Listeriosis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

LISTERIOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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LISTERIOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Listeriosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00667-7 1. Listeriosis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on listeriosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LISTERIOSIS ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Listeriosis ...................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 11 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 35 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LISTERIOSIS...................................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Finding Nutrition Studies on Listeriosis..................................................................................... 79 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 82 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LISTERIOSIS ............................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 85 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 92 General References ....................................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON LISTERIOSIS ................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Dissertations on Listeriosis.......................................................................................................... 95 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON LISTERIOSIS ............................................................................................ 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Patent Applications on Listeriosis ............................................................................................... 97 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 99 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON LISTERIOSIS.............................................................................................. 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 101 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 102 Chapters on Listeriosis............................................................................................................... 102 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON LISTERIOSIS ................................................................................... 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 105 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LISTERIOSIS ................................................................ 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 107 Academic Periodicals covering Listeriosis ................................................................................. 109 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 111 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 112 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 117 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 119 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 121 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 123 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 126

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 129 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 129 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 129 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 135 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 138 LISTERIOSIS DICTIONARY...................................................................................................... 139 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 181

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with listeriosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about listeriosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to listeriosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on listeriosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to listeriosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on listeriosis. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LISTERIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on listeriosis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and listeriosis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “listeriosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Long-Term Infectious Complications of Liver Transplantation Source: Seminars in Liver Disease. 15(2): 133-138. May 1995. Contact: Available from Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 381 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016. (800) 782-3488. Summary: In this article, the author reviews the long-term infectious complications of liver transplantation. The author follows the standard classification, discussing persistent infections; typical community acquired infections; and opportunistic infections associated with chronic rejection and aggressive immunosuppression. Infections covered include cytomegalovirus; Epstein-Barr virus; influenza A and B; bacterial infections; cryptococcosis; pneumocystis pneumonia; and listeriosis. The

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author encourages the use of all pertinent pretransplant vaccines to maximize immunologic response in the patient. 1 figure. 1 table. 55 references.

Federally Funded Research on Listeriosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to listeriosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to listeriosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore listeriosis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for listeriosis: •

Project Title: ACELLULAR VACCINES AGAINST FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Conlan, Wayne; Senior Research Officer; National Research Council of Canada Ottawa Kiaor6, Canada Ottawa, On Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): The facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen, Francisella tularensis, can cause severe pneumonia and death following the inhalation of very small numbers of infectious particles. For this reason, F. tularensis is considered a primary biological warfare agent. Acquired host immunity against this pathogen is predominantly T-cell-mediated rather than humoral. An attenuated strain of F. tularensis is an effective live vaccine against virulent strains of the pathogen. However, this strain retains its virulence for mice, and might cause disease if administered to immunocompromised individuals. Thus, for mass-vaccination purposes, a defined fastacting acellular vaccine would be preferable to the current live vaccine. Our institute has developed a novel vaccine delivery technology based on liposomes manufactured from the total polar lipids of various Archaebacteria. These liposomes termed, archaeosomes, generate robust cell-mediated immune responses to model antigens entrapped within them, without the aid of any additional immune stimulants. Recently, we showed that a short peptide antigen of another intracellular pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes, packaged in archaeosomes, provides a high level of protective immunity against this pathogen in a murine listeriosis model after only a single vaccination. Because multiple studies indicate that the same host defenses are needed to combat F. tularensis and L. monocytogenes, it is likely that appropriate antigens of the former pathogen encapsulated in archaeosomes will provide effective acellular vaccines. This proposal will explore this possibility. It is expected that the findings from the proposed studies will be applicable to the development of acellular vaccines against other intracellular

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

respiratory pathogens pneumoniae.

such

as

Mycobacterium

tuberculosis,

and

5

Chlamydia

Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FRAGILE ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rozmiarek, Harry Aclam.; Professor; Clinical Studies; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAY-1998; Project End 14-MAY-2005 Summary: This program proposed cellular level immunology studies in animals made unusually susceptible to ordinary non-pathogenic agents because of the nature of the research. The five interactive investigations each focus on immunology and require special gnotobiotic containment technology and disease monitoring capabilities which will be provided by core support. Project 1 uses the Severe Combined Immunodeficient (SCID) mouse as a model for the analysis mechanisms of pathogenesis and for the evaluation of intervention therapy for central nervous system listeriosis. Project 2 utilizes interleukin-2 (IL-2) deficient mice to address the mechanisms of pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease similar to ulcerative colitis in humans. Project 3 will exploit the similarity between human and canine lymphoietic systems and document the utility of the X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) dog as a model for studying human lymphopoiesis and immune function. Project 4 will explore novel approaches to the prolongation of recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene expression and the ability to readminister recombinant adenovirus in the non-human primate liver. Based on results in analogous studies in the mouse, studies will explore the feasibility of transient immunosuppression or induction of immune un-responsiveness as strategy to improve the usefulness of recombinant adenoviruses as gene therapy vectors. Project 3 proposes to characterize the role of glycoprotein A in the specific interaction of Pneumocystis carinii with host epithelial cells and to study mechanisms in which this organism mediates the severe lung injury seen with Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) as well as a common life-threatening opportunistic infection in other immunocompromised patients. Senior investigators will provide valuable research mentorship to laboratory animal medicine veterinarians in postdoctoral residency training. We expect that during the proposed period of this program these studies will advance to the level of major research initiatives. We expect that during the proposed period of this program, these studies will advanced to the level of major research initiatives. The five projects are supported by a Core Unit for animal resource management, special gnotobiotic technology support, germ free isolators and high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtered enclosures, disease diagnostic monitoring and various research services. Interactions to data have generated gnotobiology policies and are leading to the establishment of a Center for Gnotobiology in support of research with immunocompromised animals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: GAMMA/DELTA T CELLS AND PATHOGEN INDUCED IMMUNE RESPONSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Scott, Phillip A.; Professor & Chair; Clinical Studies; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004

