale during the breath hydrogen tests and once each evening during the 21 day feeding period. Results showed that 14 of the 17 subjects had lactose maldigestion. Breath hydrogen excretion decreased significantly from the beginning to the end of the 21 day period. Gastrointestinal symptoms were negligible

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during both the breath hydrogen tests as were symptoms during the 21 day period. The authors conclude that the diet was well tolerated by the subjects. Furthermore, the decrease in breath hydrogen suggests colonic adaptation to the high lactose diet. The results indicate that lactose maldigestion should not be a restricting factor in developing adequate calcium diets for this population. 1 figure. 1 table. 27 references. •

Lactose Intolerance and Chemotherapy Source: Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. p. 4-5. Fall 1992. Contact: Available from Jane Zukin. Commercial Writing Service, P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. Summary: This article reviews chemotherapy used to treat cancer and special implications for cancer patients who have lactose intolerance. Topics covered include the role of nutrition in cancer therapy; consulting a dietitian for recommendations; the role of the family; problems with nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy; problems with lactose absorption in all patients undergoing chemotherapy; secondary lactose intolerance; and recommendations for treating mouth sores caused by chemotherapy. 2 references.

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Lactose Intolerance: Pinpointing the Source of Nonspecific Gastrointestinal Symptoms Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 89(8): 175-184. June 1991. Summary: This article reviews the condition of lactose intolerance, focusing on the role of lactose intolerance in nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms. The authors explain how children and adults lose the ability to absorb lactose and describe clinical symptoms of malabsorption, objective methods to diagnose it, and practical ways to avoid the symptoms. The authors recommend the hydrogen breath test as a simple, noninvasive, accurate, and inexpensive method for diagnosis. They note that in addition to traditional dietary restriction of lactose, treatment may consist of alterations in dietary fat content or caloric density to reduce symptoms and use of dairy products or additives that provide lactase activity. (AA-M).

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Recognizing and Alleviating the Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. p. 16-20. November-December 1999. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This article reviews the symptoms of lactose intolerance and offers strategies for alleviating those symptoms. The author notes that many adults lose their ability to digest milk after childhood. The culprit, a sugar called lactose that is found in dairy products, cannot be absorbed by the body unless it is broken down by an enzyme called lactase in the digestive system. Most people produce less lactase as they age, and this can result in a very uncomfortable, but rarely dangerous, disorder called lactose intolerance. Without the help of a physician, lactose intolerance can be a tricky disorder to diagnose for a number of reasons: the symptoms are similar to many other food intolerance problems, and the different tolerance levels in different people. Lactose can be present in many different foods and even in medications (20 percent of prescription drugs and about 6 percent of over the counter medications contain lactose). The article

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outlines the diagnostic tests used to confirm lactose intolerance and then offers suggestions for readers who definitely are lactose intolerant. The author cautions that eliminating all dairy products can cause other problems, including a shortage of calcium and other nutrients. For most people with lactose intolerance, eliminating some, but not necessarily all, dairy products is an options. Research studies have shown that people with confirmed low levels of lactase can still consume one serving of milk with a meal or as many as two servings per day when divided between breakfast and dinner, without experiencing symptoms. In addition, some dairy products have less lactose than others. Over the counter drops and tablets containing lactase also are available to assist with the digestion of dairy products without discomfort. The article concludes with the web sites of organizations from which readers can get additional information. 3 tables. 3 references. •

Lactose Intolerance and Children Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. p. 6. July-August 2002. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This brief article discusses lactose intolerance and children. True infancy lactose intolerance is rare because most full-term babies are born with a sufficient amount of lactase, the enzyme required for the body to break down lactose (milk sugar). Once a young child does start to lose his ability to produce lactase, the symptoms he experiences when encountering lactose levels higher than he can tolerate are similar to those manifested in adults: gas, bloating, diarrhea, or abdominal cramping, anywhere between 30 minutes and a few hours after ingestion. The author briefly discusses issues of diagnosis, and the differences between lactose intolerance and milk allergy.

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Will My Child Outgrow Lactose Intolerance? Source: Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. Winter 1992. 2 p. Contact: Available from Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. (313) 572-9134. Summary: This brief article discusses problems children may have with milk: lactose intolerance and milk allergy. The author clarifies the differences between the two, focusing on the likelihood of remission and changing ability to ingest milk and milk products as a child matures. The author cautions that continual ingestion of cow's milk protein by children sensitive to it can cause damage to the intestinal lining that may be permanent.

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Lactose Intolerance and Ovarian Cancer Source: Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. p. 3-4. Spring 1991. Contact: Available from Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. (313) 572-9134. Summary: This brief article reports on a recent research theory that excess galactose (a component of lactose) may cause a hormonal imbalance that triggers ovarian tumors. If

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this theory is correct, avoiding lactose-rich foods may reduce the threat of ovarian cancer in patients with low levels of the enzyme needed to metabolize galactose. •

Got Lactose Intolerance? Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. 4(1):20. January-February 2002. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This brief newsletter article familiarizes readers with lactose (milk sugar) intolerance and how to determine the level of one's own lactose intolerance. The author reports on a recent study in which a group of self-diagnosed individuals were tested for lactose intolerance and 31 percent comfortably digested two cups of milk. For those with severe lactose intolerance, total avoidance of milk products may be necessary. However, there are degrees to lactase deficiency. Lactase is the enzyme in the human digestive system that breaks down lactose. Symptoms of lactose intolerance occur only when the individual takes in more lactose than can be broken down by the lactase in their system. The author stresses than an unnecessary restriction to one's diet is not appropriate unless a physician has diagnosed lactose intolerance. When trying to determine the body's level of tolerance, the best method is trial and error. Once a person knows his or her level of tolerance, they can work toward improving their tolerance for dairy foods by consistently including them in the diet, spread throughout the day so as not to overwhelm the body. The article concludes with the websites of three organizations through which readers can get additional information. 3 references.

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Lactose Intolerance: The Full Story Source: Ostomy Quarterly. 32(2): 24-26. Spring 1995. Contact: Available from United Ostomy Association, Inc. 36 Executive Park, Suite 120, Irvine, CA 92714-6744. (800) 826-0826 or (714) 660-8624. Summary: This newsletter article familiarizes readers with lactose intolerance. Topics include causes; diagnostic tests; foods that contain lactose; medications that contain lactose; and treatment options. The article concludes with a list of resources through which readers can obtain additional information. 1 table.

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Allaying Fears and Fallacies About Lactose Intolerance Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 98(6): 671-676. June 1998. Summary: This review article is intended to help dietetic professionals alleviate clients fears about lactose intolerance and recommend dietary strategies to improve tolerance. Public awareness and misunderstanding of lactose intolerance are at an all-time high. Many people erroneously believe that they develop gastrointestinal symptoms after ingesting lactose. Consequently, lactose-containing foods such as milk and other dairy products may be eliminated unnecessarily from the diet. Because these foods are a major source of calcium, low intake can compromise calcium nutrition. This, in turn, can increase the risk of major chronic diseases such as osteoporosis (porous bones) and hypertension. Scientific study indicates that the prevalence of lactose intolerance is grossly overestimated. Other physiologic and psychologic factors can contribute to gastrointestinal symptoms that mimic lactose intolerance. Scientific findings also indicate that people with laboratory-confirmed low levels of lactase can consume one serving of milk with a meal or two servings of milk per day in divided doses at

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breakfast and dinner without experiencing symptoms. Several dietary strategies are available to help lactose maldigesters include milk and other dairy foods in their diet without experiencing symptoms. These include the use of lactose-reduced or lactose-free dairy foods, lactose digestive aids, and a gradual increase in intake of dairy foods. 2 tables. 57 references. (AA).

Federally Funded Research on Lactose The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to lactose. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to lactose. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore lactose. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for lactose: •

Project Title: POTENTIAL

A

MODEL

SYSTEM

FOR

PREDICTING

EVOLUTIONARY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hall, Barry G.; Professor; Biology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: In order to predict whether organisms will evolve resistance to new antibiotics or whether organisms in live vaccines will re-evolve virulence we need to predict evolutionary changes that are the consequence of defined selections for new or improved biological functions. The proposed project seeks to answer the questions "What information about a microorganism do we require in order to accurately predict which genes will mutate, and what mutations will occur, in order for that organism to evolve a new function in response to a specific selective pressure?" The model system will be the evolution of a Lac PTS/phospho-beta- galactosidase system for the catabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli. Two distinct functions are required: (1) an EIIlac for transport and phosphorylation of lactose and (2) a phospho-beta-galactosidase enzyme to cleave the phosphorylated lactose. There are five distinct gene systems, each of them for the catabolism of beta-glucoside sugars, that are good candidates to evolve the new lactose-specific functions. There are four different kinds of information that can be used to predict which genes, and which sites within those genes, will evolve: (1) functional comparison approach, (2) the sequence/phylogeny approach, (3) the biochemical approach. (4) the fitness measurement approach, (5) the in vitro sexual-PCR approach. First the data required to make predictions according to each of those 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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approaches will be obtained for each of the four gene systems. It is likely that the EIIlac function and the phospho beta-galactosidase functions will evolve from different genes systems. Therefore strains that express each of the possible pairs of gene systems will be used to select spontaneous mutants that express the evolved Lac PTS/phospho-betagalactosidase system. The resulting mutants will then be characterized to determine which kind of data most accurately predicted the eventual evolutionary outcome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Izaguirre, Jesus; University of Illinois UrbanaChampaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Biological systems often represent macromolecular assemblies that require enormous resources to be simulated by all-atom methods. To simulate such aggregates, one has to use reduced representations of proteins and DNA. One such representation is an elastic rod model of DNA. We applied a classical Kirchhoff system of equations [30] to describe DNA in terms of its center-line, curvatures and twist*. We used a continuation method [31] to solve the equations, modifying parameters and boundary conditions from the values for which an exact solution is known to the desired values. A particular challenge was to use the anisotropic model of DNA cross-section, as such representation renders the DNA twist non-uniformly distributed along the center-line. In addition, we modified the equations to include the intrinsic twist and curvatures of DNA. We applied the method to the DNA segment bound by lactose repressor (see the Highlight section of this report). The use of boundary condit ions obtained from the crystal structure [25] revealed two possible shapes of the DNA loop. The successful solution of the Kirchhoff system of equations suggests that they may be applied to other biological systems, e.g., DNA wrapped around nucleosomes. Since the bifurcation of the solution to the Kirchhoff equations may pose a problem in future applications, we have modified the equations by extracting the oscillatory component of the solution caused by the intrinsic twist of the DNA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ALLOSTERIC TRANSITION IN LACTOSE REPRESSOR PROTEIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Matthews, Kathleen S.; Professor and Dean; Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Rice University 6100 S Main Houston, Tx 77005 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1979; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: Biological systems universally employ cascades of binding or catalytic events to transmit information. The central players in these cascades are proteins with binding sites for "input" ligands that change binding or catalysis at "outplt" sites. Allosteric mechanisms serve as the switch by which an input signal is converted to an output signal-most commonly through conformational changes or coupled binding/folding. This pivotal signalling process is poorly understood at the atomic level, especially for multi-domain transcription factors. We propose detailed examination of this switching pathway in the lactose repressor protein (LacI). LacI inhibits transcription of the lac metabolic enzymes by binding tightly to specific operator sites within the E. coli genome. When LacI binds inducer sugar, DNA binding is diminished and the metabolic genes are transcribed. Recent crystallographic structures for various liganded forms of LacI provide snapshots of the conformational states of LacI, but give no direct information on the molecular pathway(s) between these states. A unique opportunity

Studies

13

exists to couple recent structural information and the vast phenotypic data on LacI mutants with detailed biochemical and biophysical characterization methods developed in our laboratory to explore allosteric signal transmission in LacI at the atomic level. Ligand binding information must flow through the structure of LacI between the widely separated inducer and DNA binding sites. Structurally, this linkage is provided by the hinge helix, which is folded only in the operator-bound form of LacI. Although the end states for the LacI allosteric change are known, the molecular mechanism of signal propagation remains unknown. This proposal is designed to elucidate the structural changes within LacI in response to DNA and inducer binding and to establish the allosteric pathway for this multi-domain transcription factor. The key hypotheses to be explored are: (1) DNA sequence influences binding and allostery through effects on hinge helix folding, (2) differences between inducer and anti-inducer ligands derive from their differential effect on hinge helix folding, and (3) specific amino acid changes can disrupt the allosteric pathway and block communication between the inducer and operator sites. To examine the local structures altered in the LacI allosteric mechanism, hydrogen exchange techniques will be added to our experimental repertoire of thermodynamic, chemical, and genetic methods. With this addition, all tools are in place to uniquely detail the allosteric structural changes of a genetic regulatory protein. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOCOMPUTING: REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Levy, Ronald M.; Professor; Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Rutgers the St Univ of Nj New Brunswick Asb Iii New Brunswick, Nj 08901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: A group of investigators with complementary expertise in molecular biology, structural biology, statistical physics, control theory, computer modeling, and computer science, propose to develop computational models for complex systems involved in the regulation of gene expression. Two initial research projects are proposed: Project I will focus on the structural and mechanistic basis of the first, and most highly regulated, step in gene expression: i.e., transcription. A combination of high-resolution structural methods, biophysical and biochemical methods, and molecular modeling will be used to construct structural models of the nanometer-scale supramolecular assembles involved in transcription initiation, elongation, and regulation. Computational-chemistry methods will be used to infer equilibrium and dynamic properties of assemblies, and statistical-mechanical methods will be used to incorporate information about all structural and reaction-state microstates important for transcription initiation, elongation, and regulation. Computational-chemistry methods will be used to infer equilibrium and dynamic properties of assemblies, and statistical- mechanical methods will be used to incorporate information about all structural and reaction-state microstates microstates important for transcription initiation, elongation, and regulation. Small-molecule inhibitors of protein-DNA interactions occurring in individual structural microstates will be designed, synthesized, and characterized. Project II, which will be tightly integrated with Project I, will focus on comprehensive quantitative simulation of two model biological regulatory networks: i.e., regulation of lactose and galactose assimilation in bacteria, and regulation of lytic and lysogenic developmental pathways in bacteriophage lambda. For each regulatory network, a multi-step analysis will be performed, with the first step involving simulation of the central circuitry of the regulatory network, and with successive steps involving simulation of first step involving simulation of the central circuitry of the regulatory

14

Lactose

network, and with successive steps involving simulation of sensory components that mediate transfer of information among he central circuitry, the cell, and the cellular environment. Inputs for simulations will include structural and mechanistic information from Project I, and quantitative data from systematic population and single-cell measurements of RNA levels, protein levels, small-molecule-effector levels, promoter activities, and protease activities. Simulations will be performed using direct, reverseengineering, and hybrid methods. Simulations will be tested by comparing predicted and observed effects of perturbations of regulatory networks. The results to be obtained will contribute to understanding transcriptional regulation, will contribute development of approaches to simulate complex biological regulatory networks, and will contribute to development of approaches to predict effects of small-molecule agents on complex biological systems. The organizational infrastructure of the effort will be closely affiliated with the Rutgers University Initiative for Research and Education at the Biological/Mathematical/Physical-Sciences Interface (BioMaPS), which provides for establishment of a graduate courses, summer research internships, and seminars at the BioMaPS interface, and for recruitment of additional faculty members in biological computing and modeling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BRAIN H2D MRS: IMPLEMATION AND INITIAL APPLICATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, Zhiyue J.; Assistant Professor; Radiology; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) The long-term objective is to apply 2D 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) techniques in studies of pediatric neurological disorders. 1H MRS is valuable for evaluating neurological brain diseases. However, there are limitations in current clinical 1H MRS examinations. Most peaks are crowded in a narrow aliphatic spectral window, and numerous low concentration metabolites are overshadowed by a few metabolites present in higher levels, and much valuable information is lost. Most metabolites have coupled spins, and 2D MRS separates the peaks in a second frequency dimension, greatly increasing the information content of the data. Application of 2D MRS in clinical examinations will enhance the abilities for diagnoses and patient management, and improve the understanding of disease processes. The specific aims are: (1) to implement 2D spin-echo double-quantum MRS pulse sequences for in vivo measurement of brain metabolites in 1.5T clinical scanners: (1a) to implement a localized pulse sequence optimized for GABA measurement; (1b) to implement localized pulse sequences for general detection of metabolites; (1c) to implement whole-brain measurement pulse sequences for general detection of metabolites. (2) to assign and evaluate peaks detected in the normal brain: (2a) to acquire spectra from metabolite solutions; (2b) to acquire brain spectra and baselines due to macromolecules in a group of adult normal volunteers; (2c) to assign the in vivo peaks and measure metabolite levels, and to determine optimal pulse sequences for studies of Aim 3; (2d) to acquire age-matched control spectra from normal children. (3) to explore the utility of the 2D MRS techniques in patients between the ages of 7 and 11 years: (3a) to study the effects of the ketogenic diet (KD) on brain GABA levels in seizure patients; (3b) to measure the brain?s level of branched chain amino-acids (BCAA) and keto-acids (BCKA) in maple syrup urine disease (MSUD); (3c) to test the hypothesis that low levels of brain galactitol are present even under a lactose restrictive diet; (3d) to study unassigned, unusual spectral peaks found in routine clinical MRS examinations. A localized 1D double-quantum filtered MRS pulse sequence will be

Studies

15

modified into several 2D double quantum MRS pulses for localized and whole brain measurement. Different pulse parameters will be used for different types of spin systems. A frequency selective coherent transfer pulse will be used for optimal detection of GABA, and a broadband coherent transfer pulse will be used for all other 2D pulse sequences. The measurement procedures will be applied to normal subjects first. MRS measured GABA level before and after initiation of KD therapy will be compared in seizure patients and correlated with response. The MRS measurement of BCAAs and BCKAs will be conducted during metabolic crisis and in normal conditions in MSUD and correlated with clinical condition and serum BCAA and urine BCKA. In galactosemia, 2D MRS will be used to look for low levels of galactitol, and the MRS results will be correlated with the urine galactitol levels. 2D MRS will also be used to characterize unusual peaks found in clinical practice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BREAST CARCINOMA GLYCOPROTEIN CHANGES CAUSED BY ONCOGENE EXPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Pierce, Michael; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: A series of (LacNAc)n oligomers with n=1-4 (at first with [13C] in natural abundance then enriched in [13C]-Gal and/or [13C]-GlcNAc at specific sites in the sequence) have been prepared by enzymatic synthesis using the appropriate glycosyltransferases and sugar nucleotide substrates. Specifically, oligo-Nacetyllactosamine synthesis was performed using human milk ?(1,4)galactosyltransferase and a system of coupled reactions that produce UDP-Gal (the sugar nucleotide substrate for this enzyme) needed to elongate lactose/lactosamine. To date, hexamers of the lactosamine series and octamers of the lacto-neotetraose series have been synthesized and their structures confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Specific labeling of targeted residues is required in order to differentiate between identical residues and to locate where on the polylactosamine chain interactions are occurring. This work was begun by synthesizing a tetra-N-acetyllactosamine containing a terminal [1-13C]-galactosyl residue. The next synthetic step is to extend the length and place a labeled galactosyl residue at specific points within the chain. We can then confirm whether the galectin always prefers the terminal residues when presented with a longer repeating oligolactosamine. A paper has been submitted to Glycobiology describing this work. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BUILDING BETTER BONES IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Zemel, Babette S.; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Increased calcium intake has proven effective in increasing bone mineral density in children, but the effect disappears when calcium supplements are discontinued. Increased dietary calcium from daily and other food sources may have an even greater impact on bone density than that achieved by calcium supplements, but achieving sustained increased calcium from food sources has not been demonstrated. In addition, the effects of baseline characteristics of calcium intake and bone density and puberty status may influence the response to intervention. This study will develop and

16

Lactose

implement a Behavioral Modification-Nutrition Education (BM-NE) Intervention Program aimed at increasing dietary calcium Male and female subjects (n=154), ages 710 years (Tanner stage I or II), will be randomly assigned to participate in an intensive BM-NE intervention group to increase intake to 1500 mg/d or a group that will receive usual care (UC) as counseling on bone health. The BM-NE Program will consist of five separate group sessions for parents and children over a five to six week period, and use individualized plans to increase calcium intake. Participants will be recruited into two groups: a group of healthy children (i.e.,no known chronic disease or previous oral steroid exposure) with no known risk factors, and a group of healthy children with potential risk factors for low bone density (previous fracture from usual childhood activities, daily refusal, or lactose intolerance, family history of osteoporosis). These two groups will be equally represented in their assignment to BM-NE and UC groups. This latter strategy will be used to determine whether the presence of risk factors influences participant compliance with the programs. We hypothesize that (a) at the end of 36 months the BM-NE group will have increased dietary calcium of at least 300 mg/d in the no-risk BM-NE group compared to those receiving UC, (b) baseline calcium intake and presence of risk factors will be associated with changes in calcium intake over the course of the study, and (c) after controlling for important co-variates such as increases in body size and sexual and skeletal maturation, changes in BMD will be associated with calcium intake and physical activity. These findings will help define important behavioral strategies for increasing peak bone mass and prevention of osteoporosis later in life that can be implemented in a short period of time with long-lasting effects. Furthermore, it will help quantify the impact of increased dietary calcium on bone density during growth and development with possible identification of the characteristics of children most in need of and responsive to this treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CALCIFICATION OF ELASTIN-- MECHANISMS AND PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Vyavahare, Naren R.; Associate Professor; Bioengineering; Clemson University 300 Brackett Hall Clemson, Sc 296345702 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract): Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the estimated costs of current treatments are 260 billion dollars. Pathologic calcification occurs in a variety of cardiovascular diseases as an end-stage process. The mechanisms of this type of calcification are incompletely understood and no therapy is available to prevent calcification. Elastin, one of the major structural proteins present in the ECM or arterial walls, is prone to calcification in a number of diseases such as advanced atherosclerosis, age related arterial hardening, and bioprosthetic heart valve (BPHV) clacification. The overall objectives of this research are the following: (A) Understanding the basic mechanism of elastin calcification as it has important implications in arteriosclerosis and BPHV calcification. (B) To discover therapies for preventing calcification based on the basic understanding of the mechanism. (C) Understanding ECM function in cardiovascular calcification using elastin as a model structural protein. The PI has developed a rat subdermal implant model, where a purified elastin implant undergoes severe pathologic calcification within 21 days. He has shown that such elastin calcification also occurs in a circulatory rat aortic allograft model. The following hypotheses will be studied using these two animal models. I: Post-implant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling events have a mechanistic role is elastin oriented calcification. II: Blocking of specific ECM signaling events in elastin calcification process will inhibit

Studies

17

calcification. This will include site-specific delivery of lactose (to supress elastin receptor activation), MMP inhibitor (to suppress general MMP activity), adenovirus AdCMV.hTIMP-2 (to overexpress tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 or TIMP-2), and anti-sense oligonuclotide for translation initiation site of tenascin mRNA (to suppress tenascin expression). III: Aluminum ions bind to elastin and alter its structure such that post-implant ECM remodeling events are modulated leading to inhibition of calcification. The experiments will include rat subdermal implantation of purified elastin (extracted from porcine aorta) and rat aortic allograft implants. The time-specific ECM remodeling events will be studied from 1 day to 90 days in terms of MMP activity (MMP-2 and MMP-9 by immunohistochemistry and zymography) TN-C expression (by immunohistochemistry, western blots and RNAase protection assays), and alkaline phosphatase activity and elastin degradation. The in vitro studies will include elastin conformational studies with FT-IR, NMR and circular dichroism spectroscopies, study of elastin-MMP interactions by surface plasmon resonance analysis and elastolysis experiments with MMPS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CARBOHYDRATE BINDING PROTEIN 35 Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, John L.; Professor; Biochemistry; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-1988; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project proposes to continue our studies on Carbohydrate Binding Protein 35, which has been renamed galectin-3 (Mr-30,000). The galectins comprise a family of galactose/lactose-specific saccharide-binding proteins that share characteristic amino acid sequences in the carbohydrate recognition domain of the polypeptides. Our interest in galectin-3 stemmed from the observation that the protein could be found in the nucleus, in the form of a ribonucleoprotein complex. Using nuclear extracts (NE) derived from HeLa cells, capable of carrying out splicing of pre-mRNA in a cell-free assay, depletion and reconstitution experiments demonstrated that galectin-3 was a splicing factor. In the course of these studies, we found another member of the galectin family, galectin-1 (Mr -14,000), was also detected in the nucleus and that it, too, served as a splicing factor. The activities of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in the splicing assay were redundant. A yeast two-hybrid screen has identified Gemin4 as an interacting ligand of galectin-1. Gemin4 is one component of a macromolecular complex, the SMN (Survival of Motor Neuron) complex, which has been visualized in subnuclear structures designated as gems. The function of the SMN complex is to supply snRNPs in the assembly of spliceosomes. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that the SMN complex contains both galectins-1 and -3. Thus, we now have in vivo evidence that galectins interact with a protein complex involved in splicing. On the basis of these and other observations, the specific objectives of the proposed research include: (1) to delineate and characterize the components and interactions of the SMN complex, on which Gemin4 and galectins-1 and -3 have been found; (2) to test for a role of galectins-1/-3 in the early steps of spliceosome assembly; (3) to test for an in vivo effect of galectin-3 and Gemin4 on pre-mRNA splicing; and (4) to continue our studies on the nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling properties of galectin-3, in terms of import signals and in terms of a possible role in mRNA transport. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CELLULAR TUBERCULOSIS

NECROSIS

INDUCED

BY

MYCOBACTERIUM

Principal Investigator & Institution: King, C Harold.; Medicine; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 14-SEP-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): A key step in the pathogenesis of M tuberculosis is its ability to cause caseating necrosis, parenchymal lung destruction, and cavity formation, which develop into the characteristic necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia and bronchiolitis of tuberculosis. M tuberculosis is cytotoxic to epithelial cells in vitro, and we have shown that this cytotoxicity is associated with cell membrane permeation to lactose dehydrogenase and is mediated by necrosis of lung epithelial cells after infection with virulent mycobacteria (Dobos, K. M., Quinn, F. D. and King, C. H. 2000, Infect. Immun. 68:6300-6310). Interestingly, the attenuated M bovis BCG does not induce necrosis in this epithelial cell model suggesting that necrosis is related to the virulence of mycobacteria. Our working hypothesis is that M tuberculosis possesses factors that cause necrosis. We intend to identify the genes that encode or synthesize such factors and determine their functions. Towards this goal, we have been successful in isolating two such (necrosis-deficient) mutants with insertions into genes that have no known function by screening a transposon library of the Erdman strain of M tuberculosis (TN5370) for mutants that have lost their ability to cause cell membrane permeation and necrosis. Both nec mutants possess extremely interesting phenotypes when grown in mice. The first mutant (necA) appears to be highly attenuated for growth and virulence in SCID mice. This is an important result as it suggests that we have identified a gene whose product either directly causes necrosis or induces necrosis and thus should enhance our understanding of tuberculosis pathogenesis. Interestingly, the second mutant (necB) appears to kill SCID mice more rapidly than the parental strain. We intend to characterize these mutants, characterize the functions of the gene products, and extend this mutant isolation strategy to identify a large battery of mutants defective for necrosis of host cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF OVARIAN CANCER IN TWO RISK GROUPS Principal Investigator & Institution: Goodman, Marc T.; Professor; None; University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hi 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-1993; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: In this five-year project, laboratory analyses will be performed to characterize study subjects for known polymorphisms in genes regulating steroid metabolism, catecholestrogen formation, and detoxification of oxidative damage. Banked DNA samples from 441 ovarian cancer cases and 430 controls will be used to test the following hypotheses: 1) high-activity genotypes for the steroid metabolism genes CYP17 and EDH17B2 that increase concentrations of estrogen are associated with a greater risk of ovarian cancer; 2) high-activity genotypes for CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and MnSOD that increase contentrations of 4- hydroxylated catecholestrogens and oxidative stress, or low-activity genotypes for COMT and GST that decrease the detoxification of activated catecholestrogens, are positively associated with ovarian cancer risk; 3) high-activity genotypes for AhR and CYP1A2 that increase concentrations of 2-hydroxylated catecholestrogens are inversely associated with ovarian cancer risk. Dr. Anna Wu, the

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19

P.I. on the Los Angeles sub-contract during the first cycle of this grant, will assist with statistical analysis and the interpretation of results. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DETERMINANTS OF CALCIUM BINDING IN NON EF HAND PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Berliner, Lawrence J.; Professor and Chair; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Denver Box 101562 Denver, Co 80208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Biochemists and structural biologists have learned a tremendous amount about a common group of calcium-binding proteins containing the "EF-han motif" (troponin C, parvalbumin, calmodulin, etc.) from which there is a relative wealth on information on their structures and function. However another unique group of proteins exist, the calcium-binding a-lactalbumins and lysozymes, which are "non-classical" calcium-binding proteins which have a unique and distinct coordination geometry. The overall topography and role of the cation binding loop in the calcium-binding alphalactalbumins has yet to b fully understood. Furthermore, the alpha-lactalbumins are unique in their high propensity to form the intermediate "molten globule" folding state. They also bind the metal ion zinc at another distinct site, which modulates the conformational properties of the calcium bound form. The aims of this project are to unravel the structural and functional properties of the calcium binding properties of this milk protein, which modifies the specificity of the enzyme galactosyl transferase in lactose biosynthesis. The specific aims of this project are to: 1. Unravel the determinants involved in calcium binding (and in the folding an structural integrity of the protein). 2. Determine which residues of the protein are buried in membranes. 3. Determine the role of the amino acids involved in zinc binding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION Principal Investigator & Institution: Grand, Richard J.; Director; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-DEC-1982; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: The central focus of this research is to understand the mechanisms controlling the expression of lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH), an intestinal, microvillus membrane glycoprotein membrane glycoprotein important for the nutrition of mammalian neonates. The genetic expression, enzymatic activity, and intracellular processing of LPH are paradigms for critical processes in the enterocyte, and are all determined by the DNA sequence of the LPH gene. During the last funding period, we have defined the function of 2 kb of the rat LPH promoter in transgenic mice, and identified important cis-acting elements in the proximal promoter, one of which exhibits cell-specific repressor activity. Studies of mRNA localization demonstrate specific patterns, suggesting that the localization of LPH mRNA is important for the distribution of its encoded protein. The hypothesis underlying the proposed experiments are: 1) that hierarchical function of positive and negative factors regulates LPH gene transcription, 2) that cis-acting polymorphism(s) are involved in the genesis of human lactase persistence, and 3) that vectorial movement of LPH mRNA to the apical pole of the enterocyte is a regulated pathway, perhaps involving the cytoskeleton. These concepts form the basis of the specific aims of the present proposal: I) Define the mechanisms of transcriptional control of LPH gene expression: elucidate the individuals and combined

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effects of specific transcription factors on LPH gene expression, identify the mechanisms of cell-specific negative regulation of the LPH gene, and define candidate elements identified by DNA polymorphisms in the human LPH gene that determine lactase persistence. II) Identify the critical sequence elements in the 3'-UTRs of LPH and other enterocyte mRNAs responsible for their intracellular localization: define the sequences necessary and sufficient for mRNA localization by mapping and mutational analysis of the 3'-UTRs and intracellular translocation studies using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer techniques, characterize mRNA binding proteins required for vectorial mRNA transport, and define the role of the cytoskeleton in localization of mRNA transport, and define the role of the cytoskeleton in localization of mRNAs in enterocytes. Taken together, the studies described in this application should provide an integrated understanding of the role of 5' and 3' regulatory elements and their binding proteins in the transcriptional and post- transcriptional regulation of LPH gene expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPMENTAL TRANSCRIPTION

REGULATION

OF

LACTASE

GENE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Sibley, Eric; Assistant Professor; Pediatrics; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-AUG-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Taken from the applicant's Abstract) The broad objective of this proposal is to foster the development of an independent and productive investigator in the area of molecular and developmental biology of the gastrointestinal tract. The long term research goal of this proposal is to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating the maturational decline in intestinal lactase gene transcription. Intestinal lactase is the enterocyte disaccharidase responsible for digestion of lactose, the primary carbohydrate in milk. Lactase activity is maximal prior to weaning and then declines significantly during maturation. Decreased lactase activity combined with excessive milk consumption results in symptoms of carbohydrate malabsorption in most mature mammals, including humans. The mechanisms involved in regulating this maturational decline in intestinal lactase activity have not been fully defined. Recent reports suggest that control of the decline in lactase is primarily at the level of gene transcription. In addition, our preliminary data suggest that a lactase promoter cis element is bound differentially during intestinal maturation by at least two distinct nuclear proteins. Our hypothesis, based on this data, is that the maturational decline in lactase expression is mediated by differential interaction between its promoter and specific nuclear transcription factors. Specific research objectives, therefore, are aimed at characterization of lactase gene regulatory elements and identification of nuclear proteins interacting with those elements. We aim to characterize the lactase DNA regulatory elements by analyzing expression of genomic deletions linked to a reporter gene and expressed in transgenic mice. We will identify nuclear proteins interacting with lactase gene fragments using DNase I hypersensitivity, footprint, and gel shift assays. We aim to functionally characterize the proteins by altering their expression in cell culture and in transgenic mice and assaying for transcriptional activity. The candidate, having delineated an area of research inquiry, will conduct the research with the advice and guidance of a mentor in the field of developmental biology. The research experience, supplemented with coursework and seminars in the fields of molecular and developmental biology, will provide the candidate with the tools needed to transition to a career as an independent and productive scientist performing research on the molecular biology of intestinal development.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASES--STRUCTURE AND REGULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Brew, Keith; Professor; Biomedical Sciences; Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Fl 33431 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Glycosyltransferases catalyze the synthesis of specific oligosaccharide structures on cells and extracellular molecules that have crucial roles in biological recognition processes in normal and pathological states; some also act as membranebound carbohydrate receptors and others are important in the regulation of development. However, there is little information available on the structures, interactions, and mechanisms of these important enzymes. Two galactosyltransferases will be investigated that catalyze reactions in which the configuration of the transferred monosaccharide is retained and inverted, respectively. However, shared sequence motifs suggest that, at least parts of these enzymes may be distantly related. AlphaGalactosyltransferase catalyze the synthesis of a galactosyl- alpha-1,3-galactosyl-betaOR structure; this enzyme is inactivated in humans and about 1 percent of endogenous antibodies are directed against the product of its action, the alpha-gal epitope, and represent a major barrier to the xenotransplantation of organs. The mechanism of this enzyme and its structural basis will be investigated by kinetic, mutational and collaborative X-ray diffraction analysis of available crystals that diffract to 2.0 Angstrom units resolution. The results will provide information about the basis of specificity in homologous enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of blood group A and B glycans and Forrssman glycolipid. Beta-4- Galactosyltransferase-1, is one of six homologous enzymes in humans that catalyze the transfer of beta-galactose to N- acetylglucosamine or glucose in glycoproteins and glycolipids. The binding of alpha-lactalbumin, a mammary specific protein that is homologous with lysozyme, modulates the specificity of the enzyme to allow it to catalyze lactose biosynthesis (galactose transfer to glucose) during lactation. Structural and mutational approaches will be used to investigate the basis of regulation through this protein-protein interaction. A new homologue of alphalactalbumin and lysozyme has been identified as a testis- expressed cDNA. This lacks the lysozyme catalytic site and has some similarities to alpha-lactalbumin, raising the possibility that it could be a novel glycosyltransferase regulatory protein. The activity and structure will be investigated using a recombinant form of this protein. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NAESLUNDII

GENE

REGULATION

OF

FIMBRIAE

IN

ACTINOMYCES

Principal Investigator & Institution: Pina, Sophia E.; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Actinomyces naeslundii is a resident of the normal oral flora, however, it also has the potential to cause disease, namely root caries and periodontitis (3, 4). Colonization by A. naeslundii can begin during infancy; it can adhere to salivary proline rich proteins on a tooth surface via type 1 fimbriae and/or to surrounding Streptococcus species such as S. oralis via the type 2 fimbriae. In addition, adherence by type 2 fimbriae is associated with lactose sensitive receptors in the host, such as those on mucosal epithelial cells, erythrocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (55, 57). Since little is known about the fimbriae associated adherence mechanisms in gram-positive

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bacteria, studies ofA. naeslundii type 1 and type 2 fimbriae make this organism an ideal model to investigate adherence to host cells as well as aggregation to surrounding bacterial cells in a biofilm. This investigation will examine the effects of environmental signals on the synthesis of type 1 and type 2 fimbriae to test the hypothesis that environmental factors can regulate gene expression of fimbriae. The focus of this proposal will include: Aim 1. Determination of environmental signals that regulate fimbrial biosynthesis Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR will be used to monitor the expression of the type 1 and type 2 fimbrial genes ofA. naeslundii while growing in different conditions in a continuous culture system. Aim 2. Characterization of the type 2 fimbrial promoter The transcriptional start site for the type 2 fimbrial locus will be mapped by primer extension and S 1 nuclease experiments. The type 2 fimbrial promoter regions will then be cloned into a reporter gene vector for use, in future grant periods, in promoter mutation studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HORMONES, DIET AND RISK OF OVARIAN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Hankinson, Susan E.; Associate Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: We propose to conduct detailed analyses of both hormonal and dietary frisk factors for ovarian cancer using data collected since 1976 in the prospective Nurses' Health Study cohort. From 1976-2004, we expect 737 incident ovarian cancer cases to be confirmed in total. Specifically, we propose to evaluate body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, antioxidant intake, time since last use of oral contraceptives and duration of postmenopausal hormone use in relation to ovarian cancer risk. In addition, using a nested case-control design, we will examine relationships between plasma insulin-like growth factor I (and its binding proteins) and ovarian cancer using blood samples collected from 32,826 cohort members in 1989-90. Using germline DNA from either archived buffy coat, buccal cell specimens or tissue (the latter two to be collected as part of this program project), we propose to evaluate ovarian cancer risk in relation to several specific genetic polymorphisms and gene- environment interactions (galactose-1phosphate uridyl transferase [GALT] and lactose intake; GAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene and oral contraceptive use). In addition, we propose to establish a bank of tumor tissue from women with incident ovarian cancer, and to assess several ovarian cancer risk factors according to over-expression of mutant p53 protein in the tumor tissue. Overall, the prospective nature and large size of the cohort, the high follow-up rates over more than 24 years, the detailed and repeated measured exposure data, and the availability of both germline DNA and tumor tissue from a subset of the cohort provide a unique opportunity to test several important hypotheses related to risk of ovarian cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF GONOCOCCAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Griffiss, John M.; Associate Professor; Northern California Institute Res & Educ 4150 Clement Street (151-Nc) San Francisco, Ca 941211545 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1984; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: This project continues studies of how lipooligosaccharide (LOS) mimicry of human glycosphingolipids (GSL) enables the transmission of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in

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order to find ways to prevent it. LOS are outer membrane glycolipids that have a glycose moiety that consists of proximal Basal Region and three short distal chains, termed alpha beta and gamma. Many alpha chain oligosaccharides are structurally identical to those of lacto- (Lac-R), globo- (Pk (Gb3) and P1), paraglobo- (lacto-Nneotetraose (LNnT)), and gangliosyl (Ga1NAcbeta1 yields 3LNnT) series GSL. LOS are involved in attachment to and invasion of epithelial cells and in evasion of immune clearance mechanisms. Gonococci shed during gonorrhoea make larger LOS. The higher Mr LOS made by MS11mkC - a strain used in human experimentation -have polylactosamine structures. Polylactosaminylation explains the higher Mr molecules of this variant, but not those of others. Some serum resistant (serr) gonococcal strains extend the LOS beta chain to form an alpha-lactose that is parallel to the beta-lactose of the alpha chain, and meningococci can extend the gamma chain. We will structure higher Mr LOS made by clinical isolates; LOS made by serr strains, and LOS that appear to have higher order (Gb4 and P1) globosyl oligosaccharides that are isobaric (same Mr) with paraglobosyl and gangliosyl LOS, respectively. We particularly want to know whether higher Mr LOS have parallel GSL-like antennae that could cross-link epithelial cell receptors. We will continue to rely on mass spectrometric techniques. We know little about gonococcal LOS lipoidal moieties. This information is needed because the lipoidal moiety influences the conformation of the glycose moiety in ways that affects the latter's ability to bind glycoproteins, including antibodies. Available structural information from degraded LOS leaves known O-acyl lipoidal moiety heterogeneity unexplored. We will develop methods that allow us to structure intact LOS without prior degradation. MAbs have been used extensively in studies of gonococcal pathogenesis as surrogates for glycose structures; however, we do not have mAbs that discriminate among known glycose structures, much less for those that have yet to be found. We want to expand our library of mAbs to include additional specificities. These mAbs will be necessary for complete studies of the role of LOS in pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LACTOSE SYNTHESIS REGULATION: ROLE OF GLUCOSE TRANSPORT Principal Investigator & Institution: Haney, Peter M.; Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: Glucose is the major precursor for lactose and lipid synthesis in the lactating mammary gland, and determines the volume and energy content of milk. The long-term objective is to understand, at the molecular and cellular levels, the mechanisms and regulation of glucose transport in milk synthesis and secretion. Specific aims are: 1) to investigate the developmental regulation of glucose transport in the mammary gland; 2) to study the developmental and hormonal regulations of glucose transport in mammary epithelial cells in vitro; 3) to identify novel proteins involved in glucose transport in lactating mammary gland epithelia; and 4) to determine the role o glucose transport as a control mechanism and determinant of flux for the pathway of lactose synthesis. An improved understanding of the regulation of milk synthesis and secretion would form the basis for rational interventions t monitor and improve lactational performance, thereby prolonging the duration o breast feeding. Experiments will be performed in established cell lines, primary cells and intact and reconstituted mammary glands. Molecular cell biology techniques will be used to define developmental changes in the amount and subcellular localization of glucose transporter (GLUT1) and to identify other glucose transporters or protein affecting glucose transporter trafficking. These will

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Lactose

be related to changes in glucose transport activity an lactose synthesis that are essential for milk production. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: METABOLIC ADAPTATION AND CONTROL OF LACTATION IN HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Haymond, Morey W.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Over the last two decades, renewed interest and expertise in and about breastfeeding has occurred in the U.S. and Western Europe. Human milk is universally accepted as the ideal food for infants and breastfeeding has real and potential benefits for the mother, the infant and to their relationship. In the United States only 50 percent of women choose to breastfeed their infants despite all of the real and potential advantages to both the infant and mother. A number of these women have been unsuccessful in their attempts to breastfeed (insufficient milk syndrome) and others are known to be at high risk of breastfeeding failure (women with premature infants and teenage mothers). The primary determinant of milk volume is lactose production. If we could understand the factors which regulate lactose production, we might be better able to design interventional strategies for individuals struggling to breastfeed successfully. The present proposal is designed to determine the metabolic consequences of breastfeeding in women and to determine the metabolic precursors of lactose and the hormone substrate factors regulating lactose synthesis, a major determinant of milk volume in humans. The two overriding hypotheses to be tested are: 1. The carbohydrate demands of lactose production result in an increase in maternal glucose production and/or a sparing of maternal glucose by increased lipolysis and ketogenesis, 2. The glucose and galactose in human lactose are partially derived from gluconeogenesis within the breast, and this process is regulated by both hormones and substrate availability. To test the first hypothesis eight lactating and eight control women will be studied to determine whether: a) the rates of maternal glucose production and gluconeogenesis are increased in both the fed and fasted state when compared to nonlactating women; and b) the rates of lipolysis and ketogenesis are increased (an accelerated state of fasting) in the nursing mothers when compared to non-lactating women. The second hypothesis will be tested employing a nearly identical study design in three separate protocols. In the first of these, we will determine whether a significant portion of the glucose and galactose in breast milk lactose is derived from sources of carbon other than plasma glucose. In the second one, we will determine whether rhGH treatment for 7 days increases: a. Hepatic gluconeogenesis in both lactating and nonlactating women and b. lactose (milk) production, in part, by increasing gluconeogenesis in the breast. In the final protocol, we will determine if an infusion of amino acids or of glucose for a period of 12 hrs will increase or decrease, respectively, the fraction of galactose carbon derived from gluconeogenesis in breast of lactating women. Understanding the metabolic consequences of lactation on maternal metabolism and the regulation of lactose synthesis will give new insights into the regulation of human milk production, thus, providing new strategies to improve the number of successfully breastfeeding women and to help those women who in the past have struggled and/or failed breastfeeding their infants. This, in turn, will have significant health and economic impact. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY & STRUCTURE OF THE LACTOSE CARRIER Principal Investigator & Institution: Brooker, Robert J.; Biotechnology Institute; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1986; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: All living cells must transport essential solutes across a semi-permeable membrane. A central pathway for the uptake of many different types of hydrophilic solutes is via membrane bound proteins that function as cation/solute cotransporters or symporters. These include uptake systems for sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions, and other small molecules. Human genetic diseases, such as type I cystinuria, involve defects in Na+/solute cotransporters. The broad aim of the proposed research is to understand the relationship between the biochemical structure of the H+/lactose permease found in Escherichia coli and its molecular mechanism of cotransporting H+ and lactose across the membrane. Our work utilizes FT-IR spectroscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, suppressor mutants, truncated versions of the lactose permease, and biochemical labeling methods. The first two aims use difference FT-IR spectroscopy to understand the mechanism of H+/lactose coupling and the nature of conformational changes associated with transport. Aims three and four complement this spectroscopy work by the analysis of site-directed mutations and suppressor mutations. A fifth aim will determine if two halves of the lactose permease work together to facilitate lactose transport. And finally a sixth aim will determine if a conserved motif plays a role in the positioning of transmembrane segments in the lactose permease. Ultimately, it is hoped that the molecular features of the lactose permease will be of general significance so that our results can be extended to provide a better understanding of other cation/solute cotransport systems in bacteria, fungi, plant, and animal cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MIMOTOPE CONVERSION OF HIV-1 CARBOHYDRATE ANTIGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kieber-Emmons, Thomas; Professor of Pathology; Pathology and Lab Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 30-SEP-2002 Summary: Carbohydrate antigens have been the basis for eliciting protective immune responses against many pathogens, yet this approach has not been adequately assessed in HIV research. Anti- carbohydrate antibodies may facilitate the inhibition of infected cell binding to dendritic cells on mucosa to thwart early infection. We have developed a program concerned with the inter- conversion of carbohydrate epitopes associated with HIV into a peptide based vaccine strategy to augment carbohydrate cross- reactive systemic and mucosal responses. In specific aim 1, we test the hypothesis that immunity induced by peptide mimeotopes of HIV-1 associated carbohydrate antigens differs qualitatively and quantitatively from the immunity induced by the carbohydrate antigen itself. Of interest is the evaluation of polyclonal responses in terms of i. kinetics of antibody induction; ii. Carbohydrate/gp120 reactive isotype profiles; and iii. Carbohydrate/gp120 reactive antibody affinity/avidity. Evaluation of serum binding to epitopes exposed on native forms of gp120 and gp160, and heterologous strains of monomeric gp120 and cell surface-expressed oligomeric gp120/gp41 are evaluated. In specific aim 2, we explore ways to enhance carbohydrate reactive titers and expand on the breadth of HIV immunoreactivity. Systemic and mucosal responses are evaluated following priming with mimetic or carbohydrate formulations and boosting with

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Lactose

oligomeric-gp160 formulates. Serum and mucosal lavages are tested for i. Neutralization of Lab and primary isolates ii. Inhibition of Dendritic cell adherence and infection iii. Evaluation of serum antibody binding to gp120 epitopes as in aim 1 are also evaluated. In specific aim 3, systematic approaches involving molecular modeling and phage display libraries are used to analyze and exploit topological similarities to further define prototypic peptide mimeotope templates of HIV-1 associated carbohydrate antigens. In this aim, topological relationships between HIV-1 associated mannosyl and lactoseries carbohydrate structures are correlated with binding properties of peptide mimeotopes reactive with selected lectins and a highly effective carbohydrate reactive HIV-1 neutralizing antibody 2G12. We further define variants of peptides that display high affinity binding to these receptors by 1.) Synthesizing and biopanning defined peptide array libraries representative of secondary structure elements reflective of carbohydrate and peptide structures; and 2.)Evaluation of the affinity of ligand binding by Biacore and computer modeling studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MINIMAL ENTERAL NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS IN NEONATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Burrin, Douglas G.; Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 13-DEC-1996; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: The long-term goals are to quantify the enteral nutrient requirements for neonatal intestinal growth and function and identify the cellular mechanisms that mediate the intestinal trophic response. The work outlined in the proposed studies will test four hypotheses: 1) Maintaining the circulating concentration of GLP-2 at a level typical of the enterally fed pigs, will restore intestinal growth and structure in TPN-fed neonatal pigs. 2) Within this physiological range, GLP-2 acutely activates cellular signaling pathways that lead to a suppression of intestinal proteolysis and apoptosis, and that these cellular processes are the primary mediators of the intestinal trophic effects of GLP-2. 3) The maintenance of physiological levels of GLP-2 during a period of TPN will up regulate the intestinal capacity of lactose digestion and glucose absorption. 4) In utero, the fetal intestine is unresponsive to GLP-2. These hypotheses will be tested using a TPN-fed, colostrum-deprived, neonatal pig model with these aims: Aim 1: Quantify the physiological dose response of GLP-2 on intestinal mass and morphology. Aim 2: Determine the intestinal expresson of protease genes (lysosomal, ubiquitinproteasomal, and calcium-activated) and activity of apoptotic signaling pathway intermediataes (Pl-3 kinase/PKB, Bcl-2, caspases) in pigs infused with physiological GLP-2 dose for 3, 6, or 48 hours. Also, to measure the in vivo kinetics of intestinal protein synthesis and proteolysois, based on the portal balance of 13C-phenylalanine, after 6, 48, and 168 hours of GLP-2 infusion. Aim 3: Determine the brush-border and basolateral membrance glucose transport activity and the abundance and synthesis rate of lactase, SGLT-1 and GLUT2, based on the kinetics of 13C/H-leucine incorporation, in pigs given a physiological GLP-2 dose for 7 days. Also, measure the in vivo kinetics of intestinal lactose digestion and glucose absorption, based on the portal balance of galactose and 13C-glucose, in pigs given physiological GLP-2 dose for 7 days. Aim 4: Determine the intestinal trophic (protein metabolism/cell turnover) and functional (lactase/glucose transport activity) responsiveness to a physiological GLP-2 dose given to fetal (in utero) and newborn pigs between 106 and 112 days gestational age. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MODELS OF REGULATORY NETWORKS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ebright, Richard H.; Investigator; Rutgers the St Univ of Nj New Brunswick Asb Iii New Brunswick, Nj 08901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: SUBPROJECT ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF ACTINOMYCES FIMBRIAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mattingly, Stephen J.; Pediatric Dentistry; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1994; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Actinomyces spp. Are one of the primary colonizers of the oral cavity and persist from infancy to adulthood. These organisms attach tenaciously to both hard and soft tissue surfaces in this ecological niche. The actinomyces type 1 fimbriae bind to salivary proline rich proteins that coat the tooth enamel. In contrast, type 2 fimbriae are associated with lactose-sensitive binding to glycoproteins present on mucosal epithelial cells and to cell wall polysaccharide of certain oral Streptococci. The genetic basis of these bacteria-host receptor interactions, however, remains to be elucidated. The recent development of genetic methodologies for the construction of isogeneic mutants have provided the crucial tools necessary to begin an analysis of the genes involved in the synthesis and function of these cell surface components. The expression of both type 1 and type 2 fimbriae by A. Biogenesis in Gram-positive bacteria. The focus of this application will be on three major areas: 1) to continue the genetic analysis of Actinomyces type 1 Fimbriaeassociated genes and gene products, and to determine their role in fimbriae biosynthesis and function; 2) to identify a chromosomal DNA region(s) encoding the genes involved in the synthesis and function of Actinomyces type 2 fimbriae using strategies developed previously in the study of the type 1 fimbrial gene cluster. The products of the fimbrialassociated genes will be expressed and their functions determined; and 3) to study the regulation of Actinomyces type 1 and type 2 fimbrial gene expression by bacterial in continuous culture under various environmental and physiological growth conditions that most closely simulate the natural oral micro environment. The intent is that results of these studies should provide insight into the mechanism of fimbriae-mediated adherence and persistence of these bacteria in the oral cavity. Moreover, these studies should provide new knowledge on fimbriae structure and biogenesis in Gram-positive bacteria. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MULTISTABILITY AND NOISE IN GENE REGULATORY MODULES Principal Investigator & Institution: Van Oudenaarden, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma 02139

Alexander;

Physics;

Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The general objective of this proposal is to develop a general protocol to dissect complex gene regulatory networks into elementary modules by integrating stochastic mathematical models with quantitative gene expression experiments in single cells. Gene regulatory networks, especially containing regulatory feedback, exhibit multistability. As genetic regulatory reactions involve small number of molecules, gene expression is stochastic and genetic noise leads to random transitions

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Lactose

between the stable states. Therefore, a successful protocol for dissecting complex gene regulatory networks into elementary modules must include both stochastic mathematical methods and gene expression experiments performed on single cells. Both aspects are described in this proposal and are concentrated towards the following three specific aims: (1) Develop a stochastic mathematical model that successfully predicts the connectivity of synthetic genetic networks based on the experimentally obtained multistable dynamics. The expression dynamics of a collection of genetic synthetic networks with arbitrary connectivity will be quantified. Each gene will be monitored by a separate fluorescent protein reporter. As these synthetic networks are well isolated from other genetic modules in the cell, they are ideal calibration tools for mathematical models. (2) Identify the functional role of genetic noise on the bistability of the lactose uptake system of E. coll. The genetic regulation of lactose uptake is, in its simplest form, a positive feedback module leading to two stable states. Preliminary experimental data strongly suggest the presence of these two stable states and demonstrate that genetic noise induces stochastic transitions between the states. The functional role of noise in the context of evolution will be addressed by constructing mathematical models and experiments that explore the fitness of a bistable population in a fluctuating environment. (3) Identify multi-stability in the PTS system of E. coil and explore robustness of different stable states against stochastic fluctuations. The genetic architecture of the PTS system may be modeled as multiple positive feedback loops competing for the same phosphate flux. Mathematical methods will be developed that quantify the multistable behavior of this system illustrated by genetic phase diagrams. The predicted phase diagrams, reflecting the genetic wiring, will be validated by single cell gene expression experiments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEAR-INFRARED VCD OF CHIRAL PHARMACEUTICALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nafie, Laurence A.; Distinguished Professor; Chemistry; Syracuse University 113 Bowne Hall Syracuse, Ny 13244 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: APPLICANT'S The objective of the proposed research is to apply Fourier transform near-infrared vibrational circular dichroism (FT-near-IRVCD), as a new in situ probe of molecular chirality, to the analysis of pharmaceutical molecules and final formulated pharmaceutical products. Currently, there is no available technology for the determination of enantiomeric purity, absolute configuration or conformational states of chiral pharmaceutical molecules in situ as formulated products. We propose to combine the existing related technologies of FT mid-IR VCD spectroscopy, conventional FT nearIR absorption and reflection spectroscopy, and solid-phase mid-IR and UV-visible CD sampling methods to yield a new methodology for probing chiral pharmaceuticals. FTVCD instrumentation in the mid-infrared region has recently become commercially available as a sensitive probe of molecular structure and chirality. FT-near-IR spectroscopy has shown remarkable sensitivity and sampling flexibility in recent years for the determination of quality-control factors in wide varieties of products, such as food, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The resulting new spectroscopic technique, FTnear-IR VCD, will possess the analytical capability to probe enantiomeric purity, absolute configuration, molecular conformation, and particle-size distribution in solids, in final formulated chiral pharmaceuticals, as well as any prior step in the synthesis and production process. In addition to solution-phase sampling, we will investigate the use of mulls, pellets, powders, films and spin-coated samples. The use of dual polarization modulation methods developed recently by the principal investigator to automatically

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correct CD baselines, will suppress birefringence effects in all solid samples, thus eliminating many problems of reproducibility in solid-phase CD sampling. Where possible, near-IR VCD will be correlated to mid-IR VCD using frequency assignments and 2D-FT-mid-IR/near-IR correlation spectroscopy. The research will proceed in stepwise fashion from existing mid-IR instrumentation and methods to the development of new near-IR instrumentation and methods. With FT-near-IR-VCD technology in hand, we will then develop sensitive analytical measures of first pure chiral pharmaceutical samples, including protein pharmaceuticals, and then excipients of various kinds. Pharmaceutical molecules of particular interest are propranolol, ephedra drugs, including ephedrine, norephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, N-methyl ephedrine and N-methyl pseudoephedrine, the analgesics ibuprofen and naproxen, and cyclosporins and selected protein pharmaceuticals. The excipients to be studied include dextrose (glucose), sucrose, lactose, cyclodextrins and cellulose. After these studies, we will measure FT-near-IR-VCD of excipient-supported final pharmaceutical products. The sensitivity of FT-near-IR VCD to particle size, moisture Content and aggregation in protein pharmaceuticals will be determined. The ratio of pharmaceutical to excipient will be varied until proportions equivalent to those used for human administration are achieved. This will permit in situ quality of control of chiral and physical properties in final-stage pharmaceutical products. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NELFINAVIR NONSECRETORY

INDUCED

DIARRHEA--SECRETORY

VS

Principal Investigator & Institution: Flexner, Charles W.; Associate Professor; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The objective of this study is to determine the mechanism of nelfinavirassociated diarrhea in HIV-infected individuals. Diarrhea was defined as 300 grams/24 hours. Prior to hospitalization, patients were screened with a 24-hour stool collection. Stool specimens were analyzed for ova and parasite, culture, and C. difficile toxin. Subjects were placed in a lactose free diet 5 days prior to coming in to the hospital and during the inpatient phase (in order to eliminate other potential causes of diarrhea). Eligible patients were hospitalized for a 48-hour stool collection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEW APPROACHES TO MEMBRANE PROTEIN STRUCTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaback, H R.; Howard Hughes Medical Inst Investigator; Physiology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1996; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: A highly significant percentage of the genomes sequenced thus far are thought to encode polytopic transmembrane proteins which catalyze a multitude of essential cellular functions, energy and signal transduction in particular. Many are important with regard to human disease (e.g. cystic fibrosis, drug resistance), and many widely prescribed drugs (eg. Prozac and Prilosec) are targeted to membrane transport proteins. Although progress over the last 20 years has led to the characterization, purification and modification of this class of proteins, only a few have been studied at a level useful for understanding mechanism. Furthermore, many membrane proteins require conformational flexibility in order to function, making it imperative to obtain