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Summary: The goal of this research proposal is to determine the role gammadelta T cells play in microbial immunity. Although their biological function remains unclear, the chronic inflammation and tissue necrosis that occurs in virus- bacteria- and parasiteinfected gammadelta T cell deficient mice suggest that gammadelta T cells are important in resolving inflammation and preventing the development of chronic disease. However, little is known about how gammadelta T cell responses are regulated, or the nature of the cells and antigens they react with in vivo. Using established mouse models of infectious disease we have shown that gammadelta T cells are involved late in the immune response to viruses and bacteria, coincident with pathogen clearance. Their involvement is dependent upon the elicitation of macrophages (Mphi) expressing high levels of mRNA encoding the 60kDa heat shock protein (HSP60). The gammadelta "response" is also characterized by the predominance of cells expressing a TCR encoded by a single Vgamma (Vgamma1) and Vdelta (Vdelta6.3) chain, concordant with the TCR phenotype of HSP60- reactive hybridomas described by others. Based upon these studies we propose that Vgamma1/Vdelta6.3 T cells are reactive with pathogen-elicited (HSP60 plus) Mphi and as a result of this interaction activated Vgamma1/Vdelta6.3 T cells promote the generation and maintenance of Mphi with antiinflammatory properties that are essential for resolving inflammation and preventing chronic disease. An experimental mouse model of Listeriosis will be used to test this hypothesis. The first specific aim is to identify Listeria-elicited Mphi that can stimulate Vgamma1/Vdelta6.3 T cells and to determine if HSP60 mediates this cell-cell interaction. Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) elicited in response to Listeria-infection will be screened for their ability to activate and induce cytokine production by bulk and clonal populations of Vgamma1/Vdelta6.3 T cells. The functional properties of stimulatory PEC will be established and these cells used to isolate HSP60. The second specific aim is to determine if Vgamma1/Vdelta6.3 can influence the functional properties of Listeria-elicited (HSP60 plus) Mphi. The requirement for gammadelta and Vgamma1/Vdelta6.3 T cells for the generation of antiinflammatory Mphi will be investigated by determining what the outcome of infecting gammadelta-deficient and scid mice with Listeria, or scid mice transduced with Vgamma1/Vdelta6.3 T cells is for Mphi activity. Co-culture assays will also be used to determine if, and by what mechanism, Vgamma1/Vdelta6.3 T cells can modulate the development and functional phenotype of in vitro-generated and in vivo pathogen- elicited Mphi. The possibility that the survival, growth and functional properties of Vgamma1/Vdelta6.3 T cells are changed as a consequence of their interaction with HSP60-expressing macrophages will also be investigated. These studies should provide new and important insights into the biological function of gammadelta T cells, and increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of severe and persistent inflammation that is a hallmark feature of chronic infection and autoimmune disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LISTERIA AND SHIGELLA USE HOST CELL ACTIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Southwick, Frederick S.; Professor; Medicine; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1993; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The gram-positive bacillus Listeria monocytogenes predominantly infects immunocompromised patients, causing bacteremia and meningitis while the gram-negative bacillus Shigella flexneri infects normal hosts causing severe diarrhea and dehydration. The pathogenesis of Listeriosis and Shigellosis absolutely requires these intracellular bacteria to usurp the host cell's

Studies

7

contractile system. Listeria and Shigella induce host cell actin to assemble into rocket tails that rapidly propel the bacteria through the cytoplasm, allowing their cell-to-cell spread and avoidance of the humoral immune system. Actin assembly occurs in a discrete polymerization zone directly behind the motile bacteria. This region blocks the host cell actin-regulatory proteins, gelsolin, CapZ and CapG, that normally cap the fast growing ends of actin filaments. This blocking activity allows actin filaments to rapidly assemble in this discrete zone. Two of these proteins, gelsolin and CapG, require micromolar calcium to function. We will: Aim I - Elucidate how Listeria blocks barbed end-capping proteins in the polymerization zone. Pyrenyl actin and right angle light scattering will be used to examine how profilin combined PIP2 and VASP or N-WASP effects actin filament capping by CapG, CapZ and gelsolin. Capping inhibition by Listeria will be investigated in brain cell free extracts before and after depletion of profilin and VASP. Localization of PIP2 (well known to block capping activity) in Listeria and Shigella infected cells will be studied using a GFP labeled probe. The effects of blocking PIP2 production using the PI kinase inhibitors Wortmannin and quercetin, infecting cells with Listeria ActA mutants lacking PIP2 binding sites, and ActA mutants lacking VASP binding sites will be examined. Aim II - Study the Calcium-Dependence of Listeria and Shigella actin-based motility. Calcium is a critical signal for turning on and off actin regulatory proteins, and we have found that the chelator BAPTAM blocks Shigella actin-based motility and slows the disassembly of Listeria rocket tails. The Ca2+-sensitivity of N-WASP and vinculin, cell proteins unique to Shigella-induced actin assembly, as well as gelsolin will be studied. These investigations should clarify key regulatory pathways required for Listeria- and Shigella-induced actin assembly and may identify new therapeutic targets for treating Listeriosis and Shigellosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LISTERIA PHOSPHOLIPASE ACTIVATION & CELL-TO-CELL SPREAD Principal Investigator & Institution: Marquis, Helene; Microbiology and Immunology; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes serious illness in pregnant women, neonates, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Listeriosis is among the leading causes of death from contaminated food products in US. In the last decade, L.monocytogenes has served as an excellent model system for exploring the interactions that take place between an intracellular parasite and its host. The overall goal of this proposal is to define the mechanisms by which L.monocytogenes is capable of spreading from cell to cell without exposure to the extracellular environment. In previous studies, a broad-range bacterial phospholipase C (PC-PLC) was shown to be necessary for efficient bacterial cell-to-cell spread. PC-PLC is secreted as an inactive precursor (proPC-PLC), and proteolytic cleavage at its Nterminus generates the active form of the enzyme. Recently, we obtained genetic and biochemical evidence that the intracellular activation of pro PC-PLC is mediated by a bacterial metalloprotease (Mpl), which is also active in broth culture, and a cysteine protease, whose activity can only be detected during intracellular infection. The activity of PC-PLC generated by either protease is essentially the same, although there is a small shift in substrate preference. Furthermore, proPC-PLC activation by either pathway is dependent on bacterial localization to a vacuole, and on vacuolar acidification. These observations support a model of bacterial escape from double membrane vacuoles formed during cell-to-cell spread that is dependent on host and bacterial determinants.

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Listeriosis

In this proposal, a multidisciplinary approach will be used to test this model of bacterial cell-to-cell spread. Intravacuolar activation of proPC-PLC will serve as a probe to define the host and bacterial requirements for efficient and rapid lysis of double membrane vacuoles. More specifically, this proposal will define (I) the vacuolar compartment in which proPC-PLC activation occurs, (II) the influence of other bacterial virulence determinants on vacuolar maturation and proPC-PLC activation, (III) the origin and identity of the intracellular-specific proPC-PLC activating cysteine protease, and (IV) the relative importance of the two activating proteases. The long term objective of this research is to define the mechanism by which L.monocytogenes spreads from cell to cell. This may provide a novel target for development of drugs to treat or prevent intracellular microbial infections in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LISTERIA VIRULENCE GENE EXPRESSION WITHIN HOST CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Freitag, Nancy E.; Assistant Professor; Seattle Biomedical Research Institute 307 Westlake Ave N, Suite 500 Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative, intracytoplasmic bacterial pathogen that is responsible for serious infections in immunocompromised patients, pregnant women, and neonates. L. monocytogenes infections are primarily food-borne and listeriosis is the leading cause of death from food-related illness. In addition to its significance as a human pathogen, L. monocytogenes also serves as a useful model system for exploring the intracellular interactions that take place between parasite and host. L. monocytogenes is capable of sensing the different host cell compartment environments it encounters during the course of infection and of responding with the regulated expression of virulence factors. The PrfA protein of L. monocytogenes is a key transcriptional activator of virulence gene expression. PrfA contributes to the temporal regulation of L. monocytogenes gene expression within host cells, but the mechanisms used by the bacterium to coordinate intracellular gene expression are unknown. The goal of these studies is to elucidate the mechanisms that govern intracellular gene expression and to identify L. monocytogenes gene products that are subject to this intracellular regulatory network. In Aim 1, experiments are designed to analyze the mutations in L. monocytogenes regulatory mutants with altered patterns of intracellular gene expression and to define the effects of these mutations on virulence gene regulation. These studies should lead to the identification of new components that may act in concert with PrfA and that contribute to intracellular regulation of gene expression. Aim 2 will define functional regions of PrfA that promote activation of virulence gene expression. The contributions of specific functional domains of PrfA to virulence gene regulation in L. monocytogenes will be assessed. In Aim 3, studies are designed to identify additional L. monocytogenes gene products whose expression or activity is PrfA-dependent, and assess the contributions of these products to bacterial pathogenesis. The proposed studies should further our understanding as to how an intracellular bacterium senses the environment of different host cell compartments and regulates expression and activity of its virulence factors in response. This information is important towards better definition of the interactions that occur between host and pathogen during the process of infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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9

Project Title: ROLE OF ADAPTER PROTEIN IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Diakonova, Maria; Molecular/Cell/Develop Biology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUN-2004; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that can cause meningitis, meningoencephalitis, septicemias, abortions and, in some cases, gastroenteritis. The overall mortality rate is >20% and fetal or neonatal infection with Listeria has an even higher mortality. Listeria invades a broad range of cell types. Intracellular Listeria replicates in the cytoplasm of host cells and induces the polymerization of host actin filaments ("actin tails") at the bacteria surface using bacterial protein ActA. Actin-based motility allows Listeria to spread from cell to cell without leaving the protective intracellular niche, and is essential for pathogenesis. However, the mechanism underlying Listeria motility and spreading remains elusive. The adapter protein SH2- Bbeta regulates cell motility. I have implicated SH2- Bbeta in the motility of Listeria. Preliminary data revealed that Listeria in cells overexpressing wild type SH2- Bbeta demonstrates increased velocity (225% of control) while expression of SH2 domain-deficient mutants of SH2- Bbeta in host cells inhibits Listeria movement (by approximately 60%). In a cell-free system using Xenopus ooeyte extracts and purified GST-SH2-Bbeta, SH2-Ba increased the velocity of Listeria by 140% of control. I have shown that SH2- Bbeta binds to VASP/profilin two proteins that have been shown to participate in actin-dependent Listeria motility. This application tests the hypothesis that SH2- Bbeta promotes Listeria infection by stimulating actin-based motility. The first aim will determine whether VASP/ profilin directly bind(s) to SH2Bbeta. The second aim will determine whether SH2- Bbeta interaction with VASP/profilin is required for Listeria motility. The third aim will test whether SH2- Ba is required for spreading of Listeria infection. The fourth aim will examine whether SH2- Bbeta is required for the virulence of Listeria. In addition to providing insight into the molecular mechanism by which SH2- Bbeta contributes to Listeria motility, the results of the application studies will increase our understanding of the fundamental mechanism by which Listeria spreads. These studies designed to identify new proteins and signaling pathways involved in Listeria motility may identify new therapeutic targets for preventing the rapid distribution of Listeria infection and thereby protect people from listeriosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: SIGMA MONOCYTOGENES

B

AND

STRESS

RESPONSE

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LISTERIA

Principal Investigator & Institution: Boor, Kathryn J.; Food Science; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Listeria monocytogenes (L. m.) causes serious invasive diseases in humans and animals, with a human case mortality rate of approximately 20%. One goal of the US Dept. of Health and Human Services Healthy People 2010 Initiative is to reduce human listeriosis cases by 50%. The long-term objective of our research program is to contribute to that end through identification of factors that influence L. m. pathogenesis, which ultimately will enable development of novel and effective intervention strategies for preventing listerial infections. The work proposed in this application is designed to test the specific hypotheses that (i) the