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Lactose

dynamic structural information. The objectives of this application are to continue to utilize the lactose permease of Escherichia coli as a paradigm for structure/function studies on transmembrane proteins. Only 6 amino acid residues are irreplaceable with respect to mechanism, and application of novel site-directed biochemical and biophysical approaches has yielded a helix packing model to a resolution approximating 4 Angstrom units. Further efforts will be made to refine and extend the structure using these methods. In addition, newly developed approaches using site-directed fluorescence resonance energy transfer and solid-state 19F-NMR will be introduced. Ligand-induced conformational changes in certain helices can also be demonstrated, and these studies will be extended to the remainder of the molecule in order to delineate overall structural changes that result from ligand binding. The substrate binding site is located at the interface between helices IV and V, and specificity is directed towards the galactosyl moiety of the substrate. A spin-labeled galactoside that binds to the permease with high affinity has been synthesized and will be used to further define the substrate binding site. Ligands that bind but are not translocated are also being synthesized in order to study binding from the inner and outer surface of the membrane in the absence of translocation. Site-specific alkylation combined with mass spectrometry will be used to determine changes in the protonation of His322 (helix X) upon ligand binding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NIR INSTRUMENT FOR CHEESE ANALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Chapman, Curtis F.; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: A near-infrared instrument based on the Frequency Domain Photon Migration (FDPM) concept has been applied to the analysis of cheese. This instrument is unique because it can quantitatively determine the wavelength dependence of material absorption and scattering in a single measurement. Quantitative measurements of absorption and scattering have been performed on milk samples using a high bandwidth, multi-wavelength, diode-laser-based FDPM instrument. Scattering and absorption measurements are correlated to concentrations of fat, protein, lactose and water. Measurements on cheese have been made which will provide essential design information on modulation frequencies and optical wavelengths (diode lasers) for developing a portable instrument specifically dedicated to the analysis of cheese products and processing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NMR ANALYSIS OF AN ORGANIC COMPOUND Principal Investigator & Institution: Levery, Steven B.; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: NMR analysis was performed on a Bruker DRX-600 spectrometer. The sample was deuterium-exchanged by lyophilization from D2O and dissolved in 0.5 mL D2O. The 1H-NMR 1-D spectrum was obtained at 25(C using presaturation of the residual HOD signal. Chemical shifts were measured relative to an internal acetone standard ((=2.225 ppm). The 1H-NMR spectrum was similar (but not identical) to that of a known lactose-series pentasaccharide. Analysis of the data suggested that the sample was a reducing end-modified derivative of the known lactose-series compound. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: POOLING OF PROSPECTIVE STUDIES OF DIET AND CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Hunter, David J.; Director; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by Applicant) In this application, the aims of the Pooling of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer Project (referred to as the Pooling Project) will expand to examine dietary associations with pancreatic and ovarian cancers in large, prospective cohort studies. Expansion of the Pooling Project to these cancers with intermediate incidence rates will take advantage of the statistical power from combining data from multiple studies and the ability to examine a wide range of intakes and subgroup detail. The pooled analyses also allow standardized analytic approaches with standardized categorization of exposures and covariates across studies. Additional analyses of colorectal cancer, a cancer site that is being evaluated as part of the current grant cycle, also will be conducted. The 11 studies comprising the Pooling Project are the Adventist Health Study, Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, Canadian National Breast Screening Study, Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, Iowa Women?s Health Study, Health Professionals Follow-up Study, Netherlands Cohort Study, New York State Cohort, New York University Women?s Health Study, Nurses? Health Study, and Sweden Mammography Cohort. Analyses will include 4,949 colorectal cancer cases and an estimated 1,553 pancreatic and 1,908 ovarian cancer cases. For colorectal cancer, associations with specific carotenoids and grains will be examined. For pancreatic cancer, analyses will evaluate associations with intakes of fruits, vegetables, specific carotenoids, grains, fiber, alcohol, and meat. Analyses of ovarian cancer risk and intakes of lactose, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, antioxidants, fat, eggs, and cholesterol and body mass index will be conducted. The ongoing annual meetings, and frequent communication among investigators, will be used to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of the findings. These analyses will take full advantage of extensive data already collected to provide powerful insight into the relation between diet and the risk of pancreatic, ovarian, colorectal cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Whitehead, William E.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1993; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which is characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits, is the most common gastrointestinal disorder, affecting 9.4 percent of the population. Fifty to 60 percent of IBS patients report pain at abnormally low volumes of rectal distention, suggesting that visceral hyperalgesia may be the mechanism for IBS. A cognitive behavioral model is presented which accounts for increased pain sensitivity in IBS by two hypotheses: (1) Two cognitive traits--selective attention on gastrointestinal sensations and attribution of disease significance to these sensations--are the mechanisms by which stress and other factors influence pain perception. (2) Childhood social learning in the form of increased attention for somatic complaints and modeling of sick role behavior by parents, is the most important determinant of selective attention and disease attribution. The differential recall of previously memorized words, depending on their content, will be used to develop a test for selective attention. Words describing gastrointestinal sensations plus control words

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Lactose

describing respiratory sensations and neutral words will be tested for a prior probability of recall by healthy subjects. Then IBS patients, patients with lactose malabsorption (an enzyme deficiency producing chronic gastrointestinal symptoms similar to IBS), patients with asthma, and healthy controls will memorize these words, and 15 minutes later will be tested for recall. Other techniques for assessing selective attention which will be compared to the recall task are the Stroop Color Test and recognition of words in the above categories presented briefly by a tachistoscope. The test of disease attribution will be developed by presenting the same gastrointestinal and respiratory sensations and asking subjects to rate whether they could be symptoms of disease. After developing valid and reliable measures, new samples of IBS patients, lactose intolerant patients, and controls will complete these tests of reinforcement and modeling of gastrointestinalrelated sick role behavior and tests of rectal distention pain thresholds. A subsequent study will determine whether experimental stress increases pain sensitivity and progressive muscle relaxation decreases pain sensitivity in IBS patients, and whether these psychological influences on perceptions are associated with changes in selective attention to gastrointestinal sensations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGULATION OF AKT AND GLUCOSE TRANSPORT BY PROLACTIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Anderson, Steven M.; Associate Professor; Pathology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Lactation is of great importance to survival of newborn animals. Prolactin plays a critical role in this process by regulating the differentiation of mammary epithelial cells into secretory epithelial cells. Much of the research on prolactin signal transduction has focused upon its role in regulating the transcription of milk protein genes. However, since milk is 25 - 30% fat and about 3% lactose, pathways that control glucose availability and lipid biosynthesis are likely to be critical for optimal milk production. Our previous studies indicate that the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt, plays a critical role in suppressing apoptosis in the involuting mammary gland. We hypothesize that prolactin regulates glucose transport and lipid biosynthesis and the Akt protein kinase is required for prolactin-mediated activation of glucose transport. In this grant we propose to map the region(s) of the prolactin receptor that are required for activation of Akt and glucose transport. We will focus on phosphorylated tyrosine residues because the binding of signaling molecules to these sites often regulates their activation, particularly SH2 domain containing molecules. We will use a chimeric prolactin receptor whose activation can be controlled by a chemical dimerizer. This chimeric receptor will be expressed in mammary epithelial cells to map the regions that regulate glucose transport and Akt activation. Transgenic mice will be generated that express the chimeric prolactin receptor in the mammary gland to test the function of specific receptor mutants. These studies will be done under conditions where the production of prolactin by the pituitary is blocked thereby preventing activation of the endogenous prolactin receptor. Mammary gland development is altered in Src-/- mice but not in Fyn-/- mice. Primary mammary epithelial cells derived from Src-/- and Fyn-/- mice will be used to determine the role of these kinases in regulating Akt activation, and glucose transport. We will also test the role of specific signaling molecules (c-Cbl, Cbl-B, IRS-1, Gab2, Gab3, SHP 1, and SHP2) in regulating the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway and glucose transport. Finally, we will

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determine the mechanisms by which prolactin increases glucose transport in mammary epithelial cells. Until now, the mechanisms by which glucose transport in mammary epithelial cells is regulated have remained a mystery. These studies should provide important information about other roles for prolactin in the mammary gland and identify the mechanisms by which prolactin regulates these diverse processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS SUGAR TRANSPORT & BIOFILM FORMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ajdic, Dragana; University of Oklahoma Hlth Sciences Ctr Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Ok 73126 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: Sugar transport and metabolism by Streptococcus mutans is directly related to the onset and formation of human dental caries (tooth decay). In S. mutans, sugar substrates are taken up by ABC transporters (e.g., the maltose transport and multiple sugar metabolism transport (MSM) systems), by specific permeases, and most commonly by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-sugar phosphotransferase systems (PTS). To better understand this important dental pathogen, we have sequenced the entire DNA sequence of the genome of strain UA159 at the University of Oklahoma. Detailed computational analyses of the S. mutans genome showed the presence of five ABC transporters and fourteen PTS systems for the probable transport of sugars or sugar alcohols including glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose and fructose. Since the uptake and metabolism of carbohydrates is the key step in the formation and release of cariogenic acid, and since completion of the genomic DNA sequence of S. mutans strain UA159 now permits us to locate all of the predicted coding regions, this proposed work will examine the global gene response in S. mutans. Additionally, because S. mutans grows in a plaque that is a natural biofilm, it is crucial to determine the alterations in gene expression in biofilm cultures. Therefore, the specific aims of this proposal are to 1) analyze the differences in global gene expression observed when S. mutans UA159 is grown in the presence of the most common dietary sugars (sucrose, maltose, lactose, glucose, and fructose) in planktonic culture and in biofilm, and 2) identify multiple transporters for the same sugar (as well as genes influenced by transport systems) in S. mutans planktonic and biofilm cultures by individually inactivating those systems. We hypothesize that many genes will have differential patterns of expression in response to the availability of carbohydrate source and culture state. The information obtained from the proposed study should dramatically advance our understanding of this important human pathogen and facilitate new approaches for treatment and intervention aimed at reducing the incidence of dental caries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lewis, Mitchell; Professor; Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1990; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-range goal of our research is to understand the structural basis of gene regulation and how repressors, activators, and antiterminators regulate transcription. Over the years, we have focused on the two paradigms, the lactose operon of E-coli and the "genetic switch" of bacteriophage lambda. This grant originally funded the three-dimensional structure determination of

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Lactose

the intact lac repressor, the lac repressor bound to the gratuitous inducer 1-isopropyl-Dthiogalactoside (IPTG) and the lac repressor complexed with a 21 base-pair symmetric operator DNA. These three structures have provided a detailed structural model for repressor in the induced and the repressed states, and a framework for understanding a wealth of biochemical and genetic information (Lewis et al., 1996). Building upon these results, we designed new experiments and solved structures to probe more deeply the function of this protein. In this last granting period, we also resumed earlier studies of the repressor from phage lambda (Bell et al., 2000) and provided structural insight as to the molecular basis of this genetic switch. In this funding period, we plan to continue our studies on proteins that regulate transcription. The long-range goal of our research is to understand the structural basis of gene regulation and how repressors, activators, and anti-terminators regulate transcription. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dowhan, William; Professor, & Holder of the Johns S. Dunn; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1976; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's abstract): Several members or the Major Facilitator Supertamily (MFS) are detective in active solute transport when expressed in mutants of Escherichia co/i lacking phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The molecular basis for dysfunction in lactose permease (LacY) was established to be a requirement for PE as a molecular chaperone in the conformational maturation of LacY after membrane insertion. A large cytoplasmic domain in the middle of LacY when assembled in PElacking cells is topologically mis-assembled and exposed to the periplasm. A major aim of this proposal is to establish the molecular determinants within polytopic membrane proteins that in cooperation with membrane lipid composition and the protein assembly machinery dictate the topological organization of membrane proteins. The primary molecular probe will be accessibility of single cysteine replacements within a cysteinelacking derivative of LacY. The topological organization of LacY and its interaction with PE will be studied using both in vivo and in vitro assembly of LacY in the presence and absence of PE. The structural and functional properties of LacY will be studied in proteoliposomes reconstituted from defined lipid components. Interaction between lipids and LacY will be studied in detergent-lipid mixed micelles. Site directed mutagenesis aimed at putative topogenic signals within LacY will be used to define elements within LacY that determine its topology. Second site suppressors of dysfunction of LacY will be isolated to identify elements of LacY and other components that determine protein topology. The phenylalanine permease and the aromatic amino acid permease are dysfunctional in PE-lacking cells. The same approaches will be used to study the molecular basis for the dysfunction of these transporters and to establish the generality of the involvement of PE in assembly of members of the MFS. The development of strains lacking FE has provided versatile biological reagents to probe the role of lipids in cell function. To broaden the scope of reagents available to study the role of lipids, E. co/i strains will be developed that either contain or replace native lipids with lipids (monoglucosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol) found in other organisms. The proposed experiments are expected to define at the molecular level the role of PE and other lipids in the assembly, organization, and function of polytopic membrane proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURE AND REGULATION OF PROTEIN/DNA ASSEMBLIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Van Duyne, Gregory D.; Professor; Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: The growth, development, and metabolism of healthy cells depends on the precise regulation of gene expression and error-free maintenance of the genome. A detailed understanding of the underlying principles of protein-DNA recognition and protein-DNA architectures is therefore crucial for understanding how diseases can result from failures in these systems. The proposed research addresses the question of how an oligomeric DNA-binding protein, which can in principle adopt a highly symmetric conformation, binds to a DNA recognition element that can be at most twofold symmetric. The tetrameric tumor suppresser p53, the trimeric heat shock transcription factor HSF, and the tetrameric lactose repressor are well-studied examples of such oligomeric proteins. In each case, the protein uses multiple DNA-binding domains to bind sequences composed of direct and inverted repeats of a recognition element. In the proposed research, the hexameric arginine repressor (ArgR) will serve as a model system for studying the architecture of an oligomeric protein-DNA assembly. ArgR plays a multifuctional role in the bacterial cell, serving as the master regulator of the arginine biosynthetic genes as well as playing an obligatory architectural role in mediating site-specific recombination events. In the presence of the corepressor Larginine, ArgR uses four of its six DNA-binding domains to recognize DNA operators composed of a tandem repeat of palindromic "Arg boxes". The ArgR DNA-binding domains are members of the winged helix-turn-helix (wHTH) family of DNA-binding motifs. This growing family includes domains found in histone H5, the ets family, HNF3/forkhead, and the heat shock transcription factor. In order to build a structural framework for understanding the basic principles of how oligomeric proteins recognize complex DNA sequences, and how multiple wHTH domains interact at the DNA surface, X-ray diffraction methods will be used to determine structures of (i) ArgR in the low affinity DNA-binding state, (ii) ArgR in the high affinity state with bound corepressor, (iii) an ArgR superrepressor, (iv) an ArgR-DNA complex representative of the architectural role of ArgR in site-specific recombination, and (v) an ArgR-DNA complex formed with a tandem Arg box operator. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURE PHOSPHOPROTEINS

DETERMINATION

OF

HUMAN

P32

Principal Investigator & Institution: Weaver, Arthur J.; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: In the past year we completed the refinement and publication of C3d a C3 fragment and ligand for the CR2 receptor (see Science below). The structure was solved by MAD phasing at the Se edge from data collected at CHESS. The structure contains 8 selenium atoms and in collaboration with with Dr. David Smith, the data was used to illustrate the utility of the SnB method for determining the selenium substructure. The structure provides a model for the activation of C3 as well as insight into the basis for interaction with the CR2 receptor. We have also completed the refinement and publication of the CRD of human galectin-3 in complex with lactose and NAcetylactosamine from data collected at CHESS. These molecules are important in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Our structure has defined the basis for

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carbohydrate-binding, and in addition provided insight into the mode of oligomerization, shown by this lectin. In addition, we collected data at CHESS on a Ctype lectin and crystals of a CRE recombinase-DNA complex. In both cases the solution of these structures is in progress. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYNTHESIS OF CARBOHYDRATE LIGANDS FOR ADHESION MOLECULE L SELECTIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosen, Steven D.; Professor; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Note: There is a continution page for this abstract in Microwoft Word, and there are figures to be pasted in. Introduction. The selectins are a family of three adhesion molecules (L-, E- and P-selectin) thatare involved in the initial attachment of blood-borne leukocytes to endothelial cells during the process of emigration from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissue. All three selectins bindto carbohydrate-based ligands on opposing cells in a calcium-dependent manner. L-selectin is unique among the selectins by virtue of its constitutive expression on all classes of circulating leukocytes. In addition, L-selectin plays a key role in leukocyte recruitment during a number of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, focusing a tremendous amount of interest on the nature of the carbohydrate ligands on opposing endothelial cells. We have initiated a program aimed at the structural identification of carbohydrate ligands for L-selectin. Our approach involves analysis of the oligosaccharide structures on biological selectin ligands and the chemical synthesis of identified structures to directly demonstrate functional activity. Mass spectrometry is central to the characterization of our synthetic products, and will be the principal analytical tool in the direct structural identification of the carbohydrate epitopes on biological L-selectin ligands. Results and Discussion. Previous work in this laboratory has led to the molecular identification of two biological glycoprotein ligands for L-selectin, termed GlyCAM-1 and CD34. The oligosaccharides on these glycoproteins are sulfated and sialylated, two modifications which were shown to be essential for L-selectin recognition. Preliminary characterization of the oligosaccharides on GlyCAM-1 using metabolic radiolabeling techniques has revelealed the presence of a novel capping group, 6'-sulfo sialyl Lewis x [NeuAca2,3(SO4-6)Galb1,4(Fuca1,3)GlcNAc, 1]. Thus, it is hypothesized that sulfation of the sialyl Lewis x tetrasaccharide on the 6'-position imparts high affinity binding activity to L-selectin. To test this hypothesis, we have designed a chemical/enzymatic synthesis for sulfated oligosaccharides related to structure 1. Our first target is compound 6 (scheme 1), in which the sialic acid residue of structure 1 has been replaced with a synthetically more accessible sulfate ester. The synthetic route begins with selective protection of the readily available disaccharide lactose (2) to afford derivative 3 in three steps. The 3'-, 4'- and 6'-positions are then selectively liberated with acid to afford compound 4. Chemical sulfation proceeds selectively at the 3'- and 6'-positions yielding, after deprotection, disulfated intermediate 5. The structures of intermediates 2-5 have been assigned in part using mass spectrometry. Finally, enzymatic fucosylation using a recombinant fucosyltransferase (FucT V) and GDP-fucose will afford target moledule 6. Currently, we have completed the synthesis of 5 and tested this intermediate for Lselectin binding activity. Preliminary results indicate that compound 5 binds to Lselectin more potently thansimilar derivatives lacking the sulfate ester at the 6'-position. Thus, this key sulfate ester appears to contribute significantly to L-selecting binding activity. We anticipate that synthetic oligosaccharides such as compound 6 will be even

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more potent as L-selectin antagonists, and may demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Finally, we plan to complement our metabolic radiolabeling analysis of the GlyCAM-1 oligosaccharides with direct characterizat ion by mass spectrometry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYNTHETIC STUDIES ON COMPLEX NATURAL PRODUCTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kishi, Yoshito; Professor; Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1978; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Principal Investigator's Abstract) The major objective in this research is to make significant contributions to organic chemistry and medicine through chemical studies on physiologically active natural and man-made organic compounds. Organic synthesis plays the major role in all of the proposed research topics, including: 1. stereochemical assignment of acyclic compounds through organic synthesis (universal spectroscopic database creation, mycolactone, australifungin, tethered maitotoxin analogs, and others); 2. total synthesis of pinnatoxins and related natural products (pinnatoxins B and C, spirolides, gymnodimine, azaspiracid, immobilized pinnatoxins, and others); 3. covalently cross-linked Watson-Crick base pair models; 4. conformational analysis of C-and O-glycopyranosides (human blood antige, lactose, synthetic 3-Omethyl-D-mannose-containing polysaccarides (MMP), and others); 5. immobilized tetrodotoxin; 6. total synthesis of batrachotoxin, aranotin, and YW3699. We believe that the power of organic chemistry is most effectively extended by challenging these complex systems, and much of the progress of medicine critically depends upon the extension of the power of organic chemistry. It is also our specific objective to develop practical and efficient syntheses of certain natural products and their analogs, which have high physiological activity, but are not available in appreciable amounts from natural sources. These studies are again expected to stimulate progress in medicine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TARGETING CARCINOMA

ENDOGENOUS

ANTIBODIES

TO

OVARIAN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Cho, Moo J.; Associate Professor; Drug Delivery & Disposition; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Humans and Old World primates naturally produce a significant amount of antibodies which recognize a particular galactosyl epitope, GAL alpha 1-3GAL. We have been interested in testing if these anti-Gal antibodies can be targeted to undesirable cancerous cells. Specifically we wish to explore a possibility of redirecting these endogenous antibodies to ovarian carcinoma cells which overexpress folate receptor isotype alpha (FR-alpha) by means of chemical conjugates of folic acid to the galactosyl epitope. The end result should be the cytolysis of the target cell. Towards this goal, the present application is concerned with the total synthesis of the folatedigalactose conjugates and development of an ovarian cancer model in immune competent mice. Preparation of the conjugate which can mediate anti-Gal binding to FR+ cells with high avidity is the main chemistry goal of the project. Our strategy is to introduce multiple copies, 2 and 4 copies, of the epitopes to one molecule of folic acid at an optimal distance between them. Chemical synthesis will be carried out on a solidphase support. The conjugates will be tested with FR+/Gal- human nasopharyngeal

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carcinoma KB cells for their ability of promoting the anti-Gal binding to FR on the cell surface. Specificity of the interaction will be tested in the presence of free folic acid or free disaccharide as well as with a conjugate that contains lactose instead of GAL alpha 1-3GAL. The antibody binding will be conveniently characterized by means of FACS procedure. The biological goal of this project is to develop a mouse model of ovarian cancer that is suitable for testing anti-tumor activity of our folate conjugates in vivo. Since normal mice express the galactosyl epitopes in their tissue, we will have to use alpha 1,3-GALactosyltransferase-knockout (GT/KO) mice. It is known that GT/KO mice produce anti-Gal as in humans. We plan to transform the ovarian epithelial cells harvested from these mice in culture to tumor-forming cell lines following a procedure we have recently developed. They will be then transfected with murine cDNA encoding full length FR-alpha. Finally these GAL-/FR+cells will be introduced into peritoneum of healthy GT/KO mice. Our current approach to immunotherapy of ovarian cancer is unique in that we are using naturally occurring endogenous antibodies. Immune modulators in this application are all small molecules with MW < 3 kDa, rendering pharmacokinetic properties most favorable for sustained activity in peritoneal cavity as well as reduced potential side effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE EVOLUTION OF SPECIALISTS AND GENERALISTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dean, Antony M.; Biotechnology Institute; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): An understanding of microbial evolution is seen as increasingly important to an understanding of disease and the design of effective therapies. As such, this proposal aims to investigate the genetic, biochemical and physiological mechanisms underpinning evolution in microbes. Of particular interest is an assessment of the degree to which adaptive evolution is predictable. For if evolution is predictable, more efficacious therapies might be designed, undesirable evolutionary outcomes (e.g. multi-drug resistance) avoided, the origin and evolution of epidemics better understood, and as a consequence better strategies in public health implemented. An understanding of microbial evolution remains elusive because studies are either overwhelmed by complexity or reduced to the trivially predictable. However, the lactose pathway of E. coli represents a unique balance between complexity and simplicity. It is sufficiently complex that a diversity of adaptive responses - specialists, generalists, commensals - arise, yet it is sufficiently simple that each can be analyzed in detail. This balance between complexity and simplicity enables the predictability of adaptive evolution to be investigated. Strong frequency dependent selection maintains variation in lactose operons of E. coli during competition for limiting mixtures of galactosides. Long-term chemostat competition experiments reveal that new adaptations may intensify the frequency dependence or they may diminish it to the point whereby the polymorphism is lost. Balanced polymorphisms can arise from within a single clone. The evolution of specialists towards particular galactosides promotes polymorphism and suggests that trade-offs at the molecular level govern the evolution of diversity. The evolution of generalists (strains capable of efficiently metabolizing all galactosides) destabilizes polymorphisms and demonstrates that trade-offs are not inevitable. The genetic, physiological and biochemical mechanisms that promote the appearance, and loss, of these polymorphisms will be determined. Replicate experiments will determine the predictability of evolutionary outcomes. Evolved strains will be analyzed to determine the population level interactions that result in stabilizing or destabilizing the

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polymorphisms. Biochemical studies will determine the physiological basis for the evolution of specialists and generalists, and to determine the molecular causes of tradeoils. Mutational changes will be sequenced to determine the predictably of evolution at the molecular level. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VIRAL MEMBRANE AND GLYCOPROTEIN STRUCTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Harrison, Stephen C.; Professor; Molecular and Cellular Biology; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1977; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Verbatim from the applicant's abstract) Emerging Infections: To study the mechanism by which influenza virus strains can emerge as infectious to humans, we plan to examine the X-ray structure and function of hemagglutinins from viral strains apparently limited to infecting animal reservoirs and for comparison human infectious strains from the major pandemics. Preferences for different sialoside linkages on cellular receptors correlate with the spread of infection in animals versus humans. One goal is to help explain observations like why outbreaks in the past two years in Hong Kong of avian virus infections in humans did not spread into the human population. Viral Entry Mechanisms: To investigate membrane fusion by influenza virus, we plan crystal structure studies of protein/detergent complexes of intact HA and HA2 and mechanistic studies of the interaction of HA with membranes and of intermediates in the fusion reaction. The hypothesis that HA2 in the low pH conformation observed by crystallography is membrane fusion active will also be tested with intact recombinant HA2 molecules transfected in cells suitable for membrane fusion assays. The hypothesis that the N- and C-terminal segments of HA1 plus all of HA2 (BHA's stem) was an ancestral membrane fusion protein will be tested by engineering such a protein, testing whether it can be proteolytically primed and activated by low pH, and whether the HA1 segments have a role, such as in the assembly of a putative multi-trimer containing pore. M2 Ion Channel: To generate structural information about the ion channel protein M2 of influenza virus we propose crystallization in detergent of bacterially expressed and refolded M2 tetramers that we have produced; and/or a tetramer of a channel-active synthetic transmembrane helix. Complexes with the inhibitory drug, amantadine, will also be studied. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Lactose

text articles. The following is a sample of items found for lactose in the PubMed Central database: •

A mutant Ebg enzyme that converts lactose into an inducer of the lac operon. by Rolseth SJ, Fried VA, Hall BG.; 1980 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=294136

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Amino acid substitution in the lactose carrier protein with the use of amber suppressors. by Huang AM, Lee JI, King SC, Wilson TH.; 1992 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206383

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Analysis of genetic recombination between two partially deleted lactose operons of Escherichia coli K-12. by Zieg J, Kushner SR.; 1977 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235400

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Arg-302 facilitates deprotonation of Glu-325 in the transport mechanism of the lactose permease from Escherichia coli. by Sahin-Toth M, Kaback HR.; 2001 May 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33423

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ATP-Dependent Phosphorylation of Serine-46 in the Phosphocarrier Protein HPr Regulates Lactose/H+ Symport in Lactobacillus brevis. by Ye JJ, Reizer J, Cui X, Saier MH Jr.; 1994 Apr 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43523

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Autoregulation of GAL4 transcription is essential for rapid growth of Kluyveromyces lactis on lactose and galactose. by Czyz M, Nagiec MM, Dickson RC.; 1993 Sep 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=310076

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Bacteremia caused by a lactose-fermenting, multiply resistant Salmonella typhi strain in a patient recovering from typhoid fever. by Cohen SL, Wylie BA, Sooka A, Koornhof HJ.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269260

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Binding-protein-dependent lactose transport in Agrobacterium radiobacter. by Greenwood JA, Cornish A, Jones CW.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208659

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Bioenergetic consequences of lactose starvation for continuously cultured Streptococcus cremoris. by Poolman B, Smid EJ, Veldkamp H, Konings WN.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211968

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cAMP receptor protein --cAMP plays a crucial role in glucose --lactose diauxie by activating the major glucose transporter gene in Escherichia coli. by Kimata K, Takahashi H, Inada T, Postma P, Aiba H.; 1997 Nov 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24238

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Changing the lactose permease of Escherichia coli into a galactose-specific symporter. by Guan L, Sahin-Toth M, Kaback HR.; 2002 May 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124451

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Characterization of lactose transport in Kluyveromyces lactis. by Dickson RC, Barr K.; 1983 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217597

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Characterization of Lactose-Fermenting Revertants from Lactose-Negative Streptococcus lactis C2 Mutants. by Cords BR, McKay LL.; 1974 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245687

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Characterization of SotA and SotB, Two Erwinia chrysanthemi Proteins Which Modify Isopropyl-[beta]-d-Thiogalactopyranoside and Lactose Induction of the Escherichia coli lac Promoter. by Condemine G.; 2000 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94421

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Characterization of the Lactococcus lactis lactose operon promoter: contribution of flanking sequences and LacR repressor to promoter activity. by van Rooijen RJ, Gasson MJ, de Vos WM.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205848

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Characterization, Expression, and Mutation of the Lactococcus lactis galPMKTE Genes, Involved in Galactose Utilization via the Leloir Pathway. by Grossiord BP, Luesink EJ, Vaughan EE, Arnaud A, de Vos WM.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=142802

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Cloning and Characterization of Sialidases with 2-6[prime prime or minute] and 23[prime prime or minute] Sialyl Lactose Specificity from Pasteurella multocida. by Mizan S, Henk A, Stallings A, Maier M, Lee MD.; 2000 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94810

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Cloning and characterization of the repressor gene of the Staphylococcus aureus lactose operon. by Oskouian B, Stewart GC.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213972

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Co-induction of beta-galactosidase and the lactose-P-enolpyruvate phosphotransferase system in Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mutans. by Hamilton IR, Lo GC.; 1978 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=218523

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Comparison of Fecal Coliform Agar and Violet Red Bile Lactose Agar for Fecal Coliform Enumeration in Foods. by Leclercq A, Wanegue C, Baylac P.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123840

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Comparison of lactose uptake in resting and energized Escherichia coli cells: high rates of respiration inactivate the lac carrier. by Ghazi A, Therisod H, Shechter E.; 1983 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217435

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Conformational flexibility at the substrate binding site in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli. by Weinglass AB, Kaback HR.; 1999 Sep 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18007

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Construction of lactose-utilizing Xanthomonas campestris and production of xanthan gum from whey. by Fu JF, Tseng YH.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184322

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Control of Lactose Transport, [beta]-Galactosidase Activity, and Glycolysis by CcpA in Streptococcus thermophilus: Evidence for Carbon Catabolite Repression by a NonPhosphoenolpyruvate-Dependent Phosphotransferase System Sugar. by van den Bogaard PT, Kleerebezem M, Kuipers OP, de Vos WM.; 2000 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94730

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Cooperative Binding of Lactose and the Phosphorylated Phosphocarrier Protein HPr(Ser-P) to the Lactose/H+ Symport Permease of Lactobacillus brevis. by Ye JJ, Saier MH Jr.; 1995 Jan 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42751

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Correlation of Activities of the Enzymes [alpha]-Phosphoglucomutase, UDPGalactose 4-Epimerase, and UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase with Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis by Streptococcus thermophilus LY03. by Degeest B, De Vuyst L.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92180

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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Independent Mutants of the Lactose Operon of Escherichia coli. by Arditti R, Grodzicker T, Beckwith J.; 1973 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251822

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Deduction of consensus binding sequences on proteins that bind IIAGlc of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system by cysteine scanning mutagenesis of Escherichia coli lactose permease. by Sondej M, Sun J, Seok YJ, Kaback HR, Peterkofsky A.; 1999 Mar 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22326

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Delayed Lactose Fermentation by Enterobacteriaceae. by Goodman RE, Pickett MJ.; 1966 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276241

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Detection and characterization of lactose-utilizing Lactococcus spp. in natural ecosystems. by Klijn N, Weerkamp AH, de Vos WM.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167339

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Detection and characterization of Tn2501, a transposon included within the lactose transposon Tn951. by Michiels T, Cornelis G.; 1984 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=215521

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Detection of beta-glucuronidase in lactose-fermenting members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and its presence in bacterial urine cultures. by Hansen W, Yourassowsky E.; 1984 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271541

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Determination of the promoter strength in the mixed transcription system: promoters of lactose, tryptophan and ribosomal protein L10 operons from Escherichia coli. by Kajitani M, Ishihama A.; 1983 Feb 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=325745

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Diagnostic and Public Health Dilemma of Lactose-Fermenting Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium in Cattle in the Northeastern United States. by McDonough PL, Shin SJ, Lein DH.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86381

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Differences in the binding specificities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa M35 and Escherichia coli C600 for lipid-linked oligosaccharides with lactose-related core regions. by Rosenstein IJ, Yuen CT, Stoll MS, Feizi T.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258280

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Distinct galactose phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system in Streptococcus lactis. by Park YH, McKay LL.; 1982 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216524

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Distribution and ecology of Vibrio vulnificus and other lactose-fermenting marine vibrios in coastal waters of the southeastern United States. by Oliver JD, Warner RA, Cleland DR.; 1982 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242203

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Distribution of Vibrio vulnificus and Other Lactose-Fermenting Vibrios in the Marine Environment. by Oliver JD, Warner RA, Cleland DR.; 1983 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242401

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Diversity of Streptococcus salivarius ptsH Mutants That Can Be Isolated in the Presence of 2-Deoxyglucose and Galactose and Characterization of Two Mutants Synthesizing Reduced Levels of HPr, a Phosphocarrier of the Phosphoenolpyruvate:Sugar Phosphotransferase System. by Thomas S, Brochu D, Vadeboncoeur C.; 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95391

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DNA-DNA homology among lactose- and sucrose-fermenting transconjugants from Lactococcus lactis strains exhibiting reduced bacteriophage sensitivity. by Steele JL, Murphy MC, Daly C, McKay LL.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203090

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Duplication of the pepF gene and shuffling of DNA fragments on the lactose plasmid of Lactococcus lactis. by Nardi M, Renault P, Monnet V.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179235

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Effect of isopropylthiogalactoside on induction of the galactose operon by D-fucose in a lactose deletion mutant of Escherichia coli. by McBrien DC, Moses V.; 1966 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=316049

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Effect of Lactose Concentration on the Efficiency of Plating of Bacteriophages on Streptococcus cremoris. by Terzaghi EA, Terzaghi BE.; 1978 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242864

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Effect of Oxygen on Lactose Metabolism in Lactic Streptococci. by Smart JB, Thomas TD.; 1987 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203702

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Effect of penicillin and virginiamycin on drug resistance in lactose-fermenting enteric flora. by Gaines SA, Rollins LD, Williams RD, Selwyn M.; 1980 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283804

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Efficient ethanol production from glucose, lactose, and xylose by recombinant Escherichia coli. by Alterthum F, Ingram LO.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202984

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Elements Involved in Catabolite Repression and Substrate Induction of the Lactose Operon in Lactobacillus casei. by Gosalbes MJ, Monedero V, Perez-Martinez G.; 1999 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93881

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Exclusive presence of lactose-sensitive fimbriae on a typical strain (WVU45) of Actinomyces naeslundii. by Cisar JO, David VA, Curl SH, Vatter AE.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261554

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Expression and regulation of lactose genes carried by plasmids. by Guiso N, Ullmann A.; 1976 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=232974

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Expression of a Lactose Transposon (Tn951) in Zymomonas mobilis. by Carey VC, Walia SK, Ingram LO.; 1983 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239535

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Extracellular beta-galactosidase activity of a Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 mutant able to catabolize lactose. by Javorsky P, Lee SF, Gibbins AM, Forsberg CW.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185048

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Fermentation of Glucose, Lactose, Galactose, Mannitol, and Xylose by Bifidobacteria. by de Vries W, Stouthamer AH.; 1968 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252320

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Fermentation of lactose by yeast cells secreting recombinant fungal lactase. by Ramakrishnan S, Hartley BS.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195890

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Fermentation of raffinose by lactose-fermenting strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and by sucrose-fermenting strains of Escherichia coli. by Cornelis G, Luke RK, Richmond MH.; 1978 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274889

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Formylation of initiator tRNA methionine in procaryotic protein synthesis: in vivo polarity in lactose operon expression. by Petersen HU, Joseph E, Ullmann A, Danchin A.; 1978 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=222403

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Frequency of tetracycline resistance determinant classes among lactose-fermenting coliforms. by Marshall B, Tachibana C, Levy SB.; 1983 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185392

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Functional Complementation of Internal Deletion Mutants in the Lactose Permease of Escherichia coli. by Bibi E, Kaback HR.; 1992 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48484

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Functional Interactions between Putative Intramembrane Charged Residues in the Lactose Permease of Escherichia coli. by Sahin-Toth M, Dunten RL, Gonzalez A, Kaback HR.; 1992 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50376

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Galactose and Lactose Genes from the Galactose-Positive Bacterium Streptococcus salivarius and the Phylogenetically Related Galactose-Negative Bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus: Organization, Sequence, Transcription, and Activity of the gal Gene Products. by Vaillancourt K, Moineau S, Frenette M, Lessard C, Vadeboncoeur C.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139519

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Galactose Expulsion during Lactose Metabolism in Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris FD1 Due to Dephosphorylation of Intracellular Galactose 6-Phosphate. by Benthin S, Nielsen J, Villadsen J.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201467

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Galactose transport in Streptococcus thermophilus. by Hutkins R, Morris HA, McKay LL.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=291746

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Galactosidase Activity of Lactose-positive Neisseria. by Corbett WP, Catlin BW.; 1968 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251971

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Genetic Construction of Lactose-Utilizing Xanthomonas campestris. by Walsh PM, Haas MJ, Somkuti GA.; 1984 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239654

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Genetic Evidence for the Physiological Significance of the -Tagatose 6-Phosphate Pathway of Lactose and -Galactose Degradation in Staphylococcus aureus. by Bissett DL, Anderson RL.; 1974 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245671

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Glucose Effect and the Galactose Enzymes of Escherichia coli: Correlation Between Glucose Inhibition of Induction and Inducer Transport. by Adhya S, Echols H.; 1966 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276297

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Glucose represses the lactose-galactose regulon in Kluyveromyces lactis through a SNF1 and MIG1- dependent pathway that modulates galactokinase (GAL1) gene expression. by Dong J, Dickson RC.; 1997 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146954

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Glucose repression of lactose/galactose metabolism in Kluyveromyces lactis is determined by the concentration of the transcriptional activator LAC9 (K1GAL4) [corrected]. by Zachariae W, Kuger P, Breunig KD.; 1993 Jan 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=309066

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Glucose-Lactose Diauxie in Escherichia coli. by Loomis WF Jr, Magasanik B.; 1967 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276614

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Halophilic, lactose-positive Vibrio in a case of fatal septicemia. by Mertens A, Nagler J, Hansen W, Gepts-Friedenreich E.; 1979 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272997

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Heterofermentative Carbohydrate Metabolism of Lactose-Impaired Mutants of Streptococcus lactis. by Demko GM, Blanton SJ, Benoit RE.; 1972 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251568

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Identification of a new genetic determinant for cell aggregation associated with lactose plasmid transfer in Lactococcus lactis. by van der Lelie D, Chavarri F, Venema G, Gasson MJ.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182685

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Identification of a new insertion element, similar to gram-negative IS26, on the lactose plasmid of Streptococcus lactis ML3. by Polzin KM, Shimizu-Kadota M.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213975

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Identification of the N-acetylneuraminyllactose-specific laminin-binding protein of Helicobacter pylori. by Valkonen KH, Wadstrom T, Moran AP.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175069

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Induction of lactose transport in Escherichia coli during the absence of phospholipid synthesis. by Weisberg LJ, Cronan JE Jr, Nunn WD.; 1975 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235753

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Induction of the Lactose Transport System in a Lipid-Synthesis-Defective Mutant of Escherichia coli. by Hsu CC, Fox CF.; 1970 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248096

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Influence of Reduced Water Activity on Lactose Metabolism by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris at Different pH Values. by Liu SQ, Asmundson RV, Gopal PK, Holland R, Crow VL.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106286

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Influence of the Lactose Plasmid on the Metabolism of Galactose by Streptococcus lactis. by LeBlanc DJ, Crow VL, Lee LN, Garon CF.; 1979 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=218370

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Inhibition of coaggregation between Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis by lactose and related sugars. by Kolenbrander PE, Andersen RN.; 1989 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260790

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Inorganic salts resistance associated with a lactose-fermenting plasmid in Streptococcus lactis. by Efstathiou JD, McKay LL.; 1977 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235201

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Insertional Mutagenesis of Hydrophilic Domains in the Lactose Permease of Escherichia coli. by McKenna E, Hardy D, Kaback HR.; 1992 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50676

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Integrative Food-Grade Expression System Based on the Lactose Regulon of Lactobacillus casei. by Gosalbes MJ, Esteban CD, Galan JL, Perez-Martinez G.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92386

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Involvement of Phosphoenolpyruvate in Lactose Utilization by Group N Streptococci. by McKay LL, Walter LA, Sandine WE, Elliker PR.; 1969 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250061

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Involvement of the central loop of the lactose permease of Escherichia coli in its allosteric regulation by the glucose-specific enzyme IIA of the phosphoenolpyruvatedependent phosphotransferase system. by Hoischen C, Levin J, Pitaknarongphorn S, Reizer J, Saier MH Jr.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178473

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Isolation and Characterization of a Lactose-Positive Strain of Proteus morganii. by Tierno PM Jr, Steinberg P.; 1975 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274958

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Isolation and Characterization of Circular Deoxyribonucleic Acid Obtained from Lactose-Fermenting Salmonella Strains. by Synenki RM, Wohlhieter JA, Johnson EM, Lazere JR, Baron LS.; 1973 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246474

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Isolation of a hybrid F' factor-carrying Escherichia coli lactose region and Salmonella typhimurium histidine region, F42-400 (F' ts114 lac+, his+): its partial characterization and behavior in Salmonella typhimurium. by Rao RN, Pereira MG.; 1975 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235798

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Kinetics of Induction of the Lactose Operon on an Episome in Salmonella typhimurium. by Ballesteros-Olmo A, Kovach JS, Van Knippenberg P, Goldberger RF.; 1969 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=315318

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Lactobacillus casei 64H Contains a Phosphoenolpyruvate-Dependent Phosphotransferase System for Uptake of Galactose, as Confirmed by Analysis of ptsH and Different gal Mutants. by Bettenbrock K, Siebers U, Ehrenreich P, Alpert CA.; 1999 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103553

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Lactose and -Galactose Metabolism in Group N Streptococci: Presence of Enzymes for Both the -Galactose 1-Phosphate and -Tagatose 6-Phosphate Pathways1. by Bissett DL, Anderson RL.; 1974 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246560

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Lactose and melibiose metabolism in Erwinia chrysanthemi. by Gray JS, Lindner WA, Brand JM, Mildenhall JP.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213567

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Lactose carrier mutants of Escherichia coli with changes in sugar recognition (lactose versus melibiose). by Varela MF, Brooker RJ, Wilson TH.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179430

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Lactose inhibits the growth of Rhizobium meliloti cells that contain an actively expressed Escherichia coli lactose operon. by Timblin CR, Kahn ML.; 1984 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=215578

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Lactose metabolism by Staphylococcus aureus: characterization of lacABCD, the structural genes of the tagatose 6-phosphate pathway. by Rosey EL, Oskouian B, Stewart GC.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208343

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Lactose metabolism by Streptococcus mutans: evidence for induction of the tagatose 6-phosphate pathway. by Hamilton IR, Lebtag H.; 1979 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216758

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Lactose metabolism in Erwinia chrysanthemi. by Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, RobertBaudouy J.; 1985 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=218981

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Lactose metabolism in Lactobacillus bulgaricus: analysis of the primary structure and expression of the genes involved. by Leong-Morgenthaler P, Zwahlen MC, Hottinger H.; 1991 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207726

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Lactose metabolism in Streptococcus lactis: phosphorylation of galactose and glucose moieties in vivo. by Thompson J.; 1979 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216715

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Lactose metabolism in Streptococcus lactis: studies with a mutant lacking glucokinase and mannose-phosphotransferase activities. by Thompson J, Chassy BM, Egan W.; 1985 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=218977

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Lactose metabolism involving phospho-beta-galactosidase in Klebsiella. by Hall BG.; 1979 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=218092

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Lactose permease mutants which transport (malto)-oligosaccharides. by Olsen SG, Greene KM, Brooker RJ.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206723

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Lactose Permeation Via the Arabinose Transport System in Escherichia coli K-12. by Messer A.; 1974 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245759

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Lactose transport in Streptococcus mutans: isolation and characterization of factor IIIlac, a specific protein component of the phosphoenolpyruvate-lactose phosphotransferase system. by Vadeboncoeur C, Proulx M.; 1984 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261454

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Lactose Uptake Driven by Galactose Efflux in Streptococcus thermophilus: Evidence for a Galactose-Lactose Antiporter. by Hutkins RW, Ponne C.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182826

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Lactose Variability of Escherichia coli in Thermally Stressed Reactor Effluent Waters. by Kasweck KL, Fliermans CB.; 1978 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243131

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Lactose-fermenting Salmonella. by Gonzalez AB.; 1966 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=316096

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Lactose-fermenting, multiple drug-resistant Salmonella typhi strains isolated from a patient with postoperative typhoid fever. by Kohbata S, Takahashi M, Yabuuchi E.; 1983 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270931

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Lactose-positive Vibrio in seawater: a cause of pneumonia and septicemia in a drowning victim. by Kelly MT, Avery DM.; 1980 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273379

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Lactose-sensitive and -insensitive cell surface interactions of oral Streptococcus milleri strains and actinomyces. by Eifuku H, Kitada K, Yakushiji T, Inoue M.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257766

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lacY mutant of Escherichia coli with altered physiology of lactose induction. by Flagg JL, Wilson TH.; 1976 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=232758

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Lag in adaptation to lactose as a probe to the timing of permease incorporation into the cell membrane. by Koch AL.; 1975 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235912

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Lysis of Escherichia coli mutants by lactose. by Alexander JK.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216692

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Mechanisms of Lactose Utilization by Lactic Acid Streptococci: Enzymatic and Genetic Analyses. by McKay L, Miller A III, Sandine WE, Elliker PR.; 1970 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247630

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Metabolism of Lactose by Staphylococcus aureus and Its Genetic Basis. by Morse ML, Hill KL, Egan JB, Hengstenberg W.; 1968 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=315162

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Metabolism of lactose by Staphylococcus aureus. by Hengstenberg W, Penberthy WK, Hill KL, Morse ML.; 1968 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252586

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Microbial Ecophysiology of Whey Biomethanation: Intermediary Metabolism of Lactose Degradation in Continuous Culture. by Chartrain M, Zeikus JG.; 1986 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238836

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Molecular and genetic characterization of lactose-metabolic genes of Streptococcus cremoris. by Inamine JM, Lee LN, LeBlanc DJ.; 1986 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=215952

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Molecular characterization of the integration of the lactose plasmid from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK11 into the chromosome of L. lactis subsp. lactis. by Petzel JP, McKay LL.; 1992 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195182

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Molecular cloning of the lactose-metabolizing genes from Streptococcus lactis. by Harlander SK, McKay LL, Schachtele CF.; 1984 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241516

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Mutant of Escherichia coli Exhibiting a Cold-sensitive Phenotype for Growth on Lactose. by Squires CK, Ingraham JL.; 1969 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249716

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Mutations Partially Inactivating the Lactose Repressor of Escherichia coli. by Shineberg B.; 1974 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245633

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N-acetylneuraminyllactose-binding fibrillar hemagglutinin of Campylobacter pylori: a putative colonization factor antigen. by Evans DG, Evans DJ Jr, Moulds JJ, Graham DY.; 1988 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259668

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Nature of Lactose-fermenting Salmonella Strains Obtained from Clinical Sources. by Easterling SB, Johnson EM, Wohlhieter JA, Baron LS.; 1969 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=315354

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Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the lacR, lacABCD, and lacFE genes encoding the repressor, tagatose 6-phosphate gene cluster, and sugar-specific phosphotransferase system components of the lactose operon of Streptococcus mutans. by Rosey EL, Stewart GC.; 1992 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207683

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Organization and Stability of a Polytopic Membrane Protein: Deletion Analysis of the Lactose Permease of Escherichia coli. by Bibi E, Verner G, Chang C, Kaback HR.; 1991 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52276

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Outbreak of food poisoning caused by lactose-fermenting Salmonella tuebingen. by Dube SD.; 1983 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272720

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PERMEABILITY AND METABOLISM OF LACTOSE IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA. by Lester G, Azzena D, Hechter O.; 1962 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=277840

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Permease-specific mutations in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli that release the glycerol, maltose, melibiose, and lactose transport systems from regulation

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by the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system. by Saier MH Jr, Straud H, Massman LS, Judice JJ, Newman MJ, Feucht BU.; 1978 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=222173 •

Phosphorylation and Functional Properties of the IIA Domain of the Lactose Transport Protein of Streptococcus thermophilus. by Gunnewijk MG, Postma PW, Poolman B.; 1999 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93420

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pJT2: unusual H1 plasmid in a highly virulent lactose-positive and chloramphenicolresistant Salmonella typhimurium strain from calves. by Timoney JF, Taylor DE, Shin S, McDonough P.; 1980 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284027

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Plasmid carriage in Vibrio vulnificus and other lactose-fermenting marine vibrios. by Davidson LS, Oliver JD.; 1986 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203455

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Plasmid linkage of the D-tagatose 6-phosphate pathway in Streptococcus lactis: effect on lactose and galactose metabolism. by Crow VL, Davey GP, Pearce LE, Thomas TD.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217343

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Plasmid-Determined Ability of a Salmonella tennessee Strain to Ferment Lactose and Sucrose. by Johnson EM, Wohlhieter JA, Placek BP, Sleet RB, Baron LS.; 1976 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=233379

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Plasmids in Streptococcus lactis: evidence that lactose metabolism and proteinase activity are plasmid linked. by Efstathiou JD, McKay LL.; 1976 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=170002

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Plasmids, loss of lactose metabolism, and appearance of partial and full lactosefermenting revertants in Streptococcus cremoris B1. by Anderson DG, McKay LL.; 1977 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=234935

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Possible mechanisms underlying the slow lactose fermentation phenotype in Shigella spp. by Ito H, Kido N, Arakawa Y, Ohta M, Sugiyama T, Kato N.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183896

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Production of galacto-oligosaccharide from lactose by Sterigmatomyces elviae CBS8119. by Onishi N, Yamashiro A, Yokozeki K.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167709

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Production of High-Viscosity Whey Broths by a Lactose-Utilizing Xanthomonas campestris Strain. by Schwartz RD, Bodie EA.; 1985 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238783

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Properties and Purification of an Active Biotinylated Lactose Permease from Escherichia coli. by Consler TG, Persson BL, Jung H, Zen KH, Jung K, Prive GG, Verner GE, Kaback HR.; 1993 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47049

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Properties of a Streptococcus lactis strain that ferments lactose slowly. by Crow VL, Thomas TD.; 1984 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=215124

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Properties of Lactose Plasmid pLY101 in Lactobacillus casei. by Shimizu-Kadota M.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=204236

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Properties of Permease Dimer, A Fusion Protein Containing Two Lactose Permease Molecules from Escherichia coli. by Sahin-Toth M, Lawrence MC, Kaback HR.; 1994 Jun 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44007

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Properties of the lactose transport system in Klebsiella sp. strain CT-1. by Imai K, Hall BG.; 1981 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217159

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Pseudoreversion of lactose operator-constitutive mutants. by Norwood WI, Sadler JR.; 1977 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235178

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Reconstitution of an active lactose carrier in vivo by simultaneous synthesis of two complementary protein fragments. by Wrubel W, Stochaj U, Sonnewald U, Theres C, Ehring R.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213202

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Regulation and Adaptive Evolution of Lactose Operon Expression in Lactobacillus delbrueckii. by Lapierre L, Mollet B, Germond JE.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134810

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Regulation of Lactose Utilization Genes in Staphylococcus xylosus. by Bassias J, Bruckner R.; 1998 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107164

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Regulation of lactose-phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system and beta-D-phosphogalactoside galactohydrolase activities in Lactobacillus casei. by Chassy BM, Thompson J.; 1983 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217591

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Regulation of product formation during glucose or lactose limitation in nongrowing cells of Streptococcus lactis. by Fordyce AM, Crow VL, Thomas TD.; 1984 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241513

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Regulation of the Synthesis of the Lactose Repressor. by Edelmann PL, Edlin G.; 1974 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245824

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Relationships Between the Regulation of the Lactose and Galactose Operons of Escherichia coli. by Williams B, Paigen K.; 1969 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249758

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Replication and temperature-sensitive maintenance functions of lactose plasmid pSK11L from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris. by Horng JS, Polzin KM, McKay LL.; 1991 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=212525

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Repression and catabolite repression of the lactose operon of Staphylococcus aureus. by Oskouian B, Stewart GC.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213359

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Requirement for Phosphoglucomutase in Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis in Glucoseand Lactose-Utilizing Streptococcus thermophilus. by Levander F, Radstrom P.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92932

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Restriction and modification activities from Streptococcus lactis ME2 are encoded by a self-transmissible plasmid, pTN20, that forms cointegrates during mobilization of lactose-fermenting ability. by Higgins DL, Sanozky-Dawes RB, Klaenhammer TR.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211312

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Restriction endonuclease analysis of the lactose plasmid in Streptococcus lactis ML3 and two recombinant lactose plasmids. by Walsh PM, McKay LL.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=244177

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Restriction enzyme analysis of lactose and bacteriocin plasmids from Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis WM4 and cloning of BclI fragments coding for bacteriocin production. by Harmon KS, McKay LL.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203827

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Role of conserved residues in hydrophilic loop 8-9 of the lactose permease. by Pazdernik NJ, Jessen-Marshall AE, Brooker RJ.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178755

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Role of Galactose or Glucose-1-Phosphate in Preventing the Lysis of Streptococcus diacetilactis. by Moustafa HH, Collins EB.; 1968 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252057

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Role of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent glucose phosphotransferase system of Streptococcus mutans GS5 in the regulation of lactose uptake. by Liberman ES, Bleiweis AS.; 1984 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264330

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Salt tolerance of lactose-grown Vibrio parahaemolyticus carrying Escherichia coli lac genes. by Datta AR, MacQuillan AM.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203685

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Selection of Galactose-Fermenting Streptococcus thermophilus in Lactose-Limited Chemostat Cultures. by Thomas TD, Crow VL.; 1984 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240362

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Sequential Truncation of the Lactose Permease Over a Three-Amino Acid Sequence Near the Carboxyl Terminus Leads to Progressive Loss of Activity and Stability. by McKenna E, Hardy D, Pastore JC, Kaback HR.; 1991 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51365

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Serum antibody responses to the N-acetylneuraminyllactose-binding hemagglutinin of Campylobacter pylori. by Evans DJ Jr, Evans DG, Smith KE, Graham DY.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313158

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Simplified scheme for identification of prompt lactose-fermenting members of the Enterobacteriaceae. by Hicks MJ, Ryan KJ.; 1976 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274512

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Stabilization of Lactose Metabolism in Streptococcus lactis C2. by McKay LL, Baldwin KA.; 1978 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=291226

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Structures and Properties of Gellan Polymers Produced by Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 31461 from Lactose Compared with Those Produced from Glucose and from Cheese Whey. by Fialho AM, Martins LO, Donval ML, Leitao JH, Ridout MJ, Jay AJ, Morris VJ, Sa-Correia I.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91366

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Studies on [beta]-Galactoside Transport in a Proteus mirabilis Merodiploid Carrying an Escherichia coli Lactose Operon. by Stubbs J, Horwitz A, Moses V.; 1973 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246400

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Sucrose transport by the Escherichia coli lactose carrier. by Heller KB, Wilson TH.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216662

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Suppressor analysis of mutations in the loop 2-3 motif of lactose permease: evidence that glycine-64 is an important residue for conformational changes. by Jessen-Marshall AE, Parker NJ, Brooker RJ.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179011

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Suppressor Scanning at Positions 177 and 236 in the Escherichia coli Lactose/H + Cotransporter and Stereotypical Effects of Acidic Substituents That Suggest a Favored Orientation of Transmembrane Segments Relative to the Lipid Bilayer. by King SC, Li S.; 1998 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107231

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The binding of cyclic AMP receptor protein to two lactose promoter sites is not cooperative in vitro. by Hudson JM, Fried MG.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207156

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The General Stress Sigma Factor [final sigma]S of Escherichia coli Is Induced during Diauxic Shift from Glucose to Lactose. by Fischer D, Teich A, Neubauer P, HenggeAronis R.; 1998 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107704

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The increased level of [beta]1,4-galactosyltransferase required for lactose biosynthesis is achieved in part by translational control. by Charron M, Shaper JH, Shaper NL.; 1998 Dec 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24530

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The lactose transport protein is a cooperative dimer with two sugar translocation pathways. by Veenhoff LM, Heuberger EH, Poolman B.; 2001 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150208

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The putative neuraminyllactose-binding hemagglutinin HpaA of Helicobacter pylori CCUG 17874 is a lipoprotein. by O'Toole PW, Janzon L, Doig P, Huang J, Kostrzynska M, Trust TJ.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177441

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Thermosensitive plasmid replication, temperature-sensitive host growth, and chromosomal plasmid integration conferred by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris lactose plasmids in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. by Feirtag JM, Petzel JP, Pasalodos E, Baldwin KA, McKay LL.; 1991 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182745

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Thiogalactoside transacetylase of the lactose operon as an enzyme for detoxification. by Andrews KJ, Lin EC.; 1976 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=232886

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Tn2501, a component of the lactose transposon Tn951, is an example of a new category of class II transposable elements. by Michiels T, Cornelis G, Ellis K, Grinsted J.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211824

Studies

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Topology of allosteric regulation of lactose permease. by Seok YJ, Sun J, Kaback HR, Peterkofsky A.; 1997 Dec 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28337

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Transcriptional Regulation and Evolution of Lactose Genes in the Galactose-Lactose Operon of Lactococcus lactis NCDO2054. by Vaughan EE, Pridmore RD, Mollet B.; 1998 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107515

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Transduction of Lactose Metabolism in Streptococcus lactis C2. by McKay LL, Cords BR, Baldwin KA.; 1973 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246325

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Transductional evidence for plasmid linkage of lactose metabolism in streptococcus lactis C2. by McKay LL, Baldwin KA, Efstathiou JD.; 1976 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=170003

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Transgalactosylation activity of ebg beta-galactosidase synthesizes allolactose from lactose. by Hall BG.; 1982 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=220091

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Transport and Metabolism of Lactose, Glucose, and Galactose in Homofermentative Lactobacilli. by Hickey MW, Hillier AJ, Jago GR.; 1986 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238968

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Transport by the lactose permease of Escherichia coli as the basis of lactose killing. by Dykhuizen D, Hartl D.; 1978 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=222459

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Transport of alpha-p-nitrophenylgalactoside by the lactose carrier of Escherichia coli. by Putzrath RM, Wilson TH.; 1979 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=218395

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Unclassified, Lactose-Fermenting, Urease-Producing Member of the Family Enterobacteriaceae Resembling Escherichia coli. by Washington JA II, Maker MD.; 1975 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274128

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Unliganded maltose-binding protein triggers lactose transport in an Escherichia coli mutant with an alteration in the maltose transport system. by Merino G, Shuman HA.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179730

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Unusual Organization for Lactose and Galactose Gene Clusters in Lactobacillus helveticus. by Fortina MG, Ricci G, Mora D, Guglielmetti S, Manachini PL.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161534

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Use of droplet plating method and cystine-lactose-lactng electrolyte-deficient medium in routine quantitative urine culturing procedure. by Neblett TR.; 1976 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274453

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Virulence factors of lactose-negative Escherichia coli strains isolated from children with diarrhea in Somalia. by Nicoletti M, Superti F, Conti C, Calconi A, Zagaglia C.; 1988 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266325

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with lactose, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for lactose (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case-control study of galactose consumption and metabolism in relation to ovarian cancer. Author(s): Cramer DW, Greenberg ER, Titus-Ernstoff L, Liberman RF, Welch WR, Li E, Ng WG. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2000 January; 9(1): 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10667469&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of symptoms after the consumption of milk or lactose-hydrolyzed milk by people with self-reported severe lactose intolerance. Author(s): Suarez FL, Savaiano DA, Levitt MD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995 July 6; 333(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7776987&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of the performance of cystine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar with Oxoid chromogenic urinary tract infection (CUTI) medium for the isolation and presumptive identification of organisms from urine. Author(s): Fallon D, Andrews N, Frodsham D, Gee B, Howe S, Iliffe A, Nye KJ, Warren RE. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002 July; 55(7): 524-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12101200&dopt=Abstract

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A metabolic balance study in term infants fed lactose-containing or lactose-free formula. Author(s): Moya M, Lifschitz C, Ameen V, Euler AR. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1999 November; 88(11): 1211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10591421&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized trial of Lactobacillus acidophilus BG2FO4 to treat lactose intolerance. Author(s): Saltzman JR, Russell RM, Golner B, Barakat S, Dallal GE, Goldin BR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 January; 69(1): 140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9925136&dopt=Abstract

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A toxicological review of lactose to support clinical administration by inhalation. Author(s): Baldrick P, Bamford DG. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1997 July; 35(7): 719-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9301657&dopt=Abstract

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A visual screening method for lactose maldigestion. Author(s): Buttery JE, Ratnaike RN, Chamberlain BR. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1994 November; 31 ( Pt 6): 566-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7880076&dopt=Abstract

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Abdominal pain associated with lactose ingestion in children with lactose intolerance. Author(s): Gremse DA, Greer AS, Vacik J, DiPalma JA. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2003 May; 42(4): 341-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12800728&dopt=Abstract

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Abdominal symptoms and lactose: the discrepancy between patients' claims and the results of blinded trials. Author(s): Suarez F, Levitt MD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 August; 64(2): 251-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8694029&dopt=Abstract

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Absorption of lactose, glucose polymers, or combination in premature infants. Author(s): Shulman RJ, Feste A, Ou C. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 October; 127(4): 626-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7562290&dopt=Abstract

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Acquired lactose intolerance: a seldom considered cause of diarrhea in the palliative care setting. Author(s): Noble S, Rawlinson F, Byrne A. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2002 June; 23(6): 449-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12067764&dopt=Abstract

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Actinomyces serovar WVA963 coaggregation-defective mutant strain PK2407 secretes lactose-sensitive adhesin that binds to coaggregation partner Streptococcus oralis 34. Author(s): Klier CM, Roble AG, Kolenbrander PE. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 1998 December; 13(6): 337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9872108&dopt=Abstract

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Adaptation of lactose maldigesters to continued milk intakes. Author(s): Johnson AO, Semenya JG, Buchowski MS, Enwonwu CO, Scrimshaw NS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 December; 58(6): 879-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8249871&dopt=Abstract