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sigma/B general stress response system in gram-positive bacterial pathogens (and specifically in L. monocytogenes) provides a key transcriptional regulatory mechanism that facilitates environmental survival and virulence through induction of stress response genes; and that (ii) bacterial stress response systems contribute to pathogenesis by responding to specific environments, including those encountered in the host, through initiation of stress response and virulence gene expression (e.g., prfA). The specific aims of these studies are to: (1) Define the L. m. sigmaB regulon through proteomic and genetic approaches. (2) Determine sigmaB regulon expression patterns under environmental stress conditions, sigma/B -dependent gene expression patterns will be evaluated using microarrays and reporter (-3) Measure sigmaB-dependent gene expression during host cell infection. Reporter fusions to selected sigmaB-dependent genes (e.g., prfA) in wildtype L. m. and selected null mutant strains (e.g., AsigB) will be used to identify gene expression patterns during cellular infection in tissue culture models. (4) Characterize deltasigmaB mutant virulence in tissue culture and animal models. At the conclusion of these studies, we will have developed an understanding of the contribution of cyB and the sigmaB-dependent stress response system to L. monocytogenes environmental survival and infection. More broadly, L. monocytogenes will serve as a model system for examining the role of alternative sigma factor-directed general stress response systems in survival and pathogenesis of gram-positive foodborne pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE BASIS OF FUNCTIONAL VARIATION IN GAMMA/DELTA T CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: O'brien, Rebecca L.; Associate Professor; National Jewish Medical & Res Ctr and Research Center Denver, Co 80206 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): One of the most important issues in immunology today involves how immune responses are regulated. A number of cell types, including the (gammadeltaT cells, have been shown to influence immune and inflammatory responses, but little is understood about how this process is carded out. The gammadelta T cells of mice and humans have a quite limited TCR repertoire, and appear to exist largely as subsets of cells having certain conserved TCR elements, often distributed in a nonrandom manner. Our recent studies have indicated that gammadelta T cell subsets also differ functionally from one another. Our hypothesis is that infection or inflammation induces the expression of ligands for particular gammadelta TCRs, which in turn stimulate the responses of functionally distinct gammadelta cell subsets, having diverse effects on the host response. The specific aims of this proposal are to test three major implications of this hypothesis: Specific Aim 1 - to determine whether gammadelta TCR type and function also cosegregate in listeriosis. Our hypothesis implies that gammadelta T cells subsets are functionally distinct from one another. We plan to examine and compare three gammadelta T cell subsets that respond during inflammation induced by Listeria infection for their cytokine profiles, their ability to proliferate during infection, and their ability to modulate macrophage-mediated killing of Listeria. Specific Aim 2 - to examine whether TCR stimulation is required to bring about the response of a gammadelta T cell subset during Listeria infection. Our hypothesis implies that a gammadelta T cell subset must be specifically activated in order to evoke a certain function. If, as we propose, the TCR defines the subset, then TCR stimulation would be critical in bringing about the responses of two gammadelta T cell subsets. We will examine the role of the TCR in eliciting functional responses of two

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gammadelta T cell subsets using soluble TCR multimers as competetive agents. Specific Aim 3 - to determine the mechanism by which the gammadelta T cell subsets influence disease outcome. Our hypothesis implies that gammadelta T cells subset have fixed functions. Using adoptive transfer, we will examine three gammadelta T cell subsets individually for their ability to influence listerioisis in mice otherwise lacking gammadelta T cells. We will also examine the importance to disease outcome of the ability of each subset to produce particular cytokines, induce the death of other cells, and undergo apoptosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: USE OF SCID & IMMUNOCOMPETENT MICE TO ANALYZE PATHOGENESIS OF ORAL LISTERIOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cebra, John J.; Professor; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Project 1: Use of Severe Combined Immunodeficient and Immunocompetent Mice to Analyze the Pathogenesis of Oral Listeriosis (and CNS-Disease) We propose to use Severe Combined Immunodeficient (scid) and Immunocompetent (imcomp) mice, either conventionally reared (CNV) or with no gut microbial flora (GF, germ free) as models to analyze the pathogenesis or oral infection by L. monocytogenes and the host response to such gut mucosal challenge. L. monocytogenes is an opportunistic, sometimes fatal, pathogen of humans and a more common pathogen of domestic food animals. We have developed the first laboratory animal model for Central Nervous System (CNS)-listeriosis following oral infection. Oral infection of CNV scid mice with 'wild-type' L. monocytogenes results in CNS-infection and symptoms--classically 'circling disease' and death within 14-21 days. We plan to use 'wild-type' virulent L. monocytogenes, and four virulence- factor negative ('knock-out') strains of L.monocytogenes to probe the mechanisms of pathogenesis via the gut mucosal route and the role the elements of the host's mucosal immune system may play to prevent, contain, and resolve gut mucosal infections. We believe our finds may be relevant to understanding and immunizing versus gut mucosal infections. We believe our findings may be relevant to understand and immunizing versus gut mucosal infections by many facultative, intracellular bacterial pathogens. We aim to: 1) analyze how oral/gut mucosal L. monocytogenes can translocate the gut, disseminate and transit the bloodbrain barrier; 2) evaluate which elements of the host's mucosal immune system may act to prevent and limit infection; 3) determine whether 'innate' or 'natural' immune mechanisms may be effecting at limiting infection by the gut mucosal route; 4) use L. monocytogenes mucosal infections as a model for evaluating whether secretory IgA Abs can effectively contain an infection of the mucosal epithelium by a bacterial intracellular pathogen. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “listeriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for listeriosis in the PubMed Central database: •

A mutant of Listeria monocytogenes LO28 unable to induce an acid tolerance response displays diminished virulence in a murine model. by Marron L, Emerson N, Gahan CG, Hill C.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168821

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A new method for direct detection of Listeria monocytogenes from foods by PCR. by Makino S, Okada Y, Maruyama T.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167673

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A nonamer peptide derived from Listeria monocytogenes metalloprotease is presented to cytolytic T lymphocytes. by Busch DH, Bouwer HG, Hinrichs D, Pamer EG.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175766

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A Novel Serotype-Specific Gene Cassette (gltA-gltB) Is Required for Expression of Teichoic Acid-Associated Surface Antigens in Listeria monocytogenes of Serotype 4b. by Lei XH, Fiedler F, Lan Z, Kathariou S.; 2001 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94985

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A recombinant minigene vaccine containing a nonameric cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte epitope confers limited protection against Listeria monocytogenes infection. by An LL, Pamer E, Whitton JL.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173980

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A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing: Listeria innocua Strains with Teichoic Acid-Associated Surface Antigens and Genes Characteristic of Listeria monocytogenes Serogroup 4. by Lan Z, Fiedler F, Kathariou S.; 2000 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94752

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A/J Mice Are Susceptible and C57BL/6 Mice Are Resistant to Listeria monocytogenes Infection by Intragastric Inoculation. by Czuprynski CJ, Faith NG, Steinberg H.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145353

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Aberrant Macrophage and Neutrophil Population Dynamics and Impaired Th1 Response to Listeria monocytogenes in Colony-Stimulating Factor 1-Deficient Mice. by Guleria I, Pollard JW.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98086

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With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Ability of the Listeria monocytogenes Strain Scott A To Cause Systemic Infection in Mice Infected by the Intragastric Route. by Czuprynski CJ, Faith NG, Steinberg H.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123921

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Acquired resistance against a secondary infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice is not dependent on reactive nitrogen intermediates. by Samsom JN, Langermans JA, Groeneveld PH, van Furth R.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173903

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Adaptive Immunity against Listeria monocytogenes in the Absence of Type I Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor p55. by White DW, Badovinac VP, Fan X, Harty JT.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98351

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Adhesion, Invasion, and Translocation Characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes Serotypes in Caco-2 Cell and Mouse Models. by Jaradat ZW, Bhunia AK.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161501

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Administration of antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody RB6-8C5 prevents expression of acquired resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection in previously immunized mice. by Czuprynski CJ, Brown JF, Wagner RD, Steinberg H.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303240

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Administration of purified anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody impairs the resistance of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection. by Czuprynski CJ, Brown JF, Young KM, Cooley AJ.; 1989 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313048

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Administration of Superantigens Protects Mice from Lethal Listeria monocytogenes Infection by Enhancing Cytotoxic T Cells. by Okamoto S, Kawabata S, Nakagawa I, Hamada S.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100037

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Alteration of cell-mediated immunity to Listeria monocytogenes in proteinmalnourished mice treated with thymosin fraction V. by Petro TM, Chien G, Watson RR.; 1982 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347575

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An anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody protects mice against a lethal infection with Listeria monocytogenes through induction of endogenous cytokines. by Nakane A, Okamoto M, Asano M, Kohanawa M, Minagawa T.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280922

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An outbreak of listeriosis suspected to have been caused by rainbow trout. by Ericsson H, Eklow A, Danielsson-Tham ML, Loncarevic S, Mentzing LO, Persson I, Unnerstad H, Tham W.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230084

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Analysis of clinical and food-borne isolates of Listeria monocytogenes in the United States by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and application of the method to

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epidemiologic investigations. by Bibb WF, Gellin BG, Weaver R, Schwartz B, Plikaytis BD, Reeves MW, Pinner RW, Broome CV.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184572 •

Analysis of colony-stimulating factors and macrophage progenitor cells in mice immunized against Listeria monocytogenes by adoptive transfer. by Wing EJ, Magee DM, Barczynski LK.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260611

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Analysis of cytokine mRNA expression in Listeria-resistant C57BL/6 and Listeriasusceptible A/J mice during Listeria monocytogenes infection. by Iizawa Y, Wagner RD, Czuprynski CJ.; 1993 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281072

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Antibodies to the leucine-rich repeat region of internalin block entry of Listeria monocytogenes into cells expressing E-cadherin. by Mengaud J, Lecuit M, Lebrun M, Nato F, Mazie JC, Cossart P.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174545

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Antigen-specific T-cell responses during primary and secondary Listeria monocytogenes infection. by Daugelat S, Ladel CH, Schoel B, Kaufmann SH.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186431

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Antimicrobial Activities against 84 Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Patients with Systemic Listeriosis at a Comprehensive Cancer Center (1955-1997). by Safdar A, Armstrong D.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149630

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Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from 1958 to 1982 in Sweden. by Larsson S, Walder MH, Cronberg SN, Forsgren AB, Moestrup T.; 1985 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176300

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Application of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to the typing of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from raw milk, nondairy foods, and clinical and veterinary sources. by Harvey J, Gilmour A.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201515

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Application of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis in studies of the epidemiology of Listeria monocytogenes in Denmark. by Norrung B, Skovgaard N.; 1993 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182371

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Assessment of the Accuprobe Listeria monocytogenes culture identification reagent kit for rapid colony confirmation and its application in various enrichment broths. by Ninet B, Bannerman E, Bille J.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183227

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Attachment of Listeria monocytogenes to Radish Tissue Is Dependent upon Temperature and Flagellar Motility. by Gorski L, Palumbo JD, Mandrell RE.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152467

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Automated Ribotyping Using Different Enzymes To Improve Discrimination of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates, with a Particular Focus on Serotype 4b Strains. by De Cesare A, Bruce JL, Dambaugh TR, Guerzoni ME, Wiedmann M.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88281

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Bay Y 3118, a new quinolone derivative, rapidly eradicates Listeria monocytogenes from infected mice and L929 cells. by Nichterlein T, Kretschmar M, Budeanu C, Bauer J, Linss W, Hof H.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284583

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Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes during fabrication and storage of experimentally contaminated smoked salmon. by Guyer S, Jemmi T.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182979

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CapG[minus sign]/[minus sign] Mice Have Specific Host Defense Defects That Render Them More Susceptible than CapG +/ + Mice to Listeria monocytogenes Infection but Not to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection. by Parikh SS, Litherland SA, Clare-Salzler MJ, Li W, Gulig PA, Southwick FS.; 2003 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=219612

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Cell-mediated resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes in nude mice. by Emmerling P, Finger H, Hof H.; 1977 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=421378

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Cellular Immunity of Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes in Diffusion Chambers. by Osebold JW, DiCapua RA.; 1968 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=315148

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Changes in serum colony-stimulating factor and monocytic progenitor cells during Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. by Wing EJ, Waheed A, Shadduck RK.; 1984 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263297

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Characterization and Pathogenic Potential of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from the Smoked Fish Industry. by Norton DM, Scarlett JM, Horton K, Sue D, Thimothe J, Boor KJ, Wiedmann M.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92631

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Characterization by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis of Listeria monocytogenes strains related to the Swiss epidemic of listeriosis. by Nocera D, Bannerman E, Rocourt J, Jaton-Ogay K, Bille J.; 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268158

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Characterization by Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates Involved in Ovine Listeriosis Outbreaks in Scotland from 1989 to 1991. by Baxter F, Wright F, Chalmers RM, Low JC, Donachie W.; 1993 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182417