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Allaying fears and fallacies about lactose intolerance. Author(s): McBean LD, Miller GD. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998 June; 98(6): 671-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9627625&dopt=Abstract

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Alpha-lactose monohydrate single crystals as hosts for matrix isolation of guest biopolymers. Author(s): Wang HC, Kurimoto M, Kahr B, Chmielewski J. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2001 September; 9(9): 2279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553466&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of sialyllactoses in blood and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Fu D, Zopf D. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1999 April 10; 269(1): 113-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10094781&dopt=Abstract

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Applicability of short hydrogen breath test for screening of lactose malabsorption. Author(s): Casellas F, Malagelada JR. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 July; 48(7): 1333-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870791&dopt=Abstract

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Artificial glycopolypeptide conjugates: simple synthesis of lactose- and N,N'diacetylchitobiose-substituted poly(L-glutamic acid)s through N-beta-glycoside linkages and their interaction with lectins. Author(s): Kobayashi K, Tawada E, Akaike T, Usui T. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1997 August 29; 1336(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9305781&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of intestinal permeability: enzymatic determination of urinary mannitol, raffinose, sucrose and lactose on Hitachi analyzer. Author(s): Hessels J, Snoeyink EJ, Platenkamp AJ, Voortman G, Steggink J, Eidhof HH. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 2003 January; 41(1): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636047&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of lactose tests. Author(s): Lember M. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 December 15; 66(12): 2206, 2208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507158&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of optimal dose of lactose for lactose hydrogen breath test in Indian adults. Author(s): Rana S, Bhasin DK, Gupta D, Mehta SK. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1995 January; 14(1): 13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7860110&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of the influence of hydrogen nonexcretion on the usefulness of the hydrogen breath test and lactose tolerance test. Author(s): Hammer HF, Petritsch W, Pristautz H, Krejs GJ. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 1996; 108(5): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8901127&dopt=Abstract

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Assisting families in making appropriate feeding choices: cow's milk protein allergy versus lactose intolerance. Author(s): Baron ML. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2000 September-October; 26(5): 516-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026343&dopt=Abstract

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Association of dairy products, lactose, and calcium with the risk of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Goodman MT, Wu AH, Tung KH, McDuffie K, Kolonel LN, Nomura AM, Terada K, Wilkens LR, Murphy S, Hankin JH. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 July 15; 156(2): 148-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117706&dopt=Abstract

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Association of dietary lactose and calciuria. Author(s): Brandao AN, Goncalves I, Cruz AS, Mota HC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1994 January; 18(1): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8166856&dopt=Abstract

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Association of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity and N314D genotype with the risk of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Goodman MT, Wu AH, Tung KH, McDuffie K, Cramer DW, Wilkens LR, Terada K, Reichardt JK, Ng WG. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 October 15; 156(8): 693-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12370157&dopt=Abstract

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Attachment of Fusobacterium nucleatum PK1594 to mammalian cells and its coaggregation with periodontopathogenic bacteria are mediated by the same galactose-binding adhesin. Author(s): Weiss EI, Shaniztki B, Dotan M, Ganeshkumar N, Kolenbrander PE, Metzger Z. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2000 December; 15(6): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11154434&dopt=Abstract

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Bacteroides forsythus hemagglutinin is inhibited by N-acetylneuraminyllactose. Author(s): Murakami Y, Higuchi N, Nakamura H, Yoshimura F, Oppenheim FG. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2002 April; 17(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929561&dopt=Abstract

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Beta1,4-galactosyltransferase and lactose biosynthesis: recruitment of a housekeeping gene from the nonmammalian vertebrate gene pool for a mammary gland specific function. Author(s): Shaper NL, Charron M, Lo NW, Shaper JH. Source: Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 1998 July; 3(3): 315-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819517&dopt=Abstract

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Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase and lactose synthase: molecular mechanical devices. Author(s): Ramakrishnan B, Boeggeman E, Qasba PK. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 March 15; 291(5): 1113-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883930&dopt=Abstract

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Bone density in axial and appendicular skeleton in patients with lactose intolerance: influence of calcium intake and vitamin D status. Author(s): Segal E, Dvorkin L, Lavy A, Rozen GS, Yaniv I, Raz B, Tamir A, Ish-Shalom S. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003 June; 22(3): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12805246&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral content and dietary calcium intake in children prescribed a low-lactose diet. Author(s): Stallings VA, Oddleifson NW, Negrini BY, Zemel BS, Wellens R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1994 May; 18(4): 440-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8071779&dopt=Abstract

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Breast growth and the urinary excretion of lactose during human pregnancy and early lactation: endocrine relationships. Author(s): Cox DB, Kent JC, Casey TM, Owens RA, Hartmann PE. Source: Experimental Physiology. 1999 March; 84(2): 421-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10226182&dopt=Abstract

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Breath hydrogen responses in infants using lactose-rice formula and regular lactose formula. Author(s): Wu TC, Hwang B, Lee PS. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2001 November-December; 42(6): 328-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811219&dopt=Abstract

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Breath testing to evaluate lactose intolerance in irritable bowel syndrome correlates with lactulose testing and may not reflect true lactose malabsorption. Author(s): Pimentel M, Kong Y, Park S. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 December; 98(12): 2700-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14687820&dopt=Abstract

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Burning issues. A guide for patients. Lactose intolerance. Author(s): Bursey RF. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 1999 March; 13(2): 107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10203425&dopt=Abstract

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By the way, doctor. I've started drinking soy milk instead of cow's milk because I've developed an intolerance to lactose. I know there are so-called phytoestrogens in soy products and that they are probably of some benefit to me. However, is there a problem for my husband? Author(s): Manson JE. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2000 April; 25(6): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10712759&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium and zinc absorption from lactose-containing and lactose-free infant formulas. Author(s): Abrams SA, Griffin IJ, Davila PM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 76(2): 442-6. Erratum In: Am J Clin Nutr 2002 November; 76(5): 1142. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145020&dopt=Abstract

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Can ethanol be omitted from the lactose absorption test? Author(s): Buttery JE, Ratnaike RN. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 1995 December; 28(6): 599-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8595708&dopt=Abstract

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Can the elimination of lactose from formula improve feeding tolerance in premature infants? Author(s): Griffin MP, Hansen JW. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 November; 135(5): 587-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10547247&dopt=Abstract

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Cell death by overload of the elastin-laminin receptor on human activated lymphocytes: protection by lactose and melibiose. Author(s): Peterszegi G, Texier S, Robert L. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1999 February; 29(2): 166-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10093004&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of women with a family history of ovarian cancer. I. Galactose consumption and metabolism. Author(s): Cramer DW, Muto MG, Reichardt JK, Xu H, Welch WR, Valles B, Ng WG. Source: Cancer. 1994 August 15; 74(4): 1309-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8055453&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of a targeted gene carrier, lactose-polyethylene glycol-grafted polyL-lysine and its complex with plasmid DNA. Author(s): Choi YH, Liu F, Choi JS, Kim SW, Park JS. Source: Human Gene Therapy. 1999 November 1; 10(16): 2657-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10566893&dopt=Abstract

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Chemotherapy-induced lactose intolerance in adults. Author(s): Parnes HL, Fung E, Schiffer CA. Source: Cancer. 1994 September 1; 74(5): 1629-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8062196&dopt=Abstract

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Cholecystokinin cholescintigraphy: methodology and normal values using a lactosefree fatty-meal food supplement. Author(s): Ziessman HA, Jones DA, Muenz LR, Agarval AK. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2003 August; 44(8): 1263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902416&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic consumption of fresh but not heated yogurt improves breath-hydrogen status and short-chain fatty acid profiles: a controlled study in healthy men with or without lactose maldigestion. Author(s): Rizkalla SW, Luo J, Kabir M, Chevalier A, Pacher N, Slama G. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 December; 72(6): 1474-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11101474&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical picture of hypolactasia and lactose intolerance. Author(s): Villako K, Maaroos H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1994; 202: 36-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8042017&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical tolerance to lactose in children with cow's milk allergy. Author(s): Fiocchi A, Restani P, Leo G, Martelli A, Bouygue GR, Terracciano L, Ballabio C, Valsasina R. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 August; 112(2): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12897287&dopt=Abstract

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Cloning of a human UDP-galactose:2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose 3betagalactosyltransferase catalyzing the formation of type 1 chains. Author(s): Kolbinger F, Streiff MB, Katopodis AG. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1998 January 2; 273(1): 433-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9417100&dopt=Abstract

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Co-adhesion of oral microbial pairs under flow in the presence of saliva and lactose. Author(s): Bos R, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1996 February; 75(2): 809-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8655779&dopt=Abstract

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Coincidental malabsorption of lactose, fructose, and sorbitol ingested at low doses is not common in normal adults. Author(s): Ladas SD, Grammenos I, Tassios PS, Raptis SA. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2000 December; 45(12): 2357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11258556&dopt=Abstract

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Colchicine-induced lactose malabsorption in patients with familial Mediterranean fever. Author(s): Fradkin A, Yahav J, Zemer D, Jonas A. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1995 October; 31(10): 616-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7591685&dopt=Abstract

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Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance. Author(s): Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 August; 64(2): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8694025&dopt=Abstract

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Colonically adapted lactose maldigesters may bias dietary studies of colorectal cancer. Author(s): Szilagyi A. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1998 January; 43(1): 39-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9508532&dopt=Abstract

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Common architecture of the primary galactose binding sites of Erythrina corallodendron lectin and heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli in relation to the binding of branched neolactohexaosylceramide. Author(s): Teneberg S, Berntsson A, Angstrom J. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 2000 September; 128(3): 481-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10965049&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative cross-linking activities of lactose-specific plant and animal lectins and a natural lactose-binding immunoglobulin G fraction from human serum with asialofetuin. Author(s): Gupta D, Kaltner H, Dong X, Gabius HJ, Brewer CF. Source: Glycobiology. 1996 December; 6(8): 843-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9023547&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative effects of exogenous lactase (beta-galactosidase) preparations on in vivo lactose digestion. Author(s): Lin MY, Dipalma JA, Martini MC, Gross CJ, Harlander SK, Savaiano DA. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1993 November; 38(11): 2022-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8223076&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of a portable breath hydrogen analyser (Micro H2) with a Quintron MicroLyzer in measuring lactose maldigestion, and the evaluation of a Micro H2 for diagnosing hypolactasia. Author(s): Peuhkuri K, Poussa T, Korpela R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1998 May; 58(3): 217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9670345&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of a rice-based, mixed diet versus a lactose-free, soy-protein isolate formula for young children with acute diarrhea. Author(s): Maulen-Radovan I, Brown KH, Acosta MA, Fernandez-Varela H. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 November; 125(5 Pt 1): 699-706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7965421&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of fecal coliform agar and violet red bile lactose agar for fecal coliform enumeration in foods. Author(s): Leclercq A, Wanegue C, Baylac P. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2002 April; 68(4): 1631-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916678&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of lactose intolerance in healthy Kuwaiti and Asian volunteers. Author(s): Al-Sanae H, Saldanha W, Sugathan TN, Majid Molla A. Source: Medical Principles and Practice : International Journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre. 2003 July-September; 12(3): 160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766333&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of soy-based formulas with lactose and with sucrose in the treatment of acute diarrhea in infants. Author(s): Fayad IM, Hashem M, Hussein A, Zikri MA, Zikri MA, Santosham M. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1999 July; 153(7): 675-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401799&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the performance of lactose and mannitol selenite enriched broths, subcultured to DCA and XLD agars, in the isolation of Salmonella spp. from faeces. Author(s): Nye KJ, Fallon D, Frodsham D, Gee B, Howe S, Turner T, Warren RE, Andrews N; Public Health Laboratory Service (Midlands) Bacterial Methods Evaluation Group. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2002 December; 5(4): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12564242&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of yoghurt, heat treated yoghurt, milk and lactose effects on plasmid dissemination in gnotobiotic mice. Author(s): Maisonneuve S, Ouriet MF, Duval-Iflah Y. Source: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2001 June; 79(2): 199-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520006&dopt=Abstract

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Conjugation of plasmid DNAs with lactose via diazocoupling enhances resistance to restriction enzymes and acquires binding affinity to galactose-specific lectin. Author(s): Akasaka T, Matsuura K, Emi N, Kobayashi K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1999 July 5; 260(2): 3238. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10403769&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of plasma galactose and glucose to milk lactose synthesis during galactose ingestion. Author(s): Sunehag A, Tigas S, Haymond MW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 January; 88(1): 2259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519857&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of lactose maldigestion, lactose intolerance, and milk intolerance. Author(s): Johnson AO, Semenya JG, Buchowski MS, Enwonwu CO, Scrimshaw NS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 March; 57(3): 399-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8438774&dopt=Abstract

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Crystal structures of guinea-pig, goat and bovine alpha-lactalbumin highlight the enhanced conformational flexibility of regions that are significant for its action in lactose synthase. Author(s): Pike AC, Brew K, Acharya KR. Source: Structure (London, England). 1996 June 15; 4(6): 691-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8805552&dopt=Abstract

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Crystal structures of the bovine beta4galactosyltransferase catalytic domain and its complex with uridine diphosphogalactose. Author(s): Gastinel LN, Cambillau C, Bourne Y. Source: The Embo Journal. 1999 July 1; 18(13): 3546-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393171&dopt=Abstract

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Dairy sensitivity, lactose malabsorption, and elimination diets in inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Mishkin S. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 February; 65(2): 564-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9022546&dopt=Abstract

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Demand theory of gene regulation. II. Quantitative application to the lactose and maltose operons of Escherichia coli. Author(s): Savageau MA. Source: Genetics. 1998 August; 149(4): 1677-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9691028&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of the interaction between the CD23 molecule and the galactose residue of glycoproteins. Author(s): Kijimoto-Ochiai S, Horimoto E, Uede T. Source: Immunology Letters. 1994 April; 40(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7523289&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of the minimum dose of lactose drug carrier that can be sensed during inhalation. Author(s): Higham MA, Sharara AM, Magee RP, Ind PW. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 September; 40(3): 281-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8527293&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of hypolactasia and lactose malabsorption. Author(s): Arola H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1994; 202: 26-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8042016&dopt=Abstract

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Diet does not ensure normal development in galactosemia. Author(s): Widhalm K, Miranda da Cruz BD, Koch M. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1997 June; 16(3): 204-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9176825&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary calcium intake in lactose maldigesting intolerant and tolerant AfricanAmerican women. Author(s): Buchowski MS, Semenya J, Johnson AO. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 February; 21(1): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838887&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary lactose as a possible risk factor for ischaemic heart disease: review of epidemiology. Author(s): Segall JJ. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1994 October; 46(3): 197-207. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7814174&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary lactose intake, lactose intolerance, and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in southern Ontario (Canada). Author(s): Risch HA, Jain M, Marrett LD, Howe GR. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1994 November; 5(6): 540-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7827241&dopt=Abstract

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Digestion and tolerance of lactose from yoghurt and different semi-solid fermented dairy products containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacteria in lactose maldigesters--is bacterial lactase important? Author(s): Vesa TH, Marteau P, Zidi S, Briet F, Pochart P, Rambaud JC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 November; 50(11): 730-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933119&dopt=Abstract

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Disturbed galactose metabolism in elderly and diabetic humans is associated with cataract formation. Author(s): Birlouez-Aragon I, Ravelontseheno L, Villate-Cathelineau B, Cathelineau G, Abitbol G. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1993 August; 123(8): 1370-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8336207&dopt=Abstract

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Do patients with short-bowel syndrome need a lactose-free diet? Author(s): Marteau P, Messing B, Arrigoni E, Briet F, Flourie B, Morin MC, Rambaud JC. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1997 January; 13(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9058441&dopt=Abstract

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Does lactose intolerance predispose to low bone density? A population-based study of perimenopausal Finnish women. Author(s): Honkanen R, Pulkkinen P, Jarvinen R, Kroger H, Lindstedt K, Tuppurainen M, Uusitupa M. Source: Bone. 1996 July; 19(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8830983&dopt=Abstract

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Does lactose maldigestion really play a role in the irritable bowel? Author(s): Tolliver BA, Jackson MS, Jackson KL, Barnett ED, Chastang JF, DiPalma JA. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1996 July; 23(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8835892&dopt=Abstract

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Does low lactose milk powder improve the nutritional intake and nutritional status of frail older Chinese people living in nursing homes? Author(s): Kwok T, Woo J, Kwan M. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2001; 5(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11250664&dopt=Abstract

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Double-lectin site ricin B chain mutants expressed in insect cells have residual galactose binding: evidence for more than two lectin sites on the ricin toxin B chain. Author(s): Fu T, Burbage C, Tagge E, Chandler J, Willingham M, Frankel A. Source: Bioconjugate Chemistry. 1996 November-December; 7(6): 651-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8950484&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a lactose-containing sweetener on root dentine demineralization in situ. Author(s): Aires CP, Tabchoury CP, Del Bel Cury AA, Cury JA. Source: Caries Research. 2002 May-June; 36(3): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065968&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of buccal administration of a lactose-containing nitroglycerin tablet (Suscard) on plaque pH. Author(s): Lingstrom P, Birkhed D. Source: Scand J Dent Res. 1994 December; 102(6): 324-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7871354&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of human milk sialyllactose on cytomegalovirus. Author(s): Portelli J, Gordon A, May JT. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 January; 17(1): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9512191&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lactase preparations in asymptomatic individuals with lactase deficiency-gastric digestion of lactose and breath hydrogen analysis. Author(s): Gao KP, Mitsui T, Fujiki K, Ishiguro H, Kondo T. Source: Nagoya J Med Sci. 2002 May; 65(1-2): 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083287&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lactic acid bacteria on the intestinal production of lactate and short-chain fatty acids, and the absorption of lactose. Author(s): Hove H, Nordgaard-Andersen I, Mortensen PB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 January; 59(1): 74-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8279407&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lactose, lactulose and bisacodyl on gastrointestinal transit studied by metal detector. Author(s): Ewe K, Ueberschaer B, Press AG, Kurreck C, Klump M. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1995 February; 9(1): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7766747&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of milks inoculated with Lactobacillus acidophilus or a yogurt starter culture in lactose-maldigesting children. Author(s): Montes RG, Bayless TM, Saavedra JM, Perman JA. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1995 August; 78(8): 1657-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8786251&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of predominant methanogenic flora on the outcome of lactose breath test in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Author(s): Vernia P, Camillo MD, Marinaro V, Caprilli R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 57(9): 1116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12947430&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of yogurt on symptoms and kinetics of hydrogen production in lactosemalabsorbing children. Author(s): Shermak MA, Saavedra JM, Jackson TL, Huang SS, Bayless TM, Perman JA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 November; 62(5): 1003-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7572723&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of glucose, galactose, and lactose ingestion on the plasma glucose and insulin response in persons with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Ercan N, Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC, Redmon JB, Sheridan KJ. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1993 December; 42(12): 1560-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8246770&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of inulin and lactose on fecal microflora, microbial activity, and bowel habit in elderly constipated persons. Author(s): Kleessen B, Sykura B, Zunft HJ, Blaut M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 May; 65(5): 1397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129468&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of lactose intake on lactose digestion and colonic fermentation in preterm infants. Author(s): Kien CL, McClead RE, Cordero L Jr. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 September; 133(3): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9738725&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of milk viscosity on gastric emptying and lactose intolerance in lactose maldigesters. Author(s): Vesa TH, Marteau PR, Briet FB, Flourie B, Briend A, Rambaud JC. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 July; 66(1): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9209179&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of traditional rice-lentil-yogurt diet, lactose free milk protein-based formula and soy protein formula in management of secondary lactose intolerance with acute childhood diarrhoea. Author(s): Nizami SQ, Bhutta ZA, Molla AM. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1996 June; 42(3): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8699577&dopt=Abstract

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Elevation of ratio of urinary N-acetylneuraminlactose to free sialic acid in some advanced cancer patients. Author(s): Shimada I, Shoji M, Futatsuya R, Katoh T, Kominato Y, Sakamoto T, Fujikura T. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 February; 30(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7719410&dopt=Abstract

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Endogenous synthesis of galactose in normal men and patients with hereditary galactosaemia. Author(s): Berry GT, Nissim I, Lin Z, Mazur AT, Gibson JB, Segal S. Source: Lancet. 1995 October 21; 346(8982): 1073-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7564790&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the pathogenesis of flatulence and abdominal cramps in patients with lactose malabsorption. Author(s): Hammer HF, Petritsch W, Pristautz H, Krejs GJ. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 1996; 108(6): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8650927&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for a lactose-mediated association between two nuclear carbohydratebinding proteins. Author(s): Seve AP, Felin M, Doyennette-Moyne MA, Sahraoui T, Aubery M, Hubert J. Source: Glycobiology. 1993 February; 3(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8448382&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for subsites in the galectins involved in sugar binding at the nonreducing end of the central galactose of oligosaccharide ligands: sequence analysis, homology modeling and mutagenesis studies of hamster galectin-3. Author(s): Henrick K, Bawumia S, Barboni EA, Mehul B, Hughes RC. Source: Glycobiology. 1998 January; 8(1): 45-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451013&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence that lactose binding to CBP35 disrupts its interaction with CBP70 in isolated HL60 cell nuclei. Author(s): Seve AP, Hadj-Sahraoui Y, Felin M, Doyennette-Moyne MA, Aubery M, Hubert J. Source: Experimental Cell Research. 1994 July; 213(1): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8020591&dopt=Abstract

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Factors affecting the ability of a high beta-galactosidase yogurt to enhance lactose absorption. Author(s): Kotz CM, Furne JK, Savaiano DA, Levitt MD. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1994 December; 77(12): 3538-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7699133&dopt=Abstract

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Familial aquagenic urticaria associated with familial lactose intolerance. Author(s): Treudler R, Tebbe B, Steinhoff M, Orfanos CE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4): 611-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271310&dopt=Abstract

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Fecal hydrogen production and consumption measurements. Response to daily lactose ingestion by lactose maldigesters. Author(s): Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA, Levitt MD. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 February; 42(2): 348-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9052518&dopt=Abstract

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Fermentation, fermented foods and lactose intolerance. Author(s): Solomons NW. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 December; 56 Suppl 4: S50-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556948&dopt=Abstract

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Fixed drug eruption caused by lactose in an injected botulinum toxin preparation. Author(s): Cox NH, Duffey P, Royle J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 February; 40(2 Pt 1): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10025759&dopt=Abstract

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Folate therapy in acquired lactose intolerance diarrhoea. Author(s): Gupta R, Gupta S. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1993 May; 47(5): 147. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8225457&dopt=Abstract

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Formation of lactose-resistant aggregates of human platelets induced by the mistletoe lectin and differential signaling responses to cell contact formation by the lectin or thrombin. Author(s): Samal AB, Timoshenko AV, Loiko EN, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ. Source: Biochemistry. Biokhimiia. 1998 May; 63(5): 516-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9632885&dopt=Abstract

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Formation of oligosaccharides from lactose by Bacillus circulans beta-galactosidase. Author(s): Yanahira S, Kobayashi T, Suguri T, Nakakoshi M, Miura S, Ishikawa H, Nakajima I. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1995 June; 59(6): 1021-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7612988&dopt=Abstract

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Fructooligosaccharides and lactulose cause more symptoms in lactose maldigesters and subjects with pseudohypolactasia than in control lactose digesters. Author(s): Teuri U, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 May; 69(5): 973-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10232639&dopt=Abstract

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Fructose and sorbitol malabsorption in ambulatory patients with functional dyspepsia: comparison with lactose maldigestion/malabsorption. Author(s): Mishkin D, Sablauskas L, Yalovsky M, Mishkin S. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 December; 42(12): 2591-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9440643&dopt=Abstract

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Galactosaemia and allelic variation at the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase gene: a complex relationship between genotype and phenotype. Author(s): Tyfield LA. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2000 December; 159 Suppl 3: S204-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11216901&dopt=Abstract

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Galactose-1-phosphate in the pathophysiology of galactosemia. Author(s): Gitzelmann R. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1995; 154(7 Suppl 2): S45-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7671964&dopt=Abstract

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Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) genotype and phenotype, galactose consumption, and the risk of borderline and invasive ovarian cancer (United States). Author(s): Cozen W, Peters R, Reichardt JK, Ng W, Felix JC, Wan P, Pike MC. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2002 March; 13(2): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936817&dopt=Abstract

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Galactosemia in infancy: diagnosis, management, and prognosis. Author(s): Chung MA. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1997 November-December; 23(6): 563-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9429512&dopt=Abstract

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Galactose-specific lectin from Viscum album as a mediator of aggregation and priming of human platelets. Author(s): Samal AB, Gabius HJ, Timoshenko AV. Source: Anticancer Res. 1995 March-April; 15(2): 361-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7763007&dopt=Abstract

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Gene therapy for lactose intolerance. Author(s): Freeman HJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 1999 April; 13(3): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10331929&dopt=Abstract

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Gene therapy of cystic fibrosis (CF) airways: a review emphasizing targeting with lactose. Author(s): Klink DT, Glick MC, Scanlin TF. Source: Glycoconjugate Journal. 2001 September; 18(9): 731-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386459&dopt=Abstract

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Gentamicin release from modified acrylic bone cements with lactose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Author(s): Virto MR, Frutos P, Torrado S, Frutos G. Source: Biomaterials. 2003 January; 24(1): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417181&dopt=Abstract

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Glycosaminoglycan mimetic biomaterials. 4. Synthesis of sulfated lactose-based glycopolymers that exhibit anticoagulant activity. Author(s): Sun XL, Grande D, Baskaran S, Hanson SR, Chaikof EL. Source: Biomacromolecules. 2002 September-October; 3(5): 1065-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12217054&dopt=Abstract

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Hidden sources of galactose in the environment. Author(s): Acosta PB, Gross KC. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1995; 154(7 Suppl 2): S87-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7671974&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of lactose absorbers in Northern Sardinian patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Meloni GF, Colombo C, La Vecchia C, Pacifico A, Tomasi P, Ogana A, Marinaro AM, Meloni T. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 March; 73(3): 582-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237935&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of lactose absorbers in patients with presenile cataract from northern Sardinia. Author(s): Meloni G, Ogana A, Mannazzu MC, Meloni T, Carta F, Carta A. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1995 July; 79(7): 709. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7662646&dopt=Abstract

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How much lactose is low lactose? Author(s): Hertzler SR, Huynh BC, Savaiano DA. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1996 March; 96(3): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8613657&dopt=Abstract

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Human milk oligosaccharides: an enzymatic protection step simplifies the synthesis of 3'- and 6'-O-sialyllactose and their analogues. Author(s): Rencurosi A, Poletti L, Guerrini M, Russo G, Lay L. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 2002 March 15; 337(6): 473-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11890885&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrogen excretion upon ingestion of dairy products in lactose-intolerant male subjects: importance of the live flora. Author(s): Pelletier X, Laure-Boussuge S, Donazzolo Y. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 June; 55(6): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423928&dopt=Abstract

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I. Glucose galactose malabsorption. Author(s): Wright EM. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1998 November; 275(5 Pt 1): G879-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9815014&dopt=Abstract

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Ibuprofen augments gastrointestinal symptoms in lactose maldigesters during a lactose tolerance test. Author(s): Peuhkuri K, Nevala R, Vapaatalo H, Moilanen E, Korpela R. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1999 September; 13(9): 1227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10468706&dopt=Abstract

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Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect? Author(s): Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC. Source: Gut. 1997 November; 41(5): 632-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9414969&dopt=Abstract

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Improved lactose digestion and intolerance among African-American adolescent girls fed a dairy-rich diet. Author(s): Pribila BA, Hertzler SR, Martin BR, Weaver CM, Savaiano DA. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 May; 100(5): 524-8; Quiz 52930. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812376&dopt=Abstract

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Improved parameters of lactose maldigestion using lactulose. Author(s): Szilagyi A, Rivard J, Fokeeff K. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2001 July; 46(7): 1509-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11478504&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of lactose digestion by humans following ingestion of unfermented acidophilus milk: influence of bile sensitivity, lactose transport, and acid tolerance of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Mustapha A, Jiang T, Savaiano DA. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1997 August; 80(8): 1537-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9276791&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of lactose digestion in humans by ingestion of unfermented milk containing Bifidobacterium longum. Author(s): Jiang T, Mustapha A, Savaiano DA. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1996 May; 79(5): 750-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8792277&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of symptoms in infant colic following reduction of lactose load with lactase. Author(s): Kanabar D, Randhawa M, Clayton P. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2001 October; 14(5): 359-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11906576&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro and in vivo lactose and lactulose effects on colonic fermentation and portalsystemic encephalopathy parameters. Author(s): Uribe-Esquivel M, Moran S, Poo JL, Munoz RM. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1997; 222: 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9145447&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro lactose fermentation by human colonic bacteria is modified by Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation. Author(s): Jiang T, Savaiano DA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1997 August; 127(8): 1489-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9237942&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo lactose digestion in preterm infants. Author(s): Kien CL, McClead RE, Cordero L Jr. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 November; 64(5): 700-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8901788&dopt=Abstract

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Increased prevalence of lactose malabsorption in Crohn's disease patients at low risk for lactose malabsorption based on ethnic origin. Author(s): Mishkin B, Yalovsky M, Mishkin S. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997 July; 92(7): 1148-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9219788&dopt=Abstract

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Ineffectiveness of breath methane excretion as a diagnostic test for lactose malabsorption. Author(s): Myo-Khin, Bolin TD, Khin-Mar-Oo, Tin-Oo, Kyaw-Hla S, Thein-Myint T. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1999 May; 28(5): 474-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10328120&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of loperamide on lactose handling and oral-caecal transit time. Author(s): Szilagyi A, Salomon R, Seidman E. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1996 October; 10(5): 765-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8899085&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of the pharmacological modification of gastric emptying on lactose digestion and gastrointestinal symptoms. Author(s): Peuhkuri K, Vapaatalo H, Nevala R, Korpela R. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1999 January; 13(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892883&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of cholera toxin by human milk fractions and sialyllactose. Author(s): Idota T, Kawakami H, Murakami Y, Sugawara M. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1995 March; 59(3): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7766178&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori adherence by a peptide derived from neuraminyl lactose binding adhesin. Author(s): Chaturvedi G, Tewari R, Mrigank, Agnihotri N, Vishwakarma RA, Ganguly NK. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2001 December; 228(1-2): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11855744&dopt=Abstract

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Interregional foodborne salmonellosis outbreak due to powdered infant formula contaminated with lactose-fermenting Salmonella virchow. Author(s): Usera MA, Echeita A, Aladuena A, Blanco MC, Reymundo R, Prieto MI, Tello O, Cano R, Herrera D, Martinez-Navarro F. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1996 August; 12(4): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8891542&dopt=Abstract

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Intolerance to lactose and other dietary sugars. Author(s): Swallow DM, Poulter M, Hollox EJ. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2001 April; 29(4 Pt 2): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11259342&dopt=Abstract

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Irritable bowel syndrome and lactose maldigestion in recurrent abdominal pain in childhood. Author(s): Gremse DA, Nguyenduc GH, Sacks AI, DiPalma JA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1999 August; 92(8): 778-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10456715&dopt=Abstract

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Irritable bowel syndrome: is the search for lactose intolerance justified? Author(s): Parker TJ, Woolner JT, Prevost AT, Tuffnell Q, Shorthouse M, Hunter JO. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 March; 13(3): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293439&dopt=Abstract

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Is lactose intolerance implicated in the development of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome or functional diarrhoea in previously asymptomatic people? Author(s): Parry SD, Barton JR, Welfare MR. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 November; 14(11): 1225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439117&dopt=Abstract

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Is there a relationship between urinary lactose excretion and lactation performance? Author(s): Murtaugh M, Tangney CC, Kerver J. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998 March; 98(3): 264. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9508005&dopt=Abstract

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Isolated rat hepatocytes bind lactoferrins by the RHL-1 subunit of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in a galactose-independent manner. Author(s): Bennatt DJ, Ling YY, McAbee DD. Source: Biochemistry. 1997 July 8; 36(27): 8367-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9204884&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization from porcine serum of a soluble sulfotransferase responsible for 6-O-sulfation of the galactose residue in 2'-fucosyllactose: implications in the synthesis of the ligand for L-selectin. Author(s): Huynh QK, Shailubhai K, Boddupalli H, Yu HH, Broschat KO, Jacob GS. Source: Glycoconjugate Journal. 1999 July; 16(7): 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10619708&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of a lactose-binding protein with monocyte/macrophage chemotactic activity. Biological and physicochemical characteristics. Author(s): Yamanaka T, Saita N, Kawano O, Matsumoto M, Kohrogi H, Suga M, Ando M, Hirashima M. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2000 May; 122(1): 66-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10859471&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation, purification, and physicochemical characterization of a D-galactose-binding lectin from seeds of Erythrina speciosa. Author(s): Konozy EH, Bernardes ES, Rosa C, Faca V, Greene LJ, Ward RJ. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2003 February 15; 410(2): 222-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573281&dopt=Abstract

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Kefir improves lactose digestion and tolerance in adults with lactose maldigestion. Author(s): Hertzler SR, Clancy SM. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 May; 103(5): 582-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728216&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose (mal)digestion evaluated by the 13C-lactose digestion test. Author(s): Vonk RJ, Lin Y, Koetse HA, Huang C, Zeng G, Elzinga H, Antoine J, Stellaard F. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2000 February; 30(2): 140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651839&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose absorption in patients with ovarian cancer. Author(s): Meloni GF, Colombo C, La Vecchia C, Ruggiu G, Mannazzu MC, Ambrosini G, Cherchi PL. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 July 15; 150(2): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10412963&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose and benign ovarian tumours in a case-control study. Author(s): Britton JA, Westhoff C, Howe GR, Gammon MD. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2000 December; 83(11): 1552-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11076667&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose digestion capacity in Tokelauans: a case for the role of gene flow and genetic drift in establishing the lactose absorption allele in a Polynesian population. Author(s): Cheer SM, Allen JS, Huntsman J. Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2000 September; 113(1): 119-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954625&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose does not enhance calcium bioavailability in lactose-tolerant, healthy adults. Author(s): Zittermann A, Bock P, Drummer C, Scheld K, Heer M, Stehle P. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 April; 71(4): 931-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10731499&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose hydrolysis and calcium absorption in premature feeding. Author(s): Vento M, Moya M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 June; 142(6): 737-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838211&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose in buspirone. Author(s): Pao M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 November; 38(11): 1327. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10560214&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose in formulas for preterm infants. Author(s): Kien CL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 January; 138(1): 148-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11148537&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance and intestinal villi morphology in Thai people. Author(s): Thong-Ngam D, Suwangool P, Prempracha J, Tangkijvanich P, Vivatvekin B, Sriratanabun A. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 August; 84(8): 1090-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11758841&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance and irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): Turnbull GK. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 July-August; 16(7-8): 6656. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10906590&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance and neuromuscular symptoms. Author(s): Chaudhuri A. Source: Lancet. 2000 August 5; 356(9228): 510-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10981918&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance in active Crohn's disease: clinical value of duodenal lactase analysis. Author(s): von Tirpitz C, Kohn C, Steinkamp M, Geerling I, Maier V, Moller P, Adler G, Reinshagen M. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002 January; 34(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743245&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance in different types of irritable bowel syndrome in north Indians. Author(s): Rana SV, Mandal AK, Kochhar R, Katyal R, Singh K. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 2001 October-December; 22(4): 202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11963325&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance. Author(s): Rusynyk RA, Still CD. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2001 April; 101(4 Suppl Pt 1): S10-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11392211&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance. Author(s): Swagerty DL Jr, Walling AD, Klein RM. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 May 1; 65(9): 1845-50. Review. Erratum In: Am Fam Physician. 2003 March 15; 67(6): 1195. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12018807&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance. Author(s): Vesa TH, Marteau P, Korpela R. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 April; 19(2 Suppl): 165S-175S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10759141&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance. Author(s): Kearney P, Malone A. Source: Ir Med J. 1996 May-June; 89(3): 84, 86. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8707526&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance. Strategies for symptom management. Author(s): McMahan S, South C, Crespin S. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2002 June; 10(6): 71-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400367&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance: a new perspective. Author(s): Franz KB. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 November; 100(11): 1303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11103648&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance: a risk factor for reduced bone mineral density and vertebral fractures? Author(s): Kudlacek S, Freudenthaler O, Weissboeck H, Schneider B, Willvonseder R. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002; 37(12): 1014-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522532&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance: a self-fulfilling prophecy leading to osteoporosis? Author(s): Savaiano D. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 June; 61(6 Pt 1): 221-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903833&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance: analysis of underlying factors. Author(s): Vonk RJ, Priebe MG, Koetse HA, Stellaard F, Lenoir-Wijnkoop I, Antoine JM, Zhong Y, Huang CY. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 January; 33(1): 70-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492455&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance: diagnosis and management. Author(s): Patel YT, Minocha A. Source: Compr Ther. 2000 Winter; 26(4): 246-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11126094&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance-a confusing clinical diagnosis. Author(s): Peuhkuri K, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R, Teuri U. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 February; 71(2): 600-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10648279&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose malabsorption and intolerance and peak bone mass. Author(s): Di Stefano M, Veneto G, Malservisi S, Cecchetti L, Minguzzi L, Strocchi A, Corazza GR. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 June; 122(7): 1793-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055586&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose malabsorption and intolerance in the elderly. Author(s): Di Stefano M, Veneto G, Malservisi S, Strocchi A, Corazza GR. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 December; 36(12): 1274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761016&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose malabsorption, irritable bowel syndrome and self-reported milk intolerance. Author(s): Vernia P, Di Camillo M, Marinaro V. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2001 April; 33(3): 234-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407668&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose maldigestion and calcium from dairy products. Author(s): Grant WB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 August; 70(2): 301-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10426712&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose maldigestion, calcium intake and osteoporosis in African-, Asian-, and Hispanic-Americans. Author(s): Jackson KA, Savaiano DA. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001 April; 20(2 Suppl): 198S-207S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349943&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose-containing starburst dendrimers: influence of dendrimer generation and binding-site orientation of receptors (plant/animal lectins and immunoglobulins) on binding properties. Author(s): Andre S, Ortega PJ, Perez MA, Roy R, Gabius HJ. Source: Glycobiology. 1999 November; 9(11): 1253-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10536041&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose-derived oligosaccharides in the milk of elephants: comparison with human milk. Author(s): Kunz C, Rudloff S, Schad W, Braun D. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1999 November; 82(5): 391-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10673912&dopt=Abstract

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Lactosylated poly-L-lysine targets a potential lactose receptor in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Author(s): Klink D, Yu QC, Glick MC, Scanlin T. Source: Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 2003 January; 7(1): 73-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573620&dopt=Abstract

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Low digestible carbohydrates (polyols and lactose): significance of adrenal medullary proliferative lesions in the rat. Author(s): Lynch BS, Tischler AS, Capen C, Munro IC, McGirr LM, McClain RM. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1996 June; 23(3): 256-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8812969&dopt=Abstract

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Lowering the milk lactose content in vivo: potential interests, strategies and physiological consequences. Author(s): Vilotte JL. Source: Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. 2002 March-April; 42(2): 127-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216958&dopt=Abstract

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Management of lactose intolerance. Author(s): Tamm A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1994; 202: 55-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8042018&dopt=Abstract

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Management of lactose maldigestion by consuming milk containing lactobacilli. Author(s): Lin MY, Yen CL, Chen SH. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1998 January; 43(1): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9508514&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of lactose consumption reliability and comparison of two methods. Author(s): Cooper GS, Busby MG, Fairchild AP. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1995 November; 5(6): 473-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8680610&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic inhibitors as tools to delineate participation of distinct intracellular pathways in enhancement of lactose-induced dissociation of neutrophil and thymocyte aggregates formed by mediation of a plant lectin. Author(s): Timoshenko AV, Gorudko IV, Kaltner H, Cherenkevich SN, Gabius HJ. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1997 October; 43(3): 477-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352065&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolism of lactose in the human body. Author(s): Arola H, Tamm A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1994; 202: 21-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8042015&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolites of lactose synthesis in milk from diabetic and nondiabetic women during lactogenesis II. Author(s): Arthur PG, Kent JC, Hartmann PE. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1994 July; 19(1): 100-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7965458&dopt=Abstract

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Methane and hydrogen exhalation in normal children and in lactose malabsorption. Author(s): Tormo R, Bertaccini A, Conde M, Infante D, Cura I. Source: Early Human Development. 2001 November; 65 Suppl: S165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11755048&dopt=Abstract

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Milk consumption for the lactose intolerant: a clarification. Author(s): Rose S. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 September; 100(9): 1007; Author Reply 1007-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11019344&dopt=Abstract

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Milk consumption for the lactose intolerant: a clarification. Author(s): Coughlin C. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 September; 100(9): 1006-7; Author Reply 1007-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11019343&dopt=Abstract

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Milk consumption, galactose metabolism and ovarian cancer (Australia). Author(s): Webb PM, Bain CJ, Purdie DM, Harvey PW, Green A. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1998 December; 9(6): 637-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10189050&dopt=Abstract

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Milk fat does not affect the symptoms of lactose intolerance. Author(s): Vesa TH, Lember M, Korpela R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 September; 51(9): 633-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9306091&dopt=Abstract

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Modification of colonic fermentation by bifidobacteria and pH in vitro. Impact on lactose metabolism, short-chain fatty acid, and lactate production. Author(s): Jiang T, Savaiano DA. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 November; 42(11): 2370-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9398819&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular basis for glucose-galactose malabsorption. Author(s): Wright EM, Turk E, Martin MG. Source: Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2002; 36(2-3): 115-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12139397&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human beta 1,4-Nacetylgalactosaminyltransferase, beta 4GalNAc-T3, responsible for the synthesis of N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine, galNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc. Author(s): Sato T, Gotoh M, Kiyohara K, Kameyama A, Kubota T, Kikuchi N, Ishizuka Y, Iwasaki H, Togayachi A, Kudo T, Ohkura T, Nakanishi H, Narimatsu H. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 November 28; 278(48): 47534-44. Epub 2003 September 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12966086&dopt=Abstract

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Myths & facts. about lactose intolerance. Author(s): McConnell EA. Source: Nursing. 1999 March; 29(3): 71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10205513&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal diabetes mellitus with hypergalactosemia. Author(s): Kentrup H, Altmuller J, Pfaffle R, Heimann G. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1999 October; 141(4): 379-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10526252&dopt=Abstract

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Number of breath samples required for detection of lactose intolerance by lactose hydrogen breath test. Author(s): Rana S, Bhasin DK, Sachdev A, Singh K. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1997 July; 16(3): 118. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9248196&dopt=Abstract

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Nursing caries and lactose intolerance. Author(s): Juambeltz JC, Kula K, Perman J. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1993 November-December; 60(4): 377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8126301&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional supplements used in weight-reduction programs increase intestinal gas in persons who malabsorb lactose. Author(s): Suarez FL, Zumarraga LM, Furne JK, Levitt MD. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 December; 101(12): 1447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762740&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporosis and lactose intolerance. Author(s): Devogelaer JP, Mainguet P, Faille I. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1996 June; 63(6): 460. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8817761&dopt=Abstract

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Overcoming the barrier of lactose intolerance to reduce health disparities. Author(s): Jarvis JK, Miller GD. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2002 February; 94(2): 55-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853047&dopt=Abstract

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Overview of lactose maldigestion (lactase nonpersistence). Author(s): Inman-Felton AE. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999 April; 99(4): 481-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10207405&dopt=Abstract

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Partial deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase. Author(s): Gitzelmann R, Bosshard NU. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1995; 154(7 Suppl 2): S40-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7671963&dopt=Abstract

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Partial effect of bromocriptine on lactose and galactose synthesis in a pregnant woman heterozygous for galactosaemia. Author(s): Odievre M, Brivet M, Riviere MF, Labrune P. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 2001 August; 24(4): 507-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596654&dopt=Abstract

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Pathways for lactose/galactose catabolism by Streptococcus salivarius. Author(s): Chen YY, Betzenhauser MJ, Snyder JA, Burne RA. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2002 March 19; 209(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007657&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent diarrhoea: associated infection and response to a low lactose diet. Author(s): Ashraf H, Ahmed S, Fuchs GJ, Mahalanabis D. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2002 June; 48(3): 142-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164597&dopt=Abstract

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Phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of lactose digestion in adults. Author(s): Holden C, Mace R. Source: Human Biology; an International Record of Research. 1997 October; 69(5): 60528. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9299882&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma galactose and galactitol concentration in patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency galactosemia: determination by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Author(s): Ning C, Segal S. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2000 November; 49(11): 1460-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11092512&dopt=Abstract

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Poly(DMAEMA-NVP)-b-PEG-galactose as gene delivery vector for hepatocytes. Author(s): Lim DW, Yeom YI, Park TG. Source: Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2000 September-October; 11(5): 688-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10995213&dopt=Abstract

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Possible therapeutic use of loperamide for symptoms of lactose intolerance. Author(s): Szilagyi A, Torchinsky A, Calacone A. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2000 July-August; 14(7): 581-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10978944&dopt=Abstract

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Prebiotics or probiotics for lactose intolerance: a question of adaptation. Author(s): Szilagyi A. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 July; 70(1): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393148&dopt=Abstract

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Pregnancy-exaggerated galactosemia and congenital cataracts. Author(s): Ramakrishnan S, Sulochana KN, Punitham R, Kar B, Ravishankar K, Vasanthi SB, Lakshminarayanan P. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1998 November-December; 65(6): 919-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10773961&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of lactose malabsorption in Galicia. Author(s): Leis R, Tojo R, Pavon P, Douwes A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1997 September; 25(3): 296300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9285380&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of lactose maldigestion. Influence and interaction of age, race, and sex. Author(s): Rao DR, Bello H, Warren AP, Brown GE. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1994 July; 39(7): 1519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8026265&dopt=Abstract

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Primary structure of the soluble lactose binding lectin L-29 from rat and dog and interaction of its non-collagenous proline-, glycine-, tyrosine-rich sequence with bacterial and tissue collagenase. Author(s): Herrmann J, Turck CW, Atchison RE, Huflejt ME, Poulter L, Gitt MA, Burlingame AL, Barondes SH, Leffler H. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1993 December 15; 268(35): 26704-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8253805&dopt=Abstract

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Production and simple purification of a protein encoded by part of the gag gene of HIV-1 in the Escherichia coli HB101F+ expression system inducible by lactose and isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. Author(s): Liska V, Dyr JE, Suttnar J, Hirsch I, Vonka V. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1994 June 3; 656(1): 127-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7952023&dopt=Abstract

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Production of galacto-oligosaccharide from lactose by Sterigmatomyces elviae CBS8119. Author(s): Onishi N, Yamashiro A, Yokozeki K. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1995 November; 61(11): 4022-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8526516&dopt=Abstract

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Products of DNA mismatch repair genes mutS and mutL are required for transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair of the lactose operon in Escherichia coli. Author(s): Mellon I, Champe GN. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996 February 6; 93(3): 1292-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8577757&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective study of lactose absorption during cancer chemotherapy: feasibility of a yogurt-supplemented diet in lactose malabsorbers. Author(s): Pettoello-Mantovani M, Guandalini S, diMartino L, Corvino C, Indolfi P, Casale F, Giuliano M, Dubrovsky L, Di Tullio MT. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1995 February; 20(2): 18995. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7714685&dopt=Abstract

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Protein domain mapping by lambda phage display: the minimal lactose-binding domain of galectin-3. Author(s): Moriki T, Kuwabara I, Liu FT, Maruyama IN. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1999 November 19; 265(2): 291-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10558859&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary deposition of lactose carriers used in inhalation powders. Author(s): Karhu M, Kuikka J, Kauppinen T, Bergstrom K, Vidgren M. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2000 February 25; 196(1): 95-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10675711&dopt=Abstract

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Purification and cell attachment activity of a D-galactose-binding lectin from the skin of sea hare, Aplysia kurodai. Author(s): Ozeki Y. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1998 August; 45(5): 989-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9739463&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative assessment of whole body galactose metabolism in galactosemic patients. Author(s): Berry GT, Nissim I, Gibson JB, Mazur AT, Lin Z, Elsas LJ, Singh RH, Klein PD, Segal S. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 August; 156 Suppl 1: S43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266215&dopt=Abstract

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Raising milk energy content retards gastric emptying of lactose in lactose-intolerant humans with little effect on lactose digestion. Author(s): Vesa TH, Marteau PR, Briet FB, Boutron-Ruault MC, Rambaud JC. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1997 December; 127(12): 2316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9405580&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized multicenter trial documenting the efficacy and safety of a lactose-free and a lactose-containing formula for term infants. Author(s): Heubi J, Karasov R, Reisinger K, Blatter M, Rosenberg L, Vanderhoof J, Darden PM, Safier J, Martin T, Euler AR. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 February; 100(2): 212-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10670394&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent abdominal pain and lactose maldigestion in school-aged children. Author(s): DiPalma AM, DiPalma JA. Source: Gastroenterology Nursing : the Official Journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. 1997 September-October; 20(5): 180-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9384061&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between lactose digestion, gastrointestinal transit time and symptoms in lactose malabsorbers after dairy consumption. Author(s): Labayen I, Forga L, Gonzalez A, Lenoir-Wijnkoop I, Nutr R, Martinez JA. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 April; 15(4): 543-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11284784&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between methane production and breath hydrogen excretion in lactosemalabsorbing individuals. Author(s): Montes RG, Saavedra JM, Perman JA. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1993 March; 38(3): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8444074&dopt=Abstract

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Requirement of cell growth for gene expression induced by the lactose and tetracycline repressor-operator combination system in a human T cell line. Author(s): Iwanaga R, Ohtani K, Nakamura M. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2000 September 24; 276(2): 546-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11027511&dopt=Abstract

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Review article: lactose--a potential prebiotic. Author(s): Szilagyi A. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 September; 16(9): 1591-602. Review. Erratum In: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 May 1; 17(9): 1205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197838&dopt=Abstract

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Review article: the treatment of lactose intolerance. Author(s): Suarez FL, Savaiano DA, Levitt MD. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1995 December; 9(6): 589-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8824645&dopt=Abstract

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Ricin toxin contains at least three galactose-binding sites located in B chain subdomains 1 alpha, 1 beta, and 2 gamma. Author(s): Frankel AE, Burbage C, Fu T, Tagge E, Chandler J, Willingham MC. Source: Biochemistry. 1996 November 26; 35(47): 14749-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8942636&dopt=Abstract

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Role of irritable bowel syndrome in subjective lactose intolerance. Author(s): Vesa TH, Seppo LM, Marteau PR, Sahi T, Korpela R. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 April; 67(4): 710-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9537618&dopt=Abstract

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Selective uptake by cancer cells of liposomes coated with polysaccharides bearing 1aminolactose. Author(s): Matsukawa S, Yamamoto M, Ichinose K, Ohata N, Ishii N, Kohji T, Akiyoshi K, Sunamoto J, Kanematsu T. Source: Anticancer Res. 2000 July-August; 20(4): 2339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10953294&dopt=Abstract

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Senile cataractic lenses do not accumulate galactitol in either lactose tolerant or intolerant subjects. Author(s): Wacker H, Soldati L, Simonelli F, Richter C, Gazzaniga A, Auricchio S, Semenza G. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1993 October 29; 220(1): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8287555&dopt=Abstract

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Sensory characteristics and acceptability of lactose-reduced baked custards made with an egg substitute. Author(s): Wu VT, Brochetti D, Duncan SE. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998 December; 98(12): 1467-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9850121&dopt=Abstract

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Should we test for lactose malabsorption? Author(s): Suarez F, Levitt MD. Source: Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 April; 29(2): 113-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9646189&dopt=Abstract

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Structure-function analysis of the UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:polypeptide Nacetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Essential residues lie in a predicted active site cleft resembling a lactose repressor fold. Author(s): Hagen FK, Hazes B, Raffo R, deSa D, Tabak LA. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1999 March 5; 274(10): 6797-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10037781&dopt=Abstract

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Study design of an investigation of lactose maldigestion. Author(s): Barnard ND. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 June; 69(6): 1289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357754&dopt=Abstract

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Sugar nucleotide concentrations in red blood cells of patients on protein- and lactoselimited diets: effect of galactose supplementation. Author(s): Gibson JB, Berry GT, Palmieri MJ, Reynolds RA, Mazur AT, Segal S. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 May; 63(5): 704-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8615352&dopt=Abstract

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Symptoms of lactose intolerance - forget about the cause? Author(s): Allard JP. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2000 July-August; 14(7): 573-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10978942&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new sialyl Lewis X mimetic derived from lactose. Author(s): Chervin SM, Lowe JB, Koreeda M. Source: The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2002 August 9; 67(16): 5654-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153264&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis of beta-galactose-conjugated chlorins derived by enyne metathesis as galectin-specific photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Author(s): Zheng G, Graham A, Shibata M, Missert JR, Oseroff AR, Dougherty TJ, Pandey RK. Source: The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2001 December 28; 66(26): 8709-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11749598&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic infections in three infants due to a lactose-fermenting strain of Salmonella virchow. Author(s): Ruiz J, Nunez ML, Sempere MA, Diaz J, Gomez J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 May; 14(5): 454-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7556238&dopt=Abstract

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Temperature of a test solution influences abdominal symptoms in lactose tolerance tests. Author(s): Peuhkuri K, Vapaatalo H, Nevala R, Korpela R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2000 February; 60(1): 75-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10757456&dopt=Abstract

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Terminal alpha-linked galactose rather than N-acetyl lactosamine is ligand for bovine heart galectin-1 in N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. Author(s): Appukuttan PS. Source: Journal of Molecular Recognition : Jmr. 2002 July-August; 15(4): 180-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12382235&dopt=Abstract

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Test for lactose intolerance. Author(s): Murtagh J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1993 July; 22(7): 1272. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8373318&dopt=Abstract

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The clinical relevance of lactose malabsorption in irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): Bohmer CJ, Tuynman HA. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1996 October; 8(10): 10136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8930569&dopt=Abstract

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The connection between lactose and coronary artery disease. Author(s): Seely S. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1995 February; 48(2): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7775002&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of a lactose-restricted diet in patients with a positive lactose tolerance test, earlier diagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome: a 5-year follow-up study. Author(s): Bohmer CJ, Tuynman HA. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 August; 13(8): 941-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11507359&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of different concentrations of lactose powder on the airway function of adult asthmatics. Author(s): Thoren P, Wallin A, Whitehead PJ, Sandstrom T. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2001 November; 95(11): 870-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716200&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of lactose derivatives on intestinal lactic acid bacteria. Author(s): Kontula P, Suihko ML, Von Wright A, Mattila-Sandholm T. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1999 February; 82(2): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10068946&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of lactose maldigestion on the stools of young Tswana children. Author(s): de Villiers FP. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1995 February; 41(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7723134&dopt=Abstract

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The frequency distribution of lactose malabsorption among adult populations from the eastern and western Egyptian deserts. Author(s): Hussein L, Ezzilarab A. Source: Biochemical Genetics. 1994 October; 32(9-10): 331-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7702547&dopt=Abstract

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The human HIP gene, overexpressed in primary liver cancer encodes for a C-type carbohydrate binding protein with lactose binding activity. Author(s): Christa L, Felin M, Morali O, Simon MT, Lasserre C, Brechot C, Seve AP. Source: Febs Letters. 1994 January 3; 337(1): 114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8276102&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of HIV infection on lactose absorptive capacity. Author(s): Corazza GR, Ginaldi L, Furia N, Marani-Toro G, Di Giammartino D, Quaglino D. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1997 July; 35(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9279721&dopt=Abstract

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The increased level of beta1,4-galactosyltransferase required for lactose biosynthesis is achieved in part by translational control. Author(s): Charron M, Shaper JH, Shaper NL. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998 December 8; 95(25): 14805-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9843970&dopt=Abstract

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The inducible lactose operator-repressor system is functional in the whole animal. Author(s): Wu JD, Hsueh HC, Huang WT, Liu HS, Leung HW, Ho YR, Lin MT, Lai MD. Source: Dna and Cell Biology. 1997 January; 16(1): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9022041&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of lactase deficiency and lactose intolerance in Chinese children of different ages. Author(s): Yang Y, He M, Cui H, Bian L, Wang Z. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2000 December; 113(12): 1129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11776151&dopt=Abstract

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The pro-region of human intestinal lactase-phlorizin hydrolase is enzymatically inactive towards lactose. Author(s): Naim HY. Source: Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler. 1995 April; 376(4): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7626235&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between lactose tolerance test results and symptoms of lactose intolerance. Author(s): Hermans MM, Brummer RJ, Ruijgers AM, Stockbrugger RW. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997 June; 92(6): 981-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9177514&dopt=Abstract

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The resistance to betalactam antibiotics of lactose-positive and lactose-negative strains of Escherichia coli. Author(s): Janicka G, Wojciechowska D, Harenska K, Porada J, Klyszejko C. Source: Acta Microbiol Pol. 1997; 46(4): 399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9516987&dopt=Abstract

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The role of galactose, lactose, and galactose valency in the biorecognition of N-(2hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymers by human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Author(s): David A, Kopeckova P, Kopecek J, Rubinstein A. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 2002 August; 19(8): 1114-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12240936&dopt=Abstract

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The role of polyols in the pathophysiology of hypergalactosemia. Author(s): Berry GT. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1995; 154(7 Suppl 2): S53-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7671966&dopt=Abstract

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Thermodynamic analysis of the binding of galactose and poly-N-acetyllactosamine derivatives to human galectin-3. Author(s): Bachhawat-Sikder K, Thomas CJ, Surolia A. Source: Febs Letters. 2001 June 29; 500(1-2): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434930&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerance and absorption of lactose from milk and yogurt during short-bowel syndrome in humans. Author(s): Arrigoni E, Marteau P, Briet F, Pochart P, Rambaud JC, Messing B. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 December; 60(6): 926-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7985635&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerance to small amounts of lactose in lactose maldigesters. Author(s): Vesa TH, Korpela RA, Sahi T. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 August; 64(2): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8694020&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerance to the daily ingestion of two cups of milk by individuals claiming lactose intolerance. Author(s): Suarez FL, Savaiano D, Arbisi P, Levitt MD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 May; 65(5): 1502-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129483&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of lactose intolerance with exogenous beta-D-galactosidase in pellet form. Author(s): Xenos K, Kyroudis S, Anagnostidis A, Papastathopoulos P. Source: Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1998 April-June; 23(2): 350-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9725505&dopt=Abstract

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Unethical promotion of lactose-free formula. Author(s): Tahir KI. Source: Lancet. 1999 June 26; 353(9171): 2247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393018&dopt=Abstract

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Uridine diphosphate hexoses in leukocytes and fibroblasts of classic galactosemics and patients with other metabolic diseases. Author(s): Gibson JB, Reynolds RA, Palmieri MJ, States B, Berry GT, Segal S. Source: Pediatric Research. 1994 November; 36(5): 613-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7877880&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary excretion of lactose and oligosaccharides in preterm infants fed human milk or infant formula. Author(s): Rudloff S, Pohlentz G, Diekmann L, Egge H, Kunz C. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1996 May; 85(5): 598-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827106&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary excretion of magnesium and calcium as an index of absorption is not affected by lactose intake in healthy adults. Author(s): Brink EJ, van Beresteijn EC, Dekker PR, Beynen AC. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1993 May; 69(3): 863-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8329360&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary galactonate in patients with galactosemia: quantitation by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Author(s): Wehrli SL, Berry GT, Palmieri M, Mazur A, Elsas L 3rd, Segal S. Source: Pediatric Research. 1997 December; 42(6): 855-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9396569&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary lactose excretion increases with estimated milk production. Author(s): Murtaugh MA, Kerver J, Tangney CC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1996 December; 23(5): 6314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8985859&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary lactose excretion is not an index of lactation performance. Author(s): Yoon JS, Fung EB, Ritchie LD, Woodhouse LR, King JC. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1996 November; 96(11): 1179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8906146&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary lactose: changes postpartum and relation with breast milk production. Author(s): Kalkwarf HJ, Kalis M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 March; 65(3): 744-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062524&dopt=Abstract

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Urine and plasma galactitol in patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency galactosemia. Author(s): Palmieri M, Mazur A, Berry GT, Ning C, Wehrli S, Yager C, Reynolds R, Singh R, Muralidharan K, Langley S, Elsas L 2nd, Segal S. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1999 October; 48(10): 1294-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10535394&dopt=Abstract

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Use of the lactose H2 breath test to monitor mucosal healing in coeliac disease. Author(s): Murphy MS, Sood M, Johnson T. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2002; 91(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11951999&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of urinary galactose for diagnosis of hypolactasia. Author(s): Alvarez-Coca J, Perez-Miranda M, Iritia M, Escobar H, Jimenez-Alonso I, Pajares JM. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1996 July; 23(1): 79-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8835913&dopt=Abstract

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Utilization and acid production of beta-galactosyllactose by oral streptococci and human dental plaque. Author(s): Hata S, Hata H, Kanou N, Saito T, Kamiyama K, Mayanagi H. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2001 February; 16(1): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11169141&dopt=Abstract

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Vaginal agenesis (Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome) associated with the N314D mutation of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT). Author(s): Cramer DW, Goldstein DP, Fraer C, Reichardt JK. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 1996 March; 2(3): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9238673&dopt=Abstract

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Variation in fat, lactose and protein in human milk over 24 h and throughout the first year of lactation. Author(s): Mitoulas LR, Kent JC, Cox DB, Owens RA, Sherriff JL, Hartmann PE. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 July; 88(1): 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117425&dopt=Abstract

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Variations of neutral oligosaccharides and lactose in human milk during the feeding. Author(s): Thurl S, Henker J, Taut H, Tovar K, Sawatzki G. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Ernahrungswissenschaft. 1993 December; 32(4): 262-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8128747&dopt=Abstract

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Wedgelike glycodendrimers as inhibitors of binding of mammalian galectins to glycoproteins, lactose maxiclusters, and cell surface glycoconjugates. Author(s): Andre S, Pieters RJ, Vrasidas I, Kaltner H, Kuwabara I, Liu FT, Liskamp RM, Gabius HJ. Source: Chembiochem : a European Journal of Chemical Biology. 2001 November 5; 2(11): 822-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11948868&dopt=Abstract

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When to suspect lactose intolerance. Symptomatic, ethnic, and laboratory clues. Author(s): Srinivasan R, Minocha A. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1998 September; 104(3): 109-11, 115-6, 122-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9742907&dopt=Abstract

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Wide variations in the testing of lactose tolerance: results of a questionnaire study in Finnish health care centres. Author(s): Peuhkuri K, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2000 July; 60(4): 291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943599&dopt=Abstract

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X-ray crystal structure of the human dimeric S-Lac lectin, L-14-II, in complex with lactose at 2.9-A resolution. Author(s): Lobsanov YD, Gitt MA, Leffler H, Barondes SH, Rini JM. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1993 December 25; 268(36): 27034-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8262940&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LACTOSE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and lactose.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Lactose The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on lactose: •

Dietary triggers in irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): Nutrition Research Centre, School of Applied Science, South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA (United Kingdom) Source: Shaw, A.D. Brooks, J.L. Dickerson, J.W.T. Davies, G.J. Nutrition-ResearchReviews (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 11(2) page 279-309.