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Characterization of an aromatic amino acid-dependent Listeria monocytogenes mutant: attenuation, persistence, and ability to induce protective immunity in mice. by Alexander JE, Andrew PW, Jones D, Roberts IS.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280833

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Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis in a strain expressing perfringolysin O in place of listeriolysin O. by Jones S, Portnoy DA.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303309

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Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes Strains Involved in Invasive and Noninvasive Listeriosis Outbreaks by PCR-Based Fingerprinting Techniques. by Franciosa G, Tartaro S, Wedell-Neergaard C, Aureli P.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92799

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Characterization of Recurrent and Sporadic Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Raw Milk and Nondairy Foods by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, Monocin Typing, Plasmid Profiling, and Cadmium and Antibiotic Resistance Determination. by Harvey J, Gilmour A.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92656

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Chemical composition and biological functions of Listeria monocytogenes cell wall preparations. by Hether NW, Campbell PA, Baker LA, Jackson LL.; 1983 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=348071

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Chemokine Receptor 5 Is Dispensable for Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Listeria monocytogenes Infection. by Zhong MX, Kuziel WA, Pamer EG, Serbina NV.; 2004 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=321636

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Cloning of rel from Listeria monocytogenes as an Osmotolerance Involvement Gene. by Okada Y, Makino SI, Tobe T, Okada N, Yamazaki S.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123880

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Colony-Stimulating Factor 1-Dependent Cells Protect against Systemic Infection with Listeria monocytogenes but Facilitate Neuroinvasion. by Jin Y, Dons L, Kristensson K, Rottenberg ME.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128173

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Comparison of cold enrichment and U.S. Department of Agriculture methods for isolating Listeria monocytogenes from naturally contaminated foods. The Listeria Study Group. by Hayes PS, Graves LM, Ajello GW, Swaminathan B, Weaver RE, Wenger JD, Schuchat A, Broome CV.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183536

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Comparison of Host Resistance to Primary and Secondary Listeria monocytogenes Infections in Mice by Intranasal and Intravenous Routes. by Mizuki M, Nakane A, Sekikawa K, Tagawa YI, Iwakura Y.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128264

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Comparison of methods for discrimination between strains of Listeria monocytogenes from epidemiological surveys. by Baloga AO, Harlander SK.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183571

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Comparison of ribotyping and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis for subtyping of Listeria monocytogenes isolates. by Graves LM, Swaminathan B, Reeves MW, Hunter SB, Weaver RE, Plikaytis BD, Schuchat A.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264203

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Comparison of the antibacterial efficacies of ampicillin and ciprofloxacin against experimental infections with Listeria monocytogenes in hydrocortisone-treated mice. by van Ogtrop ML, Mattie H, Sekh BR, van Strijen E, van Furth R.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284338

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Comprehensive Study of the Intestinal Stage of Listeriosis in a Rat Ligated Ileal Loop System. by Pron B, Boumaila C, Jaubert F, Sarnacki S, Monnet JP, Berche P, Gaillard JL.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107965

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Control of natural killer cell-mediated innate resistance against the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes by gamma/delta T lymphocytes. by Ladel CH, Blum C, Kaufmann SH.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173987

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Coordinate regulation of virulence genes in Listeria monocytogenes requires the product of the prfA gene. by Chakraborty T, Leimeister-Wachter M, Domann E, Hartl M, Goebel W, Nichterlein T, Notermans S.; 1992 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205751

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Critical Role of Neutrophils in Eliminating Listeria monocytogenes from the Central Nervous System during Experimental Murine Listeriosis. by Lopez S, Marco AJ, Prats N, Czuprynski CJ.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98439

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Decreased delayed-type hypersensitivity and increased protection to Listeria monocytogenes seen in mice infected with mucoid and nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Blackwood LL.; 1985 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261406

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Detection of multiple virulence-associated genes of Listeria monocytogenes by PCR in artificially contaminated milk samples. by Cooray KJ, Nishibori T, Xiong H, Matsuyama T, Fujita M, Mitsuyama M.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201759

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Detection of Nonspecific Resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in Rabbits Infected with Treponema pallidum. by Schell RF, Musher DM.; 1974 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=414861

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Determination of virulence of different strains of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua by oral inoculation of pregnant mice. by Lammerding AM, Glass KA, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A, Doyle MP.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183216

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Development of a Competitive Index Assay To Evaluate the Virulence of Listeria monocytogenes actA Mutants during Primary and Secondary Infection of Mice. by Auerbuch V, Lenz LL, Portnoy DA.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98721

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Development of a Multilocus Sequence Typing Method for Analysis of Listeria monocytogenes Clones. by Salcedo C, Arreaza L, Alcala B, de la Fuente L, Vazquez JA.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149676

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Development of polymerase chain reaction assays for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in clinical cerebrospinal fluid samples. by Jaton K, Sahli R, Bille J.; 1992 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265418

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Diagnosis and epidemiological association of Listeria monocytogenes strains in two outbreaks of listerial encephalitis in small ruminants. by Wiedmann M, Czajka J, Bsat N, Bodis M, Smith MC, Divers TJ, Batt CA.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267168

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Differences in Gamma Interferon Production Induced by Listeriolysin O and Ivanolysin O Result in Different Levels of Protective Immunity in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii. by Kimoto T, Kawamura I, Kohda C, Nomura T, Tsuchiya K, Ito Y, Watanabe I, Kaku T, Setianingrum E, Mitsuyama M.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153848

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Differentiation of epidemic-associated strains of Listeria monocytogenes by restriction fragment length polymorphism in a gene region essential for growth at low temperatures (4 degrees C). by Zheng W, Kathariou S.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167742

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Disruption of the Cellular Inflammatory Response to Listeria monocytogenes Infection in Mice with Disruptions in Targeted Genes. by DiTirro J, Rhoades ER, Roberts AD, Burke JM, Mukasa A, Cooper AM, Frank AA, Born WK, Orme IM.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108193

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Dissemination of Listeria monocytogenes by Infected Phagocytes. by Drevets DA.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116538

Studies

19

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Division of Listeria monocytogenes Serovar 1/2a Strains into Two Groups by PCR and Restriction Enzyme Analysis. by Unnerstad H, Nilsson I, Ericsson H, DanielssonTham ML, Bille J, Bannerman E, Tham W.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91297