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Lessons in comparative physiology: lactose intolerance. Source: Filer, L.J. Jr. Reynolds, W.A. Nutrition-today (USA). (Mar-April 1997). volume 32(2) page 79-81.

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Nutritional origin of cataracts. Source: Nutrition-reviews (USA). (November 1984). volume 42(11) page 377-379.

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The role of milk in human health: an Australian perspective. Source: Towers, P.A. Harden, T.J. Nichol, A.W. Halley, S. Nutrition-today (USA). (October 1997). volume 32(5) page 219-225.

Additional consumer oriented references include: •

Can't stomach milk? Keep lactose intolerance at bay. Source: Lepke, J. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. October 1993. volume 16 (10) page 2. 0893-4452

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Efficacy of exogenous lactase for lactose intolerance. Source: Nutrition-reviews (USA). (April 1988). volume 46(4) page 150-152. digestive disorders galactosidases metabolic disorders prevention children 0029-6643

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Lactose digestion and maldigestion: implications for dietary habits in developing countries. Source: Vorster, H.H. Cummings, J.H. Jerling, J.C. Nutr-res-rev. Wallingford, Oxon, U.K. : CAB International. December 1997. volume 10 page 137-149. 0954-4224

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Lactose intolerance and irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care, Worcester 01655, USA. Source: Mascolo, R Saltzman, J R Nutr-Revolume 1998 October; 56(10): 306-8 0029-6643

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Marketers milk misconceptions on lactose intolerance. Source: Tufts-Univ-diet-nutr-lett. New York, N.Y. : Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter, 1983-c1997. December 1994. volume 12 (10) page 4-7. 0747-4105

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More lactose in your life? Source: Anonymous Health-News. 1999 January 5; 5(1): 6 1081-5880

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Most frequently asked questions about lactose intolerance. Author(s): Cornell University Medical College. Source: Levine, B. Nutrition-today (USA). (April 1996). volume 31(2) page 78-79.

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “lactose” (or a synonym): •

Absorption of immunoglobulins from dried and freeze-dried cows colostrum supplemented with bioactive compounds. Author(s): Akademia Rolnicza, Wroclaw (Poland)

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Source: Szulc, T. Zachwieja, A. Dobicki, A. Kucera, J. Acta-Universitatis-Agriculturae-etSilviculturae-Mendelianae-Brunensis (Czech Republic). (2001). volume 49(5) page 17-23. •

Changes in ewe milk composition depending on lactation stage and feeding season. Author(s): University of J.J. Strossmayer, Osijek (Croatia). Faculty of Agriculture Source: Antunovic, Z. Steiner, Z. Sencic, D. Mandic, M. Klapec, T. Czech-Journal-ofAnimal-Science-UZPI (Czech Republic). (February 2001). volume 46(2) page 75-82.

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Effect of culture-containing dairy products on intestinal microflora, human nutrtion and health. Current knowledge and future perspectives. Author(s): Arla Forskning and Utveckling AB, Stockholm (Sweden) Source: Fonden, R. Mogensen, G. Tanaka, R. Salminen, S. Bulletin-FIL-IDF (Belgium). International Dairy Federation. (2000). (no.352) page 5-30.

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Effect of vitamin E and selenium administration on sheep milk quality. Author(s): Perugia Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche Source: Pauselli, M. Bolla, A. Casoli, C. Duranti, E. Proceedings-of-the-ASPA-CongressRecent-Progress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 505-507.

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Relationship between somatic cells count - whey protein and coagulation properties in sheep milk [Sardinia]. Author(s): Sassari Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani per la Fecondazione Artificiale, Milan (Italy) Source: Nudda, A. Battacone, G. Murgia, P. Pulina, G. Feligini, M. Proceedings-of-theASPA-Congress-Recent-Progress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 511-513.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for efficient conversion of lactose in salted and unsalted cheese whey into ethanol. Author(s): Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Source: Tahoun, M K el Nemr, T M Shata, O H Nahrung. 2002 October; 46(5): 321-6 0027-769X

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Alpha-lactose monohydrate single crystals as hosts for matrix isolation of guest biopolymers. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1393, USA. Source: Wang, H C Kurimoto, M Kahr, B Chmielewski, J Bioorg-Med-Chem. 2001 September; 9(9): 2279-83 0968-0896

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Breath hydrogen responses in infants using lactose-rice formula and regular lactose formula. Author(s): Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Taiwan. Source: Wu, T C Hwang, B Lee, P S Acta-Paediatr-Taiwan. 2001 Nov-December; 42(6): 328-32

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By the way, doctor. I've started drinking soy milk instead of cow's milk because I've developed an intolerance to lactose. I know there are so-called phytoestrogens in soy products and that they are probably of some benefit to me. However, is there a problem for my husband? Author(s): Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

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Source: Manson, J E Harv-Health-Lett. 2000 April; 25(6): 8 1052-1577 •

Calcium needs and lactose intolerance. Source: Perman, J.A. Carnat-Nutr-Educ-Ser. New York : Raven Press. 1992. volume 3 page 65-75. 1049-4901

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Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of lactitol in rats: comparison with lactose. Source: Woutersen, R.A. Low digestibility carbohydrates : proceedings of a workshop held at the TNO-CIVO Institutes, Zeist, the Netherlands, 27-28 November 1986 / editing committee, D.C. Leegwater, VolumeJ. Feron & R.J.J. Hermus. Wageningen : Pudoc, 1987. page 51-60. ISBN: 9022009203

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Comparative evaluation of co-processed lactose and microcrystalline cellulose with their physical mixtures in the formulation of folic acid tablets. Author(s): Laboratory of Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, Catholic University of Leuven, O&N Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. [email protected] Source: Michoel, A Rombaut, P Verhoye, A Pharm-Dev-Technol. 2002 January; 7(1): 7987 1083-7450

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Comparison of the performance of lactose and mannitol selenite enriched broths, subcultured to DCA and XLD agars, in the isolation of Salmonella spp. from faeces. Author(s): Public Health Laboratory (Midlands), Group Headquarters, Royal Shrewsbury Hospital. [email protected] Source: Nye, K J Fallon, D Frodsham, D Gee, B Howe, S Turner, T Warren, R E Andrews, N Commun-Dis-Public-Health. 2002 December; 5(4): 285-8 1462-1843

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Comparison of yoghurt, heat treated yoghurt, milk and lactose effects on plasmid dissemination in gnotobiotic mice. Author(s): Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche de Jouy en Josas, Unite d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Systeme Digestif, France. Source: Maisonneuve, S Ouriet, M F Duval Iflah, Y Antonie-Van-Leeuwenhoek. 2001 June; 79(2): 199-207 0003-6072

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Dairy science to the defense: now military personnel and others can enjoy a lowlactose powdered milk. Source: Stanley, D. Agric-res. Washington, D.C. : Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. October 1995. volume 43 (10) page 10-11. 0002-161X

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Effect of lactose and dried whey supplementation on growth performance and histology of the immune system in broilers. Author(s): Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Gulsen, N Coskun, B Umucalilar, H D Inal, F Boydak, M Arch-Tierernahr. 2002 April; 56(2): 131-9 0003-942X

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Effect of mastitis on milk lactose, chloride and koestler's number. Author(s): Cairo Univ. (Egypt). Dept. of Botany Source: Morsi, N.M. El Gazzar, H. Saleh, Y. Hanafi, A. Pakistan-Journal-of-BiologicalSciences (Pakistan). (January 2000). volume 3(1) page 20-23. mastitis milk proximate composition lactose chlorides streptococcus species enterococcus 1028-8880

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Effect of yogurt and bifidus yogurt fortified with skim milk powder, condensed whey and lactose-hydrolysed condensed whey on serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in rats. Source: Beena, A. Prasad, V. J-dairy-res. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1929. August 1997. volume 64 (3) page 453-457. 0022-0299

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High-resolution crystal structures of Erythrina cristagalli lectin in complex with lactose and 2'-alpha-L-fucosyllactose and correlation with thermodynamic binding data. Author(s): Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Center for Structural Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, P. O. Box 462, SE-405-30 Goteborg, Sweden. Source: Svensson, C Teneberg, S Nilsson, C L Kjellberg, A Schwarz, F P Sharon, N Krengel, U J-Mol-Biol. 2002 August 2; 321(1): 69-83 0022-2836

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Lactose: truth or intolerances. Source: Liebman, B. Nutr-Action-Health-Lett. Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest. April 1991. volume 18 (3) page 8-9. 0199-5510

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Nutritional significance of lactose. II. Metabolism and toxicity of galactose. Source: Flynn, A. Dev-Dairy-Chem. London: Applied Science Publishers. 1985. volume 3 page 133-141.

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Nutritive value of chicken and corn flour mixtures in formulas for infants with lactose intolerance. Source: Cornejo, L. Hernandez, M. Sotelo, A. Cereal-chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1924-. Sept/October 1993. volume 70 (5) page 572-575. 0009-0352

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Purification and characterization of three galactose specific lectins from mulberry seeds (Morus sp.). Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh. [email protected] Source: Yeasmin, T Tang, M A Razzaque, A Absar, N Eur-J-Biochem. 2001 December; 268(23): 6005-10 0014-2956

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The combination of molecular dynamics with crystallography for elucidating proteinligand interactions: a case study involving peanut lectin complexes with T-antigen and lactose. Author(s): Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India. Source: Pratap, J V Bradbrook, G M Reddy, G B Surolia, A Raftery, J Helliwell, J R Vijayan, M Acta-Crystallogr-D-Biol-Crystallogr. 2001 November; 57(Pt 11): 1584-94 09074449

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The diversion of lactose carbon through the tagatose pathway reduces the intracellular fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and growth rate of Streptococcus bovis. Source: Bond, D.R. Tsai, B.M. Russell, J.B. Appl-microbiol-biotechnol. Berlin, Germany : Springer Verlag. May 1998. volume 49 (5) page 600-605. 0175-7598

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The effect of different concentrations of lactose powder on the airway function of adult asthmatics. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Lycksele Hospital, Sweden. [email protected] Source: Thoren, P Wallin, A Whitehead, P J Sandstrom, T Respir-Med. 2001 November; 95(11): 870-5 0954-6111

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The influence of excipients on the stability of the moisture sensitive drugs aspirin and niacinamide: comparison of tablets containing lactose monohydrate with tablets containing anhydrous lactose. Author(s): School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Source: Du, J Hoag, S W Pharm-Dev-Technol. 2001; 6(2): 159-66 1083-7450

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The influence of moderate lactose intake on intestinal lactase activity, protein utilization and energy digestibility in rats. Source: Smulikowska, S. Eggum, B.O. Wolstrup, J. Z-Tierphysiol-TierernahrFuttermittelkd-J-Anim-Physiol-Anim-Nutr. Hamburg, W. Ger. : Paul Parey. April 1985. volume 53 (5) page 225-232. 0044-3565

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The isolation of lactic acid bacteria from human colonic biopsies after enrichment on lactose derivatives and rye arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides. Source: Kontula, P. Suihko, M.L. Suortti, T. Tenkanen, M. Mattila Sandholm, T. Wright, A. von. Food-microbiol. London; Orlando : Academic Press, c1984-. February 2000. volume 17 (1) page 13-22. 0740-0020

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

Nutrition

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to lactose; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Food and Diet Almond Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cheese Alternatives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cottage Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dairy Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dairy-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dairy-Free Sour Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,95,00.html Multi-Grain Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Natural Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Non-Dairy Frozen Desserts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oat Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Refined Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rice Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,200,00.html Soy-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sugar Alcohols Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,97,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LACTOSE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to lactose. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to lactose and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to lactose: •

A genetic study of lactose digestion in Nigerian families. Author(s): Ransome-Kuti O, Kretchmer N, Johnson JD, Gribble JT. Source: Gastroenterology. 1975 March; 68(3): 431-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1112447&dopt=Abstract

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A putative carbohydrate-binding domain of the lactose-binding Cytisus sessilifolius anti-H(O) lectin has a similar amino acid sequence to that of the L-fucose-binding Ulex europaeus anti-H(O) lectin. Author(s): Konami Y, Yamamoto K, Osawa T, Irimura T. Source: Glycoconjugate Journal. 1995 April; 12(2): 128-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7620329&dopt=Abstract

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An institutional outbreak of Salmonellosis due to lactose-fermenting Salmonella newport. Author(s): Anand CM, Finlayson MC, Garson JZ, Larson ML.

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Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1980 November; 74(5): 657-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7446468&dopt=Abstract •

Analysis of tumour necrosis factor alpha-specific, lactose-specific and mistletoe lectin-specific binding sites in human lung carcinomas by labelled ligands. Author(s): Kayser K, Gabius HJ, Gabius S, Hagemeyer O. Source: Virchows Arch a Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1992; 421(4): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1329310&dopt=Abstract

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Body composition in the growing rat as affected by dietary lactose, calcium, buffering capacity and EDTA. Author(s): Ali RA, Evans JL. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1971 October; 33(4): 765-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4999154&dopt=Abstract

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By the way, doctor. I've started drinking soy milk instead of cow's milk because I've developed an intolerance to lactose. I know there are so-called phytoestrogens in soy products and that they are probably of some benefit to me. However, is there a problem for my husband? Author(s): Manson JE. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2000 April; 25(6): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10712759&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium utilization and feed deficiency in the growing rat as affected by dietary calcium, buffering capacity, lactose and EDTA. Author(s): Evans JL, Ali R. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1967 August; 92(4): 417-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4964543&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrate binding activities of Bradyrhizobium japonicum: IV. Effect of lactose and flavones on the expression of the lectin, BJ38. Author(s): Loh JT, Ho SC, Wang JL, Schindler M. Source: Glycoconjugate Journal. 1994 August; 11(4): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7873932&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of purified, reconstituted site-directed cysteine mutants of the lactose permease of Escherichia coli. Author(s): van Iwaarden PR, Driessen AJ, Menick DR, Kaback HR, Konings WN. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1991 August 25; 266(24): 15688-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1874727&dopt=Abstract

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Chemical modification of the lactose carrier of Escherichia coli by plumbagin, phenylarsinoxide or diethylpyrocarbonate affects the binding of galactoside. Author(s): Neuhaus JM, Wright JK. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1983 December 15; 137(3): 615-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6363064&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic diarrhea and soy formulas. Inhibition of diarrhea by lactose. Author(s): Donovan GK, Torres-Pinedo R. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1987 October; 141(10): 1069-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3630992&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical experience and research with the non-lactose bacillus proteus. Author(s): GRIGGS WB. Source: J Am Inst Homeopath. 1964 January-February; 57: 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14109172&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical proving and research of the non lactose bacillus gaertner co. Author(s): GRIGGS WB. Source: J Am Inst Homeopath. 1963 November-December; 56: 381-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14070440&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical proving and research of the non lactose Bacillus Gaertner Co. Author(s): GRIGGS WB. Source: J Am Inst Homeopath. 1963 July-August; 56: 296-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13950434&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical trial of home available, mixed diets versus a lactose-free, soy-protein formula for the dietary management of acute childhood diarrhea. Author(s): Alarcon P, Montoya R, Perez F, Dongo JW, Peerson JM, Brown KH. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1991 February; 12(2): 22432. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2051273&dopt=Abstract

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Common architecture of the primary galactose binding sites of Erythrina corallodendron lectin and heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli in relation to the binding of branched neolactohexaosylceramide. Author(s): Teneberg S, Berntsson A, Angstrom J. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 2000 September; 128(3): 481-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10965049&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative cross-linking activities of lactose-specific plant and animal lectins and a natural lactose-binding immunoglobulin G fraction from human serum with

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asialofetuin. Author(s): Gupta D, Kaltner H, Dong X, Gabius HJ, Brewer CF. Source: Glycobiology. 1996 December; 6(8): 843-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9023547&dopt=Abstract •

Comparison of a rice-based, mixed diet versus a lactose-free, soy-protein isolate formula for young children with acute diarrhea. Author(s): Maulen-Radovan I, Brown KH, Acosta MA, Fernandez-Varela H. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 November; 125(5 Pt 1): 699-706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7965421&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of inhibitory effect of galactose analogs on the binding and cytotoxicity of an anti-globotriaosylceramide monoclonal antibody coupled or not coupled to pokeweed antiviral protein. Author(s): Junqua S, Wils P, Mishal Z, Le Pecq JB. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 1987 April; 17(4): 459-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2436922&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of lactose uptake in resting and energized Escherichia coli cells: high rates of respiration inactivate the lac carrier. Author(s): Ghazi A, Therisod H, Shechter E. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1983 April; 154(1): 92-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6403513&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of soy-based formulas with lactose and with sucrose in the treatment of acute diarrhea in infants. Author(s): Fayad IM, Hashem M, Hussein A, Zikri MA, Zikri MA, Santosham M. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1999 July; 153(7): 675-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401799&dopt=Abstract

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Control of adhesion and detachment of parenchymal liver cells using lactose-carrying polystyrene as substratum. Author(s): Kobayashi A, Kobayashi K, Akaike T. Source: Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition. 1992; 3(6): 499-508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1419977&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary lactose as a possible risk factor for ischaemic heart disease: review of epidemiology. Author(s): Segall JJ. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1994 October; 46(3): 197-207. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7814174&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary management of lactose intolerance--lactase treated milk versus soya milk. Author(s): Gupta R, Gupta S. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1993 January; 47(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8514340&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary treatment of lactose intolerance in infants and children. Author(s): Sinden AA, Sutphen JL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1991 December; 91(12): 1567-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1960350&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in the hydrolysis of lactose and other substrates by beta-D-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis. Author(s): Kim SH, Lim KP, Kim HS. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1997 October; 80(10): 2264-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9361198&dopt=Abstract

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Does low lactose milk powder improve the nutritional intake and nutritional status of frail older Chinese people living in nursing homes? Author(s): Kwok T, Woo J, Kwan M. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2001; 5(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11250664&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of cecal cultures encapsulated in alginate beads or lyophilized in skim milk and dietary lactose on Salmonella colonization in broiler chicks. Author(s): Hollister AG, Corrier DE, Nisbet DJ, Deloach JR. Source: Poultry Science. 1994 January; 73(1): 99-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8165174&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary calcium supplementation with lactose on bone in vitamin Ddeficient rats. Author(s): Schaafsma G, Visser WJ, Dekker PR, Van Schaik M. Source: Bone. 1987; 8(6): 357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3449111&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary calcium, buffering capacity, lactose and EDTA on pH of and calcium absorption from gastrointestinal segments in the growig rat. Author(s): Ali R, Evans JL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1967 November; 93(3): 273-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4965712&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of fat and lactose supplementation on digestion in dairy cows. 1. Nonlipid components. Author(s): Doreau M, Bauchart D, Kindler A. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1987 January; 70(1): 64-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3571627&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of fat and lactose supplementation on digestion in dairy cows. 2. Long-chain fatty acids. Author(s): Bauchart D, Doreau M, Kindler A. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1987 January; 70(1): 71-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3571628&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of fiber on breath hydrogen response and symptoms after oral lactose in lactose malabsorbers. Author(s): Nguyen KN, Welsh JD, Manion CV, Ficken VJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1982 June; 35(6): 1347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6282106&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of iron and lactose supplementation of milk on the Maillard reaction and tryptophan content. Author(s): Birlouez-Aragon I, Moreaux V, Nicolas M, Ducauze CJ. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1997 May-June; 14(4): 381-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9205567&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lactose supplement on digestion of lucerne hay by sheep. II. Absorption of magnesium and calcium in the stomach. Author(s): Rayssiguier Y, Poncet C. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1980 July; 51(1): 186-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7410271&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of quercitrin on lactose-induced chronic diarrhoea in rats. Author(s): Galvez J, Sanchez de Medina F, Jimenez J, Torres MI, Fernandez MI, Nunez MC, Rios A, Gil A, Zarzuelo A. Source: Planta Medica. 1995 August; 61(4): 302-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7480174&dopt=Abstract

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Effective reduction of lactose maldigestion in preschool children by direct addition of beta-galactosidases to milk at mealtime. Author(s): Barillas C, Solomons NW. Source: Pediatrics. 1987 May; 79(5): 766-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3106927&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of magnesium and lactose supplementation on bone metabolism in the Xlinked hypophosphatemic mouse. Author(s): Marie PJ, Travers R. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1983 February; 32(2): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6827987&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of traditional rice-lentil-yogurt diet, lactose free milk protein-based formula and soy protein formula in management of secondary lactose intolerance with acute childhood diarrhoea. Author(s): Nizami SQ, Bhutta ZA, Molla AM. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1996 June; 42(3): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8699577&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental influences on lactose tolerance. Author(s): Johnson RC, Ayau EP, Ching CA, Nagoshi CT, Yuen S, Huang YH, Fjelstad K. Source: Behavior Genetics. 1987 July; 17(4): 313-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3675524&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of the fraction of the lactose in a high lactose diet available for fermentation in the cecum and colon of the rat. Author(s): Kim KI, Benevenga NJ, Grummer RH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1978 January; 108(1): 79-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=619046&dopt=Abstract

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Fertility of unfrozen and frozen stallion spermatozoa extended in EDTA-lactose-egg yolk and packaged in straws. Author(s): Loomis PR, Amann RP, Squires EL, Pickett BW. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1983 March; 56(3): 687-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6404879&dopt=Abstract

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Formation of lactose-resistant aggregates of human platelets induced by the mistletoe lectin and differential signaling responses to cell contact formation by the lectin or thrombin. Author(s): Samal AB, Timoshenko AV, Loiko EN, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ. Source: Biochemistry. Biokhimiia. 1998 May; 63(5): 516-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9632885&dopt=Abstract

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Galactose-specific lectin from Viscum album as a mediator of aggregation and priming of human platelets. Author(s): Samal AB, Gabius HJ, Timoshenko AV.

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Source: Anticancer Res. 1995 March-April; 15(2): 361-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7763007&dopt=Abstract •

Galactose-specific receptors on liver cells. I. Hepatocyte and liver macrophage receptors differ in their membrane anchorage. Author(s): Kempka G, Kolb-Bachofen V. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1985 October 30; 847(1): 108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2996612&dopt=Abstract

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Immobilization and characterization of beta-galactosidase from the plant gram chicken bean (Cicer arietinum). Evolution of its enzymatic actions in the hydrolysis of lactose. Author(s): Sun S, Li X, Nu S, You X. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 March; 47(3): 819-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552372&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of mammary gland lactose secretion by colchicine and vincristine. Author(s): Guerin MA, Loizzi RF. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1978 May; 234(5): C177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=645891&dopt=Abstract

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Is cow's milk suitable for the dietary supplementation of rural Gambian children? 1. Prevalence of lactose maldigestion. Author(s): Erinoso HO, Hoare S, Spencer S, Lunn PG, Weaver LT. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1992; 12(4): 359-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1283664&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization of beta-galactoside specific lectin from Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum) with lactose-BSA-sepharose 4B and changes of lectin conformation. Author(s): Park WB, Ju YJ, Han SK. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 1998 August; 21(4): 429-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875471&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization of lactose-binding lectins from the venoms of the snakes Lachesis muta and Dendroaspis jamesonii. Author(s): Ogilvie ML, Dockter ME, Wenz L, Gartner TK. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 1986 December; 100(6): 1425-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3571179&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation, purification & properties of lactose binding agglutination factor from rabbit skeletal muscle. Author(s): Liang RT, Shi YX.

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Source: Sci Sin [b]. 1984 March; 27(3): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6206562&dopt=Abstract •

Isolation, purification, and physicochemical characterization of a D-galactose-binding lectin from seeds of Erythrina speciosa. Author(s): Konozy EH, Bernardes ES, Rosa C, Faca V, Greene LJ, Ward RJ. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2003 February 15; 410(2): 222-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573281&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose and D-galactose metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus. II. Isomerization of Dgalactose 6-phosphate to D-tagatose 6-phosphate by a specific D-galactose-6phosphate isomerase. Author(s): Bissett DL, Wenger WC, Anderson RL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1980 September 25; 255(18): 8740-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7410391&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose and D-galactose metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus. IV. Isolation and properties of a class I D-ketohexose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase that catalyzes the cleavage of D-tagatose 1,6-diphosphate. Author(s): Bissett DL, Anderson RL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1980 September 25; 255(18): 8750-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7410392&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance in persistent diarrhoea during childhood: the role of a traditional rice-lentil (Khitchri) and yogurt diet in nutritional management. Author(s): Bhutta ZA, Nizami SQ, Isani Z. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1997 January; 47(1): 20-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9056732&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose transport in Escherichia coli cells. Evidence in favor of a permease-catalyzed efflux of lactose without protons. Author(s): Therisod H, Ghazi A, Houssin C, Shechter E. Source: Febs Letters. 1982 April 19; 140(2): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6282632&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose-containing starburst dendrimers: influence of dendrimer generation and binding-site orientation of receptors (plant/animal lectins and immunoglobulins) on binding properties. Author(s): Andre S, Ortega PJ, Perez MA, Roy R, Gabius HJ. Source: Glycobiology. 1999 November; 9(11): 1253-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10536041&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic inhibitors as tools to delineate participation of distinct intracellular pathways in enhancement of lactose-induced dissociation of neutrophil and thymocyte aggregates formed by mediation of a plant lectin. Author(s): Timoshenko AV, Gorudko IV, Kaltner H, Cherenkevich SN, Gabius HJ. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1997 October; 43(3): 477-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352065&dopt=Abstract

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Modification by site-directed mutagenesis of the specificity of Erythrina corallodendron lectin for galactose derivatives with bulky substituents at C-2. Author(s): Arango R, Rodriguez-Arango E, Adar R, Belenky D, Loontiens FG, Rozenblatt S, Sharon N. Source: Febs Letters. 1993 September 13; 330(2): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8365483&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular basis of recognition by Gal/GalNAc specific legume lectins: influence of Glu 129 on the specificity of peanut agglutinin (PNA) towards C2-substituents of galactose. Author(s): Sharma V, Srinivas VR, Adhikari P, Vijayan M, Surolia A. Source: Glycobiology. 1998 October; 8(10): 1007-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9719681&dopt=Abstract

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NMR investigations of protein-carbohydrate interactions: insights into the topology of the bound conformation of a lactose isomer and beta-galactosyl xyloses to mistletoe lectin and galectin-1. Author(s): Alonso-Plaza JM, Canales MA, Jimenez M, Roldan JL, Garcia-Herrero A, Iturrino L, Asensio JL, Canada FJ, Romero A, Siebert HC, Andre S, Solis D, Gabius HJ, Jimenez-Barbero J. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2001 December 19; 1568(3): 225-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11786229&dopt=Abstract

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Nursing caries and lactose intolerance. Author(s): Juambeltz JC, Kula K, Perman J. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1993 November-December; 60(4): 377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8126301&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional consequences of low dose milk supplements consumed by lactosemalabsorbing children. Author(s): Brown KH, Khatun M, Parry L, Ahmed MG. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1980 May; 33(5): 1054-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6892752&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional supplements used in weight-reduction programs increase intestinal gas in persons who malabsorb lactose. Author(s): Suarez FL, Zumarraga LM, Furne JK, Levitt MD.

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Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 December; 101(12): 1447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762740&dopt=Abstract •

On the interaction of alpha-lactalbumin and galactosyltransferase during lactose synthesis. Author(s): Powell JT, Brew K. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1975 August 25; 250(16): 6337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=808542&dopt=Abstract

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Prebiotics or probiotics for lactose intolerance: a question of adaptation. Author(s): Szilagyi A. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 July; 70(1): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393148&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of viridans streptococci exhibiting lactose-inhibitable coaggregation with oral actinomycetes. Author(s): Kolenbrander PE, Williams BL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1983 August; 41(2): 449-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6409806&dopt=Abstract

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Primary adult lactose intolerance and the milking habit: a problem in biologic and cultural interrelations. II. A culture historical hypothesis. Author(s): Simoons FJ. Source: Am J Dig Dis. 1970 August; 15(8): 695-710. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5468838&dopt=Abstract

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Primary adult lactose intolerance and the milking habit: a problem in biological and cultural interrelations. I. Review of the medical research. Author(s): Simoons FJ. Source: Am J Dig Dis. 1969 December; 14(12): 819-36. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4902756&dopt=Abstract

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Proteus--a Bach nosode. A non-lactose fermenting colibacillus. Author(s): Schmidt RA. Source: J Am Inst Homeopath. 1965 September-October; 58(9): 261-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5897832&dopt=Abstract

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Purification and properties of two lactose hydrolases from Trichosporon cutaneum. Author(s): West M, Emerson GW, Sullivan PA.

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Source: J Gen Microbiol. 1990 August; 136 ( Pt 8): 1483-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2124610&dopt=Abstract •

Quantitative measurements of the proton-motive force and its relation to steady state lactose accumulation in Escherichia coli. Author(s): Ahmed S, Booth IR. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1981 December 15; 200(3): 573-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6282253&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent abdominal pain and lactose absorption in children. Author(s): Lebenthal E, Rossi TM, Nord KS, Branski D. Source: Pediatrics. 1981 June; 67(6): 828-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7195004&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of lactose catabolism in Streptococcus mutans: purification and regulatory properties of phospho-beta-galactosidase. Author(s): Calmes R, Brown AT. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1979 January; 23(1): 68-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=33899&dopt=Abstract

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Reproductive defects are corrected in vitamin d-deficient female rats fed a high calcium, phosphorus and lactose diet. Author(s): Johnson LE, DeLuca HF. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 August; 132(8): 2270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163674&dopt=Abstract

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Review article: lactose--a potential prebiotic. Author(s): Szilagyi A. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 September; 16(9): 1591-602. Review. Erratum In: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 May 1; 17(9): 1205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197838&dopt=Abstract

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Role of a soy-based lactose-free formula in the outpatient management of diarrhea. Author(s): Santosham M, Goepp J, Burns B, Reid R, O'Donovan C, Pathak R, Sack RB. Source: Pediatrics. 1991 May; 87(5): 619-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2020505&dopt=Abstract

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Role of soy-based, lactose-free formula during treatment of acute diarrhea. Author(s): Santosham M, Foster S, Reid R, Bertrando R, Yolken R, Burns B, Sack RB. Source: Pediatrics. 1985 August; 76(2): 292-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4022702&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitivity of efflux-driven carrier turnover to external pH in mutants of the Escherichia coli lactose carrier that have tyrosine or phenylalanine substituted for histidine-322. A comparison of lactose and melibiose. Author(s): King SC, Wilson TH. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1990 February 25; 265(6): 3153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2105944&dopt=Abstract

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Structure of a legume lectin with an ordered N-linked carbohydrate in complex with lactose. Author(s): Shaanan B, Lis H, Sharon N. Source: Science. 1991 November 8; 254(5033): 862-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1948067&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis, utilization and degradation of lactose operon mRNA in Escherichia coli. Author(s): Leive L, Kollin V. Source: Journal of Molecular Biology. 1967 March 14; 24(2): 247-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4961803&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of a kaolin-pectin adsorbent on stool losses of sodium, potassium, and fat during a lactose-intolerance diarrhea in rats. Author(s): McClung HJ, Beck RD, Powers P. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1980 April; 96(4): 769-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7359292&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of lactose supplementation and source on feed intake and production characteristics of laying hens. Author(s): Gleaves EW, Salim AA. Source: Poultry Science. 1982 December; 61(12): 2390-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6984508&dopt=Abstract

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The fraction of dietary lactose available for fermentation in the cecum and colon of pigs. Author(s): Kim KI, Jewell DE, Benevenga NJ, Grummer RH. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1978 June; 46(6): 1658-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=99416&dopt=Abstract

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The response to dietary treatment of patients with chronic post-infectious diarrhea and lactose intolerance. Author(s): Lifshitz F, Fagundes-Neto U, Ferreira VC, Cordano A, Ribeiro Hda C. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1990 June; 9(3): 231-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2358619&dopt=Abstract

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Thermodynamics of carbohydrate binding to galectin-1 from Chinese hamster ovary cells and two mutants. A comparison with four galactose-specific plant lectins. Author(s): Gupta D, Cho M, Cummings RD, Brewer CF. Source: Biochemistry. 1996 December 3; 35(48): 15236-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8952472&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a hydrolysable probe, [14C]lactose, to distinguish between pre-lysosomal and lysosomal steps in the autophagic pathway. Author(s): Hoyvik H, Gordon PB, Seglen PO. Source: Experimental Cell Research. 1986 September; 166(1): 1-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3743649&dopt=Abstract

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Use of chestnut in the feeding of infants allergic to cow's milk or intolerant to lactose. Author(s): Osvaath P, Kerese I, Szendrey A. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1976 November-December; 4(6): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1037070&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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The following is a specific Web list relating to lactose; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lactose Intolerance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lactose Intolerance Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Malabsorption Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spastic Colon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Alternative Therapy Homeopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus Sp Alternative names: Vetch, Rattlepod, Locoweed; Astragalus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Colchicine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Digestive Enzymes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10051,00.html Fructo-Oligosaccharides (FOS) and Other Oligosaccharides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org L. Acidophilus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lactase Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lactobacillus Acidophilus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Metoclopramide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Momordica Alternative names: Bitter Gourd, Karela; Momordica charantia Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sambucus Alternative names: Black Elderberry; Sambucus nigra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON LACTOSE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to lactose. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “lactose” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on lactose, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Lactose ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to lactose. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Study of Within Herd Variability in Milk Fat, Protein and Lactose Content of Bulk Milks in British Columbia and Factors Affecting the Design of Herd Milk Sampling Programs by Williams, Christopher John; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK17244

•

An Investigation of Water Vapor Uptake Kinetics by Different Forms of Lactose, Poly(Ethylene Glycol) and Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) by Disi, Hasan A., PhD from Long Island University, the Brooklyn Center, 2003, 239 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086797

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Lactose Hydrolysis by Disrupted Thermophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria by Vasiljevic, Todor, PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 2003, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ82176

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON LACTOSE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “lactose” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on lactose, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Lactose By performing a patent search focusing on lactose, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on lactose: •

.beta.-D-galactosidase microencapsulated with fatty acid ester and milk containing the same Inventor(s): Kwak; Hae-Soo (Seoul, KR), Lim; Mi-Ri (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Anigen Co., Ltd. (kr) Patent Number: 6,491,955 Date filed: May 4, 2000 Abstract: A.beta.-D-galactosidase which is encapsulated with fatty acid ester, does not exert its hydrolysis function in milk but hydrolyze lactose in the human body. Hence, the milk containing the encapsulated.beta.-D-galactosidase, does not change in sweetness with storage and is digestible to the.beta.-D-galactosidase-deficient people. In addition, the milk can maintain its characteristic taste without off-flavor by virtue of the excellent feature of fatty acid ester. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fatty acid ester-microencapsulated.beta.-Dgalactosidase and milk containing the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to easy digestion of milk by adding.beta.-D-galactosidase microencapsulated with fatty acid ester. In milk, lactose is contained at an amount of about 4.8-5.2%. After ingestion of milk, lactose is hydrolyzed to galactose and glucose, which are both well absorbed in the small intestine, by.beta.-D-galactosidase an enzyme produced in the small intestine. Nearly all infants and children are able to digest lactose. In contrast, a majority of adults in certain population groups are deficient in.beta.-D-galactosidase, which makes them intolerant of milk. In a.beta.-D-galactosidase-deficient adult, lactose accumulates in the lumen of the small intestine after ingestion of milk because there is no mechanism for the uptake of this disaccharide. The large osmotic effect of the unabsorbed lactose leads to an influx of fluid into the small intestine. At the caecum, the unabsorbed lactose is fermented to organic acids by the enteric bacteria. Hence, the clinical symptoms of lactose intolerance are abdominal distention, nausea, cramping, pain, and watery diarrhea.beta.-D-galactosidase deficiency, whose reason is not clearly revealed, appears to be inherited and postnatal. The prevalence of.beta.-D-galactosidase deficiency in human populations varies greatly. For example, 3% of Danes are deficient in.beta.-D-galactosidase, compared with 97% of Thais and 84% of Koreans. About twothirds of the population the world over are reported to be problematic in digesting milk. The adults deficient in.beta.-D-galactosidase are reluctant to take milk. It is nutritiously beneficial, particularly, in an aspect of calcium metabolism, for older people to ingest milk, but most of them do not ingest the recommended daily amount (500 ml/day). In order to help the lactose of milk ve digested and well absorbed in the body,.beta.-Dgalactosidase would be added to the milk. However, the glucose and galactose resulting from the hydrolysis action of the enzyme makes the milk too sweet for the consumers to drink. Hence, it is necessary that the.beta.-D-galactosidase added be designed to hydrolyze the lactose only after ingestion of milk. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06491955__

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•

Alkylpolyglucosides containing pseudomonas microorganism

disinfectant

compositions

active

against

Inventor(s): Gluck; Bruno Anthony (North Gosford, AU) Assignee(s): Novapharm Research (australia) Pty. (rosebery, Au) Patent Number: 6,531,434 Date filed: March 23, 2000 Abstract: An antiseptic cleansing composition comprising an antimicrobial agent, an effective amount of an alkylpolysaccharide surfactant, at least one alkyl alcohol and at least on aryl alcohol. Suitable surfactant alkylpolysaccharides may contain one or more sugar units selected from the group consisting of maltose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, gulose, idose, talose, allose, altrose, sucrose, fructose, sorbose, levulose, lactose, allulose, tagatose, alloheptulose, sedoheptulose, glucoheptulose, mannoheptulose, guloheptulose, idoheptulose, galactoheptulose, taloheptulose and derivatives thereof. Suitable antimicrobial agents include chlorohexidine, chlorohexidine salt, chlorophenol derivative, octenidindihydrochloride (CH.sub.3 -(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --NHOH--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --NO--NH(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --CH.sub.3) or any salt thereof, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a disinfectant cleansing composition. It is known that infection is spread via skin contact through the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. Hitherto, in order to reduce the presence of such organisms it has been known to scrub the skin with a solution containing a surfactant followed by application of an antiseptic. In recent years it has been suggested that it would be desirable to combine the washing and disinfectant actions in a single operation by providing a composition comprising both an antimicrobial agent and a surfactant. It has been found however that many antimicrobial agents such as chlorhexidine [N,N'-bis(4chlorophenyl)-3,12-diimino 2,4,11,13-tetraazatetradecanediimidamide]digluconate and other chlorhexidine salts are incompatible with anionic surfactants, and are reduced in their antimicrobial activity by nonionic surfactants, thus requiring addition of more antimicrobial agent in order to retain sufficient biocidal activity at the amount of surfactant required for satisfactory foam formation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06531434__ •

Composition containing ascorbic acid Inventor(s): Ichihara; Junji (Takatsuki, JP), Itakura; Yasushi (Nara, JP), Noguchi; Hiroshi (Kawanishi, JP), Taiji; Mutsuo (Takatsuki, JP), Yamaga; Hiroshi (Suita, JP) Assignee(s): Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 6,399,658 Date filed: June 9, 1999 Abstract: L-ascorbic acid, L-ascorbic acid derivatives and salts thereof can reduce lactic acid levels in blood, and are useful for treating lactic acidosis and the like caused by administration of amoxapine, theophylline, metformin, phenformin, buformin, nalidixic acid, hopantenic acid, azidothymidine, dideoxycytidine, high caloric transfusion, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, xylitol, lactose, sorbitol or the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition containing L-ascorbic acid, an L-ascorbic acid derivative or a salt thereof as an active ingredient. The composition of

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the present invention has the effect of reducing lactic acid levels in blood, and is useful, for example, for reducing side effect caused by a drug which has lactic acidosis as a side effect. Lactic acidosis is a state in which the lactic acid level in blood is 45 mg/dL or more, and pH of arterial blood is 7.25 or less. As to clinical symptoms, though lactic acidosis usually does not result in any symptoms in the early stage, later there appear, for example, low blood pressure, unconsciousness, nausea, vomiting, stomach ache, diarrhea, muscular ache, the state of hyperventilation and circulatory disorder etc. These symptoms often occur especially severely in elderly persons and patients with cardiac or renal disease etc. Certain kind of drugs and medical supplements are known to cause lactic acid levels to increase in blood as a side effect and to induce lactic acidosis. After lactic acidosis occurs, usage of the drugs and the medical supplements may be restricted, because of the possibility that they might worsen renal failure etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399658__ •

Compressed nitroglycerin tablet and its method of manufacture Inventor(s): Capella; Roberto L. (Landing, NJ) Assignee(s): Warner-lambert Company (morris Plains, Nj) Patent Number: 6,500,456 Date filed: May 22, 2000 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a stable nitroglycerin containing pharmaceutical composition, preferably a tablet which is prepared by direct compression technology. The formulation closely replicates the properties of nitroglycerin molded sublingual tablets (e.g. adequate disintegration and sublingual absorption), while reducing the problems experienced with compressed tablets (e.g. friability and weight variations). The stable tablets are characterized by a decreased migration of nitroglycerin, decreased potency loss, excellent content uniformity when stored. The preferred combination of components are: nitroglycerin/lactose dilution, hydrous lactose, glyceril monostearate, fumed silica, pregelantinized starch and calcium stearate. The preferred process employs direct compression technology to yield composition showing adequate disintegration, bioavailability and improved stability. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a nitroglycerin containing pharmaceutical composition, preferably a direct compressed tablet, stabilized by the presence of glyceryl monostearate. The formulation closely replicates the properties of nitroglycerin molded sublingual tablets (e.g., adequate disintegration and sublingual absorption), while reducing the problems experienced with compressed tablets (e.g., friability and weight variations). The stable tablets are characterized by a decreased migration of nitroglycerin, decreased potency loss, excellent content uniformity when stored. The preferred combination of components are: nitroglycerin/lactose dilution, hydrous lactose, glyceryl monostearate, fumed silica, pregelatinized starch and calcium stearate. The preferred process employs direct compression technology to yield a stabilized composition showing adequate disintegration and bioavailability. The stabilization of nitroglycerin in solid dosage forms has been a subject of scientific interest for more than twenty years. This interest can be attributed to the finding that nitroglycerin, which is a liquid at normal temperatures, easily migrates from tablets to other tablets and/or to the container and container components. Nitroglycerin will migrate to the cap-liner and to other tablets such as aspirin if the two products are stored together in the same container. Plastics have various affinities for nitroglycerin depending on their polarity; hence tablets have not been successfully marketed in unit

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dose containers. In fact, the USP states that nitroglycerin tablets must be stored in glass containers. Various attempts have been made to improve the molded tablet formulation to assure better stability. However, as of now, significant improvements have not been made in marketed products. In 1973, Parke-Davis & Co. added polyethylene glycol 3350 to molded tablet formulations. While this additive reduced the migration and loss of nitroglycerin to some degree, the content uniformity range increased upon storage. Hence, after one or two years' shelf life, there was a risk of not meeting USP limits. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06500456__ •

Controlled release formulation of divalproex sodium Inventor(s): Bollinger; J. Daniel (Libertyville, IL), Cheskin; Howard S. (Glencoe, IL), Engh; Robert K. (Kenosha, WI), Poska; Paul Richard (Mundelein, IL), Qiu; Yihong (Gurnee, IL) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (abbott Park, Il) Patent Number: 6,528,091 Date filed: May 10, 2002 Abstract: A controlled release tablet formulation which permits once daily dosing in the treatment of epilepsy comprises from about 50 weight percent to about 55 weight percent of an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of valproic acid, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester of valproic acid, divalproex sodium, and valpromide; from about 20 weight percent to about 40 weight percent hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; from about 5 weight percent to about 15 weight percent lactose, from about 4 weight percent to about 6 weight percent microcrystalline cellulose, and from about 1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent silicon dioxide having an average particle size ranging between about 1 micron and about 10 microns; all weight percentages based upon the total weight of the tablet dosage form. Also disclosed are pre-tableting granular formulations, methods of making the granular formulations and tablets, and a method of treating epilepsy employing the controlled release tablet formulations of the invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical formulations. More particularly, the present invention concerns a formulation comprising valproic acid, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or amide thereof or divalproex sodium, in a controlled release tablet formulation. 2-Propylpentanoic acid, more commonly known as valproic acid (VPA), its amide, valpromide (VPO), and certain salts and esters of the acid are effective in the treatment of epileptic seizures or as antipsychotic agents. U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,731 to Meade discloses an oligomer having a 1:1 molar ratio of sodium valproate and valproic acid containing 4 units, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,212,326 to Meade discloses a stable, non-hygroscopic solid form of valproic acid which comprises an oligomer having 1:1 molar ratio of sodium valproate and valproic acid and containing four to six units. Divalproex sodium (sodium hydrogen divalproate) is one of the most widely accepted antiepileptic agents currently available. However, despite its efficacy in the treatment of epilepsy, valproic acid has been shown to exhibit an elimination halflife which is shorter than other commonly used antiepileptic agents. Half-lives for the drug of between six and seventeen hours in adults and between four and fourteen hours in children have been reported. This leads to substantial fluctuations in the plasma concentration of the drug, especially in chronic administration. To maintain reasonably stable plasma concentrations, it is necessary to resort to frequent dosing, and the resulting inconvenience to the patient often results in lowered compliance with the

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prescribed dosing regimen. Moreover, widely fluctuating plasma concentrations of the drug may result in administration of less than therapeutic amounts of the drug in a conservative dosing regimen, or amounts too large for the particular patient in an aggressive dosing regimen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06528091__ •

Energetic rehydration fluid composition in particular for young animals no longer able to digest milk normally Inventor(s): Demigne; Christian (Ceyrat, FR), Remesy; Christian (Clermont-Ferrand, FR) Assignee(s): Institut National DE LA Recherche Agronomique (inra) (paris, Fr) Patent Number: 6,616,939 Date filed: May 4, 2001 Abstract: The invention concerns a rehydration fluid composition, useful in particular for feeding young animals no longer able to digest milk, comprising lactose or glucose or a product based on lactose or glucose: a mineral supplement ensuring restoration of digestive losses. The invention is characterised in that the composition further comprises an efficient quantity of soluble vegetable proteins and vegetable lipids ensuring suitable appropriate energy intake. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an energy-supplying rehydrating composition which can be used in particular for young animals, especially young ruminants, no longer able to digest milk normally. Diarrhea in calves constitutes the main cause of morbidity during the first weeks of life, thus causing considerable economic losses for this cattle farm. Whatever its origin (nutritional, bacterial or viral), diarrhea is most commonly revealed by symptoms of severe dehydration of the animal and of digestive and metabolic modifications, these phenomena doubtless being linked. In conditions of diarrhea or in situations of stress likely to profoundly disturb the course of digestion, it is well known that it is necessary to partially or totally eliminate milkbased food. Specifically, the digestion of milk can be affected by disturbances in the emptying of the rennet stomach and, in this case, the administration of milk tends to worsen the physiological state since this may lead to total blocking of the functioning of the rennet stomach, which compromises the subsequent taking of any oral treatment. Even though the processes of coagulum formation in the rennet stomach are not entirely destroyed, the possibilities for digesting proteins and lipids in the small intestine are decreased given the poor condition of the intestinal mucous membrane or insufficient pancreatic secretion. Even if the calf suffering from digestive problems manages to partially digest the milk-based food, this does not allow it to have an optimum amount of water and of minerals to deal with the exacerbated intestinal losses of water and of electrolytes. The mineral composition of milk appears to be intended for ensuring rapid growth of the various tissues, in particular of the bone tissues. For this reason, milk is rich in the phosphorus and calcium which are required for constructing bone, and in potassium, the major cation of the intracellular medium. The relative lack, in milk, of sodium and of chloride, which are lost in very high amounts during diarrhea, makes this food unsuitable for compensating the very high digestive losses of these minerals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06616939__

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Erythritol-producing yeast strains Inventor(s): Chu; Wen-Shen (Hsinchu, TW), Hsu; Wen-Haw (Hsinchu, TW), Lin; ShieJea (Hsinchu, TW), Liou; Guey-Yuh (Hsinchu, TW), Wen; Chiou-Yen (Hsinchu, TW) Assignee(s): Food Industry Research & Development Institute (hsinchu, Tw) Patent Number: 6,300,107 Date filed: June 2, 2000 Abstract: A yeast strain capable of converting glucose to erythritol, said strain having the following identifying characteristics: an absence of motile spores; septate mycelia; asexual reproduction; an absence of reniform cells; conidia optionally formed on short denticles but not on elongate stalks; an absence of ballistoconidia; non-monopolar budding on a broad base; acropetal chains of blastoconidia; dark brown, thick-walled chlamydospores; an ability to assimilate sucrose, glycerol and maltose; an inability to assimilate lactose; an inability to ferment galactose; an ability to grow in a vitamin-free medium; and an ability to grow at 25.degree. C. to 36.degree. C. Excerpt(s): Erythritol, a sugar alcohol, is 60-80% as sweet as sucrose. Yet, it has a calorific value only about one tenths that of sucrose and does not contribute to dental caries. Also, unlike many sugar alcohols, it does not cause diarrhea. Further, erythritol possesses excellent processing properties: It is heat-stable; and it does not react with amino groups and therefore does not cause browning of organic substance. Erythritol can be found in lichen, hemp leaves, mushrooms, fermentative foods (e.g., wine and soy sauce), and microorganisms. Among erythritol-producing microorganisms are yeast strains of the Pichia, Candida, Torulopsis, Trogonopsis, Moniliella, Aureobasidium, and Trichosporon genera. The present invention relates to new yeast strains which are capable of converting glucose into erythritol in a simple medium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06300107__

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Fast-dissolving galanthamine hydrobromide tablet Inventor(s): De Conde; Valentin Florent Victor (Lommel, BE), Gilis; Paul Marie Victor (Beerse, BE) Assignee(s): Janssen Pharmaceutica N.v. (beerse, Be) Patent Number: 6,358,527 Date filed: June 1, 2000 Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with a fast-dissolving tablet for oral administration comprising as an active ingredient a therapeutically effective amount of galanthamine hydrobromide (1:1) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, characterized in that said carrier comprises a spray-dried mixture of lactose monohydrate and microcrystalline cellulose (75:25) as a diluent, and a disintegrant; and with a direct compression process of preparing such fast-dissolving tablets. Galanthamine, a tertiary alkaloid, has been isolated from the bulbs of the Caucasian snowdrops Galantanus woronowi (Proskurnina, N. F. and Yakoleva, A. P. 1952, Alkaloids of Galanthus woronowi II. Isolation of a new alkaloid. (In Russian.) Zh. Obschchei Khim. (J. Gen. Chem.) 22, 1899-1902). It has also been isolated from the common snowdrop Galanthus nivalis (Boit, 1954). The chemical name of galanthamine is [4aS-(4a.alpha., 6.beta., 8aR*)]-4a, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12-hexahydro-3-methoxy-11-methyl-6Hbenzofuro[3a, 3, 2-ef][2]benzazepin-6ol; both the base compound and its hydrobromide

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are laevorotatory. Galanthamine is a well-known acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which is active at nicotinic receptor sites but not on muscarinic receptor sites. It is capable of passing the blood-brain barrier in humans, and presents no severe side effects in therapeutically effective dosages. Galanthamine has been used extensively as a curare reversal agent in anaesthetic practice in Eastern bloc countries (cf. review by Paskow, 1986) and also experimentally in the West (cf. Bretagne and Valetta, 1965: Wislicki, 1967; Consanitis, 1971). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06358527__ •

Fireproof, non-exploding nitroglycerine and solid mixtures containing anhydrous lactose Inventor(s): Heinzelmann; Walter (Odenthal, DE), Ruloff; Cornelius (Leverkusen, DE) Assignee(s): Dynamit Nobel Gmbh Explosivstoff-und Systemtechnik (troisdorf, De) Patent Number: 6,335,365 Date filed: April 28, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to fireproof, non-explosive solids mixtures containing nitroglycerin and anhydrous lactose that do not have to be classified as an explosive in accordance with ADR/RID, IATA, IMCO and/or UN guidelines, to methods for the preparation of such solids mixtures and to the use of anhydrous lactose for the preparation of fireproof, non-explosive solid mixtures containing nitroglycerin and lactose that do not have to be classified as an explosive in accordance with ADR/RID, IATA, IMCO and/or UN guidelines. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119 of Germany-198 19012.3, filed Apr. 29, 1998. The subject-matter of the present invention is the use of lactose as excipient of nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate, propantriol-1,2,3trinitrate) is a well-known liquid nitrate ester which has found widespread use as an active ingredient of a drug in numerous medicaments for coronary therapy that can be formulated both for a fast action in emergency cases and for a slow release of the active ingredient for an extended protection against angina pectoris attacks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06335365__

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Hepatocellular chimeraplasty Inventor(s): Bandyopadhyay; Paramita (Minneapolis, MN), Kren; Betsy T. (Minneapolis, MN), Roy-Chowdhury; Jayanta (New Rochelle, NY), Steer; Clifford J. (St. Paul, MN) Assignee(s): Regents of the University of Minnesota (minneapolis, Mn), Yeshiva University (bronx, Ny) Patent Number: 6,524,613 Date filed: June 30, 1998 Abstract: The present invention concerns compositions and methods for the introduction of specific genetic changes in endogenous genes of the cells of an animal. The genetic changes are effected by oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide derivatives and analogs, which are generally less than about 100 nucleotides in length. The invention provides for macromolecular carriers, optionally incorporating ligands for clathrin coated pit receptors. In one embodiment the ligand is a lactose or galactose and the

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genetic changes are made in hepatocytes. By means of the invention up to 40% of the copies of a target gene have been changed in vitro. Repair of mutant genes having a Crigler-Najjar like phenotype and Hemophilia B phenotype were observed. Excerpt(s): The inclusion of a publication or patent application in this specification is not an admission that the publication or the invention, if any, of the application occurred prior to the present invention or resulted from the conception of a person other than the present inventors. The published examples of recombinagenic oligonucleobases are termed Chimeric Mutational Vectors (CMV) or chimeraplasts because they contain both 2'-O-modified ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. An oligonucleotide having complementary deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides and containing a sequence homologous to a fragment of the bacteriophage M13mp19, was described in Kmiec, E. B., et al., November 1994, Mol. and Cell. Biol. 14, 7163-7172. The oligonucleotide had a single contiguous segment of ribonucleotides. Kmiec et al. showed that the oligonucleotide was a substrate for the REC2 homologous pairing enzyme from Ustilago maydis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06524613__ •

Incorporation of supersaturated lactose in process cheese and product thereof Inventor(s): Han; Xiao-Qing (Naperville, IL), Spradlin; Joseph E. (Hot Springs, AK) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods, Inc. (northfield, Il) Patent Number: 6,214,404 Date filed: June 3, 1999 Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of preparing a process cheese containing lactose wherein the cheese remains free of lactose crystals. The method includes a step in which a dairy liquid is heated at a temperature, and for a duration in time, that are sufficient to inhibit or prevent crystallization of the lactose after formation of the process cheese. The ratio of dairy liquid to cheese is from about 1:1 to about 3:1 by weight. The invention additionally discloses the lactose-containing process cheese stabilized against the formation of lactose crystals, prepared by the process of the invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to utilization of whey in the preparation of a process cheese. Whey, a by-product arising from the manufacture of cheese, contains significant amounts of lactose, which if incorporated into cheese products at relatively high levels, may crystallize during storage and produce an undesirable gritty texture. The invention describes a process that prevents or inhibits the crystallization of lactose from a state of supersaturation when lactose-containing whey is incorporated into a process cheese product. This process allows whey to be incorporated in process cheese without reducing the level of lactose in the whey prior to the incorporation step. Cheese compositions are prepared from dairy liquids by processes that include treating the liquid with a coagulating or clotting agent. The coagulating agent may be a curding enzyme, an acid, or a suitable bacterial culture, or it may include such a culture. The coagulum or curd that results generally incorporates transformed casein, fats including natural butter fat, and flavorings that arise especially when a bacterial culture is used. The curd is separated from the liquid whey, which contains substances not affected by the coagulation, and which therefore are not incorporated into the coagulum. Whey is thus a byproduct of manufacturing and commercial processes that produce food products such as cheeses. Whey contains soluble substances, such as lactose, and

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proteins, such as.beta.-lactoglobulin and.alpha.-lactalbumin, with molecular weights of about 18 kDa and about 14 kDa, respectively; other proteins include serum albumin, immunoglobulins, and K casein digestion products. Since large quantities of whey are available from the side streams of the food producing processes mentioned above, it would be desirable to increase utilization of the components of whey in the manufacture of dairy products in order to increase the utilization of the raw milk starting material and thereby enhance overall efficiency. The inability of whey proteins to be retained in the coagulum is an important factor contributing to a lack of efficiency in the production of cheese. Such problems have been recognized for many years. Several methods have been proposed with the objective of recovering whey proteins in cheese products. Many of them include process steps that, although not emphasized, retain or concentrate lactose as well. For example, whey proteins have been concentrated or dried from whey, and then recombined with cheese (see, e.g., Kosikowski, Cheese and Fermented Foods, 2nd ed., Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich., 1977, pp. 451-458). Unfortunately, in such procedures the recovered whey constituents do not have the appropriate physical and chemical properties conducive to making high quality natural cheeses or process cheeses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06214404__ •

Incorporation of whey into process cheese Inventor(s): Han; Xiao-Qing (Naperville, IL), Spradlin; Joseph E. (Hot Springs, AR) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods, Inc. (northfield, Il) Patent Number: 6,270,814 Date filed: June 3, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides a process cheese product made with a cheese and dairy liquid that includes casein, whey protein, and lactose, wherein at least a portion of the casein and/or whey protein in the dairy liquid is crosslinked via.gamma.carboxyl-.epsilon.-amino crosslinks prior to being combined with the cheese, and wherein the lactose in the process cheese product remains dissolved in the aqueous phase upon storage. According to the invention, this product is provided by a process that includes the important step of contacting the dairy liquid with a transglutaminase for a time, and under conditions, sufficient to crosslink at least a portion of the casein and/or whey protein to provide crosslinked protein conjugates in the dairy liquid. The invention furthermore provides the process for making the process cheese product. Advantageously, the process permits replacing part of the cheese proteins with the crosslinked proteins of the dairy liquid. Additionally, crystallization of lactose in the process cheese product is significantly inhibited such that lactose levels higher than commonly introduced in cheese products may be employed in the process cheese of the invention. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method that increases the incorporation of whey proteins and lactose into process cheese. The method applies transglutaminase crosslinking of whey and milk proteins prior to blending with cheese to provide a process cheese. The resulting process cheese includes a significant proportion of whey protein and supersaturated lactose in the moisture phase. Cheese compositions are generally prepared from dairy liquids by processes that include treating the liquid with a coagulating or clotting agent. The coagulating agent may be a curding enzyme, an acid, or a suitable bacterial culture or it may include such a culture. The coagulum or curd that results generally incorporates transformed casein, fats including natural butter