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Effect of 6-Hydroxydopamine on Host Resistance against Listeria monocytogenes Infection. by Miura T, Kudo T, Matsuki A, Sekikawa K, Tagawa YI, Iwakura Y, Nakane A.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98806

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Effect of Listeria monocytogenes infection on serum levels of colony-stimulating factor and number of progenitor cells in immune and nonimmune mice. by Wing EJ, Barczynski LC, Waheed A, Shadduck RK.; 1985 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262018

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Effect of pregnancy on resistance to Listeria monocytogenes and Toxoplasma gondii infections in mice. by Luft BJ, Remington JS.; 1982 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347871

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Effective Induction of Acquired Resistance to Listeria monocytogenes by Immunizing Mice with In Vivo-Infected Dendritic Cells. by Sashinami H, Nakane A, Iwakura Y, Sasaki M.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=143424

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Effectiveness of nanoparticle-bound ampicillin in the treatment of Listeria monocytogenes infection in athymic nude mice. by Youssef M, Fattal E, Alonso MJ, Roblot-Treupel L, Sauzieres J, Tancrede C, Omnes A, Couvreur P, Andremont A.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172377

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Effects of Above-Optimum Growth Temperature and Cell Morphology on Thermotolerance of Listeria monocytogenes Cells Suspended in Bovine Milk. by Rowan NJ, Anderson JG.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106279

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Effects of cannabinoids on host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes and herpes simplex virus. by Morahan PS, Klykken PC, Smith SH, Harris LS, Munson AE.; 1979 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=414217

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Effects of growth temperature on the ingestion and killing of clinical isolates of Listeria monocytogenes by human neutrophils. by Stecha PF, Heynen CA, Roll JT, Brown JF, Czuprynski CJ.; 1989 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267617

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Effects of Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica on cytokine gene expression and release from human polymorphonuclear granulocytes and epithelial (HEp-2) cells. by Arnold R, Scheffer J, Konig B, Konig W.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280882

20

Listeriosis

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Effects of macrophage colony-stimulating factor on reduction of viable bacteria and survival of mice during Listeria monocytogenes infection: characteristics of monocyte subpopulations. by Kayashima S, Tsuru S, Shinomiya N, Katsura Y, Motoyoshi K, Rokutanda M, Nagata N.; 1991 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259096

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Efficacy of ampicillin therapy in experimental listeriosis in mice with impaired Tcell-mediated immune response. by Bakker-Woudenberg IA, de Bos P, van Leeuwen WB, Michel MF.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181360

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Efficacy of marinades against Listeria monocytogenes cells in suspension or associated with green shell mussels (Perna canaliculus). by Bremer PJ, Osborne CM.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167407

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Elimination of resident macrophages from the livers and spleens of immune mice impairs acquired resistance against a secondary Listeria monocytogenes infection. by Samsom JN, Annema A, Groeneveld PH, van Rooijen N, Langermans JA, van Furth R.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175079

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Elucidation of Listeria monocytogenes Contamination Routes in Cold-Smoked Salmon Processing Plants Detected by DNA-Based Typing Methods. by Fonnesbech Vogel B, Huss HH, Ojeniyi B, Ahrens P, Gram L.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92911

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Endogenous gamma interferon-independent host resistance against Listeria monocytogenes infection in CD4+ T cell- and asialo GM1+ cell-depleted mice. by Nakane A, Numata A, Chen Y, Minagawa T.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258904

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Endogenous Interleukin-10 Is Required for Prevention of a Hyperinflammatory Intracerebral Immune Response in Listeria monocytogenes Meningoencephalitis. by Deckert M, Soltek S, Geginat G, Lutjen S, Montesinos-Rongen M, Hof H, Schluter D.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98533

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Endogenous interleukin-4, but not interleukin-10, is involved in suppression of host resistance against Listeria monocytogenes infection in interferon-depleted mice. by Nakane A, Nishikawa S, Sasaki S, Miura T, Asano M, Kohanawa M, Ishiwata K, Minagawa T.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173912

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Endogenous tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) is essential to host resistance against Listeria monocytogenes infection. by Nakane A, Minagawa T, Kato K.; 1988 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259612

Studies

21

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Endogenous tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, and gamma interferon levels during Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. by Nakane A, Numata A, Minagawa T.; 1992 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257659

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Enhanced adoptive transfer of immunity to Listeria monocytogenes after in vitro culture of murine spleen cells with concanavalin A. by Barry RA, Hinrichs DJ.; 1982 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351077

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Enhanced control of Listeria monocytogenes by in situ-produced pediocin during dry fermented sausage production. by Foegeding PM, Thomas AB, Pilkington DH, Klaenhammer TR.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195349

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Enhanced resistance against Listeria monocytogenes achieved by pretreatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. by Shinomiya N, Tsuru S, Katsura Y, Kayashima S, Nomoto K.; 1991 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259111

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Enhanced resistance against Listeria monocytogenes at an early phase of primary infection in pregnant mice: activation of macrophages during pregnancy. by Watanabe Y, Mitsuyama M, Sano M, Nakano H, Nomoto K.; 1986 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260919

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Enhanced thermal destruction of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus by the lactoperoxidase system. by Kamau DN, Doores S, Pruitt KM.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184832

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Enhancement of host resistance against Listeria infection by Lactobacillus casei: role of macrophages. by Sato K.; 1984 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263539

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Evaluation of lactic acid bacterium fermentation products and food-grade chemicals to control Listeria monocytogenes in blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) meat. by Degnan AJ, Kaspar CW, Otwell WS, Tamplin ML, Luchansky JB.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201789

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Evidence that endogenous gamma interferon is produced early in Listeria monocytogenes infection. by Nakane A, Numata A, Asano M, Kohanawa M, Chen Y, Minagawa T.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258824

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Expression of ActA, Ami, InlB, and Listeriolysin O in Listeria monocytogenes of Human and Food Origin. by Jacquet C, Gouin E, Jeannel D, Cossart P, Rocourt J.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126661

22

Listeriosis

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Expression of NADPH Oxidase-Dependent Resistance to Listeriosis in Mice Occurs during the First 6 to 12 Hours of Liver Infection. by LaCourse R, Ryan L, North RJ.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133076