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fat, and flavorings that arise especially when a bacterial culture is used. The curd is usually separated from the whey. The resulting liquid whey generally contains soluble proteins not affected by the coagulation; such proteins are, of course, not incorporated into the coagulum. Whey also includes low molecular weight components, such as lactose and salts. The inability of whey proteins to be retained in the coagulum is an important factor contributing to a lack of efficiency in production of cheese curds, and to a reduction in overall yield relating to the incorporation of all the protein solids that are present in the starting dairy liquids into resulting cheese curds. Furthermore, lactose is incorporated with difficulty into cheese products because, under the conditions prevalent in cheese during storage, lactose crystallizes from the aqueous phase, thereby producing a graininess that detracts from the overall organoleptic quality of the cheese product. Nevertheless, increased incorporation of lactose into cheese products would increase the efficiency of use of all the nutritive components present in the starting dairy liquids. These problems have been recognized for many years. Several methods were proposed early with the objective of recovering whey proteins in cheese products. For example, whey proteins have been concentrated or dried from whey, and then recombined with cheese (see, e.g., Kosikowski, Cheese and Fermented Foods, 2nd ed., Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich., 1977, pp. 451-458). Unfortunately the whey recovered from such procedures does not have the appropriate physical and chemical properties conducive to making good quality natural cheeses or process cheeses. An alternative approach has been to coprecipitate whey proteins with casein, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,535,304. Again, however, the final product of this process lacks the proper attributes for making processed and imitation cheeses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06270814__ •

Intestinal activation food using natto powder Inventor(s): Minakawa; Hiromichi (Mito, JP) Assignee(s): Unicafe Inc. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,537,543 Date filed: November 17, 2000 Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to offer an intestinal activation food product containing natto powder that delivers the natto bacteria live.to the intestines and produces an adequate intestinal regulating effect by enhancing the mitotic growth of the natto bacteria delivered to the intestines and, furthermore, a product that is easy to take without causing the offensive smell peculiar to natto during storage. For this reasons, the intestinal activation food product containing natto powder in accordance with this invention is a uniform blend obtained by blending to 15 wt. % of natto powder containing the natto bacteria with 50 wt. % of lactose as the growth factor substance, 30 wt. % of 300 mesh particle size coffee powder as the porous substance and 5 wt. % of sporophyte-containing lactic acid bacilli as the germination inducing substance and filling 0.5 g of this mixture into a hard capsule. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an intestinal activation food product using natto powder, and more specifically, to an intestinal activation food product containing in a readily digestible form natto bacteria which are contained in natto, a food well known for its health values to the human body. Some 100 species of intestinal bacteria are said to be present in the intestinal tract at a level of around a hundred trillion organisms and their different functions include the synthesis of hormones and vitamins and the formation of vitamins and enzymes, minerals and proteins as well as the

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regulation of intestinal activity and the maintenance of human life. Among these intestinal bacteria there are some that are beneficial to human health and some that are injurious, the former being known as Good Bacteria (effective or beneficial bacteria) and the latter as Bad Bacteria, with the natto bacteria being representative of the Good Bacteria. Natto bacteria, a variety of the hay bacteria, are used in the making of natto by fermenting soybeans and breaking them down. They have a variety of effects, including a powerful antibacterial action that controls the growth of Bad Bacteria entering the body and killing them, an enhancement in digestive food absorption by controlling the action of the intestinal decomposing bacteria that are the cause of constipation and diarrhea, an enhancement of physical stamina, a carcinostatic effect, the prevention of blood pressure rises, the prevention of thrombus formation, the prevention of osteoporosis, and improvement of pancreatitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06537543__ •

L-carnitine agent Inventor(s): Idota; Tadashi (Kawagoe, JP), Ozaki; Kiyoko (Kariya, JP), Shimatani; Masaharu (Sayama, JP), Yakabe; Takafumi (Tsurugashima, JP) Assignee(s): Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd. (hokkai-do, Jp) Patent Number: 6,472,011 Date filed: August 7, 2001 Abstract: An L-carnitine agent has an indispensable function in the body and utility as a material for pharmaceutical agents or food and drink. By subjecting milk or modified milk products of mammals from which casein is removed, to the treatment of desalting and partial removal of lactose followed by drying, L-carnitine content, lactose content, and ash content are adjusted to 0.1.about.100 mmol/100 g, 20.about.95 g/100 g, and 5 g/100 g or less, respectively. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an L-carnitine agent and a method for producing thereof, wherein the starting material is milk or modified milk products of mammals. The L-carnitine agent of the present invention is characterized by features including simple handling, use of milk or modified milk products of mammals as a starting material, the absence of toxic D-carnitine, and thus superior safety. L-carnitine is a water-soluble compound which easily forms fatty-acids and ester via alcohol residue in the molecules, and is also referred to as Vitamin BT. Major function of L-carnitine in the body is the oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria. Upon acting as a shuttle, Lcarnitine transports fatty acids into and out of mitochondria via mitochondrial membrane. Thus, L-carnitine is an indispensable component for energy production in the body. L-carnitine is biologically synthesized from lysine and methionine in the body. However, only 25% of the total metabolic turnover of L-carnitine is endogenously synthesized in the body. Therefore, the remaining 75% metabolic turnover is derived from food. Although the amount of endogenous L-carnitine is normally reported to be sufficient for older children or adults, it is observed that hypercatabolism of fat is enhanced at time of fasting even for healthy children, consequently increasing acyl CoA, and resulting in the increase of esterified L-carnitine. For pediatric patients with organic acidemia, for example, propionicacidemia or methylmalonicacidemia, the level of acylL-carnitine such as propionyl-L-carnitine is increased. Unlike free L-carnitine, acyl-Lcarnitine is readily excreted into urine, thereby resulting in L-carnitine deficiency. Moreover, even with total carnitine concentration in blood within the normal range, the relative amount of free L-carnitine decreases due to the increase of acyl-L-carnitine. The

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administration of L-carnitine to such pediatric patients results in enhancement of the conversion of acyl CoA, such as propionyl CoA, deposited in blood into acyl-Lcarnitine. Hence the recovery of mitochbndrial function is observed due to the excretion of toxic propionyl group and the increase in free CoA. Thus the administration of Lcarnitine has therapeutic efficacy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06472011__ •

Material for passage through the blood-brain barrier Inventor(s): Naito; Albert T. (2776 Cibola, Costa Mesa, CA 92626) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,294,520 Date filed: March 27, 1989 Abstract: A material which has the ability to effect it's passage, at least in part, and the ability to transport other materials through the blood-brain barrier which includes any one or more pure sugars or pure amino sugars from the group consisting of meso ethritol, zylitol, D(+) galactose, D(+) lactose, D(+) xylose, dulcitol, myo-insoitol, L(-) fructose, D(-) mannitol, sorbitol, D(+) glucose, D(+) arabinose, D(-) arabinose, celloboise, D(+) maltose, D(+) raffinose, L(+)rhamnose, D(+) melibiose, D(-) ribose, adonitol, D(+) arabitol, L(-) arabitol, D(+) fucose, L(-) fucose, D(-) lyxose, L(+) lyxose, L(-) lyxose, D(+) glucosamine, D mannosamine, and D galactosamine; and any one or more amino acids from the group consisting of arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, glutamine, lysine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, and taurine. For use in the research or treatment of a subject that material is combined with one or more of the substances beta carotene, xanthophyll, lecithin, calcium, somatostatin, vasopressin, endorphin, enkephalin, acetyl-L-carnitine, GABA, dynorphin, L-tryptophan, choline, thiamine, pyridoxine, niacin, L-arginine, hydroxyproline, NGF, methionine, cystine, potassium, phosphorus, chlorine, sodium, vitamins A, B, C, D and E, and selenium. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to materials and methods for passing, and transporting other substances, through the blood-brain barrier. If one accepts the premise that most physiological functions are controlled by the brain and the medium of that control is electrical signalling as an incident to chemical activity in the brain, then it seems logical to conclude that an absence in the brain of the chemicals required for that activity can result in signal failure and consequent physiological disfunction. It is possible also to conclude that a genetic trait which interferes with such chemical activity can result in signal failure and disfunction. It is also possible to conclude that the presence of a given substance in the brain may interfere chemically with the proper generation of control signals. Such considerations, the search for an understanding of the mechanism of drug dependence, drunkenness, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and other disorders, some associated with the brain and others apparently not, have lead many researchers to look for a relation between such disorders and availability of chemicals in the brain. The medical literature includes descriptions that comparison of brain tissue of persons who succumbed to a given disease with that of persons who died of unrelated causes suggest a relation between a given chemical and the disease. Thus lack of lithium has been mentioned in connection with schizophrenia and lack of neuropeptides has been mentioned in connection with Alzheimer's disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06294520__

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Method for dispensing S-adenosyl-methionine in a micro fine powdered form by inhalation Inventor(s): Pera; Ivo E. (1400 St. Charles Pl., Pembroke Pines, FL 33026) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,645,469 Date filed: February 28, 2002 Abstract: A method is provided for dispensing dry micro powdered SAMe compositions (or SAM or AdoMet), an abbreviation for S-adenosyl-methionine, wherein SAMe, as active ingredient is contained in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose, with a membrane permeation enhancer such as lactose. The compound is administered via a conventional dry powder inhaler to deliver said the compound into the subject's respiratory tract in order to enhance prophylactic and therapeutic effects of SAMe, without the Aid or use of propellants, chlorinated, halogenated, gases, liquids, vapors, aerosol, spray, vaporization, or any other similar devices or delivery methods. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of and priority to European Patent Application No. EP 01125055.2, filed Mar. 1, 2001. The present invention relates generally to the technical sector of chemistry and pharmacology and particularly to a new method for dispensing a medicine. It doesn't consist of a therapeutic treatment, since the therapeutic function of the S-Adenosilmetionina (SAMe) is already known, but it discloses a new use, by means of a method for dispensing it through the respiratory tract. The assimilation of an adequate quantity of physiologically important SAdenosylmethionine is essential to the health of people. Failure of the body to assimilate the necessary amount of such SAMe which acts as a methyl donor in over 35 methylation reactions involving DNA, proteins, phospholipids and catechol and indole amines, that can lead to the improvement of the biochemical reactions of the body functions and the metabolic processes as well as to the prevention or cure of variety of diseases and associated symptoms. SAMe=S-Adenosyl-L-methionine, S-(5'deoxyadenosine-5')-methionine, active methionine, active methyl, abbreviated as S-AdoMet, SAM: a reactive sulfonium compound which is the most important methylating agent in cellular metabolism (transmethylation). It is formed by activation of Lmethionine with ATP: Met+ATP-SAM+PP.sub.1 +P.sub.1. The adenosine residue of the ATP is transformed to the methionine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645469__

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Method for pulmonary and oral delivery of pharmaceuticals Inventor(s): Schultz; Robert (San Diego, CA), Ward; Gary (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (san Diego, Ca) Patent Number: 6,616,914 Date filed: July 17, 2001 Abstract: In a powder formulation for use in a dry powder inhaler, a pharmaceutical acts as its own carrier, so that use of lactose or other excipients are not needed. The dry powder formulation has a single active pharmaceutical compound having two major populations in particle size distribution: microfine particles of the active pharmaceutical, of 1-10 microns in diameter, and larger carrier particles, also of the active pharmaceutical compound. The carrier particles provide a long acting, delayed onset,

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and optionally therapeutic effect via the GI tract, while the microfine particles provide a fast onset effect via the lung. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is inhalers and pharmaceutical formulations for use in inhalers. Dry powder inhalers have been successfully used to deliver pharmaceuticals into the lungs, primarily for treatment of asthma and other pulmonary conditions. Use of an inhaler for delivery of a pharmaceutical is advantageous as it is relatively simple, fast, comfortable, and pain-free for the patient. Due to the nature of the absorption within the lungs, inhaled pharmaceuticals tend to be very fast acting. Inhalation usually provides a very fast rise of the level of the pharmaceutical in the blood, when compared to other delivery techniques, such as oral or transdermal delivery. For example, albuterol is a bronchodialator which acts rapidly when inhaled to treat an asthma attack, a condition for which treatment with a solid oral dosage form may be too slow. While this rapid absorption is often advantageous, it can also require relatively frequent dosing via inhalation, to provide a sustained effect. In contrast, oral delivery, which provides absorption of the drug via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, generally provides a much more slowly acting, but also often a more sustained, therapeutic effect. For many pharmaceuticals, the delay in the onset of the therapeutic effect is a significant disadvantage. Thus, each pharmaceutical delivery route (via the GI tract, and via inhalation into the lungs) has advantages and disadvantages, depending on the pharmaceutical used and the therapeutic effect desired. However, the advantages of each route have not, until now, been combined, to achieve the advantages of both routes, in a single dose or step. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06616914__ •

Method for the manufacture of cheese, quark and yogurt products from soybeans Inventor(s): Hansen; Wilhem (In de Simp 2a, D-25421 Pinneberg, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,254,900 Date filed: November 18, 1998 Abstract: A process for producing cheese, curd or yogurt products from soya beans involving the steps: (a) preparation of soya milk from soya beans; (b) addition of vegetable sugar to the soya milk in the proportion of about 1 to 5 wt %; (c) emulsifying vegetable fats and/or oils in a total proportion of some 15 wt % in the soya milk; (d) preparation of a culture cocktail with a pH between about 3.8 and 4.5 by the addition of commercially available cheese cultures and animal lactose in a proportion of some 10 wt % of the vegetable sugar added in step (b) to the soya milk as in step (a); (e) addition of the culture cocktail to the soya milk as per step (c) to curdle it and ferment it as desired, and (f) subsequent ripening and final processing in a known manner to provide the desired cheese, curd or yogurt product. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the manufacture of cheese, quark, cottage cheese or curd and yogurt products from soybeans or from the beans of other legumes. Soy products are well-known and are widely used in many different forms. The 100% vegetable protein obtained from the soybean can be easily digested and is a valuable substitute for animal protein in various applications. Soy products also contain substantially no cholesterol and substantially no animal fats, excessive amounts of which substances can have a harmful effect on health. Soy products can also be particularly important for people who are allergic to the protein in animal milk or who

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cannot digest cholesterol or lactose, or who are diabetic. Soybean protein can also be significantly easier to digest than animal milk protein by people suffering from stomach and intestinal illnesses. Finally, there has been a constant increase in the number of people who, for a variety of reasons, are required to or choose to eat vegetarian food exclusively. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06254900__ •

Method of causing selective immunosuppression using HL-60-related lectins Inventor(s): Bringman; Tim (Solana Beach, CA), Couraud; Pierre-Olivier (Auffargis, FR), Nedwin; Glenn (Davis, CA), Seilhammer; Jeffrey J. (Milpitas, CA) Assignee(s): Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (palo Alto, Ca) Patent Number: 6,245,334 Date filed: January 21, 2000 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions useful in the treatment of autoimmune conditions include as an active ingredient a soluble lectin having a molecular weight of about 14 kilodaltons or a fragment thereof. The lectin or fragment binds.beta.galactoside-containing moieties independent of the presence or absence of Ca.sup.+2, stimulates hemagglutination of trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes in standard lectin assays wherein the stimulation is inhibited by lactose or thiogalactoside, has an amino acid sequence containing at least one N-glycosylation site and is at least 90% homologous to the amino acid sequence shown in positions 2-135 of FIG. 1 or the relevant portions thereof. The composition is used for treatment of autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, and multiple sclerosis, as well as modulating the immune response in an allergic reactions or to organ or tissue transplant rejection. The inventive composition can be combined with general immunosuppressants. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of carbohydrate-binding proteins as regulators of cell differentiation and immunity. In particular, it concerns a pharmaceutical composition where the active ingredient is a soluble lectin of about 14 kD or a fragment thereof which can be isolated from human HL-60 cells or placenta tissue. Recombinant materials and methods to produce these inventive lectins are alsoprovided. This invention is also directed to methods to treat autoimmune diseases and to prevent transplant rejection. Lectins are defined as proteins which specifically bind carbohydrates qf various types. Initial interest was focused on those isolated from plants such as concanavalin A and ricin agglutinin. These lectins, it was found, were useful in protein purification procedures due to the glycosylation state of a number of proteins of interest. Among the soluble lectins, there appear to be a number of varieties with varying molecular weights and/or carbohydrate specificities. Sparrow, C. P., et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1987) 252:7383-7390 describe three classes of soluble lectins from human lung, one of 14 kD, one of 22 kD, and a third of 29 kD. All of theselectins are specific to.beta.-D-galactosides. The carbohydrate specificities of the 14 kD class are for the most part similar, but the larger molecular weight species tend to have different specificities. Other species are also noted as showing more than one soluble.beta.-D-galactosidebinding lectin, including mouse (Roff, C. F., et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1983) 258:10637-10663); rat (Cerra, R. F., et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1985) 260:10474-10477) and chickens (Beyer, E. C., et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1980) 255:4236-4239). Among the various.beta.-D-galactosidespecific soluble lectins, ligand specificity is considerably different, and the approximately 14 kD group appears distinct from the 22 kD and 29 kD representatives described by Sparrow, et al., supra. Recently, however, interest has focused on a group

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of lactose-extractable lectins which bind specifically to certain.beta.-D-galactoside containing moieties and are found in a wide range of mammalian, in-vertebrate, avian, and even microbial sources. All of the lectins in this class appear to contain subunits with molecular weights of about 12-18 kD. Furthermore, these lectins can be readily classified by virtue of a simple diagnostic test: their ability to agglutinate trypsin-treated rabbit red blood cells is specifically inhibited by certain.beta.-D-galactose-containing moieties. Thus, although the lectins themselves agglutinate trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes, the agglutination can be inhibited by, for example, lactose, thiodigalactoside and certain other.beta.-D-galactose containing moieties. Other common characteristics include no requirement for metal ions in effecting agglutination and the required presence of a reducing agent such as a thiol. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06245334__ •

Methods and formulations for making bupropion hydrochloride tablets using direct compression Inventor(s): Kumar; Vijai (Morris Plains, NJ), McGuffy; Kevin Scott (Stanhope, NJ) Assignee(s): Pharmalogix, Inc. (denville, Nj) Patent Number: 6,238,697 Date filed: December 21, 1998 Abstract: Methods and formulations for making extended release bupropion hydrochloride tablets using direct compression, and tablets formed thereby, are provided which combine bupropion hydrochloride, binders such as polyethylene oxide or hydroxypropyl cellulose, a filler such as lactose, glidants and lubricants under low shear conditions to form hard, chip-resistant tablets which exhibit improved cohesiveness and are easily and reproducibly formed without adhering to the compression punches and dies. Excerpt(s): Pharmaceutical manufacturers are continuously attempting to improve methods for delivering drugs to enhance and sustain their effects in human therapy. A significant development in drug delivery systems occurred in 1972 with the development of osmotic delivery systems as described by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770 and 3,916,899. Modifications to the rate-controlling osmotic delivery systems of the prior art are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,816,263 and 4,902,514. Such modified osmotic delivery systems use a semi-permeable wall to surround an interior containing the drug to be delivered. The external wall is permeable to the passage of an external fluid and may not be permeable to the drug. Such systems may include at least one outlet in the wall for delivering the drug through the osmotic system. The systems operate by absorbing gastric fluid through the semi-permeable wall into the interior of the dosage form at a rate determined by the permeability of the semi-permeable wall and the osmotic pressure gradient across the semi-permeable wall. The absorbed fluid produces an aqueous solution containing the drug that is then delivered to the body through at least one opening in the wall. U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,263 discloses an osmotic device form for delivering isradipine to a biological receptor site in a rate-controlled amount over a prolonged period for cardiovascular therapy. The pharmaceutical dosage form adapted, designed, and shaped as an osmotic drug delivery system is manufactured by wet granulation and includes two compositions which form a bi-layered tablet coated by a semi-permeable wall. The first composition includes the drug and contains polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of 200,000 which is screened through a 40 mesh screen. Specific amounts of isradipine and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose having a molecular

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weight of 11,200 are added to the polyethylene oxide and slowly mixed with denatured, anhydrous ethanol using a conventional mixer. The wet granulation formed is then passed through a 20 mesh screen, dried at room temperature and passed through the 20 mesh screen again. Magnesium stearate is then added to the granulation and mixed in a roller mill. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06238697__ •

Milk protein dispersions Inventor(s): Huang; Victor T. (Moundsview, MN), Rosenwald; Diane R. (Plymouth, MN) Assignee(s): The Pillsbury Company (minneapolis, Mn) Patent Number: 6,635,302 Date filed: November 20, 1998 Abstract: Soluble sugar can be added to a milk protein dispersion with reduced lactose to slow viscosity buildup and gelation. Preferably, greater than about 3 percent by weight soluble sugar is added to the milk protein dispersion. The resulting milk protein dispersion generally has greater than about 6 percent by weight protein, less than about 20 percent by weight lactose and greater than about 3 percent by weight soluble sugar. Preferred milk protein dispersions are low fat. The milk protein dispersions are suitable for storage for at least several days without viscosity build-ups that inhibit processing. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the formation of aqueous dispersions of milk protein. More particularly, the invention relates to the formation of milk protein dispersions with a high protein concentration, a low lactose concentration and relatively low viscosity. In frozen dessert products, the presence of significant concentrations of lactose can lead to an undesirable sandy texture due to the formation of lactose crystals upon the freezing of the dairy product. Thus, it is desirable to keep lactose levels low. If lactose is removed from the milk product, the concentration of the other constituents in the milk, particularly the milk protein, increases. High protein concentrations, however, can lead to large increases in viscosity and possibly gelation of the milk product in a relatively short period of time. The large viscosity increase makes processing difficult and can force completion of the product in an undesirably short period of time following the production of the milk protein dispersion. In a first aspect, the invention pertains to an aqueous milk protein dispersion comprising greater than about 8.5 percent by weight protein and greater than about 3 percent by weight soluble sugar. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635302__

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Nutritional products containing modified starches Inventor(s): Kaplan; Murray L. (Ames, IA), Robyt; John F. (Ames, IA), Sharp; Rickey L. (Ames, IA) Assignee(s): Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. (ames, Ia) Patent Number: 6,676,984 Date filed: October 8, 1998 Abstract: Modified starch materials having a number average molecular weight of at least 10,000 for nutritional products provide a relatively slow release of metabolizable carbohydrates, giving a source of carbohydrate energy over a longer period of time than

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can be obtained from glucose and other carbohydrates such as lactose, fructose, or sucrose. Such modified starch material possess altered processing and pasting profile characteristics. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to nutritional products containing modified starches and, more particularly, to water-soluble modified starches and to nutritional products including such starches characterized by highly desirable properties. Carbohydrates are used as the major energy source in a variety of nutritional products ranging from, for example, liquid nutritional supplements for adults with compromised digestive functions, infant formulas, and carbohydrate supplements for exercise and athletic activity. Carbohydrate supplements are likewise included in a variety of solid nutritional products. The carbohydrates previously used as such supplements generally comprise glucose (dextrose), fructose, lactose, sucrose, and glucose polymers. Such carbohydrates typically are of relatively low molecular weight. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06676984__ •

Orally administered antimicrobial pharmaceutical formulations of ciprofloxacin Inventor(s): Lee; Fang-Yu (Tachia, TW) Assignee(s): Yung Shin Pharmaceutical Industrial Co. Ltd. (taichung, Tw) Patent Number: 6,262,072 Date filed: October 12, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides three orally administered ciprofloxacin formulations: The first formulation comprises 60-75 wt % of ciprofloxacin or at least one of pharmacologically acceptable salt; 0.3-10 wt % of pregelatinized starch as binder; 5-30 wt % of lactose as diluent; 1-10 wt % of sodium starch glycolate as disintegrant; and 0.52 wt % of magnesium stearate as lubricant. The second formulation comprises 60-75 wt % of ciprofloxacin or its pharmacologically acceptable salt; 1-5 wt % of polyvinyl pyrrolidone as binder; 5-30 wt % of lactose as diluent; 1-10 wt % of sodium starch glycolate as disintegrant; and 0.5-2 wt % of magnesium stearate as lubricant. The third formulation comprises 60-75 wt % of ciprofloxacin or at least one of pharmacologically acceptable salt; 1-8 wt % of polyvinyl alcohol as binder; 5-30 wt % of lactose as diluent; 1-10 wt % of sodium starch glycolate as disintegrant; and 0.5-2 wt % of magnesium stearate as lubricant. The ciprofloxacin or its pharmacologically acceptable salts, the binder, the diluent, the disintegrant, and the lubricant are first mixed in a dry state to form a powder mixture, followed by mixing with a water-solvent solution to convert the dry powder mixture into a wet powder mixture before grinding and granulating the wet powder mixture into wet granules, which are further dried to form dry granules. The above three formulations do not contain cellulose. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to orally administered antimicrobial formulations which contain, as an active ingredient, 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarb oxylic acid (also called ciprofloxacin) or its pharmacologically acceptable salts (preferably, HCl salt monohydrate) in a solid dosage form. The ciprofloxacin is combined with effective amounts of binders (preferably, pregelatinized starch, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, or polyvinyl alcohol), diluents (preferably, lactose), disintegrants (preferably, sodium starch glycolate), wetting agent (preferably, sodium lauryl sulfate), and lubricants (preferably, magnesium stearate) to form granules or tablets. This invention also relates to methods for making the ciprofloxacincontaining tablets or granules using dry-wet-dry granulation processing before

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compression to tablets with granulation performed in a wet state. The tablets or capsules made from these formulations possess superior biological availability and excellent storage stability. 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinoline carboxylic acid (also known as ciprofloxacin) belong to the class of quinolones, which are known to possess a broad antibacterial spectrum against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, in particular against Enterobacteriaceae. (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,284,629, 4,499,091, 4,704,459, 4,668,784, 4,670,444, 5,286,754, and 5,840,333). Ciprofloxacin is a chemotherapeutic agent. Its use as an antimicrobial agent has distinct advantages over the use of antibiotics (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, sulphonamides and tetracyclines) in that ciprofloxacin does not induce tolerance or resistance in bacteria. Ciprofloxacin is also known to have low toxicity to humans. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06262072__ •

Probiotic mixture intended for monogastric animals to control intestinal flora populations Inventor(s): Brown; Patrick K. (Fulton, IL), Spangler; David A. (Fulton, IL), Witzig; Thomas E. (Rochester, MN) Assignee(s): Agri-king, Inc. (fulton, Il), Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (rochester, Mn) Patent Number: 6,524,574 Date filed: May 29, 1998 Abstract: A mixture of probiotics effective to reduce the contamination of enteric bacteria in humans and other monogastric animals. The mixture of probiotics includes a lactic acid-producing bacteria and a yeast, and may advantageously be supplemented with a source of nutrients, such as lactose, in certain applications. In a preferred embodiment, the bacterial component is at least one strain of Enterococci, the yeast is at least one strain of Saccharomyces, and a high lactose whey. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a mixture of probiotics to be fed to monogastric animals and, more specifically, a mixture of facultative anaerobic probiotic organisms affecting and controlling or inhibiting the colonization of deleterious bacteria in the intestines of monogastric animals and humans. Probiotics are defined as microbes that are fed to animals to improve the microbial populations in the intestines of animals or humans. Most prior art probiotics are lactic acid-producing bacteria. The probiotics of the present invention include both bacteria and yeasts. Probiotics have been fed to animals to reduce or replace the potentially pathogenic intestinal bacteria with nonpathogenic species. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06524574__

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Process aid for preparing a flowable slurry Inventor(s): Marko; Ollie William (Milton, KY) Assignee(s): Dow Corning Corporation (midland, Mi) Patent Number: 6,478,870 Date filed: July 19, 2001

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Abstract: A process for preparing a flowable slurry comprising mixing 25-70 wt. % water; an alkaline material selected from the group consisting of chlorosilicon manufacturing byproducts, direct process residue gels, cement kiln dust, and mixtures thereof; and a process aid selected from the group consisting of sucrose, raffinose, lignin, methylglucopyranoside, lactose, fructose, sodium polyphosphate, trehalose and mixtures thereof to form a flowable slurry. This slurry is especially useful in the manufacture of cement. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a process for preparing a flowable slurry comprising mixing an alkaline material selected from the group consisting of chlorosilicon manufacturing byproducts, direct process residue gels, cement kiln dust and mixtures thereof, optionally clay, about 25 to 70 wt. % water and a process aid selected from the group consisting of sucrose, raffinose, lignin, methylglucopyranoside, lactose, fructose, sodium polyphosphate, trehalose and mixtures thereof to form the flowable slurry. The process is especially useful as an economical and an environmentally sound method for recycling alkaline raw materials for cement manufacture. The preparation of portland cement is well known in the art. Portland cement is a hydraulic cement characterized by the ability to set and harden in water. Generally, portland cement is manufactured by mixing suitable raw materials with water, burning at suitable temperatures to effect clinker formation, and grinding the resulting clinkers to the fineness required for hardening by reaction with water. The burning operation generates a fine alkaline particulate byproduct called cement kiln dust that is difficult to recycle. Cement kiln dust typically comprises about 1-3 wt. % or more of the above product from the cement production operation. The portland cement resulting from the above process consists mainly of tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate. These two materials are primarily derived from two raw materials: one rich in calcium such as limestone, chalk, marl, oyster or clam shells; and the other rich in silica such as clay, shale, sand or quartz. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06478870__ •

Process for crystallizing amorphous lactose in milk powder Inventor(s): Baker; Brian S. (Millersberg, PA), Cook; Brandt C. (New Cumberland, PA), Zerphy; Gregory T. (Elizabethtown, PA) Assignee(s): Hershey Foods Corporation (hershey, Pa) Patent Number: 6,548,099 Date filed: November 28, 2000 Abstract: The present process is directed to a method of crystallizing the lactose in milkfat which comprises (a) mixing the milk powder with water in an amount sufficient to initiate crystallization when subjected to shearing and heating, and (b) subjecting the product of (a) to shearing and heating under conditions effective to crystallize the lactose, said heating being conducted at a temperature greater than the glass transition temperature of the lactose and below the temperature at which the product will have a burnt flavor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for crystallizing amorphous lactose in dried whole milk powder and to the chocolate products prepared therefrom. Dried whole milk powder is derived from whole milk and is used for a great variety of purposes. For example, whole milk powder is an ingredient in bakery products, such as dry baking mixes for the preparation of home-made cakes and the like. It is also used in the production of confectionary products, such as chocolate, e.g., milk chocolate, white

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chocolate, semi-sweet-chocolate, and the like. The process of making milk chocolate requires several steps. In the first step, a nutritive carbohydrate sweetener, such as granulated sucrose is combined and mixed with cocoa butter, chocolate liquor and whole milk powder to form a paste. Next, in the refining step, essentially a fine grinding operation, the coarse paste from the mixer is passed between steel rollers and converted into a refined flake. The refining step breaks up the crystalline nutritive carbohydrate sweetener, cocoa butter, and milk solids such that the sizes of the particles are significantly reduced. This particle size reduction results in the desired smoothness of the chocolate. The third step is the conching step, which is a mixing-kneading step. In the conching step, the mixture is slurried while heating to give the final desired consistency of the milk chocolate. This mixing-kneading process allows moisture and volatile components to escape while smoothing the chocolate paste and is critical to the flavor and texture development of the chocolate. In the next step, i.e., the standardizing and finishing step, additional fat and emulsifier are added to the conched mixture to adjust the viscosity to the final specifications. The final step in obtaining the desired rheology of the chocolate is the tempering step, a process of inducing satisfactory crystal nucleation of the liquid fat in the chocolate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06548099__ •

Production of bioproteins for zootechnical use from whey and waste of dairy industries Inventor(s): Reverso; Riccardo (Via Mazzoni, 4, 15100 Alessandria, IT) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,224,915 Date filed: February 25, 1999 Abstract: The aim of the present invention is to obtain bioproteins derived from whey and/or wheyey residues and waste of the dairy industry. The obtainment of these bioproteins therefore entails the treatment of the whey and/or wheyey residues and includes a method for eliminating the lactose contained in milk in order to subsequently be able to extrapolate the proteins therefrom so that they constitute a product which is reusable and, in particular, generally digestible. In order to provide the treatment according to the invention, there are also particular plant stages for performing this elimination at the cellular level. It is particularly important for the invention that specific microorganisms are used which perform the elimination at the cellular level of the lactose contained in whey and/or wheyey residues. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for eliminating the lactose contained in whey and/or wheyey residues and waste in order to then extrapolate proteins therefrom so that said proteins constitute a product which is reusable and in particular generally digestible. Another aspect of the invention relates to the plant stages for performing this elimination at the cellular level. Another aspect of the present invention relates to the processing of whey and/or wheyey residues, comprising lactose elimination to be able to recover the proteins of interest. Finally, another aspect of the invention is the use of particular microorganisms which perform the elimination, at the cellular level, of the lactose contained in whey and/or wheyey residues. The need to produce proteins to be added to fodder used in intensive livestock rearing is a serious problem, since obtaining noble proteins is becoming increasingly onerous. In recent times there has been a decrease in the availability of fishmeal and meatmeal flours owing to limited exports from foreign countries. Furthermore, the conditioning of dairy

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industry waste per se is a cost which affects the community without often providing the expected environmental result, since the proposals for disposal do not always fully solve the problem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06224915__ •

Sand reclamation Inventor(s): Simpson; Robert (Staffordshire, GB), Ward; Stuart P. (Warwickshire, GB) Assignee(s): Foseco International Limited (swindon, Gb) Patent Number: 6,286,580 Date filed: June 11, 1999 Abstract: A carbohydrate is added to sand, which has been used to make foundry moulds or cores, and which has been bonded using an alkaline resol phenolformaldehyde resin, prior to reclamation of the sand by a thermal reclamation. The thermal reclamation may be done in other equipment, for example, a rotary thermal reclamation unit, but is preferably done in a fluidized bed reclamation unit. The carbohydrate is preferably water soluble and is added to the used sand as an aqueous solution. The carbohydrate may be for example a monosaccharide, such as glucose, mannose, galactose or fructose, or a disaccharide such as sucrose, maltose or lactose. The carbohydrate may also be a carbohydrate derivative such as a polyhydric alcohol (e.g., ethylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, xylitol, mannitol or sorbitol), a sugar acid (e.g., gluconic acid), or a polysaccharide derivative (e.g., a starch hydrolysate, i.e., a glucose syrup or a dextrin). The amount of carbohydrate used in the reclamation process is usually of the order of 0.25% to 5.0% by weight based on the weight of used sand. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the reclamation of sand, for example silica sand, which has been used to produce moulds and cores in foundries, and in particular to the reclamation of sand which has been bonded with an alkaline resol phenol-formaldehyde resin in order to produce the moulds and cores. When used to make foundry moulds and cores sand is mixed with one of a variety of binders such as bentonite clay, sodium silicate or a resin. Due to the effect of exposure to metal casting temperatures and contact with molten metal the sand becomes contaminated with binder decomposition products, metallic particles and other debris. The sand must therefore be replaced by new sand when making further moulds and cores, or if the sand is to be reused it must first be treated to remove at least some of the contaminants. Due to the cost of virgin sand and the cost of disposal of used sand, and also due to the strict regulations which now exist governing the disposal of waste materials in land fill sites, foundries now wish to increase the level of reclaimed sand which they use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06286580__

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Secretin and secretin pharmaceuticals for treating lactose intolerance Inventor(s): Rogoff; Joseph A. (12812 Panorama View, Santa Ana, CA 92705), Warner; F. Jack (442 Pebble Beach Pl., Fullerton, CA 92835) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,599,882 Date filed: November 3, 2000 Abstract: A method for treating lactose intolerance wherein the hormone secretin, or an acceptable pharmaceutical synthetic thereof, is administered to a person suffering from lactose intolerance. Patients so treated exhibit greatly improved digestion of lactose. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a pharmaceutical and a method for treating lactose intolerance. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of the hormone secretin, or an acceptable pharmaceutical synthetic thereof, in the treatment of lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance is the inability to properly digest lactose, the predominant sugar of milk. Lactose is also known as milk sugar. Symptoms of lactose intolerance include abdominal bloating, gaseousness, cramping and diarrhea following the consumption of food containing dairy products or by-products (such as whey). Lactose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose. People who are lactose intolerant do not produce enough lactase, an enzyme normally produced by the epithelial cells that line the small intestine, to break down the lactose so it can be absorbed into the bloodstream. When insufficient amounts of lactase are produced, lactose, passes through the intestines unchanged. Undigested lactose creates an osmotic imbalance which results in less water being reabsorbed by the intestinal lining. It also encourages rapid growth of intestinal bacteria that produce large amounts of gas. Those two factors cause the abdominal bloating, gaseousness, cramping, diarrhea and other symptoms of lactose intolerance, which begin about 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating or drinking foods containing lactose. The severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of lactose each individual can tolerate. While not all persons deficient in lactase have symptoms, those who do are considered to be lactose intolerant. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599882__

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Skimmed milk powder substitute Inventor(s): Cordts; Hans-Ulrich (Eisendorf, DE), Kruger; Christof Friedrich Karl (Hamburg, DE), Laverty; Richard James (Hamburg, DE), Pipa; Fernando (Tangstedt, DE) Assignee(s): Nzmp (germany) Gmbh (rellinger, De), Xyrofin OY (espoo, Fi) Patent Number: 6,592,927 Date filed: September 20, 2000 Abstract: Provided is a skimmed milk powder substitute which comprises an intimate mixture of protein and a non-fermentable sweetening and/or bulking agent. The powder includes 0-40 weight parts of lactose and 0-10 weight parts of fat per 100 weight parts of protein. The powder is prepared by forming an aqueous solution or dispersion of the components including protein and the sweetening/bulking agent followed by drying, e.g. by spray drying. The skimmed milk powder substitute is useful as an ingredient in the manufacture of food, in particular chocolate.

Patents 155

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a skimmed milk powder substitute, and more particularly to a skimmed milk powder substitute useful in the manufacture of foods having a reduced content of fermentable sugars, such as confectionary, particularly chocolate. There is increasing awareness in today's society that consumption of sugar-rich foods, whilst providing a good deal of pleasure, is unfortunately not conducive to good health. Such-foods have been shown to be a principal cause of tooth decay due to the fermentation of the sugars to acids within the mouth by endogenous bacteria. Additionally, excessive consumption of such foods results in obesity. Whilst the simplest solution to this problem would be for consumers to abstain from or restrict their consumption of such sugar-rich foods, this solution has unsurprisingly not found mass appeal. Accordingly, food manufacturers are constantly investigating ways to reduce the sugar content of their foods in order to promote them as healthier alternatives to the corresponding sugar-rich products. For instance, the production of various confectionary products containing reduced sucrose contents is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,532,146, WO 93/02566, EP-A-0 026 119 and EP-A-0 317 917. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06592927__ •

Sustained release pharmaceutical matrix tablet of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of diclofenac and process for preparation thereof Inventor(s): Odidi; Amina (2136 Opal Court, Mississauga, Ontario, CA), Odidi; Isa (2136 Opal Court, Mississauga, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,312,724 Date filed: April 3, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel sustained release composition and method for making such a composition of diclofenac and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The composition of the present invention provides a sustained release formulation of diclofenac and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof which is suitable for once daily administration and provides controlled and long lasting in vivo release. The composition comprises: (a) about 5-25% by weight of hydroxyethyl cellulose; (b) about 5-75% by weight of lactose; (c) about 0-3% by weight of silicone dioxide; (d) about 0.5-5% by weight of PVP; (e) about <3% by weight of talc; and f) about <3% by weight of magnesium stearate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition of diclofenac and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts. More particularly, the present invention relates to a sustained release composition of diclofenac and its salts and a method for making such a composition. Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which provides anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity in humans. Salts of diclofenac, benzeneacetic acid derivatives, are designated chemically as 2-[(2,6dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid salt. A delayed release formulation of diclofenac, Voltaren.TM. Delayed release, has been developed and utilizes diclofenac sodium salt in an enteric coated tablet which acts to resist the release of diclofenac in the low pH of gastric fluid, however, it allows rapid release of drug in the higher pH of the duodenum. As understood in the prior art, enteric coatings are not an efficient method for the delivery of NSAIDs such as diclofenac due to the inability of such coating systems to provide or achieve a sustained therapeutic effect due to the lack of prolonged release of the pharmaceutical agent with only a single dose over a long period of time. Enteric coats are designed to dissolve or breakdown in an alkaline environment. The

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presence of food may increase the pH of the stomach. Therefore, the concurrent administration of enteric coated diclofenac with food or the presence of food in the stomach may lead to dose dumping and unwanted secondary effects. Furthermore, given the fact that NSAIDs can cause stomach irritation and sometimes peptic ulceration and gastrointestinal bleeding, it would be desirable to have a drug delivery system that is capable of providing the controlled delivery of diclofenac or other pharmaceutically acceptable salts of diclofenac in a predictable manner over a long period of time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06312724__ •

Synthetic media for the production of malolactic starter cultures Inventor(s): Henick-Kling; Thomas (Geneva, NY), Krieger; Sibylle (Ditzingen, DE) Assignee(s): Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. (ithaca, Ny) Patent Number: 6,284,518 Date filed: February 22, 1995 Abstract: This invention relates to the production of Leuconostoc oenos or Lactobacillus spp., preferably Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus hilgardii, Lactobacillus brevis or Lactobacillus casei biomass in novel synthetic media (which are free of fruit or vegetable or other natural juices). A key feature of the invention is the use of a fructose/glucose mixture where fructose is the primary carbohydrate source, as opposed to the more typical use of glucose or lactose. Fructose/glucose mixtures containing between 3% to about 45% glucose can be employed, preferably the amount is between about 5% and about 40% glucose. Most preferably, the amount of glucose is less then 20% of the mixture. Excerpt(s): Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of considerable importance in winemaking. The so-called malolactic fermentation (MLF), the conversion of L-malic acid to L-lactic acid and CO.sub.2 by certain strains of lactic acid bacteria contributes much to the final wine quality. The conversion of malic acid to lactic acid reduces the acidity of wine. This is desirable in wines from cool wine growing areas which tend to have high acid contents (Wibowo et al., 1985, Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 36:302-313; Henick-Kling, 1988, in "Modern Method of Plant Analysis" New Serial Vol. 6, Springer Verlag, Berlin, p. 276316; Radler, 1966, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenk. Intektionskr. Hyg. Abt 2. 120:237-287; Amerine and Kunkee, 1968, Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 22:323-358; Ribereau-Gayon and Peynaud, 1975, Traite d'Oenolgie Tome 2, Dunod, Paris). Typically, spontaneous MLF occurs in wines of pH above 3.4 and is much delayed and irregular in wines of pH below 3.4 where MLF is most desirable for deacidification. This is due to the strong inhibition of growth of LAB at low pH. Inoculation of such wines with a large number of viable bacteria avoids the necessary growth before MLF is carried out. With a suitably prepared starter culture such as obtained with the medium described here, a wine can be inoculated with a cell density of 5.times.10.sup.6 and 5.times.10.sup.7 viable bacteria/ml. This represents a stationary culture at maximum cell density in wine, very little or no further growth is necessary for complete conversion of the malic acid. This procedure of inoculating with stationary phase cultures also is effective in avoiding phage interference (Henick-Kling et al., J. Appl. Bacterial. 61:525-534; 1986). It has been shown that Leuconostoc oenos can be attacked by bacteriophage during growth in wine and infection and lysis inhibits MLF (Sozzi et al., Rev. Suisse Vitic. Arboric. Hortic. 14:17-23; 1982. Henick-Kling et al., J. Appl. Bacteriol. 61:287-293; 1986). Recent investigations into the presence of phages in L. oenos show that 50% of all strains isolated from wine contain temporary phages. This and previous demonstrations of the

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presence of phages in wine show that cultures of L. oenos are susceptible to phageinduced lysis during growth in wine. Inoculation with a high cell density allows to avoid necessary growth and possible phage interference. Further, inoculation with high cell density (5.times.10.sup.6 to 5.times.10.sup.7 viable bacteria/ml) ensures dominance of the introduced culture over indigenous LAB such as undesirable strains of Pediococcus. Inoculation with a dominating, selected strain of LAB gives protection against undesirable strains of Pediococcus and Lactobacillus. Thus the winemaker can control which strain of bacteria carries out MLF and he can give the wine the desired flavor characteristic of the selected strain. Stationary cell cultures may also be used in a cell reactor system (Gestrelius et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,380,552). Also, wines which did undergo MLF are considered to be biologically stable (Kunkee, 1974, in "The Yeasts" Vol. 3, Yeast Technology, ACS, Wash. D.C.). In winemaking, traditionally, the development of the indigenous bacterial flora, which originates from grapes and winery equipment, has been stimulated by several means: the use of none or small amounts of SO.sub.2, adjustment of the pH to 3.2 or higher, maintaining a temperature of 16-20.degree. C., and extended contact with yeast lees. More recently, starter cultures composed of lactic acid bacteria have been used to induce MLF (King, 1986, Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 26:311-321; Mayer et al., 1983, Schweiz. S. Obstund Weinball. 119:197-200; 1984, ibid 120:191-193; Lafon-Lafourcade, 1983, in "Biotechnology", Vol. 5, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim p. 43-53; Champagne et al., 1989, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:2488-2492). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06284518__ •

Use for drug acarbose precose for weight control prevention of weight gain for weight loss for treatment and prevention of obesity Inventor(s): Rosner; Harvey (530F Grand St. Apt. 3F, New York, NY 10002) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,387,361 Date filed: August 2, 1999 Abstract: Control of weight gain has long been a problem for many people who if they lose weight by dieting often gain it back in a short period of time. Therefore, there has been much research to find a simple means to control weight in humans.Acarbose, an oligosaccharide, is an oral alpha glucosidase inhibitor. The mechanism of action of acarbose results from a competitive inhibition of pancreatic amylase and membrane bound intestinal aplpha-glucoside hydrolase enzymes. Pancreatic alpha amylase hydrolizes complex starches in the lumen of the small intestine. The membrane bound intestinal alpha glucosidases hydrolyze oligo saccharides, trissaccharides and disaccharides to glucose and other monosaccharides in the brush boarder of the small intestines. It has no inhibitory effect against lactase and would therefore not be expected to induce the symptoms of lactose intolerance. The weight gain or loss for an individual is essentially the difference between the calories absorbed and the calories burned. Excerpt(s): It is an object of the invention to control weight in humans by ingesting acarbose with meals with food containing carbohydrates. This and other objects and advantages will become obvious from the following detailed description. The invention is directed to a method of controlling weight in human beings by ingesting acarbose at meals with food containing carbohydrates. Acarbose is known to be an oral.varies.glucosidase inhibitor, which acts by a reversible inhibitor of membrane-bound intestinal.varies.-glucoside hydraslase enzymes. Membrane intestinal.varies.-

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glucosidases hydrolize oligosaccharides and disaccharides to glucose and other monosaccharides in the brush border of the small intestine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06387361__ •

Viscosified aqueous chitosan-containing well drilling and servicing fluids Inventor(s): House; Roy F. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Venture Innovations, Inc. (lafayette, La) Patent Number: 6,291,404 Date filed: February 13, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides aqueous viscous or gelled alkaline fluids particularly useful in oil and gas well operations, and a method of drilling a well therewith. The fluids contain chitosan, an amine reactive acid, and an aldehyde therein, whereby the amine reactive acid and the aldehyde react with the primary amino group on the chitosan to increase the viscosity and stability of the fluid. The fluids are also useful wherein other chitosan-containing fluids are utilized. The preferred amine reactive acid is glyoxylic acid, and the preferred aldehyde is lactose. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to the in-situ modification of chitosan to produce viscosifiers (thickeners, gellants) for aqueous liquids, and to viscosified aqueous liquids containing such modified chitosans dispersed therein, and to methods of drilling a well utilizing such fluids. Many viscosifiers for, and methods of, increasing the viscosity of aqueous liquids are known. Such viscosifiers may be so-called water-soluble polymers such as biopolymers, gums, cellulose derivatives, alginates, and other polysaccharides or polysaccharide derivatives, and various synthetic polymers. Representative polymers are set forth in the book "Handbook of Water Soluble Gums and Resins," Robert L. Davidson, Ed., 1980. Viscoelastic fluids are characterized as having a Theological profile which is shear thinning, having a high viscosity at extremely low shear rates and a low viscosity at high shear rates. Thus such fluids are pseudoplastic having a high yield stress. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06291404__

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Whey salt powder, process for its production and its use Inventor(s): Allen; Marjaana (Turenki, FI), Harju; Matti (Nummela, FI), Vesanen; Kaija (Vammala, FI) Assignee(s): Valio Ltd. (helsinki, Fi) Patent Number: 6,399,140 Date filed: September 29, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a whey salt product, which is not bitter in taste, and which is characterized by containing 19 to 27% potassium, 0.5 to 2% calcium, 5 to 7% sodium, 0.1 to 1% magnesium, 17 to 37% chloride and 0.5 to 3 % phosphorus and further 10 to 20% protein and 10 to 35% lactose, to a process for its production and its use as a table salt substitute. According to the invention, the whey salt powder is prepared in such a way that whey or an ultrafiltration. permeate with a dry matter content of 20% by weight at the most, obtained from milk or whey, is filtered through membranes by using

Patents 159

nanofiltration membranes, the permeate with a dry matter content of 0.1 to 1.0% by weight obtained from nanofiltration is concentrated and finally dried to powder. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a whey salt powder, which is not bitter in taste, a process for its production, and its use. The whey salt powder in accordance with the invention is a product containing natural minerals of whey and it may replace totally or partly the conventional salt used in food and food products. In the production of cheese, when taste-softening casein and fat are precipitated from milk into a cheese mass, what remains is whey with a salty taste. The salty taste of whey restricts its use in food industry. To reduce the salt content in whey, various methods have been developed, such as electrodialysis, ion exchange, and most recently nanofiltration. In fact, nanofiltration is a concentration process based on reverse osmosis, in which membranes used are so coarse that, in addition to water, particularly monovalent ions permeate the membrane. It is well suited for pre-concentration of dilute solutions, such as whey, from a dry matter content of 6% to 24% at the most. In the present publication, percentages refer to percentages by weight, unless otherwise indicated. With the above desalination processes and combinations thereof is produced demineralized whey powder, which is generally used e.g. in baby foods, chocolate and ice cream. For instance in Finland, the major part of whey is used for producing demineralized whey powder. In these processes, the removed salts pass through wastewater treatment plants into water systems. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399140__

Patent Applications on Lactose As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to lactose: •

Anti-regurgitation formula and uses thereof Inventor(s): Byard, Julia A.; (Columbus, OH), Franz, Mary P.; (Johnstown, OH), Lasekan, John B.; (Worthington, OH), Linke, Hawley K.; (Upper Arlington, OH) Correspondence: Ross Products Division OF Abbott Laboratories; Department 108140ds/1; 625 Cleveland Avenue; Columbus; OH; 43215-1724; US Patent Application Number: 20030165606 Date filed: July 11, 2002 Abstract: It has been discovered that reducing the amount of lactose in standard nonsoy protein based infant formulas will help to alleviate the regurgitation that is commonly experienced by infants during the first six to twelve months of life. Lactose levels should be 75 wt/wt %, or less, of the carbohydrate component. Excerpt(s): This application is related to the U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/306,304, which was filed on Jul. 18, 2001. The present invention relates to a non-soy protein-based infant formula having reduced lactose content and to its use in reducing regurgitation in infants. Further aspects of the invention are directed to methods of providing nutrition to an infant predisposed to regurgitation. Regurgitation (spit-up) is

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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a common problem in infants, affecting up to 50% of all infants at 2 months of age. The peak incidence of spit-up typically occurs around 3-4 months of age, impacting up to 67% of the population. Typically, the problem spontaneously resolves itself between the ages of 6 months and one year. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Ascorbic acid developing compositions containing sugar and methods of use Inventor(s): Haye, Shirleyanne E.; (Rochester, NY), Huston, Janet M.; (Webster, NY), Roussilhe, Jacques; (Virey Le Grand, FR) Correspondence: Paul A. Leipold; Patent Legal Staff; Eastman Kodak Company; 343 State Street; Rochester; NY; 14650-2201; US Patent Application Number: 20030152876 Date filed: January 23, 2003 Abstract: A black-and-white photographic developing composition has improved stability and is more compatible with the environment when discarded. The composition includes one or more ascorbic acid developing agents and is essentially free of hydroquinone and similar developing agents. It comprises a mono- or disaccharide such as ribose, fructose, lactose, glucose or galactose as a stabilizing agent for the developing agent. Excerpt(s): This invention relates in general to photography and in particular to improved black-and-white developing compositions. More particularly, it relates to improved and stabilized ascorbic acid developing compositions and to methods for their use in processing photographic silver halide materials. Photographic black-and-white developing compositions containing a silver halide black-and-white developing agent are well known in the photographic art for reducing silver halide grains containing a latent image to yield a developed photographic image. Many useful developing agents are known in the art, with hydroquinone and similar dihydroxybenzene compounds and ascorbic acid (and derivatives) being some of the most common. Such compositions generally contain other components such as sulfites, buffers, antifoggants, halides and hardeners. Dihydroxybenzenes (such as hydroquinone) are the most common blackand-white developing agents and are quite active to provide development in various black-and-white photographic elements with or without booster and nucleating compounds. However, they are disadvantageous from several technical and environmental considerations. For example, hydroquinone compositions are not completely stable in air, being prone to aerial oxidation. The by-products from instability are often insoluble, black and tarry materials that contaminate the processing solutions and equipment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 161

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Catalyzed polyol gel breaker compositions Inventor(s): Crews, James B.; (Willis, TX) Correspondence: Paul S Madan; Madan, Mossman & Sriram, PC; 2603 Augusta, Suite 700; Houston; TX; 77057-1130; US Patent Application Number: 20040019199 Date filed: July 25, 2003 Abstract: It has been discovered that fracturing fluid breaker mechanisms are improved by the inclusion of a catalyzed polyol alone that directly degrades the polysaccharide backbone, and optionally additionally by removing the crosslinking ion, if present. That is, viscosity reduction (breaking) occurs by breaking down the chemical bonds within the backbone directly. The gel does not have to be crosslinked for the method of the invention to be successful, although it may be crosslinked. In one non-limiting embodiment, the polyol has at least two hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbon atoms. In another embodiment, the polyols are simple sugars and sugar alcohols, and may include mannitol, sorbitol, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, lactose, maltose, allose, etc. and mixtures thereof. The catalyzing metal ion may employ a metal selected from Groups VIB, VIIB, VIII, IB, and IIB of the Periodic Table (previous IUPAC American Group notation). Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/900,343 filed Jul. 3, 2001, now allowed. The present invention relates to gelled treatment fluids used during hydrocarbon recovery operations, and more particularly relates, in one embodiment, to methods of "breaking" or reducing the viscosity of treatment fluids containing gelling agents used during hydrocarbon recovery operations. Hydraulic fracturing is a method of using pump rate and hydraulic pressure to fracture or crack a subterranean formation. Once the crack or cracks are made, high permeability proppant, relative to the formation permeability, is pumped into the fracture to prop open the crack. When the applied pump rates and pressures are reduced or removed from the formation, the crack or fracture cannot close or heal completely because the high permeability proppant keeps the crack open. The propped crack or fracture provides a high permeability path connecting the producing wellbore to a larger formation area to enhance the production of hydrocarbons. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Cellular targeting poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted polymeric gene carrier Inventor(s): Sagara, Kazuyoshi; (Buzen City, JP) Correspondence: M. Wayne Western; Thorpe North & Western, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1219; Sandy; UT; 84091-1219; US Patent Application Number: 20030018002 Date filed: July 19, 2001 Abstract: A polymeric conjugate for targeted gene delivery comprising a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafted cationic polymer and a targeting moiety(TM), wherein 0.1 to 10 mole percent of the cationic groups of the cationic polymer are substituted with said PEG-TM, and the grafted cationic polymer contains at least 50% unsubstituted free cationic groups. The TM is preferably lactose or galactose, which are capable of

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specifically targeting hepatocytes. Methods of preparing and using the TM-PEG-CP as polymeric gene carriers to efficiently transfect cells are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to targeted gene delivery. More particularly, the invention relates to a composition comprising a conjugate of poly(ethylene glycol)grafted cationic polymers, i.e. polyamines, and a cell targeting molecule for gene delivery to the target cells. Gene therapy has represented a new paradigm for therapy of human disease and for drug delivery. The implicit emphasis of prior research has been on determining the safety of gene transfer procedures, often placing efficacy as a secondary goal. A major technical impediment to gene transfer is the lack of an ideal gene delivery system. If it were possible to deliver the gene to the appropriate specific cells in sufficient quantities without adverse side effects, gene therapy would be efficacious. Currently very few organs or cells can be specifically targeted for gene delivery. There are many established protocols for transferring genes into cells, including calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation, particle bombardment, liposomal delivery and viral-vector delivery. Although all of these methods can be used for mammalian cultured cells, there are many difficulties in introducing genes into target cells in vivo. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Compaction process for manufacture of sodium phenytoin dosage form Inventor(s): Crotts, George; (Kintnersville, PA), Fessehaie, Mebrahtu G.; (Mineola, NY), Gadiraju, Srinivas Raju; (Randolph, NJ), Gawel, John; (Clark, NJ), Ghebre-Sellassie, Isaac; (Morris Plains, NJ), Sheth, Ashlesh K.; (Randolph, NJ) Correspondence: Mehdi Ganjeizadeh; Warner-lambert Company; 2800 Plymouth Road; Ann Arbor; MI; 48105; US Patent Application Number: 20030083360 Date filed: May 14, 2002 Abstract: A process for the roller compaction and manufacture of a pharmaceutical formulation comprises the steps of adding sodium phenytoin to a vessel of a blender and adding at least one excipient to the vessel. The mixture is blended and transferred to a roller compactor, where pressure is applied to the blend of sodium phenytoin and excipient. Next, the resultant compaction is milled to form a granulation, which is blended a second time and is suitable for further processing into a dosage form. Preferably, the excipients include magnesium stearate, sugar, lactose monohydrate, and talc. In an alternative embodiment, talc is added immediately prior to the granulation being blended for a second time. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/290,970, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. The present invention pertains to a method of manufacturing a dosage form of sodium phenytoin. In particular, the present invention pertains to a method of manufacturing an orally administered extended release sodium phenytoin capsules. In the pharmaceutical development art, a sustained release dosage form may be defined as a preparation which releases a drug, in vivo, at a considerably slower rate than is the case from an equivalent dose of a conventional (nonsustained release) dosage form. The objective of employing a sustained release product is to obtain a satisfactory drug response while at the same time, reducing the frequency of administration and maintaining bioequivalence to existing sodium phenytoin formulations. An example of a drug,

Patents 163

which is popularly used in a sustained release form, is chlorpheniramine maleate. In conventional form, the drug may be given as 4 mg doses every 4 hours or in sustained release form as one dose of 12 mg every 12 hours. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Composition and method for lactose hydrolysis Inventor(s): Eisenhardt, Peter F.; (Philadelphia, PA), Smith, Leonard P.; (Beesley's Point, NJ) Correspondence: Audley A. Ciamporcero JR.; Johnson & Johnson; One Johnson & Johnson Plaza; New Brunswick; NJ; 08933-7003; US Patent Application Number: 20020172669 Date filed: May 6, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose containing two lactase enzymes having distinct pH optima. The composition is suitable for treating or controlling the symptoms of lactose intolerance in humans. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and method for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose and, more particularly, to treating and controlling the symptoms of lactose intolerance. The human digestive system uses a series of enzymes to break down complex foods into simple molecules that can be absorbed by the body. Milk products contain lactose, which, when hydrolyzed, yield glucose and galactose. This hydrolysis is enzymatically catalyzed by lactase or.beta.-D-galactosidase. Decreased or non-existent intestinal lactase activity, known as lactose intolerance, is a deficiency that appears in pediatric, adolescent and adult populations. The inability to hydrolyze lactose into its component sugars results in bloating, cramping, abdominal pain, or flatulence after the ingestion of milk or dairy products. In severe cases, malabsorption resulting from lactose intolerance may result in anorexia and weight loss. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Compositions for inhalation Inventor(s): Larhrib, El Hassane; (London, GB), Marriott, Christopher; (London, GB), Martin, Gary Peter; (London, GB), Pritchard, John Nigel; (Middlesex, GB), Zeng, Xian Ming; (Essex, GB) Correspondence: Bacon & Thomas, Pllc; 625 Slaters Lane; Fourth Floor; Alexandria; VA; 22314 Patent Application Number: 20030118514 Date filed: August 26, 2002 Abstract: Elongated drug, especially salbutamol sulphate, and/or carrier particles, especially lactose, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, and use of the elongated particles in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of respiratory disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improved pharmaceutical compositions for inhalation, and the use of elongated drug and/or carrier particles therein. Numerous medicaments, especially those for the treatment of respiratory conditions such as

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asthma, are administered by inhalation. Since the drug acts directly on the target organ much smaller quantities of the active ingredient may be used, thereby minimising any potential side effects caused as a result of systemic absorption. The efficacy of this route of administration has been limited by the problems encountered in making appropriate and consistent dosages available to the lungs. The delivery systems currently available are pressurised metered dose inhalers, nebulisers and dry powder inhalers. Metered dose inhalers require good co-ordination of actuation and inhalation in order to achieve consistent dose administration; this co-ordination may be difficult for some patients. Nebulisers are effective but are relatively expensive and bulky and as a result are mainly used in hospitals. A variety of dry powder inhalers have been developed and, since dry powder inhalers rely on the inspiratory effect of the patient to produce a fine cloud of drug particles, the co-ordination problems associated with the use of metered dose inhalers do not apply. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Confectionery with high milk protein content, high milk dry mass, low denaturation level of the milk protein and method for production thereof Inventor(s): Forte, Ubaldo Lo; (Ober-Ofleiden, DE), Venneri, Salvatore; (Kirchhain, DE) Correspondence: Rocco S. Barrese, ESQ.; Dilworth & Barrese, Llp; 333 Earle Ovington BLVD.; Uniondale; NY; 11553; US Patent Application Number: 20030049361 Date filed: August 7, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to confectionery of long shelf-life in the form of a soft, creamy, foamed mass of stable form, comprising milk components, edible fats, sugar and/or artificial sweeteners and water, whereby at least part of the edible fat is in crystalline form at room temperature. The confectionery contains no lactose crystals which may be detected by the consumer, the milk protein content is 6 to 20 wt. %, the fat-free milk dry mass is in the range of 16 to 55 wt. % and the denaturation level of the milk protein is.ltoreq.20%. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to confectionery based on milk components, a process for the production thereof and consumer products obtainable through this process. DE-30 15 825 C2 describes confectionery with a long shelf-life in the form of a soft mass on the basis of an oil-in-water emulsion which has been foamed with an inert gas, contains milk components, edible fat, sugar, monoglycerides and water and has a pH in the range of 6.2 to 7.5. The consistence of the confectionery ranges from a spreadable cream to a comparatively compact paste suitable for cutting. It has a stable form and a long shelf-life and does not comprise any lactose crystals detectable by the consumer. In addition, at least part of the edible fat is contained in crystallised form. Preparation of this confectionery starts with sugared, partially skimmed condensed milk which forms the main component of an aqueous paste. This paste is processed to an oilin-water emulsion with an oil phase containing edible fats and monoglycerides. After that, the emulsion is pasteurised, blended with lactose seed crystals and foamed by blowing in an inert gas. With stirring and cooling the emulsion, at least part of the edible fat is crystallised. When preparing condensed milk, temperatures of 100 to 120.degree. C. are usually employed for 1 to 3 minutes to pasteurise the milk and 65 to 70.degree. C. to concentrate the milk by evaporation, resulting in partial denaturation of the whey proteins.

Patents 165

Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Control release formulation containing a hydrophobic material as the sustained release agent Inventor(s): Mulve, Nirmal; (Princeton, NJ) Correspondence: Leopold Presser; Scully, Scott, Murphy & Presser; 400 Garden City Plaza; Garden City Plaza; NY; 11530; US Patent Application Number: 20030077324 Date filed: June 10, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a sustained release pharmaceutical composition in oral dosage form consisting essentially of a pharmaceutically effective amount of a medicament and a hydrophobic material in the absence of a lactose or hydrophobic carbohydrate polymer, said medicament being present in an amount greater than about 25% of the pharmaceutical composition and having a water solubility greater than about 1 gram per 10 mL of water at 25.degree. C., said hydrophobic material having a melting point ranging from at least about 40.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. at 1 atm pressure, and being present in an amount ranging from about 3% to about 20% by weight of the pharmaceutical composition and in an amount less than the of the medicament, and said hydrophobic material not being present in coating of said pharmaceutical composition; said pharmaceutical composition being prepared by direct compression in the absence of or melting the hydrophobic material or the use of high shear mixer. The present invention is also directed to a method of preparing said pharmaceutical composition. Excerpt(s): The present application is claiming benefit of Provisional Application U.S. No. 60/297,140 filed on Jun. 8, 2001. The present invention relates to a controlled release formulation in oral dosage form, preferably in the form of a tablet, containing a hydrophobic material as the sustained release agent. It is of great advantage to both the patient and the physician that medication be formulated so that it may be administered in a minimum number of daily doses from which the drug is uniformly released over a desired extended period of time. This effect is accomplished using sustained or slow release compositions. Sustained or slow release compositions containing pharmaceutical medicaments or other active ingredients are designed to contain higher concentrations of the medicament and are prepared in such a manner as to effect sustained or slow release into the gastrointestinal digestive tract of humans or animals over an extended period of time. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Drug delivery system for enhanced bioavailability of hydrophobic active ingredients Inventor(s): Gatts, Joshua; (Hayward, CA), Hsiao, Charles; (Livermore, CA), Teng, Ching-Ling; (Fremont, CA) Correspondence: Blank Rome Comisky & Mccauley, Llp; 900 17th Street, N.W., Suite 1000; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030138496 Date filed: November 21, 2002

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Abstract: The present invention provides a drug delivery system for the oral administration of a hydrophobic active ingredient. The active ingredient's post-ingestion dissolution rate and its corresponding bioavailability can be optimized by intimately mixing a micronized hydrophobic drug with suitably sized inert particles to a dispersion that will facilitate desired bioavailability. In a particular embodiment, the hydrophobic active ingredient is fenofibrate. Suitably sized inert particles include microcrystalline cellulose and lactose. Dispersion may be monitored by microscopic visualization. Excerpt(s): Drug efficacy depends upon its bioavailability to the patient. For drugs that are hydrophobic or poorly soluble in water, increased wettability upon exposure to biological fluids can become a goal for those formulating and manufacturing these agents. For example, the bioavailability of pharmacologically active entities that are hydrophobic may be enhanced by reduction of particle size. See, e.g., MORTADA & MORTADA 28 (4) ACTA PHARM. TECH. 297-301 (1982); U.S. Pat. No. 4,344,934, Martin et al.; WO 90/04962, Nystrom et al. Such micronization of an active principle may improve the dissolution of the active principle in vivo, and thus improve its bioavailability, but the agglomeration of the micronized particles can diminish these characteristics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Enzymatic liquid cleaning composition exhibiting enhanced alpha-amylase enzyme stability Inventor(s): Lynde, Kenton Ray; (Gosforth, GB), Song, Brian Xiaoqing; (West Chester, OH) Correspondence: The Procter & Gamble Company; Intellectual Property Division; Winton Hill Technical Center - Box 161; 6110 Center Hill Avenue; Cincinnati; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20020183230 Date filed: April 15, 2002 Abstract: An aqueous liquid or gel type detergent composition comprises (a) from about 0.1% to about 15% by weight, boric acid; (b) from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, a polyhydroxy compound selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, butylene glycol, hexylene glycol, mannitol, sorbitol, erythritol, glucose fructose, lactose, erythritol-1,4-anhydride, and mixtures thereof; and (c) an oxygen bleach resistant.alpha.-amylase enzyme and (d) from about 5% to about 80% water. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of International Application PCT/US0028559, filed Oct. 13, 2000, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/159,858, filed Oct. 15, 1999. The present invention relates to aqueous liquid or gel type detergent compositions. More particularly, the invention relates to aqueous liquid or gel type detergent compositions exhibiting enhanced.alpha.-amylase enzyme stability by using a combination of an oxygen bleach resistant.alpha.-amylase enzyme, boric acid and propanediol, even with the exclusion of alkali metal sulfites, and a process of enhancing stability of.alpha.-amylase enzyme in an liquid dishwashing detergent. Aqueous liquid enzymatic detergent compositions are well-known in the art. The major problem encountered with such compositions is that of ensuring a sufficient storage stability of the enzymes in these compositions.

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Enzyme isolated from a Bifidobacterium Inventor(s): Hansen, Ole Cai; (Vaerlose, DK), Jorgensen, Flemming; (Lyngby, DK), Stougaard, Peter; (Skibby, DK) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner; Llp; 1300 I Street, NW; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030162280 Date filed: March 14, 2003 Abstract: The present invention concerns a new.beta.-galactosidase with transgalactosylating activity isolated from Bifidobacterium bifidum and a truncated enzyme where the C-terminal end of the.beta.-galactosidase protein has been deleted, resulting in an enzyme with a higher transgalactosylating activity than hydrolase activity. When lactose is used as a substrate, galacto-oligosaccharides are products of the transgalactosylase activity. Galacto-oligosaccharides enhance growth of healthpromoting Bifidobacterium that may be used in a number of applications in the dairy industry. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns improvement of fermented diary products. In particular, the invention concerns a.beta.-galactosidase with transgalactosylating activity. More particular the inventions concerns a.beta.-galactosidase isolated from Bifidobacterium bifidum where the C-terminal end of the protein has been deleted and the resulting truncated enzyme has higher transgalactosylating activity than hydrolase activity. When lactose is used as a substrate, galacto-oligosaccharides are products of the transgalactosylase activity. Galacto-oligosaccharides enhance growth of healthpromoting Bifidobacterium that may be used in a number of applications in the diary industry. The genus Bifidobacterium is one of the most commonly used types of bacteria cultures in the diary industry for fermenting a variety of diary products. Ingestion of Bifidobacterium-containing products furthermore has a health-promoting effect. This effect is not only achieved by a lowered pH of the intestinal contents but also by the ability of Bifidobacterium to repopulate the intestinal flora in individuals who have had their intestinal flora disturbed by for example intake of antibiotics. Bifidobacterium furthermore has the potential of outcompeting potential harmful intestinal microorganisms. Galacto-oligosaccharides are known to enhance the growth of Bifidobacterium. This effect is likely achieved through the unique ability of Bifidobacterium to exploit galacto-oligosaccharides as a carbon source. Dietary supplement of galacto-oligosaccharides is furthermore thought to have a number of long-term disease protecting effects. For example, galacto-oligosaccharide intake has been shown to be highly protective against development of colorectal cancer in rats (Wijnands, et al., 1999). There is therefore a great interest in developing cheap and efficient methods for producing galacto-oligosaccharides for use in the industry for improving dietary supplements and dairy products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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In-situ generation of special sorbents in combustion gases for the removal of mercury and other pollutants present in them Inventor(s): Sinha, Rabindra K.; (McKees Rocks, PA) Correspondence: Rabindra K. Sinha; 609 Hancock Court; Mckees Rocks; PA; 15136-1167; US Patent Application Number: 20030104937 Date filed: November 12, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides compositions including a mixture containing sulfides and/or polysulfides of ammonium, sodium, potassium, lithium, etc., gold and/or compounds of gold, copper and/or compunds of copper, silver and/or compounds of silver, sulfur or potassium tri-iodide, and ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium acetate, ammonium formate, ammonium thiosulfate, ammonium peroxy sulfate, sulfuric acid, zinc chlride, phosphoric acid, or its ammonium and alkali salts and mixtures thereof, and polyhydroxy organic compounds such as glycerol, mono and di saccharides such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, molasses, lactose, polysaccharides and derivatives thereof and mixtures threreof in which the polyhydroxy compound is utilized as a sorbent precursor and the first group of inorganic salt or mixture thereof is utilized to impart the specificity for mercury removal into the said generated sorbent and the second group of inorganic salt or the mixture thereof is utilized as a catalyst to generate the sorbent at low temperatures, say above 200.degree. F. into combustion gases produced from the combustion of fossil and derived fuels, for the removal of mercury and/or other pollutants present in such gases. The polyhydroxy compound alone or in conjunction with the first group of inorganic salt and mixtures thereof mentioned above is also shown effective to generate the special sorbent having the unique properties to remove mercury and/or other pollutants from the said gas stream. The aforementioned composition can be mixed with fly ash, clays of various types, silica, alumina, titania, zirconia or mixtures thereof for the removal of mercury and/or other pollutants present in combustion gas streams. Methods are provided for applying and generating the above mentioned sorbent in the flue gases of fossil and derived fuel fired systems and waste and municipal incinerators for controlling the emissions of mercury and/or dioxin contained in such gas streams. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to generation of special sorbents having the properties of sorbing mercury and/or removing other pollutants from gas streams containing these pollutants, particularly when the mercury and/or other pollutants are contained in the combustion gases produced from firing fossil fuels such as coal, lignite, peat, fuel oil, and derived fuels such as municipal and industrial wastes and refuge. Environmental considerations require that emissions of hazardous pollutants such as mercury and dioxin be contained. Most US coals and municipal refuge contain mercury in them which is released in the form of elemental and oxidized mercury with the combustion gases. Dioxin is generally produced during the combustion process from the precursor components present in the fossil or derived fuels. Unless the mercury and the precursors leading to the formation of dioxin are removed from the fuel prior to its combustion, they beome a component of the gases produced by the combustion of the fuel and become extremely difficult to remove effectively and economically by known processes. Coal (a term utilized in here to describe solid fuels such as bituminous and subbitumnous coals, anthracite, lignite and peat) is one of the most important fuels for producing power. It is burned in boilers all over the world to produce steam and electrical power. Power plants in the USA is estimated to burn more than 900 million tons a year of coal.

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Isolation and purification of clostridium botulinum toxins Inventor(s): Oguma, Keiji; (Okayama, JP) Correspondence: Robert M. Barrett; Bell, Boyd & Lloyd Llc; P.O. Box 1135; Chicago; IL; 60690-1135; US Patent Application Number: 20030008367 Date filed: April 30, 2002 Abstract: A method for separating and purifying HA-positive progenitor toxin(s) (LL and/or L toxins) and HA-negative progenitor toxin (M toxin) from a Clostridium botulinum strain is provided. The method comprises applying a liquid containing both the HA-positive progenitor toxin(s) and the HA-negative progenitor toxin to a lactose column. Also provided is a method for separating and purifying neurotoxin (7S toxin) from HA-positive progenitor toxins, which comprises treating HA-positive progenitor toxins with an alkaline buffer and then applying the Resulting liquid containing dissociated neurotoxin and non-toxic Components to a lactose column. Activated pure HA-positive toxins (L and LL toxins) and neurotoxin are obtained by simple procedures. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to isolation and purification of Clostridium botulinum toxins. Clostridium botulinum strains produce seven immunologically Distinct poisonous neurotoxins (NTXs, 7S toxins) and are classified into types A to G. The NTXs inhibit release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions and synapses, and cause botulism in humans and animals. All types of NTXs are synthesized as a single chain with molecular mass (Mr) of approximately 150 kDa. Endogenous protease(s) from bacteria or exogenous protease (s) such as trypsin cleave the single chain NTXs at about one third of the length from the N-terminus within a region inside a disulfide loop. NTXs therefore become dichain consisting of 50 kDa (designated as light chain) and 100 kDa (designated as heavy chain) components held together by a disulfide bond (FIGS. 1 and 6). The proteolytically processed dichain NTXs (nicked or activated form) are more potent than the single chain NTXs. Recently, partially or almost purified type A-LL toxins and type B-L toxins have been used for the treatment of strabismus, blepharospasm, nystagmus, facial spasm, spasmodic tic, spasmodic torticollis, spastic aphonia, myokymia, bruxism, graphospasm (writer's cramp), achalasia, anismus, and many other dystonia. The toxins are now used for hidrosis and for elimination of wrinkle, also. Usually, patients are injected with these toxins at several month-intervals, and therefore a significant percentage of the patients produce a specific antibody against the injected toxin. When such anti-toxin antibody is produced in a patient, that toxin type can no longer be used for the same treatment (becomes ineffective) for the patient. It is recommended to use purified fully activated NTXs instead of L and LL toxins in order to reduce antibody production in the patients. Therefore, there has been a demand for a simple procedure to obtain each toxin type in an activated purified form, specially NTX alone. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Lactic acid bacteria producing polysaccharide similar to those in human milk and corresponding gene Inventor(s): Desachy, Patrice; (Porsel, CH), Gaier, Walter; (Chailly-Montreux, CH), Neeser, Jean-Richard; (Savigny, CH), Pot, Bruno; (Sint-Michiels Brugge, BE), Pridmore, David; (Lausanne, CH), Stingele, Francesca; (St-Prex, CH) Correspondence: Winston & Strawn; Patent Department; 1400 L Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3502; US Patent Application Number: 20040023361 Date filed: June 16, 2003 Abstract: A lactic acid bacterium having a 16S ribosomal RNA characteristic of the genus Streptococcus, cocci morphology, a growth optimum in the range of about 28.degree. C. to about 45.degree. C., having the ability to ferment D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, and N-acetyl (D)-glucosamine, salicin, cellobiose, maltose, lactose, sucrose and raffinose, and imparting a viscosity of greater than 100 mPa.s at a shear rate of about 293 s.sup.-1. The strain often produces an exopolysaccharide comprising a chain of glucose, galactose and N-acetylglucosamine in a proportion of 3:2:1 respectively. The new strain is identified as Streptococcus macedonicus. Other characteristics include a total protein profile obtained after culture in an MRS medium for 24 h at 28.degree. C., extraction of the total proteins and migration of the proteins on an SDS-PAGE electrophoresis gel, exhibits a degree of Pearson correlation of at least 78 with respect to bacterium CNCM I-1920 or I-1926. The strain and its secreted polysaccharides can be used in preparing dietary compositions. The present invention further relates to a new exopolysaccharide synthesis operon and the genes thereof isolated from the new species and to transformed cells having inserted nucleotides that encode proteins of the EPS operon or at least one gene thereof. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/548,606, filed Apr. 13, 2000, which is a continuation of the U.S. national phase of International Application No. PCT/EP98/06636, filed Oct. 9, 1998, the content of both of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto and claim priority to Swiss Patent Application No. 97203245.2 filed Oct. 17, 1997. The present invention relates to new species of lactic acid bacteria belonging to the genus Streptococcus, identified herein as Streptococcus macedonicus and its use in the production of food compositions. The present invention further relates to a new exopolysaccharide synthesis operon isolated from the new species Streptococcus macedonicus and transformed microorganisms containing the operon or genes thereof. The identification of lactic acid bacteria is essential in the dairy industry, and consists of differentiating distinctive morphological, physiological and/or genetic characteristics between several species. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Lactose repressor proteins with increased operator DNA binding affinity Inventor(s): Foster, Catherine M.; (Houston, TX), Matthews, Kathleen S.; (Houston, TX), Swint-Kruse, Liskin; (Pearland, TX) Correspondence: Matthew L. Madsen; Howrey Simon Arnold & White, Llp; 750 Bering Drive; Houston; TX; 77057-2198; US Patent Application Number: 20020193568 Date filed: July 17, 2002

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Abstract: The present invention provides altered lac repressor proteins that recognize the lactose operator with increased affinity and have either normal or enhanced ligand responsivity. For example, the lac repressor Gln60Gly mutant protein exhibits increased binding affinity for lactose operator DNA, while maintaining near-normal responsivity to IPTG. Alternatively, the present invention provides modified repressors which exhibit responsiveness to an alternative ligand, such as arabinose, or have enhanced responsivity to IPTG. For example, Gln60Gly/Leu148Phe binds with wild-type affinity to lactose operator DNA and exhibits enhanced responsivity to IPTG. The present invention also provides for repressors that exhibit both characteristics: increased affinity for lactose operator and enhanced ligand responsivity. Enhanced ligand response enables induction of gene expression to be finely controlled by a researcher. DNA sequences encoding the altered lac repressor proteins and bacterial and eukaryotic cells containing altered lac repressor proteins are also provided. Excerpt(s): The application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/736,836, filed Dec. 14, 2000 which claims the benefit of United States Provisional Application Serial No. 60/172,464, filed Dec. 17, 1999; and of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/554,537, filed on May 12, 2000, which is a.sctn.371 national stage conversion of International Application Serial No. PCT/US98/24949, filed Nov. 20, 1998, claiming the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/066,213, filed Nov. 20, 1997. The entire contents of each of the foregoing applications is herein incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to repressor proteins that: (i) recognize the lactose operator with increased affinity compared to wild type protein and exhibit normal inducibility; (ii) recognize the lactose operator with normal affinity while exhibiting enhanced inducibility (i.e., increased sensitivity to normal inducing sugars or responsiveness to alternative ligands); or (iii) alternatively, repressor proteins exhibiting increased affinity for the lactose operator DNA and enhanced inducibility. The lac repressor protein is a genetic regulatory protein used widely to control the expression of cloned genes and is the prototype for negative control of transcription initiation in E. coli (Jacob & Monod, 1961). The lac repressor normally regulates expression of the lactose metabolic enzymes and couples cellular response with environmental availability of metabolites (Miller & Reznikoff, 1980). Multiple vector systems are commercially available that employ this repressor protein in cloning genes and overexpressing their protein products. These systems rely on the ability of the lac repressor to inhibit transcriptional initiation in the absence of an inducer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Lipid-protein-sugar particles for drug delivery Inventor(s): Kohane, Daniel S.; (Newton, MA), Langer, Robert S.; (Newton, MA), Lipp, Michael; (Framingham, MA) Correspondence: Choate, Hall & Stewart; Exchange Place; 53 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20020150621 Date filed: October 16, 2001 Abstract: Lipid-protein-sugar particles (LPSPs) are provided as a vehicle for drug delivery. Any therapeutic, diagnostic, or prophylatic agent may be encapsulated in a lipid-protein-sugar matrix to form microparticles. Preferably the diameter of the LPSP ranges from 50 nm to 10 micrometers. The particles may be prepared using any known

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lipid (e.g., DPPC), protein (e.g., albumin), or sugar (e.g., lactose). Methods of preparing and administering the particles are also provided. Methods of providing a nerve block are also provided by administering LPSPs with a local anesthetic (e.g., bupivacaine) within the vicinity of a nerve. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to co-pending provisional application, U.S. Ser. No. 60/240,636, filed Oct. 16, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference. The delivery of a drug to a patient with controlled-release of the active ingredient has been an active area of research for decades and has been fueled by the many recent developments in polymer science and the need to deliver more labile pharmaceutical agents such as nucleic acids, proteins, and peptides. Biodegradable particles have been developed as sustained release vehicles used in the administration of small molecule drugs as well as protein and peptide drugs and nucleic acids (Langer Science 249:1527-1533, 1990; Mulligan Science 260:926-932, 1993; Eldridge Mol. Immunol. 28:287-294, 1991; each of which is incorporated herein by reference). The drugs are typically encapsulated in a polymer matrix which is biodegradable and biocompatible. As the polymer is degraded and/or as the drug diffuses out of the polymer, the drug is released into the body. Typical polymers used in preparing these particles are polyesters such as poly(glycolide-co-lactide) (PLGA), polyglycolic acid, poly-.beta.-hydroxybutyrate, and polyacrylic acid ester. These particles have the additional advantage of protecting the drug from degradation by the body. These particles depending on their size, composition, and the drug being delivered can be administered to an individual using any route available. Biocompatibility is of special importance when a sustained release vehicle such as microparticles is used for local delivery of a drug to sensitive or vital structures (e.g., nerves, eyes, atria, brain, uterus), particularly if the dwell time of the polymeric device in the target tissue is much longer than the clinical efficacy of the delivered drug. In the case of local anesthesia, the problem is further exacerbated by the large loads of drug and polymer that typically must be delivered in order to achieve effective and prolonged nerve blockade given the relatively low potency of most conventional local anesthetics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Low lactose, low moisture shelf-stable, bakeable savory cheese product and process for preparing it Inventor(s): Levine, Harry; (Morris Plains, NJ), Santhanagopalan, Ramanathan; (Morris Plains, NJ), Slade, Louise; (Morris Plains, NJ), Wang, Chii-Fen; (Princeton, NJ), Yan, Zhen-Yi; (East Hanover, NJ), Yu, Weizhu; (Morris Plains, NJ) Correspondence: Ware Fressola Van Der Sluys &; Adolphson, Llp; Bradford Green Building 5; 755 Main Street, P O Box 224; Monroe; CT; 06468; US Patent Application Number: 20020155198 Date filed: January 30, 2002 Abstract: A savory, smooth-textured, bakeable and shelf-stable product is prepared as a three-phase formulation, including an aqueous liquid phase, a dispersed fat phase and a solids phase, preferably containing cheese in significant proportion. The liquid phase is present in sufficient quantity to suspend and disperse the fat and solids phases. The dispersed fat must have sufficiently small droplet size raise the viscosity for this phase sufficiently to result in a creamy texture for the final product. The savory flavor ingredients are present as undissolved solids of sufficiently small particle size to provide the proper flavor release for the flavor and a texture consistent with the savory

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flavor. Preferred cheese products will have a lubricous, slippery, smooth mouthfeel and a flavor release that endures until the palate is essentially clean. The product can be applied to unbaked doughs prior to baking and retain their desired properties after baking. The product can also be packaged for use as is with any number of complimentary foods. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority based on U.S. Provisional Application 60/266,150 filed Feb. 2, 2001. The invention relates to a shelf-stable, bake-stable, smoothtextured cheese product, other bakeable savory spreads and filler compositions and to processes for preparing them. The savory, especially cheese, products provide a number of product variations and combinations. Cheese is a favorite that extends across generations and cultures. In America and Europe, in particular, people enjoy cheese at any meal and at many times in between. One very desirable combination with cheese is to serve it with some form of baked goods. Bread and crackers are popular choices and there are, in fact, cheese-flavored breads and crackers available on the market. Other combinations of this type employ a shelf-stable cheese filler in combination with crackers, puffed snacks and the like. Products of these types are satisfactory to some extent, but the filler lacks a desired creaminess and smooth melt that would be desired. Also, the crackers must be baked first and then filled. There is no known technology to add a cheese filler to an unbaked dough and achieve a baked product having suitable texture, flavor and shelf-stability. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for forecasting the effects of trade policies and supply and demand conditions on the world dairy sector Inventor(s): Chavas, Jean-Paul; (Madison, WI), Cox, Thomas L.; (Madison, WI), Zhu, Yong; (Schaumburg, IL) Correspondence: Patricia Smith King; Suite 22; 222 North Midvale Boulevard; Madison; WI; 537055072 Patent Application Number: 20020143604 Date filed: February 2, 2001 Abstract: The present invention comprises a methodology for forecasting the effects of domestic and international trade policies on future trends in world dairy trade on an annualized as well as longer-term basis. The spatial hedonic equilibrium model employed in the present invention is used to analyze world dairy sector data and to forecast future trends by simulating the regional market equilibrium impacts of trade policies in the world dairy sector. The model reflects both vertical (e.g. the processing of farm milk into many different dairy products processing that reflects the allocation of milk components (e.g., milkfats, caseins, whey proteins and lactose) to various dairy commodities including primary, intermediate and processed commodities) and spatial characteristics (e.g. the distribution of milk production, demand and trade for dairy products in different regions of the world). Both domestic and trade policies, and their variations among countries, are incorporated in the model. The analysis forecasts the effects of trade liberalization on attributes of the world dairy sector (including prices, production, consumption, trade flows and the welfare of producers, consumers and taxpayers in various countries). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to economic models to forecast the effects of trade policies and supply and demand trends on market sector pricing and

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shares, and in particular to an hedonic spatial equilibrium trade model that accommodates interregional variations, multiple products, and implicit markets for milk components (e.g., milkfat, casein, whey protein and lactose as allocated to various dairy commodities including primary, intermediate and processed commodities) to generate annualized and longer-term forecasts of the effects of trade policies and supply and demand conditions on attributes of the world dairy sector (including prices, production, consumption, trade flows and the welfare of producers, consumers and taxpayers in various countries). Historically the U.S. dairy sector has been a minor player in world dairy markets. Over the 1989-94 period, for example, the U.S. exported the equivalent of only 2.5% of total domestic milk production while accounting for 6% of the total world dairy exports (excluding intra-European Community trade). Evolving world trade liberalization, especially the completion of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Uruguay Round Agreement (URA), is changing this situation. The U.S. dairy sector is increasingly integrated into a global dairy economy characterized by increased private exports of U.S. dairy products, increased dairy imports, less government intervention, and additional foreign investment in the U.S. dairy industry. This changing dairy trade environment offers the U.S. opportunities to expand dairy exports, as well as further opening domestic markets to imports from the rest of the world. To better understand the impacts of global trade liberalization on the competitiveness of the U.S. dairy sector in these markets, additional knowledge of international dairy markets and improved policy modeling capabilities are needed to help the U.S. dairy sector adjust effectively to the new environment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods for producing sialyloligosaccharides in a dairy source Inventor(s): Barker, William A.; (West Chester, PA), Hakes, David J.; (Willow Grove, PA), Pelletier, Marc; (Doylestown, PA), Zopf, David A.; (Strafford, PA) Correspondence: Morgan, Lewis & Bockius Llp; 1701 Market Street; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-2921; US Patent Application Number: 20020150995 Date filed: September 18, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides methods for producing sialyloligosaccharides in situ in dairy sources and cheese processing waste streams, prior to, during, or after processing of the dairy source during the cheese manufacturing process. The methods of the present invention use the catalytic activity of.alpha.(2-3) trans-sialidases to exploit the high concentrations of lactose and.alpha.(2-3) sialosides which naturally occur in dairy sources and cheese processing waste streams to drive the enzymatic synthesis of.alpha.(2-3) sialyllactose.alpha.(2-3) sialyloligosaccharides produced according to these methods are additionally encompassed by the present invention. The invention also provides for recovery of the sialyloligosaccharides produced by these methods. The invention further provides a method for producing.alpha.(2-3) sialyllactose. The invention additionally provides a method of enriching for.alpha.(2-3) sialyllactose in milk using transgenic mammals that express an.alpha.(2-3) trans-sialidase transgene. The invention also provides for recovery of the sialyllactose contained in the milk produced by this transgenic mammal either before or after processing of the milk. Transgenic mammals containing an.alpha.(2-3) trans-sialidase encoding sequence operably linked to a regulatory sequence of a gene expressed in mammary tissue are also provided by the invention.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for producing.alpha.(2-3) sialyloligosaccharides in a dairy source or cheese processing waste stream by contacting the dairy source or cheese processing waste stream with a catalytic amount of at least one.alpha.(2-3) trans-sialidase. In preferred embodiments, the methods of the invention are applied to produce.alpha.(2-3) sialyllactose in a dairy source or cheese processing waste stream. Methods for isolating the.alpha.(2-3) sialyloligosaccharides produced according to the methods of the invention are also provided. The invention additionally relates to a method for producing.alpha.(2-3) sialyllactose in milk using a transgenic mammal containing an.alpha.(2-3) trans-sialidase encoding sequence operably linked to a regulatory sequence of a gene expressed in mammary tissue. Whey is a major byproduct of cheese manufacturing, which, for environmental reasons, presents a difficult waste disposal problem. In the United States alone, fluid whey is being produced at a rate of about 62.6 billion pounds annually. Whey is typically composed of about 5 wt. % lactose, 1 wt. % protein and about 0.5 wt. % salts, where the balance of the mixture is water. A major effort by many cheese making countries is presently underway to develop uses for this commodity, which formerly was considered a cheese processing waste product. Although the protein concentrate obtained by ultrafiltration of whey has become a valuable commodity in the food industry and has found applications in animal feed, fertilizer, fermentation, and food filler, the majority of the resulting lactoserich ultrafiltered permeate is still considered a disposable fraction. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Milk-based powder for pets Inventor(s): Couzy, Francois; (La Croix sur Lutry, CH), Leuba, Aurelie; (US), Leuba, Christiane; (US), Leuba, Frederic; (US), Leuba, Jean-Louis; (Boussens, CH) Correspondence: Winston & Strawn; Patent Department; 1400 L Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3502; US Patent Application Number: 20020192347 Date filed: August 2, 2002 Abstract: A pet milk powder of a cow's milk powder which contains lactose, and lactase in an amount sufficient to reduce the symptoms of gastrointestinal intolerance in pets when the powder or a solution made from the powder is ingested by the pet. At least a portion of the lactose in the pet milk powder is hydrolyzed upon reconstitution of the powder with a solvent. Also, a pet milk-based drink made by reconstituting the powder with a solvent such as water. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/801,264 filed Mar. 7, 2001, which is a continuation of the U.S. national phase designation of International Application PCT/EP99/06621, filed Sep. 7, 1999. This application also claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/099,383 filed Sep. 8, 1998. The present invention relates to a milk-based powder for pets. Particularly, the present invention is directed to a pet milk composition that may be reconstituted to provide a milk-based nutritional composition for pets, especially for young pets. Many pet owner's, especially owners of young pets, feed cow's milk or cow's milk based compositions to their pets since cow's milk is an excellent source of nutrition. Further, in cases where very young pets are unable to obtain milk from their mothers, cow's milk or compositions based upon cow's milk may be the only source of nutrition for the young animal.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Mixtures of fructose and lactose as a low-calorie bulk sweetener with reduced glyemic index Inventor(s): Zehner, Lee R.; (Brookeville, MD), Zehner, Warren L.; (Ocean City, NJ) Correspondence: William S. Ramsey; 5253 Even Star Place; Columbia; MD; 21044; US Patent Application Number: 20030031772 Date filed: May 10, 2001 Abstract: Mixtures of fructose and lactose are useful for reducing caloric intake and glycemic index for individuals who are overweight, glucose-impaired, diabetic, or who just consume too large a fraction of their calories from "added sugars". The fructose/lactose sweetener is included in the daily diet as a one-for-one replacement for "added sugars" in various edible formulations without sacrificing quality of taste. Sucrose can be used as a replacement for all or part of the fructose in the claimed sweetener to increase sweetness or improve certain functional properties without substantially changing caloric value. The claimed mixtures of fully-caloric sugars work synergistically to reduce available calories and blood sugar concentration. Specifically, fructose interferes strongly with normal small-intestinal absorption of lactose and interferes moderately with sucrose absorption, while lactose interferes with normal small-intestinal absorption of both sucrose and starch. Unabsorbed di- and oligosaccharides pass into the colon and cause increased growth of healthful bacteria, making the new sweetener useful as a prebiotic. No gastrointestinal symptoms of sugar intolerance were observed when the claimed sugar mixtures were ingested at normal dietary levels. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of copending provisional patent application Serial No. 60/279249, filed Mar. 28, 2001, incorporated herein by reference. Not applicable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Module of drug particle separator and inhaler provided with same Inventor(s): Asai, Kei; (Kyoto, JP), Tabata, Makoto; (Kyoto, JP), Takano, Hiroshi; (Kyoto, JP) Correspondence: Beyer Weaver & Thomas Llp; P.O. Box 778; Berkeley; CA; 94704-0778; US Patent Application Number: 20030056789 Date filed: September 10, 2002 Abstract: An inhaler has a tubular case defining inside a flow route for medicament. A capsule containing the medicament serving as its source is on the upstream side and a mouthpiece is on the opposite downstream side. A rotor with a convex surface on the upstream side is rotatably placed in the flow route inside the tubular case. A motor rotates the rotor when a patient breathes in the medicament such that a shearing force will operate on the medicament particles and the medicament is separated from lactose. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a module of drug particle separator for forming dry powder for an inhaler used by a patient of a respiratory disease for inhaling a

Patents 177

medicament, as well as an inhaler provided with such a module. Dry powder inhalers for assisting a patient of a respiratory disease such as asthma in inhaling a medicament to control or improve the condition of the disease are becoming commercially available. A dry powder medicament is usually formed by attaching 1-10.mu.m of effective component (medicament) to several tens to about 100.mu.m of lactose as a so-called diluent base for making the dry powder medicament more easily ingestible. A dry powder inhaler is adapted to operate by the inhalation of the patient, generating a turbulent flow of air as the patient inhales and causing the medicament to become separated from the lactose such that the patient can inhale the separated medicament. One of the problems with such a prior art inhaler is that the degree of turbulent flow generation depends heavily on the speed of inhaled air. If the patient is very sick or very young and a sufficient air speed cannot be obtained, there may not be enough turbulent flow of air with the respiration and the medicament may not become separated sufficiently. Since lactose with the medicament remaining attached has a relatively large momentum of inertia, it may collide with the throat. Since its diameter is relatively large, furthermore, it may become attached to the upper respiratory tracts such that the medicament may fail to reach a deep part of the lung where it is destined. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Novel process Inventor(s): Trofast, Eva; (Lund, SE) Correspondence: Janis K Fraser; Fish & Richardson; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20030129245 Date filed: November 18, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a stable pharmaceutical composition useful in the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma, rhinitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a novel micronisation process for manufacturing a stable formulation for formoterol or its enantiomers and a carrier/diluent comprising a carbohydrate such as lactose. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a stable pharmaceutical composition and a novel micronisation process for manufacturing a stable formulation for formoterol or its enantiomers and a carrier/diluent comprising a carbohydrate such as lactose. Stability is one of the most important factors which determines whether a compound or a mixture of compounds can be developed into a therapeutically useful pharmaceutical product. When mixing different ingredients in a pharmaceutical formulation there exists the possibility of interactions taking place between the components. In addition, each component may have different degradation characteristics. Formoterol is a highly potent and selective.beta.2-agonist with a long duration of action when inhaled. Compared to other.beta.-adrenergic compounds it has a unique chemical structure with a formamido group substituted on the benzene ring. It has two asymmetric carbon atoms in the molecule making four stereoisomers possible. Most studies, clinical and preclinical, appear to have been performed with the fumarate (as dihydrate) of the enantiomeric mixture designed R;R+S;S. The R;R enantiomer is the most potent of the four enantiomers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Oligosaccharide mixture Inventor(s): Bohm, Gunther; (Echzell, DE), Finke, Berndt; (Ober-Morlen, DE), Georgi, Gilda; (Friedrichsdorf, DE), Jelinek, Jurgen; (Rosbach, DE), Schmitt, Joachim J.; (Hosbach, DE), Stahl, Bernd; (Rosbach, DE) Correspondence: Bacon & Thomas, Pllc; 625 Slaters Lane; Fourth Floor; Alexandria; VA; 22314 Patent Application Number: 20030129278 Date filed: August 21, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to an oligosaccharide mixture based on oligosaccharides produced from one or several animal milks and which are composed of two or more monosaccharide units. Said oligosaccharide mixture is characterized in that it comprises at least two oligosaccharide fractions which are each composed of at least two different oligosaccharides. The invention is further cahracterized in that lactose does not pertain thereto and the total spectrum of the oligosaccharides present in the oligosaccharide mixture differs from those present in animal milk or animal milks, wherefrom the oligosaccharide fractions are extracted and that a) if said oligosaccharides are extracted from only one animal milk, the proportion of neutral oligosaccharides to acidic oligosaccharides is 90-60: 10-40 weight %, or b) if said oligosaccharides are extracted from at least two animal milks, the oligosaccharides extracted from two different animal milks each make up 10 weight % of the total amount of oligosaccharides present in the oligosaccharide mixture. The oligosaccharide mixture according to the invention approximates to human milk with respect to its positive properties and in particular its anti-infective activity. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an oligosaccharide mixture of oligosaccharides obtained from one or several animal milks and which are composed of two or more monosaccharide units, and to the use of said oligosaccharide mixture for combating disorders of gastro-intestinal functions. The concentration of oligosaccharides in mature human milk amounts approximately to 10 g/l. Up to date, about 80 different oligosaccharides present in human milk could be described in their structure, which are composed of 3-13 monomers; Newburg, D. S. and Neubauer, S. H. (1995) Carbohydrates in milk: Analysis, quantities and significance, in: Handbook of Milk Composition, Jensen, R. G., editor. Academic press, 273-349. In the variety of structure of these oligosaccharides, the structural and positional isomerism plays an important role. The relationship of neutral to sialylated (acidic) oligosaccharides or oligosaccharide structures is about 10:1 in mature human milk. 1. Oligosaccharides from human milk constitute a substrate source for bifido bacteria. Thus, they support the normal intestinal flora necessary for the function of the gastro-intestinal tract, and repress pathogenic germs; Rose, C. S., Kuhn, R., Zilliken, F. und Gyorgy, P. (1954), Bifidus factor. V. the activity of.alpha.- and.beta.-methyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminides, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 49, 123-129. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 179

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Orodispersible solid pharmaceutical form Inventor(s): Serpelloni, Michel; (Beuvry-Les-Bethune, FR) Correspondence: Henderson & Sturm Llp; 1213 Midland Building; 206 Sixth Avenue; Des Moines; IA; 50309-4076; US Patent Application Number: 20030147947 Date filed: June 11, 2002 Abstract: The subject of the invention is an orodispersible solid pharmaceutical form characterized in that it comprises:granules consisting of lactose and starch which have been codried;at least one active substance.The subject of the invention is also the use of codried granules consisting of lactose and starch for the preparation of orodispersible solid pharmaceutical forms. Excerpt(s): The subject of the invention is a solid pharmaceutical form which disintegrates rapidly in the mouth. More precisely, the subject of the invention is an orodispersible pharmaceutical form comprising at least one active substance and a particular excipient. "Tablet which, when placed in the mouth, disperses rapidly therein before swallowing it" (Pharmeuropa, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 1998, p. 547, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Photoresist residue remover composition Inventor(s): Aoki, Hidemitsu; (Kawasaki, JP), Ishikawa, Norio; (Kasukabe-shi, JP), Kasama, Yoshiko; (Kawasaki, JP), Nakabeppu, Kenichi; (Kawasaki, JP), Oowada, Takuo; (Soka-shi, JP) Correspondence: Licata & Tyrrell P.C.; 66 East Main Street; Marlton; NJ; 08053; US Patent Application Number: 20040002020 Date filed: March 21, 2003 Abstract: A photoresist residue remover composition is provided that includes one type or two or more types of fluoride compound and one type or two or more types chosen from the group consisting of glyoxylic acid, ascorbic acid, glucose, fructose, lactose, and mannose (but excluding one that includes ammonium fluoride, a polar organic solvent, water, and ascorbic acid). There is also provided use of the photoresist residue remover composition for removing a photoresist residue and a sidewall polymer remaining after dry etching and after ashing. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a photoresist residue remover composition and, in particular, it relates to a photoresist residue remover composition for removing a photoresist residue after dry etching an interlayer insulating film material, a wiring material, a capacitor, or an electrode material in the production of a semiconductor circuit device. Dry etching is the most important technique used for pattern formation of an interlayer insulating film material, a wiring material, etc. in a production process for a semiconductor circuit device. Dry etching is a technique that involves forming a pattern by applying a photoresist to a substrate on which a film of an interlayer insulating film material, a wiring material, etc. has been formed by sputtering, CVD, electroplating, spin coating, etc., exposing the photoresist to light and developing it, and then forming an interlayer insulating film pattern or a wiring pattern by dry etching with a reactive gas using the photoresist as a mask. The dry etched substrate is subjected

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to an ashing treatment in which the photoresist used as the mask is incinerated and removed, and after that a partially remaining photoresist residue, etc. is usually removed with a photoresist stripper. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Polyglycerol and lactose compositions for the protection of living systems from states of reduced metabolism Inventor(s): Fahy, Greg; (Corona, CA), Wu, Jun; (Rancho Cucamonga, CA) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 91614; US Patent Application Number: 20030027924 Date filed: February 1, 2002 Abstract: Polyglycerol, lactose, and a combination of polyglycerol and lactose are effective at preserving cells, tissues, and organs from damage due to hypothermic, ischemic, or other metabolic impairment, and a mixture of polyglycerol plus lactose is particularly useful for the hypothermic storage of cells, tissues, and organs. The mixture of polyglycerol and lactose can be further improved by the addition of chondroitin sulfate, chlorpromazine, calcium, citrate, glutathione, adenine, glucose, magnesium, and a pH buffer. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation in Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/726,857, filed Nov. 30, 2000 which claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/167,963, filed Nov. 30, 1999 (herein incorporated by reference). This application is also a Continuation in Part of U.S. patent Application Ser. No. 09/916,396, filed Jul. 27, 2001, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 of U.S. Provisional application 60/221,691, filed Jul. 31, 2000, all of which are herein incorporated by reference. This invention relates generally to the field of cell, tissue, and organ preservation. More specifically, this invention relates to the field of protection of cells, tissues, and organs from states such as hypothermia. Still more specifically, this invention relates to the use of polyglycerol and other solutes, especially alpha lactose, for protecting living systems during periods of depressed metabolism, with or without supercooling. The current shortage of organs for transplantation mandates that maximum usage be obtained from the scarce resource represented by vital organs. Despite this imperative, many organs that could be transplanted are not transplanted due to limitations on the useful lifetime of organs after they are removed from the body. Thus, there is clearly a need for better preservation solutions for vital organs. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 181

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Post-CMP washing liquid composition Inventor(s): Abe, Yumiko; (Soka-shi, JP), Aoki, Hidemitsu; (Nakahara-ku, JP), Ishikawa, Norio; (Kasukabe-shi, JP), Oowada, Takuo; (Soka-shi, JP), Tomimori, Hiroaki; (Nakahara-ku, JP) Correspondence: Kathleen A. Tyrrell; Licata & Tyrrell P.C.; 66 East Main Street; Marlton; NJ; 08053; US Patent Application Number: 20030216270 Date filed: May 9, 2003 Abstract: A post-CMP washing liquid composition is provided which includes one type or two or more types of aliphatic polycarboxylic acids and one type or two or more types selected from the group consisting of glyoxylic acid, ascorbic acid, glucose, fructose, lactose, and mannose, and which has a pH of less than 3.0. This washing liquid has excellent performance in removing micro particles and metal impurities adhering to the surface of a semiconductor substrate after CMP and does not corrode a metal wiring material. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a washing liquid and, in particular, it relates to a washing liquid for a semiconductor substrate surface on which a metal wiring material (in particular, Cu) is exposed. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a washing liquid used in the removal of micro particles and metal impurities adhering to the surface of a semiconductor substrate after chemical-mechanical polishing (hereinafter called CMP), particularly in a semiconductor production process. Accompanying the increasing integration of ICs, there is a demand for strict contamination control since trace amounts of particles and metal impurities greatly influence the performance and yield of a device. That is, strict control of particles and metal impurities adhering to the surface of a substrate is required, and various types of washing liquids are therefore used in each of the semiconductor production processes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Pregabalin lactose conjugates Inventor(s): Hurley, Timothy Robert; (Ann Arbor, MI), Lovdahl, Michael James; (Ann Arbor, MI), Tobias, Brian; (Ann Arbor, MI) Correspondence: David R. Kurlandsky; Warner-lambert Company; 2800 Plymouth Road; Ann Arbor; MI; 48105; US Patent Application Number: 20020187941 Date filed: January 28, 2002 Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there is provided pregabalin lactose conjugate compounds.Also provided as part of the present invention is a novel method of central nervous system disorders or diseases including seizure disorders, pain, depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, consumptive disorders, psychosis, tardive dyskinesia, Huntington's disease, or Parkinson's disease in a subject by administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of a pregabalin lactose conjugate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel compounds that are analogs of glutamic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). More specifically, the analogs are conjugates of pregabalin and lactose and are useful in antiseizure therapy, and central nervous system disorders such as epilepsy, Huntington's disease, cerebral ischemia,

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Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, and spasticity. The compounds can also be used to treat depression, anxiety, pain, sleep disorders, consumptive disorders, and psychosis. Primary and secondary amines are known to form conjugates with lactose by undergoing a Maillard reaction (Maillard L. R., Comptes Rendus, 1912;154(2):66; Colaco C., Collett M., Roser B., Chem Oggi, 1996;14:32). Scheme 1 below shows the Maillard reaction of.beta.-lactose with a primary amine. The product of this reaction is a simple glycosylamine, which is a combination of the lactose and the amine after a net loss of water. Maillard reaction products readily undergo an Amadori rearrangement to produce 1-amino-1-deoxy-2-ketoses, which exist in solution as a mixture of pyranose and furanose forms in equilibrium (see Scheme 2 below) (Wirth D., Baertschi S., Johnson R., et al., J Pharm Sci, 1998;87:3 1; Hodge J. E., Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry, 1955:169-205). The seven degradants identified in formulated pregabalin were determined to be conjugates of pregabalin resulting from Maillard reactions. Heating pregabalin ((S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methyl hexanoic acid) (U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,819) in the presence of lactose formed significant quantities of these by-products. These compounds were isolated by preparative liquid chromatography and studied by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy methods that led to the structural assignments (see Scheme 3 below). Four of these conjugates ((S)-4-isobutyl- 1-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxytetrahydro-pyran-2-ylmethyl)-pyr- rolidin-2-one; (S)-4-isobutyl- 1-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxytetrahydro-pyran-2-- ylmethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one; (S)-4-isobutyl-1-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxytetrahy- dro-pyran-2-ylmethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one; and (S)-4-isobutyl-1-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-2-ylmethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one) are monoscaccarides, resulting from the Maillard reaction and Amardori rearrangement of pregabalin with either the galactose ((S)-4-isobutyl-1-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-teirahydropyran-2-ylmethl)-pyrrolidin-1-one and (S)-4-isobutyl-1-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxytetrahydro-pyran-2-- ylmethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one) or the glucose (S)-4-isobutyl- 1-(2,3,4,5tetrahydroxy-tetrahydro-pyran-2-ylmethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one; and (S)-4-isobutyl- 1(2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-2-ylmethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one) moiety of lactose. The synthesis, isolation, and spectral characterization of seven byproducts are described in this application. In accordance with the present invention, there is provided pregabalin lactose conjugate compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process and plant for evaporative concentration and crystallization of a viscous lactose-containing aqueous liquid Inventor(s): Dinesen, Richard Andrew; (Woodbury, MN), Henningfield, Thomas David; (River Falls, WI) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW; Washington; DC; 20037-3213; US Patent Application Number: 20030196957 Date filed: April 18, 2002 Abstract: Crystalline.alpha.-lactose monohydrate is recovered frown a viscous lactosecontaining aqueous liquid by subjecting said liquid to simultaneous heating, removal of evaporated vapor and mechanical agitation at high shear rate to provide a crystallization promoting decrease of the viscosity of the liquid with crystals formed and suspended therein to progressively concentrate the agitated liquid and simultaneously

Patents 183

crystallize lactose therefrom. Subsequent cooling, drying, and disintegration yield particulate.alpha.-lactose monohydrate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the recovery of lactose from liquids formed as by-products in the dairy industry and related industries. More specificly, the invention relates to a process and a plant for converting lactose-containing liquids into easy to handle particulate products having non-caking and free-flowing characteristics. In the present specification and the attached claims the term "lactose-containing liquids" is used as comprising solutions, wherein all lactose is in a dissolved state, as well as slurries of lactose crystals in lactose solutions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for drying high-lactose aqueous fluids Inventor(s): Keller, A. Kent; (Mantorville, MN) Correspondence: Robert C. Freed; Moore & Hansen; 2900 Wells Fargo Center; 90 South Seventh Street; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20030200672 Date filed: March 3, 2003 Abstract: Systems and methods for processing a high-lactose aqueous fluid (HLAF), such as permeate from ultrafiltration of whey fluid, are described. The preferred process includes concentrating HLAF containing from about 1 to about 35% solids, wherein at least 50% of the solids are lactose, to form a concentrated HLAF containing from about 45 to about 65% solids; further concentrating the HLAF to form a highly concentrated HLAF containing from about 70 to about 80% solids; cooling the highly concentrated HLAF with a gaseous fluid to create a cooling, concentrating, crystallizing cascade to further concentrate the HLAF to form a partially crystallized HLAF containing from about 78 to about 88% solids; and drying the partially crystallized HLAF in an air-lift dryer to form a product rich in crystalline alpha-lactose monohydrate. An air-lift dryer having diverging sidewalls and methods of using same are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present application is related to and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/361,597 entitled PROCESS FOR DRYING HIGHLACTOSE AQUEOUS FLUIDS filed Mar. 4, 2002. The present invention relates to dairy processing methods, systems and equipment used for processing a high-lactose aqueous fluid (HLAF) and products thereof. In particular, the present invention relates to (1) systems and methods for processing HLAFs such as those obtained from milk processing and, more particularly, from whey processing, by generating HLAFs through the removal of proteins by various methods including, but not limited to, ultrafiltration, ion exchange, heat precipitation and chromatography; and (2) specialized equipment for such processing. The HLAF is further processed in accord with the methods and systems of the present invention to provide a product rich in alpha-lactose monohydrate crystals, useful in bakery products, milk replacers and the like. As cheesemaking has developed over the years it has become an activity accomplished in larger and larger processing plants, which benefit from efficiencies of scale. As a result, it has become more cost effective for the owners of these plants to process the by-products of cheesemaking. In particular, whey has been shown to have value to cheesemakers due to the value of non-casein proteins, which remain in whey after cheesemaking. These proteins are generally recovered as whey protein concentrates (WPC) or whey protein isolates (WPI) through further processing of the whey. Whey protein concentrates and

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isolates are typically produced through a series of process steps, which typically include ultrafiltration, evaporation, and drying. A significant demand for such products has developed in the food industry. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

PROCESS FOR LACTOSE CONVERSION TO POLYOLS Inventor(s): Elliott, Douglas Charles; (Richland, WA) Correspondence: Klarquist Sparkman Campbell Leigh; And Whinston, Llp; 121 SW Salmon Street, Suite 1600; Portland; OR; 79204-2988; US Patent Application Number: 20020169344 Date filed: May 8, 2001 Abstract: A process for converting lactose into polyols that includes (a) hydrolyzing lactose to produce a hydrolyzate that includes at least one monosaccharide, (b) subsequently hydrogenating the hydrolyzate to produce an alditol-containing intermediate composition, and (c) hydrogenolyzing the alditol-containing intermediate composition to produce at least one polyol. Excerpt(s): The present disclosure relates to a process for converting lactose into polyols, particularly lower carbon polyols. Cheese whey is a byproduct of cheese production. Lactose and protein are the two major components of whey. Lactose recovery from whey has increased steadily over the past years, but lactose remains an underutilized commodity. The value of lactose could be increased if efficient, inexpensive methods existed for converting lactose to higher value chemicals. Various techniques for converting lactose into other compounds or materials are known. One approach has been to directly hydrogenate lactose to obtain its sugar alcohols, lactitol and lactulitol (see Hu et al., "HPLC and NMR Study of the Reduction of Sweet Whey Permeate", J. Agric. Food Chem. 44, 3757-3762 (1996)). However, further processing of the sugar alcohol product stream from such a direct hydrogenation produces a wide variety of components ranging from high molecular weight C.sub.12 products to lower carbon polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerol. Thus, the yield of the lower carbon polyols is less than desirable and significant multiple steps are required for separating the various product components. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Process for making a lactose-free milk and milk so processed Inventor(s): Lange, Michel; (Frelighsburg, CA) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson PC; 225 Franklin ST; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20030031754 Date filed: April 15, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to a process for producing a lactose-free milk which does not confer a sweet taste to the milk normally resulting from the hydrolysis of lactose into monosaccharides. The process comprises the step of reducing the lactose content of the milk to about 3% prior to hydrolysis with lactase. When the milk is skimmed milk, the protein content may be increased to about 3.8-4.0% or greater, which

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further improves the organoleptic properties of the milk. Milk so processed and dairy products derived therefrom are also disclosed and claimed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for reducing or substantially eliminating lactose from milk. This invention further relates to a lactose-free milk which has preserved organoleptic properties. This invention also relates to a partially or totally defatted and lactose-free milk which has preserved organoleptic properties. It is well known that some individuals are intolerant to lactose. Further, it may be desirable at certain times for individuals to avoid ingesting milk having a normal lactose content (about 4.6-4.9% w/v), particularly when the gastro-intestinal epithelium is momentarily compromised in its capacity to convert lactose to the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. Such situations occur, for example, when an individual is afflicted with diarrhea, gastroenteritis or a gastrointestinal disorder caused by the administration of antibiotics. When the affected individual is a nursing infant, it may be necessary to substitute the mother's milk with a lactose-free milk. A soy based milk, which does not naturally comprise lactose, is an acceptable alternative under circumstances where lactose intolerance occurs or where lactose is to be avoided for a given period of time. However, many individuals reduce or eliminate milk consumption because they dislike the taste of soy-based milk. Different approaches exist to modify the composition of milk. Enzymatic processes used to eliminate lactose from milk are well known in the art. They usually comprise the step of adding lactase to milk for a time sufficient to convert lactose into monosaccharides. The major problem occurring with this type of process is that the production of monosaccharides increases the taste of the milk to an unacceptably sweet level. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for manufacturing of tagatose Inventor(s): Bertelsen, Hans; (Videbaek, DK), Bottcher, Karen; (Videbaek, DK), Christensen, Hans Jorgen Singel; (Videbaek, DK), Eriknauer, Kristian; (Viby J, DK), Hansen, Ole Cai; (Vaerlose, DK), Jorgensen, Flemming; (Lyngby, DK), Stougaard, Peter; (Skibby, DK) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow,; Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P.; 1300 I Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3315; US Patent Application Number: 20030022844 Date filed: July 15, 2002 Abstract: Tagatose is manufactured by hydrolyzing lactose to galactose and glucose and isomerizing galactose to tagatose and chromatographic separation and recycling any unconverted compounds. Thereby high yields of pure tagatose are obtained. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns enzymatic manufacturing of tagatose, especially D-tagatose. D-Tagatose is a multi-purpose low-calorie bulk sweetener having non-cariogenic and prebiotic properties. D-Tagatose can be used in food and functional food as well as in pharmaceuticals, cf. U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,722, U.S. Pat. No. 5,356,879 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,917. According to U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,612 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,078,796 D-tagatose has been manufactured by hydrolyzing lactose or a lactose containing material to a mixture of galactose and glucose using a lactase, optionally removing glucose followed by chemical isomerization of galactose to tagatose. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Solid fuel and fuel mixture containing same Inventor(s): Pourtout, Guillaume; (Paris, FR) Correspondence: Dennison, Schultz & Dougherty; 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20030145515 Date filed: December 17, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a solid fuel and a fuel mixture containing it.The solid fuel according to the invention contains predominantly at least one constituent which itself contains on the one hand predominantly at least one compound selected from the group comprising starch, lactose, cellulose and derivatives thereof, and on the other hand at least 15% by weight of carbohydrates, based on the total weight of the constituent(s).The solid fuel and fuel mixture of the invention can be used to replace any fuel currently in use, such as gasoline and pulverized coal. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a solid fuel and a fuel mixture containing it. The fuels most widely used at the present time for producing energy, particularly in internal combustion engines, are derived from the oil or gas industry. However, depletion of the world resources of oil and gas products is causing problems of supply and cost. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Stabilized tibolone compositions Inventor(s): Haan, Pieter de; (Oss, NL), Lambregts v.d. Hurk, Theodora Antonia Maria; (Veghel, NL), Morita, Ryoichi; (Nara, JP), Rovers, Adrianus Cornelis Petrus; (Son, NL), Zwinkels, Jocominus Antonius Maria; (Nistelrode, NL) Correspondence: Intervet Inc; 405 State Street; PO Box 318; Millsboro; DE; 19966; US Patent Application Number: 20030119801 Date filed: November 25, 2002 Abstract: A stabilized pharmaceutical dosage unit comprising tibolone, in an amount of from 0.1% to 10% by weight of the dosage unit, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier comprising lactose in an amount at least 47% to 90% by weight of the dosage unit. A stabilized pharmaceutical dosage unit comprising tibolone, in an amount of from 0.1% to 10% by weight of the dosage unit, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The dosage unit is contained in a humid atmosphere of 50 to 70% relative humidity until administration. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to a pharmaceutical dosage unit, such as a tablet or a capsule, comprising an effective amount of tibolone (generally of from 0.1 to 10% by weight) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, the carrier containing a waterinsoluble starch product. Compositions comprising tibolone, (7.alpha.,17.alpha.)-17hydroxy-7- -methyl-19-nor-17-pregn-5(10)-en-20-yn-3-one (hereinafter also denoted as "Org OD 14") and a pharmaceutically acceptable solid carrier have been described in EP 389 035, which disclosure is incorporated herein by reference. Tablets are available on the market under the name of Livial.RTM. Another disclosure in which reference is made to compositions comprising tibolone are EP 707 848 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,701,450. These are not the customary formulations known in practice. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Stable lactase tablets and methods of production Inventor(s): Kulkarni, Sunanda R.; (N. Wales, PA), McFadden, Robert T.; (Congers, NY), Rogers, David H.; (Ambler, PA), Walter, James T. JR.; (Ambler, PA) Correspondence: Audley A. Ciamporcero JR.; Johnson & Johnson; One Johnson & Johnson Plaza; New Brunswick; NJ; 08933-7003; US Patent Application Number: 20020187536 Date filed: November 2, 2001 Abstract: The abstract entered in Paper No. 14 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/526,627 has been canceled without prejudice and replaced.A preblend for making lactase tablets is prepared containing about 1-99%, (preferably about 20-60%) by weight lactase and about 1-99% (preferably about 40-80% by weight microcrystalline cellulose. Lactase used in the preblend may be in combination with up to about 4 parts (preferably about 0.5-2 parts) by weight cutting agent such as sugars, starches, cellulose, and inorganic salts for each part by weight lactose. About 0.5-4% by weight lubricant such as magnesium stearate may be present in the preblend. A preferred preblend contains about 9.6 weight percent lactase and about 90 weight percent microcrystalline cellulose. Another preferred preblend contains about 9.6 weight percent lactase, about 30.0 weight percent microcrystalline cellulose and about 59.4 weight percent mannitol. Each perblend may also contain magnesium stearate. A preferred lactase is from Aspergillus oryzae and the microcrystalline cellulose preferably has an average particle size of about 20 200.mu.m.A tablet and a composition having from about 3000 to about 9000 FCC lactase units and from about 25 to about 70 weight percent microcrystalline cellulose is disclosed. Additionally, also disclosed is a process for making a tablet by following steps in order mixing lactase and microcrystalline cellulose to form a preblend: adding to the preblend a member selected from the group consisting of dextrose mannitol, a lubricant, cornstarch, calcium phosphate, sodium citrate, calcium sulfate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, gylceryl monostearate, glyceryl distearate. sorbitol, gelatin, a gum, and mixtures thereof to form a mixture; and compressing the mixture to form a tablet. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to lactase tablets having improved content uniformity, especially of the active ingredient. More particularly, the present invention relates to a preblend of microcrystalline cellulose and lactase for the manufacture of tablets having improved content uniformity. Lactose, or milk sugar, is a disaccharide carbohydrate which is hydrolyzed during the digestive process to glucose and galactose. This hydrolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme lactase, or beta-galactosidase. Although this enzyme is normally present in the intestinal juices and mucosa, investigations have shown that a significant portion of the population is lactose intolerant or lactase deficient. Consequently, there has been a great demand for a dietary supplement of lactose-hydrolyzing lactase enzymes in lactose intolerant individuals. Commercially available tablets containing lactase have been observed to have an undesireably short shelf-life. Generally, it is desirable to have a shelf-life beyond about 24 months. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Tablet obtained by direct compression comprising 4-amino-1-hydroxybutylide- ne1,1-bisphosphonic acid as active ingredient Inventor(s): Jasprova, Dagmar; (Praha, CZ) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030161878 Date filed: October 24, 2002 Abstract: A tablet, obtainable by direct compression, comprising the active ingredient 4amino-1-hydroxybutylidene-1,1-bis-phosphonic (alendronic) acid or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts in an amount of 5 to 140 mg, based on the pure acid, a dry binder, a disintegrating agent, a lubricant, the tablet comprising, as the diluent, a combination of at least two diluents except lactose. Excerpt(s): The invention applies to the pharmaceutical tablet formulations produced by the direct compression that contain 4-amino-1-hydroxybutylide- ne-1,1-bisphosphonic acid (hereinafter called "alendronic acid") and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts as the active ingredient that are of use in pharmaceutical practice and pharmaceutical excipients. Effects of bisphosphonic acids on the skeletal system have been known for years. The inhibition of osteo-resorption due to an intake of the substances considered in rats has been published in Acta. Endocrinol. 76, 613 (1976) as well as the retardation of chronic arthritis progression in Brit. J. Pharmacology 21, 127 (1963). Patent literature describes the effect of 1-hydroxy-1,1-ethylidenebisphosphonic acid (U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,080/1972) and of 3-amino-1-hydroxy-1,1-propylidenebisphosp- honic acid (DE Pat. 2 405 254/1974) on calcium metabolism, resp. The therapy of urolithiasis and osteoresorption inhibition with 4-amino-1-hydroxy-1,1-butylidenebisphosphonic acid is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,077 (1984). Numerous patents also provide the information concerning the pharmaceutical formulations with the compounds above stated. For example, the composition of the pharmaceutical formulation consisting of 3amino-1-hydroxy-1,1-propylidenebisphosphonic acid together with lactose, starch, and magnesium stearate for the tablet dosage form or together with lauryl sulphate for the capsule form is given in DE Pat. 24 05 524 (1974). The pharmaceutical formulation of bisphosphonic acids not specified particularly is registered by the patent EP 550 395 (1991) even if again lactose, starch, and stearic acid are shown as an example. The patent EP 274 158 (1986) claims for the rights on a family of bisphosphonates including heterocyclic substituent relating to the capsule (starch, lauryl sulphate) and tablet (lactose, starch, magnesium stearate) pharmaceutical forms. In the patent EP 600 834 (1992) covering the use of bisphosphonic acids that are already registered by the patent EP 550 392 above stated for fracture treatment the following pharmaceutical forms orally administered are specified: pellets with the core formed by the active ingredient and microcrystalline cellulose; tablets containing lactose, starch, gelatine, talc, magnesium stearate, and silicon dioxide. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 189

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Use of the nucleotide sequence of the promoter of the lactose operon of Lactobacillus casei to regulate the genic expression through an anti-terminator protein Inventor(s): Esteban Nieto, Carlos David; (Burjassot, ES), Galan Asuncion, Jose Luis; (Burjassot, ES), Gosalbes Soler, Maria Jose; (Burjassot, ES), Perez Arellano, Isabel; (Burjassot, ES), Perez Martinez, Gaspar; (Burjassot, ES) Correspondence: Klauber & Jackson; 411 Hackensack Avenue; Hackensack; NJ; 07601 Patent Application Number: 20030100067 Date filed: October 7, 2002 Abstract: This invention describes the use of a method for the expression of proteins in bacteria, which is based on the inducer effect, for example, of a carbohydrate on the antiterminating activity of a protein of the family of anti-terminators, B1gG/SacY. The procedure has been tested with the system derived from the operon lacTEGF, inducible by lactose in Lactobacillus casei, for the expression of proteins of different kinds. In the invention are included examples of expression in multicopy plasmids or of integration in the chromosomal operon lacTEGF, thus achieving the coordinated expression of the desired genes together with those that code the enzymes of the metabolism of the lactose. Excerpt(s): The procedure of gene expression described herein is included within the Biotechnology sector. This invention is geared towards both the food industry, for example the dairy industry, as well as the pharmaceutical industries, as it makes it possible to express proteins in Lactobacillus casei of high nutritional, clinical and immunological value. In the last decade, a number of systems of control of the expression of fragments of DNA for bacteria have been developed, and specifically, for bacteria of lactic acid (BAL) of industrial interest [W. M. de Vos, 1999, International Dairy Journal 9:3-10]. However, in the majority of these cases, Lactococcus lactis was taken as the BAL model, and the results were not always transferable to other lactic bacteria such as the Lactobacillus. The different systems of control of the genic expression developed are based on expression and integration vectors, in which different marker genes and regulatory elements are used. However, on many occasions, these vectors lack regulatory elements of their own or they come from other microorganisms, thus rendering the regulation of the genes expressed difficult. Recently, an expression vector based on the regulatory elements of the gene nisA of Lactococcus lactis, which codes an antimicrobial peptide, nisin, has been developed [Ruyter P. G. G. A., Kuipers O. and de Vos W. M., 1996, Appl. Environm. Microbiol. 62:3662-3667, EP0712935, 1996-05-22, Stichting NL I Zuivelonderzoek]. This system makes it possible to increase the expression of any gene more than 1000 times in a controlled manner. However, the process of induction occurs by a mechanism for the transducing of a signal of the two-component regulation system type, thus requiring the presence of the products of the genes nisK and nisR, for which reason this system requires several manipulation steps in order to transfer to other microorganisms lacking the regulator genes. Another system of expression in Lactococcus lactis is the one based on the RNA polymerase of the T7 phage of E. coli (GB2278358, 1994-11-30, Lynxvale LTD (GB)). This technique has been used to obtain the expression of proteins of an immunological nature in L. lactis. However, this system of expression involves the use of heterological DNA as the promoter and structural gene of the RNA polymerase of the T7 phage. Also, the use of marker genes that permit the metabolism of sugars little used by lactic acid bacteria [Leenhouts K, Bolhuis A., Venema G. and Kok J., 1998, Appl. Microbiol and Biotechnol 49, 417-423] or of those that express peptides with an

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antimicrobial activity, requires the addition of the respective inducers to the culture medium in order to maintain the expression, thus involving additional cost. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with lactose, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on lactose. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning lactose. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON LACTOSE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to lactose. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on lactose include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on lactose: •

Lactose Intolerance Nutrition Guide Source: Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association. 2003. 40 p. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. 120 South Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606-6695. (800) 877-1600, ext. 5000. Fax (312) 899-4899. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.eatright.org. PRICE: $10.00 for member; $15.00 for non-member; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 88091307X. Summary: Lactose intolerance is the incomplete digestion of lactose, a sugar that occurs naturally in milk and milk products. In people who are lactose intolerant, the body does not produce enough of the enzyme lactase to fully digest and absorb the milk sugar. As a result, lactose moves through the system undigested, leading to discomfort and symptoms such as gas, bloating, or diarrhea. This handbook offers suggestions and information for readers newly diagnosed with lactose intolerance. The handbook features tips for tolerating lactose-containing foods and beverages, how to recognize

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lactose content, instructions for finding milk substitutes and benefiting from soy foods, calcium recommendations, suggestions for infants and children, meal planning options, food offerings and companies, and recipes. Recipes are provided for creamy fresh herb dressing, orange nut bread, cream of mushroom soup, fettuccine Alfredo, macaroni and cheese, rich vanilla 'ice cream,' apricot sherbet, and raspberry chocolate pudding. A list of web sites for additional information is also provided. 1 figure. 3 tables. •

Raising Your Child Without Milk: Reassuring Advice and Recipes for Parents of Lactose-Intolerant and Milk-Allergic Children Source: Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing. 1996. 374 p. Contact: Available from Prima Publishing. P.O. Box 1260 BK, Rocklin, CA 95677. (916) 632-4400. PRICE: $16.95; quantity discounts available. ISBN: 0761501312. Summary: Written from a parent's perspective, this book offers guidelines for managing a dairy-free diet for a child. Eleven chapters cover differences between lactose intolerance and milk allergy, concerns about calcium, meal planning at home, feeding a dairy-sensitive child at school or day care, kids' meals in restaurants, shopping tips, medications that contain milk products, dealing with pain, and support groups for patients and parents. The book includes 125 dairy-free recipes. The book also includes detailed resource lists, a bibliography, and a subject index. 104 references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “lactose” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “lactose” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “lactose” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

101 Fabulous Dairy-Free Desserts Everyone Will Love: For the Lactose Intolerant, the Dairy-Allergic, and Their Friends and Families by Annette Pia Hall; ISBN: 1581770189; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1581770189/icongroupinterna

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Advanced Dairy Chemistry: Lactose, Water, Salts and Vitamins by P. F. Fox (Editor); ISBN: 0412630206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412630206/icongroupinterna

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Chemistry and Technology of Lactose by Leslie A.W. Thelwall, Leslie A. W. Thelwall; ISBN: 0632053593; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632053593/icongroupinterna

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Cooking Without Milk: Milk-Free and Lactose-Free Recipes by Florence E. Schroeder; ISBN: 1581823096; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1581823096/icongroupinterna

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Curing Colic and Lactose Intolerance With Homeopathy by Jana Shiloh; ISBN: 0961920300; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961920300/icongroupinterna

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Dairy Free Lactose-Free Diet Plan for Children & Adults by Carolyn Humphries; ISBN: 0572026838; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0572026838/icongroupinterna

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Dairy-Free Cookbook, Fully Revised 2nd Edition : Over 250 Recipes for People with Lactose Intolerance or Milk Allergy by Jane Zukin (Author); ISBN: 0761514678; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761514678/icongroupinterna

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Developments in Dairy Chemistry 3: Lactose and Minor Constituents by P. F. Fox; ISBN: 0853343705; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853343705/icongroupinterna

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Easy Breadmaking for Special Diets : Wheat-Free, Milk- And Lactose-Free, Egg-Free, Gluten-Free, Yeast-Free, Sugar-Free, Low Fat, High To Low Fiber by Nicolette M. Dumke; ISBN: 1887624023; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1887624023/icongroupinterna

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Enjoy Your Low-Cholesterol , Lactose-Free Diet by Catherine Van De Rostyne, Marilyn Schnell; ISBN: 0961217200; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961217200/icongroupinterna

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Great Healthy Food - Lactose-free: Over 100 Recipes Using Easy-to-find Ingredients by Lucy Knox, Sarah Lowman; ISBN: 1903258073; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1903258073/icongroupinterna

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How to Tolerate Lactose Intolerance: Recipes & A Guide for Eating Well Without Dairy Products by Phyllis Z. Goldberg; ISBN: 0398068690; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398068690/icongroupinterna

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Lactose Digestion: Clinical and Nutritional Implications by Paige; ISBN: 0801826470; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801826470/icongroupinterna

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Lactose Free : More Than 100 Delicious Recipes Your Family Will Love by Lucy Knox (Author); ISBN: 0684872587; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684872587/icongroupinterna

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Lactose free foods : a shopper's guide : a carry-along guide and resource for lactoseintolerant consumers; ISBN: 0964478706; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964478706/icongroupinterna

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Lactose Intolerance by Merri L. Dobler; ISBN: 0880910976; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880910976/icongroupinterna

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Lactose Intolerance - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet R by Health Publica Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 0597839972; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597839972/icongroupinterna

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Lactose intolerance : important information for you and your family (SuDoc HE 20.3323:L 11/991) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B000105Y5A; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000105Y5A/icongroupinterna

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Lactose Intolerance: A Resource Including Recipes by American Dietetic Association; ISBN: 0880910143; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880910143/icongroupinterna

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Lactose the Intolerable in Prophesies of the Ancients : by S. R. Romano (Author); ISBN: 0595650023; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595650023/icongroupinterna

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Lactose-Free Cookbook by Sheri Updike (Author); ISBN: 0446673935; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446673935/icongroupinterna

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Lactose-Free Cooking: Recipes for People Sensitive to Dairy Products by Arlene Burlant; ISBN: 096269410X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096269410X/icongroupinterna

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Living Well With Lactose Intolerance by Jaime Aranda-Michel, et al; ISBN: 0380806428; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380806428/icongroupinterna

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Milk Is Not for Every Body: Living With Lactose Intolerance by Steve Carper, Robert Kornfield; ISBN: 0816031274; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816031274/icongroupinterna

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Milk-free diet cookbook : cooking for the lactose intolerant by Jane Zukin; ISBN: 0806955678; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806955678/icongroupinterna

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No Milk Today: How to Live With Lactose Intolerance by Steve Carper; ISBN: 0671603019; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671603019/icongroupinterna

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Raising Your Child Without Milk : Reassuring Advice and Recipes for Parents of Lactose-Intolerant and Milk-Allergic Children by Jane Zukin (Author); ISBN: 0761501312; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761501312/icongroupinterna

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Secrets of Lactose-Free Cooking: Over 150 Delicious Dairy-Free and Lactose-Reduced Recipes-From Breakfast to Dinner by Arlene Burlant; ISBN: 0895297248; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895297248/icongroupinterna

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The Lactose-Free Family Cookbook by Jan Main; ISBN: 1896503241; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1896503241/icongroupinterna

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The Milk Sugar Dilemma: Living with Lactose Intolerance by Sherlyn Martens, et al; ISBN: 0936741015; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936741015/icongroupinterna

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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Lactose Intolerance: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 0597833974; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597833974/icongroupinterna

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The World Market for Lactose and Lactose Syrup: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0001346B0; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001346B0/icongroupinterna

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Use of Lactose Ureide Labelled with Stable Isotopes in the Study of Small Intestinal Transit and Colonic Metabolism (Acta Biomedica Lovaniensia No. 218) by Benny Geypens; ISBN: 9058670406; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9058670406/icongroupinterna

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Whey and Lactose Processing by J.G. Zadow (Editor); ISBN: 1851667539; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1851667539/icongroupinterna

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Would You Believe? (Non-Lactose Recipes) by Marilyn Kleinhardt; ISBN: 1884694004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884694004/icongroupinterna

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The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Enterobacteriaceae; lactose nonfermenters or slow-fermenters which do not belong to the Salmonella and Shigella groups and are found in the faeces of healthy and sick individuals. Author: Henig, Feiwel Eliezer; Year: 1954

Chapters on Lactose In order to find chapters that specifically relate to lactose, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and lactose using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on lactose: •

Lactose-Controlled Diet Source: in American Dietetic Association. Manual of Clinical Dietetics. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association. 1996. p. 419-424. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. 216 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60606. (800) 877-1600 or (312) 899-0040. Fax (312) 899-4899. PRICE: $59.95 for members, $70.00 for nonmembers. ISBN: 0880911530. Summary: This section outlining a lactose-controlled diet is from a manual that serves as a nutrition care guide for dietetics professionals, physicians, nurses, and other health professionals. The manual integrates current knowledge of nutrition, medical science, and food to set forth recommendations for healthy individuals and those for whom medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is indicated. The lactose-controlled diet is designed to prevent or reduce gastrointestinal symptoms of bloating, flatulence, cramping, nausea, and diarrhea associated with consumption of the disaccharide lactose. The diet is a general one that restricts or eliminates lactose-containing foods. Lactose is primarily found in dairy products but may be present as an ingredient or component of various food products. The text outlines the purpose, use, modifications, and adequacy of the diet. The section also notes the related physiology, particularly of the varying levels of

10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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lactose intolerance. A brief sample menu is included. The addresses for two manufacturers of special products are provided. 3 tables. 9 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON LACTOSE Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on lactose. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on lactose is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “lactose” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on lactose: •

Body Invaders: Digestion Source: Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. The Discovery Channel. 2000. (videorecording). Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. PO Box 2053 Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. (800) 257-5126. Fax: (609) 275-3767. Website: www.films.com. PRICE: $89.95. Order number: BVL29621. Summary: In this program, host Kat Carney explores all 24 feet of the human gastrointestinal tract, stopping at each stage of digestion for a close up study of the organs involved. The program also covers foodborne illnesses, gastroesophageal reflux disease, lactose intolerance, ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori, Crohn's disease, and traveler's diarrhea. The program includes interviews with and narration by experts from Tufts Medical School's Lahey Clinic, the City of Boston Health Department, and the New England Medical Center. The program features operating room footage of gallbladder surgery and intestinal imaging via colonoscopy. This program is one of an

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11-part series called The Body Invaders that reveals the facts and fallacies of some common illnesses, disorders, and conditions. •

When Milk Doesn't Do a Body Good Source: Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Outreach Education. 1996. (videocassette). Contact: Available from University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics. Picture of Health, 702 North Blackhawk Avenue, Suite 215, Madison, WI 53705-3357. (800) 757-4354 or (608) 263-6510. Fax (608) 262-7172. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Order number 032096A. Summary: Lactose, the sugar component of milk, is made of glucose and galactose. The intestine cannot digest complex sugar, so the body needs the enzyme lactase to break lactose into these simpler sugars. Without adequate lactase levels, symptoms of lactose intolerance can become problematic. This videotape is one in a series of health promotion programs called 'Picture of Health,' produced by the University of Wisconsin. In this program, moderated by Mary Lee and featuring gastroenterologist Mark Lloyd, the common symptoms, diagnosis, and management of lactose intolerance are covered. Dr. Lloyd explains why some people cannot digest milk, defines lactose intolerance, notes who is most affected, and reviews treatment options. Rarely, an infant is born with no lactase; these few children become sick early in life and are usually diagnosed quickly. However, most humans (and other mammals) have no problems with milk in the early years. About 75 percent of the world's population has some problems with lactose; levels vary by ethnic group. The symptoms of lactose intolerance include stomach rumbling and bloating, gas (flatulence), and diarrhea. Dr. Lloyd reviews the differences between lactose intolerance and milk allergy, which is an immunologic reaction. The program then focuses on the diagnosis and management of lactose intolerance. Lactose withdrawal (removing milk and milk products from the diet) or lactose tolerance testing (blood sugar tests and breath hydrogen tests) are used for diagnosis; sometimes biopsy is indicated. The program lists foods high in lactose and offers readers suggestions for dietary modification and the use of lactase supplements. The program concludes by referring viewers to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC).

•

Barbershop Talk: Benny's Advice on Healthy Eating: A Nutrition Video for the Black Community Source: Southampton, PA: Dairy Council, Inc. 199x. (videocassette with leader's guide, participant cards, and education materials). Contact: Available from Dairy Council, Inc. 1225 Industrial Highway, Southampton, PA 18966-4010. (215) 322-0450. PRICE: $15 for video and all instructional materials. Video alone available for $12. Additional Leader's Guides and participant cards also available separately. Summary: This nutrition videotape on health targets black males. The videotape shows a group of African American men in an everyday setting talking about nutrition and health. Topics include high blood pressure, controlling dietary fats, lactose intolerance, the basic four food groups, soul food, and weight control. The packet includes the videotape, a leader's guide, 25 participant's cards, and Dairy Council education materials. The materials focus on the prevention of common health problems in this population, notably hypertension and diabetes.

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LACTOSE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover lactose.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on lactose is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to lactose. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “lactose” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for lactose: •

Lactose OK for kids with milk allergy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 21, 2003

•

Children allergic to cow's milk can be tolerant to lactose Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 21, 2003

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Lactose intolerant at risk of bone problems: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 27, 2003

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Prometheus Labs to create DNA-based lactose intolerance test Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 10, 2002

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Peak bone mass reduced in people with lactose intolerance Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 29, 2002

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Two DNA variants associated with lactose intolerance Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 14, 2002

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Gene variation found for lactose intolerance Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 14, 2002

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Cutting lactose helps some with irritable bowel Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 07, 2001

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FDA approves Bradley's lactose-free formula of anti-spasmodic drug Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 28, 2001

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Low-lactose diet does not benefit IBS patients with lactose intolerance Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 26, 2001

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Lactose intolerant may lack calcium Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 16, 2000

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Transgenic milk modification could lead to low-lactose milk production Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 01, 2000

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Lactose absorption linked to ovarian cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 15, 1999

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Yogurt may be okay for lactose intolerant Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 26, 1999

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Yogurt well tolerated by lactose-intolerant individuals Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 23, 1999

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Genetic engineering produces low-lactose milk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 29, 1999

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Gene therapy effective for lactose intolerance in animals Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 02, 1998

Periodicals and News

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Gene therapy for lactose intolerance Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 29, 1998

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More Dairy For Lactose Intolerant? Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 24, 1998

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HIV Reduces Lactose Absorption In Adults Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 28, 1997

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Lactose Intolerance Is "Overrated" Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 06, 1995

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “lactose” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to lactose, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the

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company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “lactose” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Lactose Find newsletters on lactose using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “lactose.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •

Nursing the Lactose Intolerant or Milk Allergic Infant Source: Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. Fall 1989. 1 p. Contact: Available from Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. (313) 572-9134. Summary: This brief article, from a newsletter for people who have lactose intolerance or milk allergy, discusses nursing the lactose intolerant or milk allergic infant. Topics include human breast milk versus cow's milk; problems for premature infants; alactasia; the use of soymilk, predigested formula, or lactase-treated breastmilk; allergic reactions to soymilk, and the importance of discussing nursing choices with a health care provider.

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on lactose: •

Genetics of Lactose Intolerance Source: Harvard Heart Letter. 9(7): 6. March 2002. Contact: Available from Harvard Medical School Health Publications Group. Harvard Heart Letter, P.O. Box 420300, Palm Coast, FL 32142-0300. (800) 829-9045. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.health.harvard.edu.

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Summary: This brief article from a health newsletter reviews the genetics of lactose intolerance in women. People who are lactose intolerant have a shortage of the enzyme lactase that prevents them from digesting large amounts of lactose, the main sugar in dairy products. The physical effects can be distressing: stomach pain, nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea. The article cautions that avoiding dairy products can result in too little dietary calcium and thus leave women at risk of osteoporosis; in addition, many symptoms attributed to lactose intolerance may really be due to a common intestinal disorder called irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which can sometimes overlap with lactase deficiency. A study in the journal Nature Genetics (February 2002) reports on the results of research that may eventually lead to the development of a simple blood test to help doctors diagnose lactose intolerance more easily. The authors conclude that more work is needed to turn this genetic discovery into a convenient and reliable diagnostic test. One sidebar offers practical suggestions for women who are lactose intolerant. •

History of Lactose Intolerance Source: Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. p. 1-3. June 1995. Contact: Available from Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. (313) 572-9134. Summary: This newsletter article familiarizes readers with the history of lactose intolerance. Topics include the recent acceptance of lactose intolerance as a legitimate diagnosis; early animal studies on lactase enzyme activity; primary lactose intolerance; differences in lactose tolerance among various ethnic groups; the impact of dairying on the consumption of milk; the adaptation hypothesis versus the cultural historical hypothesis; and questions regarding lactase enzyme production and lactose intolerance.

•

Are You Lactose Intolerant? Source: Inside Tract. p. 1-3. 1995. Contact: Available from Glaxo Institute for Digestive Health. P.O. Box 2032, West Caldwell, NJ 07007-9711. (800) 232-4434. Summary: This newsletter article helps readers to diagnose their own lactose intolerance, the impaired ability to digest milk products. Topics include risk factors for lactose intolerance, notably ethnic and racial factors; the symptoms of lactose intolerance; how lactose intolerance is diagnosed; managing lactose intolerance; how to find lactose in foods that do not appear to be dairy-based; and how to maintain adequate dietary calcium levels when avoiding dairy foods. The article includes a chart of calcium and lactose amounts found in common foods. 1 table.

•

Marketers Milk Misconceptions on Lactose Intolerance Source: Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter. 12(10): 4-7. December 1994. Summary: This newsletter article reviews recent advertising for products designed to help people who are lactose intolerant use dairy products. The author contends that any reported rise of lactose intolerance probably is not a true epidemic, but the result of an increase in product marketing. Topics include definitions of lactose intolerance; intolerance versus maldigestion; research studies; cultural influences; diagnostic tests, including self-test kits promoted by the manufacturer of lactose-reduced milk and pills that contain the enzyme necessary for digesting milk sugar; transitory lactose

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intolerance due to illness; dietary suggestions; food labeling; lactose in prescription and over-the-counter medications; and milk allergy.

Academic Periodicals covering Lactose Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to lactose. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering lactose that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 14498 117 58 24 20 14717

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “lactose” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Lactose In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and lactose. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).22 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 22 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for lactose: •

Galactose Epimerase Deficiency Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?230350

•

Galactosemia Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?230400

•

Glycoprotein Beta-galactose 3-prime-sulfotransferase Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608237

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Lactose Intolerance, Congenital Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?150220

•

Udp-galactose-4-epimerase Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606953 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan

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syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html •

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

•

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

•

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database23 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database24 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis.

23

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 24 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on lactose can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to lactose. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to lactose. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “lactose”:

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Guides on lactose Lactose Intolerance http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lactoseintolerance.html

•

Other guides Child Nutrition http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childnutrition.html Osteoporosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoporosis.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to lactose, the following was listed: •

Diagnosis/Symptoms Hydrogen Breath Test Source: Cleveland Clinic Foundation http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/healthinfo/docs/2800/2827.asp?index=10347

•

From the National Institutes of Health Why Does Milk Bother Me? Source: National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/lactoseintolerance_ez/index.htm

•

Organizations American Gastroenterological Association http://www.gastro.org/ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://www.niddk.nih.gov/

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on lactose. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive:

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Lactose-Restricted Diet Source: East Lansing, MI: Gastroenterology Associates. 4 p. Contact: Available from Gastroenterology Associates. 241 Building, Suite 610, East Saginaw Highway near Abbott Road, East Lansing, MI 48823. (517) 351-2340. PRICE: Free. Summary: A list of foods to avoid and foods to choose developed by doctors for patients on a lactose-restricted diet is presented. Selected items from various food categories are mentioned including some brand name products. The publication contains a brief description of lactose intolerance and several products which can be substituted for common dairy items. Advice is offered on following a lactose-restricted diet.

•

Lactose-Free General Foods Products Source: White Plains, NY: Kraft General Foods Consumer Center. March 1993. 5 p. Contact: Available from Kraft General Foods Consumer Center. 250 North Street, White Plains, NY 10625. (800) 431-1003. PRICE: Free. Summary: An informational flier lists foods for patients who must use lactose-free foods. Included are beverage powders and ready-to-drink beverages; breakfast cereals; dessert ingredients including baking powder, chocolate, and coconut; desserts including dietetic gelatin and pudding mixes, gelatin desserts, pectin, cooked pudding, tapioca, and frozen novelty desserts; and main meal products including coating mixes for pultry and meat, rice, rice mixes, salad dressing, and syrup.

•

Galactosemia Source: Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Liver Foundation. 200x. 2 p. Contact: Available from Canadian Liver Foundation. Suite 1500, 2235 Sheppard Avenue East, Toronto Ontario, M2J 5B5. (416) 491-3353 or (800) 563-5483. Fax (416) 491-4952. Email: [email protected]. Website: [email protected]. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge; Contact organization for print copies. Summary: Galactosemia is a rare hereditary disease that can lead to cirrhosis (liver scarring) in infants and early, devastating illness if not diagnosed quickly. The disease is caused by elevated levels of galactose (a sugar in milk) in the blood resulting from a deficiency of the liver enzyme required for its metabolism (breakdown). This fact sheet, from the Canadian Liver Foundation, reviews galactosemia. Written in question-andanswer format, the fact sheet covers the causes of galactosemia, symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options. Treatment is based on the elimination of galactose from the diet. With early therapy, any liver damage which occurred in the first few days of life will nearly completely heal. Galactosemia should be considered in any infant with jaundice because of the beneficial effects of early dietary restriction. The fact sheet concludes with the contact information for the Canadian Liver Foundation (www.liver.ca or 800-563-5483).

•

Lactose Intolerance Source: Bethesda, MD: American Gastroenterological Association. 199x. [4 p.]. Contact: American Gastroenterological Association (AGA). 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Seventh Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (800) 668-5237 or (301) 654-2055. Fax (301) 652-3890. Website: www.gastro.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available.

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Summary: Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest significant amounts of lactose, which is the predominant sugar of milk. This brochure from the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) reviews the problem of lactose intolerance. People who have trouble digesting lactose can learn, by testing themselves, which dairy products and other foods they can eat without discomfort and which ones they should avoid. Topics include a description of lactose intolerance and its causes, diagnostic tests used to confirm the condition, and treatment options. Common symptoms of lactose intolerance include nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea, which begin 30 minutes to two hours after eating or drinking foods containing lactose. The severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of lactose each individual can tolerate. The most common tests used to measure the absorption of lactose in the digestive system are the lactose intolerance test, the hydrogen breath test, and the stool acidity test. Many people with lactose intolerance can enjoy milk, ice cream, and other such products if they take them in small amounts or eat other kinds of food at the same time. Others can use lactase liquid or tablets to help digest the lactose. Even older women and children who must avoid milk and foods made with milk can meet most of their special dietary needs by eating greens, fish, and other calcium rich foods that are free of lactose. A carefully chosen diet (with calcium supplements if the doctor recommends them) is the key to reducing symptoms and protecting future health. The brochure includes a diagram of the digestive tract, with organs labeled. 1 figure. 4 references. •

Lactose Intolerance in Children Source: Flourtown, PA: American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. 2003. 1 p. Contact: Available from North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN). PO Box 6, Flourtown, PA 19031. (215) 2330808. Fax: (215) 233-3939. Website: www.naspgn.org. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge; contact organization for print copies. Summary: Lactose intolerance occurs when a person's intestine does not make enough lactase (an enzyme) to digest the lactose (milk sugar) that he or she eats. When undigested lactose reaches the colon (large intestine), it becomes food for the normal bacteria living there. The resulting gas and acid can cause symptoms of pain, bloating, excess gas, nausea, and diarrhea. This brief fact sheet considers lactose intolerance in children. The fact sheet defines the condition, then discusses its incidence (how common it is), the causes of the condition, diagnostic tests used to identify and confirm the problem, and treatment options. The author notes that most children will be able to tolerate some lactose and can do well with a low-lactose diet. There are also over the counter lactase pills or drops that help digest lactose. For more information, readers are encouraged to visit www.naspghan.org (the web site of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition).

•

Lactose Intolerance: A Problem with Dairy Foods Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 1998. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. Order Department, 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-9821. (800) 333-3032. Fax (650) 244-4512. PRICE: $ 17.95 for 50 copies; plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Order number 9782. Summary: This brochure describes lactose intolerance, a condition in which the person cannot digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products. Undigested lactose is not harmful, but it can cause unpleasant symptoms. People who are lactose

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intolerant may notice the following symptoms about an hour or more after eating and drinking dairy products: gas or bloating, abdominal cramps and pain, rumbling stomach, and diarrhea. Diagnostic tests used to confirm lactose intolerance include a lactose intolerance test, breath test, stool test, or blood test. The brochure outlines strategies for people wishing to reduce symptoms, including choosing low lactose dairy products, eating foods with active cultures (such as yogurt), eating or drinking dairy products in conjunction with other foods, substituting fruit juice for milk in recipes, taking lactase enzyme tablets when ingesting dairy products, and avoiding eating many high lactose foods (such as milk, cream, butter, and ice cream) at one time. The brochure also offers a chart of nondairy substitutes for common dairy products. One section reminds readers that if they are cutting down on dairy products, then they must replace the calcium in their diet with other foods. A list of high calcium, dairy free foods is provided. A final section encourages readers to consult nutrition labels to determine the presence of lactose in a food product. The brochure is illustrated with full color drawings. 6 figures. •

Lactose Restricted Source: in Kerestes-Smith, J.; Chua, G.; Sullivan, K. Guidelines for Nutritional Care. Ann Arbor, MI: Food and Nutrition Services, University of Michigan Medical Center. 1995. Chapter 75, p. 75.1-75.4. Contact: Available from Guidelines for Nutritional Care. Food and Nutrition Services, 2C227-0056, University of Michigan Hospitals, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0056. (313) 936-5199. Fax (313) 936-5195. PRICE: $79.00 including shipping and handling (as of 1996). ISBN: 0964799405. Summary: This chapter, from a manual that outlines the impact of nutrition on promoting health and preventing and treating disease, outlines a lactose-restricted diet. Included are sections detailing indications for use, contraindications, a description of the diet including a brief physiological and/or biochemical rationale, guidelines for nutritional management, nutrient adequacy, ordering procedures, and references for both the health care providers and the layperson. One chart summarizes the allowed foods and foods to avoid. 1 table. 7 references.

•

Article and Recipe Reprints Available from The Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance Source: Iowa City, IA: Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance. 2 p. Contact: Available from Jane Zukin. C/O Commercial Writing and Design, P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. Summary: This fact sheet lists article and recipe reprints available from a newsletter for individuals with lactose intolerance. Article topics include fast food restaurants, Eden Foods, ice cream alternatives, galactosemia, colo-rectal cancer, and secondary lactose intolerance. Recipes range from corn chowder and oriental chicken salad to tofu cheesecake and apple spice cupcakes. An order form and newsletter subscription information are provided.

•

Lactose Intolerance (Milk Intolerance; Lactase Deficiency) Source: in Griffith, H.W. Instructions for Patients. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1994. p. 267.

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Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. PRICE: $49.95. ISBN: 0721649300 (English); 0721669972 (Spanish). Summary: This fact sheet provides basic information on frequent signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, preventive measures, etc.; treatment, medication, and diet; and when to contact one's health care provider. The fact sheet is designed to be photocopied and distributed to patients as a reinforcement of oral instructions and as a teaching tool. The book in which the fact sheet appears is available in English or Spanish. •

Lactose Intolerance: Definition, Clinical Features and Treatment Source: Milwaukee, WI: International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). 1996. 2 p. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 9641799. Fax (414) 964-7176. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.iffgd.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Summary: This fact sheet summarizes the epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance is the development of gastrointestinal symptoms following the ingestion of milk or dairy products. The term should not be confused with lactase deficiency, which is a complete lack of or very markedly reduced levels of lactase, an enzyme normally present in the small intestine. The author stresses that symptoms of lactose intolerance may mimic those of other intestinal disorders. Lactose intolerance should be considered as a possible diagnosis in persons with diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal discomfort after meals. Eliminating lactose from the diet or supplementing the diet with lactase enzyme preparations or lactase containing milk products may reduce the symptoms. (AA-M).

•

Dietary Suggestions: For Lactose-Controlled Diet Source: Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic, Patient and Health Education Center. 1991. 2 p. Contact: Available From Mayo Clinic,Patient and Health Education Center. 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905. (507) 284-2511. PRICE: $0.80 plus shipping and handling (for health care professionals). Order Number MC122/R191. Summary: This patient education brochure offers dietary guidelines for individuals who have lactose intolerance. Topics include dietary recommendations, lactose-free foods, low-lactose foods, and high-lactose foods. The brochure stresses that individual tolerance to lactose varies and that patients should experiment to determine their own level of tolerance. The brochure concludes with blank spaces for the listing of health care providers and phone numbers.

•

Lactose-Free Low-Lactose Diet Source: Camp Hill, PA: Chek-Med Systems, Inc. 1995. 4 p. Contact: Available from Chek-Med Systems, Inc. 200 Grandview Avenue, Camp Hill, PA 17011. (800) 451-5797. Fax (717) 761-0216. PRICE: $0.95 each, plus shipping (as of 1995). Order no. D-5. Summary: This patient education brochure, one of a series of 17 brochures, provides dietary recommendations for patients requiring a lactose free or low lactose diet. The brochure explains the purpose of the special diet; summarizes relevant nutrition facts;

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provides information about reading food labels; lists lactase digestive aids and products; and lists special considerations for lactose intolerant patients. The brochure includes a list of food groups and items from each group that are lactose-free or low-lactose and those that contain lactose. The brochure concludes with sample menus for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The brochure is printed in two colors and contains graphics. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Lactose Intolerance Summary: Frequently asked questions about lactose intolerance, the inability to digest significant amounts of lactose, the predominant sugar of milk. Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6299 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to lactose. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to lactose. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with lactose. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about lactose. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “lactose” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “lactose”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “lactose” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.25

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

25

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)26: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

26

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on lactose: •

Basic Guidelines for Lactose Lactose intolerance Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000276.htm Lactose tolerance test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003500.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Lactose Abdominal bloating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003123.htm Abdominal cramping Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Abdominal cramps Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm

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Abdominal distention Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003122.htm Abdominal fullness, gaseous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003124.htm Bloating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003123.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Flatulence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003124.htm Growth, slow (child 0-5 years) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003021.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Stools - floating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003128.htm Stools - foul smelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003132.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Lactose Blood glucose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003482.htm Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm Lactose tolerance test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003500.htm Plasma glucose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003438.htm Small bowel biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003889.htm Venipuncture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003423.htm

Online Glossaries 235

•

Nutrition for Lactose Protein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm Riboflavin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002411.htm Vitamin D Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002405.htm Yogurt Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002463.htm

•

Background Topics for Lactose Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Enzyme Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002353.htm Exercise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Metabolize Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002259.htm Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

237

LACTOSE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1-phosphate: A drug that halts cell suicide in human white blood cells. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Cramps: Abdominal pain due to spasmodic contractions of the bowel. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. [NIH] Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. [NIH] Acidemia: Increased acidity of blood. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Actinomyces: A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are nonmotile. Filaments that may be present in certain species are either straight or wavy and may have swollen or clubbed heads. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In

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microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH]

Dictionary 239

Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]

Agglutinins: Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They also include those antibodies which cause aggregation or agglutination of a particulate or insoluble antigen. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Alactasia: An inherited condition causing the lack of the enzyme needed to digest milk sugar. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Albuterol: A racemic mixture with a 1:1 ratio of the r-isomer, levalbuterol, and s-albuterol. It is a short-acting beta 2-adrenergic agonist with its main clinical use in asthma. [NIH] Alginates: Salts of alginic acid that are extracted from marine kelp and used to make dental impressions and as absorbent material for surgical dressings. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-Amylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages in starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides containing 3

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or more 1,4-alpha-linked D-glucose units. EC 3.2.1.1. [NIH] Alpha-lactalbumin: A human milk protein which could be used as a nutritional supplement. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Amantadine: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of Influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Compounds: Inorganic and organic compounds that contain the hypothetical radical NH4. [NIH] Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in fractionation of proteins. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent loxapine that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both. It also blocks dopamine receptors. [NIH]

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Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or

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company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody Affinity: A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH]

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Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipsychotic Agents: Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in schizophrenia, senile dementia, transient psychosis following surgery or myocardial infarction, etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aphonia: Complete loss of phonation due to organic disease of the larynx or to nonorganic (i.e., psychogenic) causes. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH]

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Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous fluid: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartame: Flavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as phenylalanine and aspartic acid. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU]

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Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Avidity: The strength of the interaction of an antiserum with a multivalent antigen. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriophage lambda: A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambdalike Phages, in the family Siphoviridae. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, except for 12 complementary bases at the 5'-termini of the polynucleotide chains. The DNA circularizes on infection. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form

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salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bentonite: A colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate that swells 12 times its dry size when added to water. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Beta-Galactosidase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, nonreducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause gangliodisosis GM1. EC 3.2.1.23. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU]

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Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is evolution. [NIH] Biological Availability: The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biomolecular: A scientific field at the interface between advanced computing and biotechnology. [NIH] Biopolymers: Polymers, such as proteins, DNA, RNA, or polysaccharides formed by any living organism. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Blepharospasm: Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle. [NIH]

Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH]

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Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Cements: Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Botulinum Toxins: Toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. There are at least seven different substances, most being proteins. They have neuro-, entero-, and hemotoxic properties, are immunogenic, and include the most potent poisons known. The most commonly used apparently blocks release of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Feeding: The nursing of an infant at the mother's breast. [NIH] Broadband: A wide frequency range. Sound whose energy is distributed over a broad range of frequency (generally, more than one octave). [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bruxism: A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth. [NIH]

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Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]

Buformin: An oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, and decreases glucose oxidation. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Bupropion: A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. [NIH] Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [NIH] Caecum: The blind pouch in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens from one side. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Sulfate: It exists in an anhydrous form and in various states of hydration: the hemihydrate is plaster of Paris, the dihydrate is gypsum. It is used in building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. [NIH] Calcium-Binding Proteins: Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins or activator proteins. [NIH] Calciuria: The presence of calcium in the urine. [EU] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary

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for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Carcinostatic: Pertaining to slowing or stopping the growth of cancer. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Caspases: A family of intracellular cysteine endopeptidases. They play a key role in inflammation and mammalian apoptosis. They are specific for aspartic acid at the P1 position. They are divided into two classes based on the lengths of their N-terminal prodomains. Caspases-1,-2,-4,-5,-8, and -10 have long prodomains and -3,-6,-7,-9 have short prodomains. EC 3.4.22.-. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catalytic Domain: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catechol: A chemical originally isolated from a type of mimosa tree. Catechol is used as an astringent, an antiseptic, and in photography, electroplating, and making other chemicals. It can also be man-made. [NIH] Catecholamines: A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine. [NIH]

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Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Aggregation: The phenomenon by which dissociated cells intermixed in vitro tend to group themselves with cells of their own type. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellular metabolism: The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU]

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Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion. [NIH]

Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than promethazine. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially

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the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]

Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Claviceps: A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales,

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parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals. [NIH] Clostridium botulinum: The etiologic agent of botulism in man, wild ducks, and other waterfowl. It is also responsible for certain forms of forage poisoning in horses and cattle. The bacterium produces a powerful exotoxin that is resistant to proteolytic digestion. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH]

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Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Coliphages: Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colonic flora: The bacteria normally residing within the colon. [EU] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]

Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the

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classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group.

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[NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclodextrins: A homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances. [NIH] Cyclosporins: A group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon lucidum. They have some antineoplastic and antifungal action and significant immunosuppressive effects. Cyclosporins have been proposed as

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adjuvants in tissue and organ transplantation to suppress graft rejection. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteine Endopeptidases: Endopeptidases which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 3.4.22. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cystinuria: An inherited abnormality of renal tubular transport of dibasic amino acids leading to massive urinary excretion of cystine, lysine, arginine, and ornithine. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]

Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of

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psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process

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of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]

Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Dietetics: The study and regulation of the diet. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disaccharides: Sugars composed of two monosaccharides linked by glycoside bonds. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU]

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Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Delivery Systems: Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier, route, and target. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated

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dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dwell time: In peritoneal dialysis, the amount of time a bag of dialysate remains in the patient's abdominal cavity during an exchange. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Electroporation: A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter

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and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of cell membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA. Some applications of electroporation include introduction of plasmids or foreign DNA into living cells for transfection, fusion of cells to prepare hybridomas, and insertion of proteins into cell membranes. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]

Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endorphin: Opioid peptides derived from beta-lipotropin. Endorphin is the most potent naturally occurring analgesic agent. It is present in pituitary, brain, and peripheral tissues. [NIH]

Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH]

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Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Enteric bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. Some bacteria are capable of causing human, animal, or plant diseases; others are essential in pollution control because they break down organic matter in the air and in the water. [NIH] Enterococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus Streptococcus, it is now recognized as a separate genus. [NIH] Enterocytes: Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see intestinal mucosa). Unlike goblet cells, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the paneth cells. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Induction: An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis. [NIH] Enzyme Repression: The interference in synthesis of an enzyme due to the elevated level of an effector substance, usually a metabolite, whose presence would cause depression of the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH]

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Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial ovarian cancer: Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythritol: A four-carbon sugar that is found in algae, fungi, and lichens. It is twice as sweet as sucrose and can be used as a coronary vasodilator. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins. [NIH]

Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input

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they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH]

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Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a food or its container or wrapper. The concept includes ingredients, nutritional value, directions, warnings, and other relevant information. [NIH] Foodborne Illness: An acute gastrointestinal infection caused by food that contains harmful bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and chills. Also called food poisoning. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossil Fuels: Any hydrocarbon deposit that may be used for fuel. Examples are petroleum, coal, and natural gas. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the

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reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Freeze-dried: A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fucose: Deoxysugar. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Galactitol: A naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of galactose. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste. It may form in excess in the lens of the eye in galactosemia, a deficiency of galactokinase. [NIH] Galactokinase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the formation of galactose 1-phosphate and ADP from ATP and D-galactose. Galactosamine can also act as the acceptor. A deficiency of this enzyme results in galactosemia. EC 2.7.1.6. [NIH] Galactosemia: Buildup of galactose in the blood. Caused by lack of one of the enzymes needed to break down galactose into glucose. [NIH] Galactosidases: A family of galactoside hydrolases that hydrolyze compounds with an Ogalactosyl linkage. EC 3.2.1.-. [NIH] Galactosides: Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides. [NIH] Galactosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of galactose from a nucleoside diphosphate galactose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-. [NIH] Galanthamine: A cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used to reverse the muscular effects of gallamine and tubocurarine and has been studied as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH]

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Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroenterologist: A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Transit: Passage of food (sometimes in the form of a test meal) through the gastrointestinal tract as measured in minutes or hours. The rate of passage through the intestine is an indicator of small bowel function. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH]

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Gene Pool: The total genetic information possessed by the reproductive members of a population of sexually reproducing organisms. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucokinase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and D-glucose to ADP and D-glucose 6-phosphate. They are found in invertebrates and microorganisms and are highly specific for glucose. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.2. [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucosidases: Enzymes that hydrolyze O-glucosyl-compounds. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.-. [NIH]

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Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Glycosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. Most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of phosphorylases. Some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. Subclasses include the hexosyltransferases, pentosyltransferases, sialyltransferases, and those transferring other glycosyl groups. EC 2.4. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU]

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Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

GP41: 41-kD HIV transmembrane envelope glycoprotein which mediates the fusion of the viral membrane with the membrane of the target cell. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal

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condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemagglutinins: Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH]

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Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Heterotropia: One in which the angle of squint remains relatively unaltered on conjugate movement of the eyes. [NIH] Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Hexosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hexose groups. EC 2.4.1.-. [NIH] Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Housekeeping: The care and management of property. [NIH] Human Experimentation: Moral, legal, ethical, social, and religious aspects of experiments on humans but not the routine conduct of clinical research. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrofluoric Acid: A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless,

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odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Breath Test: A test for lactose intolerance. It measures breath samples for too much hydrogen. The body makes too much hydrogen when lactose is not broken down properly in the small intestine. [NIH] Hydrolases: Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). EC 3. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperalgesia: Excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. [EU] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hyperventilation: A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide. [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings.

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Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH]

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Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Industrial Waste: Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. It represents an ecological problem and health hazard. [NIH] Inertia: Inactivity, inability to move spontaneously. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Diarrhea: Diarrhea caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH]

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Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Flora: The bacteria, yeasts, and fungi that grow normally in the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a

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positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Isradipine: 4-(4-Benzofurazanyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid methyl 1-methyl ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel antagonist that is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lac Operon: The genetic unit consisting of three structural genes, an operator and a regulatory gene, which controls the synthesis of beta-galactosidase, beta-galactoside permease, and beta-thiogalactoside acetyltransferase. It includes the structural gene lac Z (lacZ) of Escherichia coli. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring

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widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Lactobacillus acidophilus: A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of humans and animals, the human mouth, and vagina. This organism produces the fermented product, acidophilus milk. [NIH] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Lactose Synthase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDPgalactose to glucose, forming lactose. The enzyme is a complex of the enzyme Nacetyllactosamine synthase and alpha-lactalbumin; the latter protein is present in lactating mammary gland cells where it alters the usual specificity of the former to make lactose synthesis the preferred reaction. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.4.1.22. [NIH] Lactulose: A mild laxative. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH]

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Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lichens: Any of a group of plants formed by a mutual combination of an alga and a fungus. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH]

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Loperamide: 4-(p-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-N.N-dimethyl-alpha,alpha-diphenyl-1piperidine butyramide hydrochloride. Synthetic anti-diarrheal agent with a long duration of action; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in schizophrenia. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lucida: An instrument, invented by Wollaton, consisting essentially of a prism or a mirror through which an object can be viewed so as to appear on a plane surface seen in direct view and on which the outline of the object may be traced. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

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Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Mannoheptulose: A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration. [NIH] Maple Syrup Urine Disease: A genetic disorder involving deficiency of an enzyme necessary in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, and named for the characteristic odor of the urine. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious

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anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melibiose: A disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Fusion: The adherence of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artifical membrane models of either to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in

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the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Micelles: Electrically charged colloidal particles or ions consisting of oriented molecules; aggregates of a number of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microvillus: A minute process or protrusion from the free surface of a cell. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mistletoe lectin: A substance that comes from the mistletoe plant, and that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. A lectin is a complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the

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body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Conformation: The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule. [NIH] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH]

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Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. Then changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Nalidixic Acid: Synthetic antimicrobial agent used in urinary tract infections. It is active against gram-negative bacteria but has little activity against gram-positive organisms or Pseudomonas. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH]

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Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Ngu: An inflammation of the urethra caused by an organism other than Neisseria gonorrhoeae. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has

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pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Niacinamide: An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. [NIH] Niche: The ultimate unit of the habitat, i. e. the specific spot occupied by an individual organism; by extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism, individual or synusia(e), and its environment. [NIH] Nisin: A 34-amino acid polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptococcus lactis. It has been used as a food preservative in canned fruits and vegetables, and cheese. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with nucleoproteins which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids. [NIH] Nucleosomes: The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. [NIH] Nucleotidases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the

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diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Nystagmus: Rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs, either pendular or jerky. [NIH] Oculi: Globe or ball of the eye. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligo: Chemical and mineral elements that exist in minimal (oligo) quantities in the body, in foods, in the air, in soil; name applied to any element observed as a microconstituent of plant or animal tissue and of beneficial, harmful, or even doubtful significance. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Orbicularis: A thin layer of fibers that originates at the posterior lacrimal crest and passes outward and forward, dividing into two slips which surround the canaliculi. [NIH] Organ Preservation: The process by which organs are kept viable outside of the organism from which they were removed (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism). [NIH] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles

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of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteodystrophy: Defective bone formation. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Pain Threshold: Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced. [NIH]

Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH]

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Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Paneth Cells: Epithelial cells found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn). Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Particle Accelerators: Devices which accelerate electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons or ions, to high velocities so they have high kinetic energy. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peanut Agglutinin: Lectin purified from peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). It binds to poorly differentiated cells and terminally differentiated cells and is used in cell separation techniques. [NIH]

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Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pentosyltransferases: Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a pentose group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.4.2. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Hydrolases: A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Exopeptidases and endopeptidases make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perimenopausal: The time of a woman's life when menstrual periods become irregular. Refers to the time near menopause. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Periplasm: The space between the inner and outer membranes of a cell that is shared with the cell wall. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU]

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Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phonation: The process of producing vocal sounds by means of vocal cords vibrating in an expiratory blast of air. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases: A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have

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grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their evolutionary history. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytotoxin: A substance which is toxic for plants. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Placebo Effect: An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH]

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Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polyesters: Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polyglycolic Acid: Poly(oxy(1-oxo-1,2-ethanediyl)). A biocompatible polymer used as a surgical suture material. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU]

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Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Prejudice: A preconceived judgment made without adequate evidence and not easily alterable by presentation of contrary evidence. [NIH] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential

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component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proteus: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, as well as in manure, soil, and polluted waters. Its species are pathogenic, causing urinary tract infections and are also considered secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body. [NIH] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

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Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH]

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Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large

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intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regulon: In eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single regulator gene. In bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains. These regulatory systems consist of several operons. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Rehydration: The restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has become dehydrated. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Repressor Proteins: Proteins which are normally bound to the operator locus of an operon, thereby preventing transcription of the structural genes. In enzyme induction, the substrate of the inducible enzyme binds to the repressor protein, causing its release from the operator and freeing the structural genes for transcription. In enzyme repression, the end product of the enzyme sequence binds to the free repressor protein, the resulting complex then binds to the operator and prevents transcription of the structural genes. [NIH]

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Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Ricin: A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH]

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Root Caries: Dental caries involving the tooth root, cementum, or cervical area of the tooth. [NIH]

Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]

Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretin: A hormone made in the duodenum. Causes the stomach to make pepsin, the liver to make bile, and the pancreas to make a digestive juice. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs

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discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Septate: An organ or structure that is divided into compartments. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Sialyltransferases: A group of enzymes with the general formula CMP-Nacetylneuraminate:acceptor N-acetylneuraminyl transferase. They catalyze the transfer of Nacetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to an acceptor, which is usually the terminal sugar residue of an oligosaccharide, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid. EC 2.4.99.-. [NIH]

Sick Role: Behavior patterns consistent with those expected of an individual functioning in

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a state of ill health. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH]

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Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrometer: An apparatus for determining spectra; measures quantities such as wavelengths and relative amplitudes of components. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes,

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filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spliceosomes: Organelles in which the splicing and excision reactions that remove introns from precursor messenger RNA molecules occur. One component of a spliceosome is five small nuclear RNA molecules (U1, U2, U4, U5, U6) that, working in conjunction with proteins, help to fold pieces of RNA into the right shapes and later splice them into the message. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stool test: A test to check for hidden blood in the bowel movement. [NIH] Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and

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occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NIH] Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Surface Plasmon Resonance: A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding. [NIH]

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Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Tetracycline Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of a microbe (usually a bacterium) to the action

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of tetracycline, which binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the normal binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. [NIH] Tetrodotoxin: Octahydro-12-(hydroxymethyl)-2-imino-5,9:7,10a-dimethano10aH(1,3)dioxocino(6,5-a)pyrimidine-4,7,10,11,12-pentol. An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order Tetradontiformes (pufferfish, globefish, toadfish), which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH]

Dictionary 311

Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tic: An involuntary compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped movement, resembling a purposeful movement because it is coordinated and involves muscles in their normal synergistic relationships; tics usually involve the face and shoulders. [EU] Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torticollis: Wryneck; a contracted state of the cervical muscles, producing twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH]

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Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU]

Dictionary 313

Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract.

314

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[NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urolithiasis: Stones in the urinary system. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GABA levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to nondietary proteins from plants. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and

Dictionary 315

treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, virginiamycin Factor M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry. [NIH] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitamin D: The vitamin that mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism, and probably muscle activity. It usually acts as a hormone precursor, requiring 2 stages of metabolism before reaching actual hormonal form. It is isolated from fish liver oils and used in the treatment and prevention of rickets. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Wettability: The quality or state of being wettable or the degree to which something can be

316

Lactose

wet. This is also the ability of any solid surface to be wetted when in contact with a liquid whose surface tension is reduced so that the liquid spreads over the surface of the solid. [NIH]

White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthophyll: A carotenoid alcohol widespread in nature. It is present in egg yolk, algae, and petals of yellow flowers, among other sources. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

317

INDEX 1 1-phosphate, 22, 62, 75, 89, 90, 100, 237, 268 A Abdomen, 237, 247, 248, 278, 281, 291, 293, 307, 315 Abdominal Cramps, 73, 221, 237 Abdominal Pain, 4, 5, 7, 31, 80, 92, 122, 163, 237, 267, 269, 279, 293 Abscess, 237, 272 Acceptor, 237, 268, 271, 281, 291, 304, 312 Acetone, 30, 237, 279 Acetylcholine, 169, 237, 248, 253, 282 Acetylcholinesterase, 138, 237 Acetylglucosamine, 21, 170, 237 Acidemia, 142, 237 Acidosis, 133, 134, 237 Acremonium, 237, 251 Actin, 237, 287, 312 Actinomyces, 21, 27, 44, 50, 60, 237 Acyl, 23, 142, 237 Adaptation, 5, 8, 50, 60, 66, 90, 121, 203, 237, 252 Adenine, 180, 238, 300 Adenocarcinoma, 98, 238 Adenosine, 42, 144, 238, 294, 310 Adenovirus, 17, 20, 238 Adenylate Cyclase, 238, 252 Adjustment, 157, 237, 238 Adjuvant, 238, 269 Adrenal Medulla, 86, 238, 264, 289 Adrenergic, 177, 238, 239, 243, 261, 264, 282, 298 Adverse Effect, 238, 305 Aerobic, 238, 285, 299 Aerosol, 144, 238 Affinity, 26, 30, 35, 36, 68, 170, 171, 238, 239, 305 Agar, 41, 59, 67, 238, 257, 276, 295 Age Groups, 6, 238 Age of Onset, 238, 313 Aged, 80 and Over, 238 Agenesis, 100, 239 Agglutinins, 239, 273 Agonist, 177, 239, 248, 249, 261, 264 Airway, 86, 96, 107, 239 Akathisia, 239, 243 Alactasia, 202, 239

Albumin, 172, 239, 295 Albuterol, 145, 239 Alginates, 158, 239 Algorithms, 239, 247 Alimentary, 3, 71, 77, 79, 93, 122, 239, 292, 293 Alkaline, 17, 151, 153, 155, 158, 169, 237, 239, 240, 249, 294 Alkaline Phosphatase, 17, 239 Alkaloid, 137, 239, 248, 255, 310, 312 Alkylation, 30, 239 Allograft, 16, 239 Allylamine, 239, 240 Alpha-1, 21, 239, 257 Alpha-Amylase, 166, 239 Alpha-lactalbumin, 19, 21, 68, 121, 240, 280 Alternative medicine, 201, 240 Aluminum, 17, 240, 246 Alveolar Process, 240, 302 Amantadine, 39, 240 Amber, 40, 240 Amenorrhea, 240, 248 Amine, 158, 182, 240, 274 Amino Acid Sequence, 17, 51, 55, 111, 146, 240, 242, 270 Ammonia, 240, 271, 313 Ammonium Compounds, 133, 240 Ammonium Sulfate, 168, 240 Amniotic Fluid, 240, 270 Amoxapine, 133, 240 Amylase, 157, 166, 241 Anaerobic, 150, 241, 298 Anaesthesia, 241, 277 Anaesthetic, 138, 241 Anal, 31, 241 Analgesic, 155, 241, 260, 263, 275 Analytes, 241, 308 Anaphylatoxins, 241, 256 Anatomical, 241, 248, 263, 276, 281, 303 Anemia, 213, 241, 267 Anesthesia, 172, 239, 241, 257 Anesthetics, 172, 241, 264 Angina, 138, 241, 279, 289, 298 Angina Pectoris, 138, 241, 279, 298 Angiogenesis, 241, 283 Animal model, 16, 241 Anionic, 133, 241

318

Lactose

Anions, 239, 241, 279, 304 Anorexia, 163, 241, 269, 313 Antagonism, 242, 310 Antibacterial, 142, 150, 242, 306 Antibiotic, 242, 248, 289, 293, 306, 309, 315 Antibodies, 21, 23, 25, 37, 239, 242, 243, 273, 274, 276, 282, 295 Antibody, 25, 38, 55, 114, 169, 238, 242, 255, 265, 273, 274, 276, 277, 283, 286, 306, 308 Antibody Affinity, 25, 242 Anticoagulant, 76, 242, 298 Anticonvulsant, 242, 314 Antidepressant, 242, 249 Antiemetic, 242, 243, 252, 285 Antiepileptic, 135, 242 Antifungal, 242, 257 Antigen, 25, 51, 107, 238, 239, 242, 243, 245, 255, 259, 274, 275, 276, 277, 283, 308 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 242, 255 Antigen-presenting cell, 242, 259 Anti-infective, 178, 242, 252 Anti-inflammatory, 37, 155, 242, 244, 260, 275 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 242, 244 Antimicrobial, 133, 149, 189, 243, 253, 287 Antineoplastic, 243, 257, 315 Antioxidant, 22, 243, 244, 291 Antipsychotic, 135, 240, 243, 252, 282, 288 Antipsychotic Agents, 135, 243 Antipyretic, 155, 243, 260 Antiseptic, 133, 237, 243, 250 Antiserum, 243, 245 Antispasmodic, 243, 298 Antiviral, 114, 240, 243, 288 Anus, 241, 243, 248, 267, 301 Anxiety, 5, 181, 182, 239, 243, 298 Anxiolytic, 243, 249 Aorta, 17, 243, 314 Aphonia, 169, 243 Apolipoproteins, 243, 281 Apoptosis, 26, 32, 244, 250 Approximate, 7, 244 Aqueous fluid, 183, 244 Arginine, 35, 143, 241, 244, 258, 290, 312 Aromatic, 34, 244, 294 Arterial, 16, 134, 239, 244, 253, 275, 289, 298, 309 Arteries, 243, 244, 247, 257, 282, 285, 287 Arterioles, 244, 247, 287 Arteriolosclerosis, 244 Arteriosclerosis, 16, 244, 287

Ascorbic Acid, 133, 160, 179, 181, 244, 275 Aspartame, 7, 244 Aspartic, 143, 244, 250 Aspartic Acid, 143, 244, 250 Aspirin, 107, 134, 244 Assay, 17, 244, 313 Astringent, 245, 250 Asymptomatic, 71, 80, 245, 272, 292 Ataxia, 213, 245, 310 Atrophy, 212, 213, 245 Attenuated, 18, 245, 260 Autodigestion, 245, 292 Autoimmune disease, 146, 245, 286 Autonomic, 237, 243, 245, 289, 293 Autosuggestion, 245, 275 Avian, 39, 147, 245 Avidity, 25, 37, 242, 245 B Bacillus, 75, 113, 245, 257 Bacterial Physiology, 238, 245 Bactericidal, 245, 265 Bacteriophage, 13, 33, 43, 139, 156, 245, 295, 311, 315 Bacteriophage lambda, 13, 33, 245 Bacterium, 45, 170, 245, 254, 309, 313 Basal Ganglia, 243, 245, 248, 253 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 245, 253 Base, 34, 37, 137, 177, 238, 245, 259, 267, 270, 279, 289, 294, 313 Basement Membrane, 246, 266, 280 Basophils, 246, 272, 280 Benign, 82, 244, 246, 273, 288 Bentonite, 153, 246 Benzene, 177, 246 Benzodiazepines, 246, 249 Beta carotene, 143, 246 Beta-Galactosidase, 11, 41, 44, 49, 57, 66, 74, 75, 116, 118, 122, 187, 246, 279 Bile, 41, 67, 78, 246, 268, 269, 279, 281, 303, 307, 309 Bile Acids, 246, 269, 307, 309 Bile Acids and Salts, 246 Bile Pigments, 246, 279 Biliary, 246, 292 Biliary Tract, 246, 292 Bilirubin, 239, 246, 275 Binding Sites, 12, 66, 93, 112, 113, 246 Bioavailability, 82, 134, 165, 166, 246 Biochemical, 11, 13, 25, 30, 34, 38, 63, 68, 92, 93, 96, 122, 144, 221, 246, 247, 271, 280, 285, 304 Biochemical reactions, 144, 247

Index

Biogenesis, 27, 247 Biological Availability, 150, 247 Biomass, 156, 247 Biomolecular, 247, 308 Biopolymers, 60, 105, 158, 247 Biopsy, 4, 5, 198, 234, 247 Biosynthesis, 19, 21, 22, 27, 32, 42, 54, 56, 62, 97, 247, 304 Biotechnology, 25, 38, 39, 58, 75, 79, 107, 157, 189, 195, 201, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214, 247 Bladder, 247, 277, 286, 298, 313, 314 Blastocyst, 247, 256, 295 Blennorrhoea, 247, 272 Blepharospasm, 169, 247 Bloating, 5, 7, 9, 154, 163, 191, 195, 198, 203, 220, 221, 222, 233, 234, 247, 277, 279 Blood Coagulation, 247, 249, 310 Blood Glucose, 4, 247, 273, 275, 278 Blood pressure, 134, 142, 198, 234, 247, 250, 252, 275, 286, 305 Blood vessel, 241, 247, 250, 251, 263, 279, 284, 294, 305, 308, 309, 310, 314 Blood-Brain Barrier, 138, 143, 247 Body Fluids, 248, 262, 305 Body Mass Index, 22, 31, 248, 291 Body Regions, 248, 255 Bone Cements, 76, 248 Bone Density, 15, 70, 248 Bone Marrow, 246, 248, 276, 282 Botulinum Toxins, 248 Bowel, 5, 31, 70, 72, 80, 98, 200, 234, 237, 241, 248, 260, 269, 277, 278, 280, 293, 307 Bowel Movement, 248, 260, 307 Brain Diseases, 14, 248 Branch, 231, 248, 292, 299, 306, 310 Breakdown, 155, 219, 248, 251, 260, 269 Breast Feeding, 23, 248 Broadband, 15, 248 Broad-spectrum, 248, 251 Bromocriptine, 89, 248 Bronchi, 248, 264, 310 Bronchial, 248, 274, 310 Bronchioles, 248 Bronchiolitis, 18, 248 Bronchitis, 248, 253 Bruxism, 169, 248 Buccal, 22, 71, 249 Buffers, 160, 249 Buformin, 133, 249 Bupivacaine, 172, 249 Bupropion, 147, 249

319

Buspirone, 82, 249 C Caecum, 132, 249 Calcification, 16, 244, 249 Calcium Sulfate, 187, 249 Calcium-Binding Proteins, 19, 249 Calciuria, 62, 249 Calmodulin, 19, 249 Caloric intake, 176, 249 Capsules, 4, 150, 162, 249, 261, 267, 269, 270 Carbon Dioxide, 7, 249, 275, 295, 302 Carcinogenic, 246, 250, 277, 278, 298, 307 Carcinogens, 250, 290 Carcinoma, 37, 250 Carcinostatic, 142, 250 Cardiac, 134, 239, 250, 262, 263, 264, 269, 273, 279, 287, 307 Cardioselective, 250, 298 Cardiovascular, 16, 147, 250, 304 Cardiovascular disease, 16, 250 Carmine, 4, 250 Carnitine, 142, 143, 250 Carotene, 31, 246, 250 Carotenoids, 31, 246, 250 Caspases, 26, 250 Castor Oil, 250, 302 Catabolism, 11, 89, 122, 250, 313 Catalytic Domain, 68, 250 Cataract, 70, 77, 250, 265 Catechol, 144, 250 Catecholamines, 238, 250, 261 Cations, 251, 279 Cecum, 117, 123, 251, 280 Cell Aggregation, 46, 251 Cell Count, 251 Cell Death, 244, 251, 288 Cell Differentiation, 146, 251, 305 Cell Division, 212, 245, 251, 285, 295, 303 Cell membrane, 18, 50, 251, 259, 263, 268, 284, 294, 305 Cell proliferation, 244, 251, 305 Cell Respiration, 251, 285, 302 Cellobiose, 170, 251 Cellular metabolism, 144, 251 Cellulose, 29, 106, 135, 137, 147, 149, 155, 158, 166, 186, 187, 188, 251, 268, 285, 295 Central Nervous System, 181, 237, 246, 248, 251, 264, 268, 271, 273, 282, 286, 304, 310 Cephalosporins, 150, 251 Cerebellar, 245, 251, 301

320

Lactose

Cerebellum, 248, 251, 301 Cerebral, 181, 245, 247, 248, 251, 252, 259, 264, 306 Cerebral Palsy, 251, 306 Cerebrovascular, 245, 250, 251, 310 Cerebrum, 251, 252, 312 Cervical, 252, 303, 311 Character, 241, 252 Chemoreceptor, 243, 252 Chemotactic Factors, 252, 256 Chemotherapy, 8, 65, 91, 252 Chlorhexidine, 133, 252 Chlorides, 106, 252 Chlorine, 143, 252 Chlorophyll, 252, 264, 268 Chlorpheniramine, 163, 252 Chlorpromazine, 180, 252 Cholera, 79, 252, 315 Cholera Toxin, 79, 252 Cholesterol, 31, 106, 145, 193, 246, 252, 253, 257, 281, 282, 307 Cholesterol Esters, 253, 281 Choline, 143, 237, 253 Cholinergic, 243, 248, 253 Chondroitin sulfate, 180, 253 Chorea, 243, 253 Chromatin, 244, 253, 264, 289, 306 Chromosomal, 27, 56, 189, 253, 295 Chromosome, 51, 253, 272, 281, 303 Chronic Disease, 10, 16, 253 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 177, 253 Chronic renal, 253, 296, 313 Chylomicrons, 253, 281 Ciliary, 244, 253 Ciliary processes, 244, 253 Ciprofloxacin, 149, 253 CIS, 19, 20, 253 Citrus, 244, 253 Clathrin, 138, 253, 254 Claviceps, 253, 303 Clear cell carcinoma, 254, 259 Cleave, 11, 169, 254 Clinical Medicine, 254, 297 Clinical trial, 11, 113, 209, 254, 256, 299, 300 Clone, 38, 254 Clonic, 247, 254 Cloning, 41, 51, 54, 65, 88, 171, 247, 254 Clostridium, 169, 248, 254 Clostridium botulinum, 169, 248, 254

Coagulation, 105, 139, 141, 247, 254, 295, 310 Coal, 168, 186, 246, 254, 267 Coated Vesicles, 253, 254 Cod Liver Oil, 254, 263 Coenzyme, 244, 254, 289 Cofactor, 254, 298, 310 Cohort Studies, 31, 254 Colchicine, 66, 118, 125, 255 Colic, 78, 192, 255 Coliphages, 245, 255 Colitis, 255, 277, 279 Collagen, 246, 255, 266, 267, 269, 283, 298 Collapse, 248, 255 Colloidal, 239, 246, 255, 262, 285, 294, 304 Colonic flora, 5, 7, 255 Colonoscopy, 197, 255 Colorectal, 31, 66, 167, 255 Colorectal Cancer, 31, 66, 167, 255 Colostrum, 26, 104, 255 Communis, 250, 255, 302 Complement, 25, 37, 241, 255, 256, 270, 295 Complementary and alternative medicine, 111, 127, 256 Complementary medicine, 111, 256 Complete remission, 256, 301 Computational Biology, 209, 211, 256 Conception, 139, 256, 266 Conduction, 256, 310 Congestion, 243, 256, 265 Conjugated, 95, 246, 256, 289 Conjunctiva, 256, 277 Connective Tissue, 244, 248, 255, 256, 267, 268, 269, 302 Consciousness, 241, 256, 258, 259, 261 Constipation, 142, 243, 256, 279, 293 Constitutional, 256, 287 Constriction, 256, 279 Contamination, 150, 181, 256 Contraceptive, 22, 256 Contraindications, ii, 221, 256 Controlled study, 65, 256 Coordination, 19, 251, 257, 286 Cornea, 244, 257, 271 Coronary, 96, 138, 241, 250, 257, 265, 285, 287, 289 Coronary Circulation, 241, 257, 289 Coronary heart disease, 250, 257 Coronary Thrombosis, 257, 285, 287 Cortex, 245, 248, 257, 297, 301 Cortical, 257, 265, 303, 310

Index

Cortisol, 239, 257 Crossing-over, 257, 300 Crystallization, 39, 139, 140, 151, 182, 257 Culture Media, 238, 257 Cultured cells, 162, 257 Curare, 138, 257, 312 Curative, 257, 289, 302, 310 Cutaneous, 257, 272, 292 Cyclic, 42, 56, 238, 249, 257, 310, 315 Cyclodextrins, 29, 257 Cyclosporins, 29, 257 Cysteine, 34, 42, 112, 143, 250, 258, 308 Cysteine Endopeptidases, 250, 258 Cystine, 58, 59, 143, 258 Cystinuria, 25, 258 Cytomegalovirus, 71, 258 Cytoplasm, 244, 246, 251, 252, 258, 262, 263, 264, 272, 302, 309 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 253, 258 Cytoskeleton, 19, 258 Cytotoxic, 18, 258, 305 Cytotoxicity, 18, 114, 239, 258 D Databases, Bibliographic, 209, 258 Day Care, 192, 258 Deamination, 258, 313 Decidua, 258, 295 Dehydration, 136, 252, 258 Deletion, 43, 45, 51, 244, 258 Delirium, 243, 258 Delusions, 259, 299 Dementia, 243, 259 Denaturation, 5, 164, 259 Dendrites, 259, 288 Dendritic, 25, 259, 284 Dendritic cell, 25, 259 Density, 8, 15, 63, 84, 156, 248, 259, 281, 290, 296, 306 Dental Caries, 33, 137, 259 Dental Plaque, 100, 259 Deoxyribonucleotides, 139, 259 Depolarization, 259, 305 Depressive Disorder, 259, 281 DES, 241, 259 Detoxification, 18, 56, 259 Deuterium, 30, 259, 275 Developing Countries, 104, 259 Diabetes Mellitus, 88, 260, 270, 273 Diagnostic procedure, 5, 131, 201, 260 Dialysate, 260, 262 Diarrhoea, 73, 74, 80, 89, 116, 117, 119, 260, 269

321

Diastolic, 260, 275 Diclofenac, 155, 260 Diclofenac Sodium, 155, 260 Dietary Fats, 198, 260 Dietary Proteins, 260, 314 Dietetics, 78, 195, 260 Dietitian, 8, 260 Diffusion, 260, 276, 313 Digestive system, 8, 10, 163, 220, 260, 269 Digestive tract, 165, 220, 260, 305 Dihydroxy, 260, 265 Dilatation, 260, 297 Dilator, 260, 289 Dilution, 134, 260 Dimethyl, 260, 279, 282 Diploid, 260, 295 Direct, iii, 12, 14, 35, 36, 116, 134, 137, 147, 151, 165, 184, 188, 254, 260, 261, 282, 301, 309 Disaccharides, 157, 158, 260 Disinfectant, 133, 252, 260, 265 Dissociation, 86, 120, 238, 261 Dissociative Disorders, 261 Distal, 23, 261, 262, 269, 299 Distention, 4, 31, 132, 234, 261 Diuresis, 261, 310 Diuretic, 261, 283, 306 Dominance, 157, 261 Dopamine, 240, 243, 248, 249, 252, 261, 285, 294 Dosage Forms, 134, 261 Drive, ii, vi, 5, 6, 103, 174, 221, 222, 261 Drug Delivery Systems, 147, 261 Drug Interactions, 261 Drug Resistance, 29, 38, 44, 261 Drug Tolerance, 261, 311 Duct, 262, 303 Duodenum, 155, 246, 262, 269, 291, 303, 307 Dwell time, 172, 262 Dyes, 246, 262, 308 Dyskinesia, 181, 182, 243, 262 Dyspepsia, 75, 262, 277 Dysplasia, 213, 262 Dystonia, 169, 243, 262 Dystrophy, 212, 262 E Effector, 14, 237, 255, 262, 264 Efficacy, 5, 73, 92, 104, 117, 135, 143, 162, 164, 166, 172, 249, 262 Egg Yolk, 117, 262, 316 Elasticity, 244, 262

322

Lactose

Elastin, 16, 64, 255, 262, 266 Elective, 94, 262 Electrocoagulation, 254, 262 Electrode, 179, 262 Electrolysis, 241, 251, 262 Electrolyte, 58, 59, 259, 262, 273, 297, 305, 313 Electrons, 243, 246, 262, 278, 282, 291, 292, 300, 308 Electrophoresis, 170, 262, 276 Electroplating, 179, 250, 262, 308 Electroporation, 162, 262 Elementary Particles, 262, 263, 282, 299 Embryo, 247, 251, 262, 263, 277 Emesis, 243, 263 Emollient, 263, 271, 290 Emphysema, 253, 263 Emulsion, 164, 263 Enamel, 27, 259, 263 Encapsulated, 115, 132, 171, 172, 263, 281 Encephalopathy, 78, 263 Endemic, 252, 263, 307 Endocarditis, 263, 272 Endorphin, 143, 263 Endothelial cell, 36, 247, 263, 310 Endotoxins, 255, 263, 279 End-stage renal, 253, 263, 296 Energy Intake, 136, 264 Enhancer, 144, 264 Enkephalin, 143, 264 Enteric bacteria, 132, 150, 264 Enterococcus, 106, 264 Enterocytes, 20, 264 Enteropeptidase, 264, 312 Environmental Exposure, 264, 290 Environmental Health, 208, 210, 264 Enzymatic, 15, 19, 36, 50, 61, 77, 118, 163, 166, 174, 185, 249, 250, 256, 259, 264, 274 Enzyme Induction, 264, 301 Enzyme Repression, 264, 301 Eosinophils, 264, 272, 280 Ephedrine, 29, 264 Epidemic, 203, 264, 307 Epinephrine, 238, 261, 264, 289, 313 Epithelial, 18, 21, 23, 27, 32, 38, 70, 86, 154, 238, 252, 258, 264, 265, 271, 273, 280, 292 Epithelial Cells, 18, 21, 23, 27, 32, 38, 86, 154, 252, 265, 273, 280 Epithelial ovarian cancer, 70, 265 Epithelium, 185, 246, 264, 265, 269 Epitope, 21, 37, 265 Ergot, 248, 265, 303

Erythema, 265, 314 Erythritol, 137, 166, 265 Erythrocytes, 21, 146, 147, 241, 248, 265, 273, 301 Esophageal, 265, 269 Esophagitis, 265, 269 Esophagus, 260, 265, 269, 282, 294, 301, 307 Esotropia, 265, 307 Essential Tremor, 213, 265 Estrogen, 18, 265, 297 Ethanol, 44, 64, 105, 148, 265, 266 Ethnic Groups, 203, 265 Ethylene Glycol, 133, 153, 161, 162, 166, 184, 265 Eukaryotic Cells, 171, 258, 265, 290, 313 Evacuation, 256, 265, 269, 280 Excipient, 29, 138, 162, 179, 249, 265 Excitatory, 265, 271 Exogenous, 66, 99, 104, 169, 266, 313 Exotoxin, 254, 266 Exotropia, 266, 307 Expiration, 266, 302 Extracellular, 16, 21, 44, 256, 266, 267, 283, 305 Extracellular Matrix, 16, 256, 266, 267, 283 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 266, 283 Extracellular Space, 266 Extraction, 170, 266 Extrapyramidal, 239, 240, 243, 261, 266 Eye Infections, 238, 266 F Facial, 169, 266 Faecal, 260, 266 Family Planning, 209, 266 Fatty acids, 71, 116, 142, 239, 266, 271 Feces, 256, 266, 307 Fermentation, 6, 42, 44, 45, 52, 72, 74, 78, 79, 88, 117, 123, 155, 156, 175, 266 Fertilizers, 266, 308 Fetus, 266, 295, 314 Fibrin, 247, 267, 293, 310 Fibrinogen, 267, 295, 310 Fibroblasts, 99, 267 Fibrosis, 29, 76, 86, 213, 239, 267, 303 Filler, 147, 173, 175, 267 Flatulence, 4, 5, 7, 73, 163, 195, 198, 234, 267 Flatus, 267, 269 Fluorescence, 30, 267 Folate, 37, 74, 267 Fold, 94, 267, 307

Index

Folic Acid, 37, 106, 267 Food Labeling, 204, 267 Foodborne Illness, 197, 267 Foramen, 255, 267, 293 Forearm, 247, 267 Fossil Fuels, 168, 267 Fractionation, 240, 267 Frameshift, 267, 313 Frameshift Mutation, 267, 313 Freeze-dried, 104, 268 Fucose, 36, 43, 111, 143, 268 Fungi, 25, 242, 253, 257, 265, 266, 268, 272, 278, 285, 307, 316 Fungus, 251, 265, 268, 281, 303 G Galactitol, 14, 90, 94, 100, 268 Galactokinase, 46, 268 Galactosemia, 15, 69, 75, 76, 90, 99, 100, 212, 219, 221, 268 Galactosidases, 104, 268 Galactosides, 38, 146, 246, 268 Galactosyltransferases, 21, 268 Galanthamine, 137, 268 Gallbladder, 197, 237, 246, 260, 268 Ganglia, 237, 245, 268, 288, 293 Gap Junctions, 268, 309 Gas, 4, 6, 7, 9, 89, 90, 120, 154, 158, 164, 168, 179, 186, 191, 198, 203, 220, 221, 240, 249, 252, 260, 267, 269, 275, 277, 279, 289, 299, 314 Gasoline, 186, 246, 269 Gastric, 3, 71, 72, 79, 92, 147, 155, 245, 250, 261, 269, 274, 293 Gastric Emptying, 3, 72, 79, 92, 269 Gastric Juices, 269, 293 Gastric Mucosa, 269, 293 Gastrin, 269, 274 Gastroenteritis, 185, 269 Gastroenterologist, 198, 269 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 197, 269 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 197, 269 Gastrointestinal tract, 7, 20, 197, 265, 267, 269, 280, 304, 306 Gastrointestinal Transit, 4, 71, 93, 269 Gelatin, 187, 219, 257, 269, 271, 308, 310 Gels, 151, 269 Gene Expression, 13, 19, 22, 27, 33, 35, 46, 93, 171, 189, 213, 269 Gene Pool, 62, 270 Genetic Code, 270, 289 Genetic Engineering, 247, 254, 270

323

Genetics, 69, 96, 117, 202, 203, 261, 270, 286 Genital, 253, 254, 270 Genotype, 62, 75, 270, 294 Germ Cells, 270, 291, 305, 306, 309 Gestation, 270, 295 Gestational, 26, 270 Gestational Age, 26, 270 Ginseng, 126, 270 Gland, 23, 32, 62, 118, 238, 270, 275, 280, 283, 291, 298, 303, 307, 310, 311 Glomerular, 270, 278, 283, 301 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 270, 283 Glucans, 257, 270 Glucokinase, 49, 270 Gluconeogenesis, 24, 249, 270 Glucose Intolerance, 260, 270 Glucosidases, 157, 158, 270 Glutamate, 271 Glutamic Acid, 61, 143, 181, 267, 271, 297 Glutamine, 143, 271 Glutathione Peroxidase, 271, 303 Glycerol, 51, 137, 153, 168, 184, 271, 294 Glycerophospholipids, 271, 294 Glycine, 56, 91, 143, 246, 271, 304 Glycogen, 239, 271 Glycolysis, 42, 249, 271 Glycoprotein, 19, 36, 212, 267, 271, 272, 280, 304, 310 Glycosaminoglycan, 76, 253, 271 Glycoside, 61, 260, 271, 275, 303 Glycosidic, 239, 251, 271, 284, 290 Glycosylation, 146, 271 Glycosyltransferases, 15, 21, 271 Goats, 258, 271 Goblet Cells, 264, 271 Gonadal, 271, 307 Gonorrhoea, 23, 272 Gout, 255, 272 Governing Board, 272, 297 Gp120, 25, 272 GP41, 25, 272 Graft, 258, 272, 274, 276 Graft Rejection, 258, 272, 276 Grafting, 272, 276 Gram-negative, 46, 272, 287, 298, 299, 302, 315 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 272, 287, 302 Gram-positive, 21, 27, 237, 254, 264, 272, 279, 280, 287, 307, 315 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 22, 254, 272 Granulocytes, 272, 280, 305, 316

324

Lactose

Grasses, 254, 267, 272 Gravis, 146, 272 H Habitat, 272, 289 Half-Life, 135, 272 Haploid, 272, 295 Haptens, 238, 273 Headache, 273, 277 Health Promotion, 198, 273 Heart attack, 250, 273 Heart failure, 264, 273 Hemagglutinins, 39, 273 Hemodiafiltration, 273, 313 Hemodialysis, 260, 273, 279, 313 Hemofiltration, 273, 313 Hemoglobin, 241, 265, 273, 280 Hemoglobinuria, 212, 273 Hemolysis, 264, 273 Hemorrhage, 262, 273, 302, 308 Hepatic, 24, 239, 259, 273 Hepatocytes, 81, 90, 139, 162, 273 Hereditary, 6, 73, 219, 272, 273, 286, 302 Heredity, 269, 270, 274 Heterogeneity, 23, 238, 274 Heterotrophic, 268, 274 Heterotropia, 274, 307 Heterozygotes, 261, 274 Hexosyltransferases, 271, 274 Hiccup, 252, 274 Histamine, 241, 243, 252, 274, 282, 298 Histidine, 48, 123, 143, 274 Histology, 106, 274 Homologous, 21, 139, 146, 257, 274, 287, 303, 309 Homozygotes, 261, 274 Hormonal, 9, 22, 23, 245, 274, 315 Hormone, 22, 24, 154, 257, 259, 264, 269, 274, 278, 284, 297, 302, 303, 305, 306, 310, 315 Host, 18, 21, 27, 56, 197, 245, 255, 274, 276, 303, 315 Housekeeping, 62, 274 Human Experimentation, 23, 274 Hybrid, 14, 17, 48, 254, 274, 303 Hybridomas, 263, 274 Hydration, 249, 274 Hydrochloric Acid, 252, 274 Hydrofluoric Acid, 274, 305 Hydrogen Breath Test, 8, 61, 88, 218, 220, 275 Hydrolases, 121, 268, 275, 294 Hydrophilic, 25, 47, 54, 275

Hydrophobic, 165, 166, 242, 271, 275, 281 Hydroxyproline, 143, 255, 275 Hyperalgesia, 31, 275 Hyperbilirubinemia, 275, 279 Hypersensitivity, 20, 275, 302 Hypertension, 10, 198, 244, 250, 273, 275, 279, 298, 313 Hyperthyroidism, 275, 298 Hyperventilation, 134, 275 Hypoglycemic, 249, 275 Hypotension, 243, 275 Hypothalamus, 248, 264, 275, 306 Hypothermia, 180, 275 I Iatrogenic, 5, 275 Ibuprofen, 29, 77, 275 Ice Cream, 159, 192, 220, 221, 275 Id, 108, 124, 223, 230, 232, 276 Ileum, 249, 251, 276 Immune response, 25, 146, 238, 242, 245, 272, 273, 276, 308, 315 Immune system, 106, 242, 276, 282, 286, 314, 316 Immunity, 25, 121, 122, 146, 276 Immunization, 276 Immunodeficiency, 212, 276 Immunodiffusion, 238, 276 Immunoelectrophoresis, 238, 276 Immunogenic, 248, 276 Immunoglobulin, 66, 113, 242, 276, 286 Immunohistochemistry, 17, 276 Immunologic, 198, 252, 270, 276 Immunology, 21, 60, 62, 69, 81, 100, 114, 238, 276 Immunosuppressive, 257, 276 Immunosuppressive therapy, 276 Immunotherapy, 38, 276 Impairment, 180, 245, 259, 262, 266, 276, 284, 299 Implantation, 17, 256, 276 In situ, 28, 71, 136, 174, 276 In vitro, 11, 17, 18, 23, 34, 56, 78, 79, 88, 139, 251, 276 In vivo, 14, 17, 26, 34, 37, 38, 45, 49, 53, 66, 78, 79, 86, 155, 162, 166, 276 Incision, 277, 278 Incompetence, 269, 277 Incontinence, 264, 277, 298 Indicative, 192, 277, 292, 314 Indigestion, 277, 280 Induction, 25, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 171, 189, 243, 277, 297

Index

Industrial Waste, 168, 277 Inertia, 177, 277 Infancy, 9, 21, 27, 76, 277, 302 Infant, Newborn, 238, 277 Infarction, 277 Infectious Diarrhea, 123, 277 Infertility, 248, 277 Inflammatory bowel disease, 68, 277 Influenza, 39, 240, 277 Infusion, 24, 26, 277, 312 Ingestion, 3, 5, 7, 9, 59, 68, 72, 74, 77, 78, 98, 132, 163, 166, 167, 222, 277, 296 Inhalation, 59, 69, 92, 144, 145, 163, 177, 238, 274, 277, 296 Initiation, 13, 15, 17, 171, 277, 311 Initiator, 45, 278 Inlay, 278, 302 Inorganic, 25, 47, 168, 187, 240, 252, 271, 278, 308 Insight, 27, 31, 34, 35, 278 Insulator, 278, 286 Insulin, 22, 72, 278, 279, 313 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 72, 278 Insulin-like, 22, 278 Interstitial, 266, 278, 284, 301 Intestinal Flora, 150, 167, 178, 278 Intestine, 6, 26, 132, 136, 154, 157, 158, 198, 220, 222, 246, 248, 251, 255, 262, 269, 274, 275, 276, 278, 280, 305, 307, 312, 315 Intoxication, 259, 278, 316 Intracellular, 19, 45, 86, 107, 120, 136, 250, 253, 277, 278, 284, 297, 303, 305 Intracellular Membranes, 278, 284 Intravenous, 277, 278, 292 Intrinsic, 12, 238, 246, 278 Introns, 278, 307 Inulin, 72, 270, 278 Invasive, 5, 75, 276, 278, 282 Invertebrates, 270, 278 Involuntary, 245, 253, 265, 278, 287, 306, 311 Ion Exchange, 159, 183, 251, 278 Ions, 12, 17, 25, 147, 159, 246, 249, 261, 262, 275, 278, 285, 286, 292, 298, 305 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 4, 5, 31, 63, 72, 80, 83, 85, 93, 96, 104, 125, 203, 279 Ischemia, 181, 245, 279 Isopropyl, 34, 41, 91, 279 Isradipine, 147, 279 J Jaundice, 219, 275, 279

325

Joint, 253, 279, 309 K Kb, 19, 208, 279 Keratolytic, 259, 279 Keto, 14, 279, 283 Ketone Bodies, 237, 279 Kidney Disease, 208, 213, 218, 223, 279 Kidney Failure, 263, 279, 283 Kinetic, 21, 279, 292 L Labile, 66, 113, 172, 255, 279 Lac Operon, 40, 279 Lactation, 21, 24, 32, 63, 80, 100, 101, 105, 255, 279, 297 Lactobacillus, 40, 42, 44, 47, 48, 49, 53, 57, 59, 70, 72, 78, 79, 126, 156, 157, 189, 279, 280 Lactobacillus acidophilus, 59, 70, 72, 78, 79, 280 Lactose Synthase, 63, 68, 280 Lactulose, 63, 71, 75, 78, 280 Laminin, 46, 64, 246, 266, 280 Large Intestine, 220, 249, 251, 255, 260, 278, 280, 301, 305 Larynx, 243, 280 Latent, 6, 160, 280, 297 Laxative, 238, 280, 285, 306 Lens, 244, 250, 268, 280 Lesion, 280, 281, 309 Lethal, 245, 280, 302 Leucine, 26, 143, 280, 293 Leucocyte, 239, 280 Leukemia, 212, 280 Leukocytes, 21, 36, 99, 246, 248, 252, 264, 272, 280 Library Services, 230, 281 Lichens, 265, 281 Life cycle, 268, 281 Ligament, 281, 298 Ligands, 12, 30, 36, 73, 112, 138, 171, 281, 308 Linkage, 13, 52, 57, 251, 268, 281, 284 Lipid, 23, 32, 34, 43, 47, 56, 171, 243, 244, 253, 271, 278, 279, 281, 286, 291 Lipid Peroxidation, 281, 291 Lipolysis, 24, 281 Lipopolysaccharide, 272, 281 Lipoprotein, 56, 272, 281, 282, 315 Liposomal, 162, 281 Liposomes, 94, 281 Liquor, 152, 281 Lithium, 143, 168, 243, 281

326

Lactose

Liver cancer, 97, 281 Localization, 19, 23, 276, 281 Localized, 14, 237, 259, 263, 277, 280, 281, 295, 314 Locomotion, 281, 295 Loop, 12, 19, 47, 54, 56, 169, 281 Loperamide, 79, 90, 282 Low-density lipoprotein, 281, 282 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 269, 282 Loxapine, 240, 282 Lubricants, 147, 149, 282, 294 Lucida, 280, 282 Lumen, 132, 157, 282 Lutein Cells, 282, 297 Lymph, 252, 263, 282 Lymphatic, 277, 282, 306 Lymphocyte, 242, 282, 283 Lymphoid, 242, 280, 282 Lymphoma, 212, 282 Lysine, 64, 86, 142, 143, 258, 282, 312 Lytic, 13, 282, 315 M Macrophage, 81, 118, 282 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 282 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 14, 99, 282 Malignant, 212, 238, 243, 244, 281, 282, 288 Malnutrition, 6, 239, 245, 283, 287 Mammary, 21, 23, 32, 62, 118, 174, 175, 255, 280, 283 Mammogram, 249, 283, 285 Mandible, 240, 283, 302 Manic, 243, 281, 283, 299 Manic-depressive psychosis, 283, 299 Manifest, 283, 307 Man-made, 37, 250, 283 Mannitol, 44, 61, 67, 106, 143, 153, 161, 166, 187, 283 Mannoheptulose, 133, 283 Maple Syrup Urine Disease, 14, 283 Mastitis, 106, 283 Matrix metalloproteinase, 17, 283 Meat, 31, 219, 260, 283 Meat Products, 260, 283 Medial, 244, 266, 283 Mediate, 14, 26, 37, 261, 283 Mediator, 76, 117, 283, 304 Medicament, 163, 165, 176, 177, 283, 308 MEDLINE, 209, 211, 213, 283 Megaloblastic, 267, 283 Melanin, 284, 294, 313 Melanocytes, 284

Melanoma, 212, 284 Melibiose, 48, 51, 64, 123, 143, 284 Membrane Fusion, 39, 284 Membrane Proteins, 29, 34, 281, 284 Memory, 241, 259, 284 Meninges, 251, 284 Meningitis, 272, 284 Menopause, 284, 293, 296, 298 Mental Disorders, 284, 299 Mental Health, iv, 11, 208, 210, 284, 299 Mental Processes, 261, 284, 299 Mercury, 168, 284 Mesentery, 284, 293 Mesolimbic, 243, 284 Metabolic disorder, 104, 272, 284 Metabolite, 14, 260, 264, 284 Metastasis, 283, 284 Methionine, 45, 142, 143, 144, 260, 285, 308 Methylcellulose, 135, 147, 285 Metoclopramide, 4, 126, 285 MI, 8, 9, 80, 116, 181, 202, 203, 219, 221, 236, 285 Micelles, 34, 285 Microbe, 285, 309, 311 Microbiology, 21, 60, 62, 67, 71, 89, 91, 95, 100, 238, 285 Microcalcifications, 249, 285 Microorganism, 11, 133, 254, 285, 292, 315 Micro-organism, 167, 259, 285 Microvillus, 19, 285 Migration, 30, 134, 170, 285 Milliliter, 248, 285 Mistletoe lectin, 75, 112, 117, 120, 285 Mitochondria, 142, 285, 290 Mitochondrial Swelling, 285, 288 Mitosis, 244, 285 Mitotic, 141, 285 Mobilization, 54, 285 Modeling, 13, 26, 31, 73, 174, 286 Modification, 3, 16, 29, 54, 79, 88, 113, 120, 158, 198, 200, 270, 286 Molasses, 168, 286 Molecular Conformation, 28, 286 Molecular mass, 169, 286 Molecular Probes, 263, 286 Molecular Structure, 28, 286 Monitor, 22, 23, 100, 286, 289 Monoclonal, 114, 274, 286 Monocyte, 81, 286 Morphological, 170, 263, 268, 284, 286 Morphology, 26, 82, 170, 250, 286 Motion Sickness, 286, 288, 298

Index

Movement Disorders, 240, 243, 286, 310 Mucins, 259, 264, 271, 286, 303 Mucosa, 6, 25, 187, 264, 269, 286, 297 Multiple sclerosis, 146, 286 Multivalent, 245, 287 Muscle Fibers, 287, 312 Muscle Relaxation, 32, 287 Muscular Atrophy, 213, 287 Muscular Dystrophies, 262, 287 Mutagenesis, 25, 34, 42, 47, 73, 120, 287 Mutagens, 268, 287 Mutate, 11, 287 Myalgia, 277, 287 Myasthenia, 146, 287 Myelin, 286, 287 Myocardial infarction, 243, 257, 285, 287, 298 Myocardial Ischemia, 241, 287 Myocardium, 241, 285, 287 Myosin, 287, 312 Myotonic Dystrophy, 213, 287 N Nalidixic Acid, 133, 287 Narcolepsy, 264, 287 Nasal Mucosa, 277, 287 Natural selection, 247, 287 Nausea, 6, 8, 132, 134, 195, 203, 220, 234, 242, 243, 261, 269, 277, 288, 313 NCI, 1, 207, 253, 288 Necrosis, 18, 112, 244, 277, 285, 287, 288 Need, 3, 11, 16, 70, 152, 172, 180, 191, 195, 197, 202, 224, 238, 253, 271, 283, 288, 311 Nelfinavir, 29, 288 Neonatal, 26, 88, 272, 288 Neoplasia, 62, 212, 288 Neoplasm, 288, 312 Neoplastic, 274, 282, 288 Nephropathy, 279, 288 Nerve, 172, 238, 241, 245, 259, 283, 286, 288, 297, 302, 303, 307, 312 Networks, 13, 27, 288 Neuroleptic, 239, 243, 288 Neuromuscular, 83, 169, 237, 288, 298, 310, 312, 313 Neuromuscular Junction, 169, 237, 288 Neuronal, 288 Neurons, 259, 265, 268, 288, 309 Neuropeptides, 143, 288 Neurotoxin, 169, 288 Neutrophil, 86, 120, 288 Ngu, 106, 288 Niacin, 143, 288, 312

327

Niacinamide, 107, 289 Niche, 27, 289 Nisin, 189, 289 Nitrogen, 239, 240, 266, 271, 286, 289, 312 Nitroglycerin, 71, 134, 138, 289 Norepinephrine, 238, 240, 261, 264, 289 Nuclear, 17, 20, 65, 73, 99, 245, 262, 265, 283, 288, 289, 307, 310 Nuclear Proteins, 20, 289 Nuclei, 74, 262, 270, 278, 282, 285, 289, 299 Nucleic acid, 172, 270, 287, 289, 300 Nucleoproteins, 289 Nucleosomes, 12, 289 Nucleotidases, 275, 289 Nucleus, 17, 244, 245, 246, 253, 257, 258, 259, 263, 264, 265, 289, 299, 307, 310 Nutritional Status, 70, 115, 289 Nutritive Value, 289 Nystagmus, 169, 290 O Oculi, 247, 290 Odour, 244, 290, 313 Ointments, 261, 290 Oligo, 15, 157, 290 Oligosaccharides, 23, 36, 43, 49, 75, 77, 85, 95, 99, 101, 108, 126, 158, 167, 176, 178, 239, 290 Oliguria, 279, 283, 290 Oncogene, 212, 290 Oophoritis, 272, 290 Opacity, 250, 259, 290 Operon, 33, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 91, 123, 170, 189, 290, 301 Ophthalmic, 290, 296 Orbicularis, 247, 290 Organ Preservation, 180, 290 Organ Transplantation, 258, 290 Organelles, 253, 258, 284, 290, 307 Organoleptic, 141, 185, 290 Ornithine, 258, 290 Orthostatic, 243, 290 Osmolarity, 283, 290 Osmosis, 159, 291 Osmotic, 132, 147, 154, 239, 285, 291, 304 Osteodystrophy, 291 Osteoporosis, 10, 16, 84, 85, 89, 142, 203, 218, 291 Outpatient, 122, 291 Ovaries, 265, 291, 304, 310 Ovary, 124, 290, 291 Overexpress, 17, 37, 291 Overweight, 108, 176, 291

328

Lactose

Ovum, 258, 270, 281, 291, 297, 316 Oxidation, 142, 160, 237, 243, 249, 258, 271, 281, 291 Oxidative Stress, 18, 291 Oxygen Consumption, 291, 302 P Pain Threshold, 32, 291 Palate, 173, 291 Palliative, 60, 291, 310 Pancreas, 237, 260, 278, 291, 292, 303, 306, 312 Pancreatic, 31, 136, 157, 212, 250, 269, 291, 292 Pancreatic cancer, 31, 212, 291 Pancreatic Juice, 269, 291 Pancreatitis, 142, 292 Paneth Cells, 264, 292 Paralysis, 257, 265, 292, 306, 310 Parasite, 29, 292 Parasitic, 254, 273, 292 Parenteral, 264, 292 Paresthesia, 292, 310 Parietal, 292, 293 Parkinsonism, 243, 292 Paroxysmal, 212, 241, 292 Partial remission, 292, 301 Particle, 28, 135, 141, 144, 152, 162, 166, 172, 176, 187, 283, 292, 306, 311 Particle Accelerators, 283, 292 Parturition, 292, 297 Patch, 292, 311 Pathogen, 33, 292 Pathogenesis, 18, 23, 73, 292 Pathologic, 4, 16, 237, 244, 247, 248, 257, 275, 292, 302 Pathologic Processes, 244, 292 Pathophysiology, 75, 98, 292 Patient Education, 218, 222, 228, 230, 236, 292 Peanut Agglutinin, 120, 292 Pelvic, 293, 298 Penicillin, 44, 242, 293, 314 Pentosyltransferases, 271, 293 Pepsin, 293, 303 Pepsin A, 293 Peptic, 5, 156, 293 Peptic Ulcer, 156, 293 Peptide, 25, 80, 172, 189, 252, 264, 275, 293, 296, 298 Peptide Hydrolases, 275, 293 Perception, 31, 293, 303 Perimenopausal, 70, 293

Periodontitis, 21, 293 Peripheral Nervous System, 293, 306, 308 Periplasm, 34, 293 Peritoneal, 38, 260, 262, 293 Peritoneal Cavity, 38, 293 Peritoneal Dialysis, 260, 262, 293 Peritoneum, 38, 284, 293 Peritonitis, 272, 293 Petrolatum, 263, 294 Petroleum, 267, 269, 294 PH, 248, 294 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 251, 265, 269, 294, 298 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 261, 294 Pharmacokinetic, 38, 294 Pharmacologic, 241, 272, 294, 311 Pharynx, 269, 277, 294 Phenolphthalein, 263, 294 Phenotype, 51, 52, 75, 139, 294 Phenylalanine, 26, 34, 123, 143, 244, 293, 294, 313 Phonation, 243, 294 Phospholipases, 294, 305 Phospholipids, 144, 266, 281, 294 Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, 275, 294 Phosphorus, 122, 136, 143, 158, 249, 294 Phosphorylated, 11, 32, 42, 254, 294 Phosphorylation, 11, 40, 49, 52, 294 Photocoagulation, 254, 294 Photodynamic therapy, 95, 295 Phylogeny, 11, 295 Physical Examination, 270, 295 Physiologic, 10, 239, 247, 272, 278, 295, 300, 302 Physiology, 5, 29, 50, 63, 77, 104, 118, 195, 295 Phytotoxin, 295, 302 Pigment, 246, 284, 295 Placebo Effect, 78, 295 Placenta, 146, 295, 297 Plant Diseases, 264, 295 Plant Proteins, 295, 314 Plaque, 33, 71, 252, 295 Plasma cells, 242, 295 Plasma protein, 239, 295, 298, 304 Plasmid, 43, 46, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 64, 68, 106, 295, 314 Platelet Activation, 295, 305 Platelets, 75, 76, 117, 295, 296, 304, 310 Platinum, 281, 296

Index

Poisoning, 51, 254, 259, 265, 267, 269, 278, 284, 288, 296, 304 Polycystic, 213, 296 Polyesters, 172, 296 Polyethylene, 64, 135, 147, 296 Polyglycolic Acid, 172, 296 Polymerase, 189, 296, 301 Polymers, 55, 60, 149, 158, 162, 172, 247, 296, 298 Polymorphism, 19, 38, 296 Polypeptide, 94, 240, 255, 267, 289, 293, 296, 297, 298, 306, 315, 316 Polyposis, 255, 296 Polysaccharide, 27, 153, 158, 161, 170, 242, 251, 271, 296 Polyvinyl Alcohol, 149, 296 Posterior, 241, 245, 251, 290, 291, 296 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 240, 296 Postmenopausal, 22, 291, 296 Postnatal, 132, 296 Postoperative, 50, 297 Postsynaptic, 297, 305, 309 Potassium, 123, 136, 143, 158, 168, 297 Potentiation, 297, 305 Practice Guidelines, 210, 297 Precipitation, 162, 183, 297 Preclinical, 177, 297 Precursor, 23, 168, 246, 253, 261, 262, 264, 289, 294, 297, 298, 307, 312, 313, 314, 315 Predisposition, 6, 297 Pregnancy Tests, 270, 297 Prejudice, 187, 297 Presumptive, 59, 297 Presynaptic, 297, 309 Prevalence, 5, 6, 10, 77, 79, 90, 91, 97, 118, 121, 132, 297 Probe, 28, 34, 50, 124, 297 Progesterone, 297, 307 Progression, 188, 241, 297 Progressive, 32, 55, 244, 251, 253, 259, 261, 272, 287, 288, 295, 297, 301, 312 Prolactin, 32, 248, 297 Proline, 21, 27, 91, 143, 255, 275, 297 Promethazine, 252, 298 Promoter, 14, 19, 20, 22, 41, 43, 56, 189, 298, 315 Prone, 16, 160, 298 Propantheline, 4, 298 Proportional, 298, 308 Propranolol, 29, 298 Propylene Glycol, 133, 166, 184, 298 Prostate, 212, 298

329

Protease, 14, 26, 169, 288, 298 Protein Conformation, 240, 298 Protein S, 26, 45, 141, 195, 213, 247, 270, 298, 302, 309 Proteolytic, 239, 254, 255, 264, 267, 298, 302 Proteus, 47, 55, 113, 121, 298 Prothrombin, 298, 310 Protocol, 24, 27, 299 Protons, 119, 275, 282, 292, 299, 300 Protozoa, 285, 299, 307 Proximal, 19, 23, 261, 297, 299 Pruritus, 243, 298, 299, 313 Pseudomonas, 43, 133, 287, 299 Psychic, 299, 303 Psychogenic, 243, 299 Psychology, 261, 299 Psychosis, 181, 182, 243, 270, 299 Puberty, 15, 299 Public Health, 38, 43, 67, 106, 210, 299 Public Policy, 209, 299 Publishing, 6, 39, 192, 299 Pulmonary, 92, 144, 145, 247, 252, 256, 273, 275, 279, 299, 309, 314 Pulmonary Artery, 247, 299, 314 Pulmonary Edema, 252, 279, 299 Pulmonary Ventilation, 275, 299 Pulse, 14, 286, 300 Purifying, 169, 300 Purines, 300, 304 Purulent, 272, 300 Q Quaternary, 133, 298, 300 Quinolones, 150, 300 R Race, 91, 239, 285, 300 Radiation, 241, 263, 264, 267, 283, 300, 316 Radioactive, 272, 275, 276, 283, 286, 289, 300 Radiography, 270, 300 Radiolabeled, 7, 300 Raffinose, 45, 61, 143, 151, 170, 300 Randomized, 3, 7, 59, 92, 262, 300 Reagent, 252, 274, 300 Reality Testing, 299, 300 Recombinant, 21, 36, 39, 44, 54, 105, 146, 300, 314 Recombination, 35, 40, 300 Reconstitution, 17, 53, 175, 300 Rectal, 31, 221, 300 Rectum, 243, 248, 255, 260, 267, 269, 277, 280, 298, 300, 301, 308

330

Lactose

Red blood cells, 94, 147, 265, 273, 301, 303 Red Nucleus, 245, 301 Refer, 1, 159, 249, 255, 268, 281, 288, 299, 301 Reflective, 26, 301 Reflux, 269, 301 Refraction, 301, 306 Refractory, 4, 262, 301 Regeneration, 300, 301 Regimen, 136, 262, 295, 301 Regulon, 46, 47, 301 Regurgitation, 159, 269, 301 Rehydration, 136, 301 Reliability, 86, 301 Remission, 9, 283, 301 Renal failure, 134, 259, 301 Renal tubular, 258, 301 Repressor, 12, 19, 34, 35, 41, 51, 54, 93, 94, 97, 170, 171, 290, 301 Repressor Proteins, 170, 171, 301 Resorption, 188, 302 Respiration, 41, 114, 177, 250, 252, 257, 286, 302 Restoration, 136, 300, 301, 302, 316 Retina, 280, 302 Retinoblastoma, 212, 302 Reversion, 302, 313 Rhamnose, 143, 302 Rheology, 152, 302 Rheumatism, 275, 302 Rheumatoid, 146, 302 Rheumatoid arthritis, 146, 302 Rhinitis, 177, 252, 264, 298, 302 Ribose, 143, 160, 238, 302 Ribosome, 302, 312 Ricin, 71, 93, 146, 302 Rickets, 302, 315 Rigidity, 292, 295, 302 Risk factor, 16, 22, 69, 84, 114, 203, 222, 302 Rod, 12, 237, 245, 279, 280, 298, 299, 302 Root Caries, 21, 303 Rye, 108, 254, 265, 303 S Saliva, 65, 303 Salivary, 21, 27, 258, 259, 260, 291, 303 Salivary glands, 258, 259, 260, 303 Salmonellosis, 80, 111, 303 Salpingitis, 272, 303 Saponins, 303, 307 Schizoid, 303, 316 Schizophrenia, 143, 243, 282, 303, 316

Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 303, 316 Sclerosis, 213, 244, 286, 303 Screening, 18, 31, 59, 61, 254, 303 Secretin, 154, 303 Secretion, 23, 118, 136, 248, 274, 278, 279, 286, 303 Secretory, 32, 303, 309 Segregation, 300, 303 Seizures, 135, 259, 292, 303 Selenium, 35, 105, 143, 303 Semen, 298, 303 Seminiferous tubule, 304, 306 Semisynthetic, 248, 304 Senile, 94, 243, 291, 304 Sensibility, 241, 275, 304 Septate, 137, 304 Septic, 298, 304 Septicemia, 46, 50, 304 Sequence Analysis, 73, 304 Serine, 32, 40, 143, 304, 312 Serotonin, 240, 243, 249, 304, 312 Serous, 255, 304 Serum, 15, 23, 25, 55, 66, 81, 106, 113, 140, 239, 241, 243, 255, 282, 293, 300, 304 Serum Albumin, 140, 304 Sex Characteristics, 299, 304 Sex Determination, 213, 304 Shock, 35, 304, 312 Sialyltransferases, 271, 304 Sick Role, 31, 304 Side effect, 38, 134, 138, 162, 164, 238, 239, 243, 305, 311 Signal Transduction, 29, 32, 305 Signs and Symptoms, 222, 301, 305, 313 Silicon, 135, 188, 305 Silicon Dioxide, 135, 188, 305 Skeletal, 16, 118, 188, 257, 287, 305, 306, 312 Skeleton, 63, 237, 279, 305 Smooth muscle, 239, 241, 274, 279, 289, 305, 306, 308 Sodium, 123, 135, 136, 143, 149, 151, 153, 158, 162, 168, 187, 248, 260, 272, 305, 314 Sodium Channels, 305, 314 Soft tissue, 27, 248, 305 Solvent, 149, 175, 179, 237, 246, 265, 271, 291, 294, 298, 305 Soma, 305, 306 Somatic, 31, 105, 285, 293, 306 Somatic cells, 105, 285, 306 Somatostatin, 143, 306

Index

Sorbitol, 66, 75, 133, 143, 153, 161, 166, 187, 283, 306 Sound wave, 256, 301, 306 Spasm, 169, 243, 247, 274, 306 Spasmodic, 169, 200, 237, 306 Spastic, 125, 169, 279, 306 Spasticity, 182, 306 Specialist, 224, 306 Specificity, 19, 21, 30, 38, 41, 120, 146, 168, 238, 280, 306 Spectrometer, 30, 306 Spectrum, 30, 150, 178, 306 Sperm, 253, 304, 306 Spermatozoa, 117, 304, 306 Spinal cord, 251, 253, 284, 288, 293, 306 Spleen, 258, 282, 306 Spliceosomes, 17, 307 Sporadic, 302, 307 Spores, 137, 307 Stabilization, 55, 134, 307 Statistically significant, 7, 307 Steady state, 122, 307 Steel, 152, 307 Steroid, 16, 18, 246, 257, 303, 307 Stimulant, 274, 307, 314 Stimulus, 261, 262, 307, 310 Stool, 29, 123, 220, 221, 277, 279, 280, 307 Stool test, 221, 307 Strabismus, 169, 307 Strand, 296, 307 Streptococci, 27, 44, 47, 48, 50, 100, 121, 307 Stress, 31, 56, 136, 158, 257, 269, 279, 288, 291, 297, 302, 308, 314 Stroke, 208, 250, 308 Subacute, 277, 308 Subclinical, 277, 303, 308 Sublingual, 134, 308 Subspecies, 306, 308 Substance P, 284, 300, 303, 308 Substrate, 7, 15, 24, 30, 41, 44, 139, 167, 178, 179, 181, 250, 275, 301, 308 Sulfides, 168, 308 Sulfites, 160, 166, 308 Sulfur, 168, 266, 285, 308 Sulfuric acid, 168, 240, 308 Supplementation, 5, 79, 94, 106, 115, 116, 117, 118, 123, 308 Support group, 192, 308 Suppositories, 269, 308 Suppression, 26, 308 Suppurative, 272, 308

331

Surface Plasmon Resonance, 17, 308 Surfactant, 133, 309 Symphysis, 298, 309 Symptomatic, 5, 101, 240, 292, 309 Symptomatic treatment, 240, 309 Synapses, 169, 248, 309 Synaptic, 305, 309 Synaptic Vesicles, 309 Synergistic, 297, 309, 311 Systemic, 25, 78, 95, 164, 243, 247, 259, 264, 277, 304, 309 Systolic, 275, 309 T Talc, 155, 162, 188, 309 Tardive, 181, 182, 243, 309 Taurine, 143, 246, 309 Teichoic Acids, 272, 309 Telangiectasia, 213, 309 Terminator, 189, 309 Testis, 21, 309 Tetracycline, 45, 93, 309 Tetracycline Resistance, 45, 309 Tetrodotoxin, 37, 310 Thalamic, 245, 310 Thalamic Diseases, 245, 310 Thalamus, 248, 310 Theophylline, 133, 300, 310 Therapeutics, 3, 71, 77, 79, 93, 122, 310 Thermal, 153, 261, 310 Thiamine, 143, 310 Threonine, 32, 143, 304, 310 Threshold, 275, 310 Thrombin, 75, 117, 267, 298, 310 Thrombocytes, 296, 310 Thrombomodulin, 298, 310 Thrombosis, 298, 308, 310 Thrombus, 142, 257, 277, 287, 310 Thyroid, 275, 310, 311, 313 Thyroxine, 239, 294, 311 Tic, 169, 311 Tidal Volume, 275, 311 Tomography, 248, 282, 311 Tonic, 247, 311 Tonicity, 262, 273, 311 Tooth Preparation, 237, 311 Topical, 245, 252, 265, 294, 311 Torticollis, 169, 311 Toxic, iv, 142, 169, 246, 254, 257, 258, 264, 266, 272, 276, 295, 303, 311 Toxicity, 106, 107, 150, 261, 284, 311 Toxicology, 59, 86, 210, 311

332

Lactose

Toxins, 169, 242, 248, 263, 277, 304, 311, 314 Trace element, 305, 311 Transcriptase, 22, 311 Transcription Factors, 12, 20, 311 Transdermal, 145, 311 Transduction, 57, 305, 311 Transfection, 247, 263, 312 Transferases, 271, 312 Transfusion, 133, 312 Translation, 17, 312 Translational, 56, 97, 312 Translocation, 20, 30, 56, 312 Transmitter, 237, 261, 283, 289, 309, 312 Transplantation, 180, 253, 276, 312 Trauma, 245, 259, 265, 273, 288, 292, 310, 312 Trees, 240, 295, 312 Trigger zone, 243, 312 Trophic, 26, 312 Tropomyosin, 312 Troponin, 19, 312 Trypsin, 147, 169, 264, 312, 316 Tryptophan, 43, 116, 143, 255, 304, 312 Tuberculosis, 18, 256, 312 Tuberous Sclerosis, 213, 312 Tubocurarine, 268, 312 Tumour, 112, 312 Type 2 diabetes, 77, 313 TYPHI, 40, 50, 313 Typhimurium, 43, 48, 51, 52, 313 Typhoid fever, 40, 50, 313 Tyrosine, 32, 91, 123, 143, 250, 261, 313 U Ubiquitin, 26, 313 Ultrafiltration, 158, 175, 183, 273, 313 Ultrasonography, 270, 313 Unconscious, 241, 276, 313 Uraemia, 292, 313 Urea, 7, 290, 313 Uremia, 279, 301, 313 Ureters, 313 Urethra, 288, 298, 313, 314 Urethritis, 272, 313 Urinary, 4, 59, 61, 63, 73, 80, 99, 100, 253, 258, 264, 277, 287, 290, 298, 313, 314 Urinary tract, 59, 287, 298, 313 Urinary tract infection, 59, 287, 298, 313 Urine, 15, 42, 58, 59, 60, 100, 142, 247, 249, 261, 273, 277, 279, 283, 290, 313, 314 Urolithiasis, 188, 314 Urticaria, 74, 252, 314

Uterus, 172, 252, 258, 291, 297, 314 V Vaccine, 25, 238, 299, 314 Vagina, 259, 280, 314 Valine, 143, 314 Valproic Acid, 135, 314 Vascular, 239, 277, 279, 295, 310, 314 Vasculitis, 292, 314 Vasodilator, 261, 265, 274, 314 VE, 64, 105, 112, 132, 314 Vector, 22, 90, 162, 171, 189, 311, 314 Vegetable Proteins, 136, 295, 314 Vegetative, 247, 314 Vein, 278, 289, 314 Venoms, 118, 314 Venous, 289, 298, 314 Ventricle, 275, 299, 300, 309, 310, 314 Vertebral, 84, 314 Veterinary Medicine, 106, 209, 314 Vibrio, 43, 46, 50, 52, 55, 252, 315 Vibrio cholerae, 252, 315 Villi, 82, 315 Vinca Alkaloids, 315 Vincristine, 118, 315 Viral, 39, 136, 162, 272, 273, 277, 311, 315 Virginiamycin, 44, 315 Virion, 245, 315 Virulence, 11, 18, 58, 245, 311, 315 Virulent, 18, 52, 315 Virus, 39, 245, 264, 270, 272, 295, 311, 315 Viscera, 284, 306, 315 Visceral, 31, 293, 315 Viscosity, 52, 72, 148, 152, 158, 161, 170, 172, 182, 302, 315 Visual Acuity, 315 Vitamin D, 122, 235, 302, 315 Vitro, 315 Vivo, 14, 17, 26, 315 W Weight Gain, 6, 157, 315 Wettability, 166, 315 White blood cell, 237, 242, 255, 280, 282, 286, 288, 295, 316 Withdrawal, 198, 259, 316 Womb, 314, 316 Wound Healing, 283, 316 X Xanthophyll, 143, 316 Xenograft, 241, 316 X-ray, 21, 35, 39, 101, 248, 267, 283, 289, 316

Index

Y Yeasts, 150, 157, 268, 278, 294, 316

Z Zygote, 256, 316 Zymogen, 298, 316

333

334

Lactose

Index

335

336

Lactose

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