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Expression of Truncated Internalin A Is Involved in Impaired Internalization of Some Listeria monocytogenes Isolates Carried Asymptomatically by Humans. by Olier M, Pierre F, Rousseaux S, Lemaitre JP, Rousset A, Piveteau P, Guzzo J.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148840

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Fate of Listeria monocytogenes in processed meat products during refrigerated storage. by Glass KA, Doyle MP.; 1989 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202905

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Fate of Listeria monocytogenes in tissues of experimentally infected cattle and in hard salami. by Johnson JL, Doyle MP, Cassens RG, Schoeni JL.; 1988 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202479

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Feeding trials of Listeria monocytogenes with a nonhuman primate model. by Farber JM, Daley E, Coates F, Beausoleil N, Fournier J.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270382

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Gene Cloning and Expression and Secretion of Listeria monocytogenes Bacteriophage-Lytic Enzymes in Lactococcus lactis. by Gaeng S, Scherer S, Neve H, Loessner MJ.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92096

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Gene Fragments Distinguishing an Epidemic-Associated Strain from a Virulent Prototype Strain of Listeria monocytogenes Belong to a Distinct Functional Subset of Genes and Partially Cross-Hybridize with Other Listeria Species. by Herd M, Kocks C.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98459

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Genetic characterization of clones of the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes causing epidemic disease. by Piffaretti JC, Kressebuch H, Aeschbacher M, Bille J, Bannerman E, Musser JM, Selander RK, Rocourt J.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=287232

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Gut Colonization of Mice with actA-Negative Mutant of Listeria monocytogenes Can Stimulate a Humoral Mucosal Immune Response. by Manohar M, Baumann DO, Bos NA, Cebra JJ.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98330

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GW domains of the Listeria monocytogenes invasion protein InlB are SH3-like and mediate binding to host ligands. by Marino M, Banerjee M, Jonquieres R, Cossart P, Ghosh P.; 2002 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=131055

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Hemolysin is required for extraintestinal dissemination of Listeria monocytogenes in intragastrically inoculated mice. by Roll JT, Czuprynski CJ.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313625

Studies

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Histopathology of Listeria monocytogenes After Oral Feeding to Mice. by Miller JK, Burns J.; 1970 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=376786

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Host resistance to an intragastric infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice depends on cellular immunity and intestinal bacterial flora. by Okamoto M, Nakane A, Minagawa T.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=302930

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Host Resistance to Listeria monocytogenes Infection Is Enhanced but Resistance to Staphylococcus aureus Infection Is Reduced in Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease in Mice. by Miura T, Mizuki D, Sasaki S, Hasegawa S, Sashinami H, Nakane A.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101764

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Human Endothelial Cell Activation and Mediator Release in Response to Listeria monocytogenes Virulence Factors. by Rose F, Zeller SA, Chakraborty T, Domann E, Machleidt T, Kronke M, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Sibelius U.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97967

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iactA of Listeria ivanovii, although distantly related to Listeria monocytogenes actA, restores actin tail formation in an L. monocytogenes actA mutant. by Gouin E, Dehoux P, Mengaud J, Kocks C, Cossart P.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173365

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Identification and Disruption of BetL, a Secondary Glycine Betaine Transport System Linked to the Salt Tolerance of Listeria monocytogenes LO28. by Sleator RD, Gahan CG, Abee T, Hill C.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91301

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Identification and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes by nonradioactive DNA probe colony hybridization. by Datta AR, Moore MA, Wentz BA, Lane J.; 1993 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202069

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Identification of four new members of the internalin multigene family of Listeria monocytogenes EGD. by Dramsi S, Dehoux P, Lebrun M, Goossens PL, Cossart P.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175184

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Identification of Listeria monocytogenes In Vivo-Induced Genes by FluorescenceActivated Cell Sorting. by Wilson RL, Tvinnereim AR, Jones BD, Harty JT.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98595

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Impaired Bactericidal Activity and Host Resistance to Listeria monocytogenes and Borrelia burgdorferi in Rats Administered an Acute Oral Regimen of Ethanol. by Pavia CS, Harris CM, Kavanagh M.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=119923

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Impaired function of immune reactivity to Listeria monocytogenes in diet-fed mice. by Kos WL, Kos KA, Kaplan AM.; 1984 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264301

24

Listeriosis

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In vitro model of penetration and intracellular growth of Listeria monocytogenes in the human enterocyte-like cell line Caco-2. by Gaillard JL, Berche P, Mounier J, Richard S, Sansonetti P.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259983

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In vivo and in vitro activation and expansion of gammadelta T cells during Listeria monocytogenes infection in humans. by Jouen-Beades F, Paris E, Dieulois C, Lemeland JF, Barre-Dezelus V, Marret S, Humbert G, Leroy J, Tron F.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175612

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Incidence and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in foods available in Taiwan. by Wong HC, Chao WL, Lee SJ.; 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184905

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Increased local complement levels upon intraperitoneal injection of mice with Listeria monocytogenes and regulation by polyanions. by Klerx JP, Beukelman CJ, van Dijk H, van Overveld FJ, van der Maaden WJ, Willers JM.; 1985 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261293

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Increased resistance and depressed delayed-type hypersensitivity to Listeria monocytogenes induced by pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide. by Galleli A, Le Garrec Y, Chedid L.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351755

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Increased susceptibility to primary infection with Listeria monocytogenes in germfree mice may be due to lack of accumulation of L-selectin+ CD44+ T cells in sites of inflammation. by Inagaki H, Suzuki T, Nomoto K, Yoshikai Y.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174219

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Indomethacin in vivo increases the sensitivity to Listeria infection in mice. A possible role for macrophage thromboxane A2 synthesis. by Tripp CS, Needleman P, Unanue ER.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=424084

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Induction of alpha/beta interferon and gamma interferon in mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes during pregnancy. by Nakane A, Minagawa T, Yasuda I.; 1985 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261161

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Induction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Specific CD8 T-Cell Responses by Listeria monocytogenes and a Hyperattenuated Listeria Strain Engineered To Express HIV Antigens. by Friedman RS, Frankel FR, Xu Z, Lieberman J.; 2000 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102037

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Induction of immunity with avirulent Listeria monocytogenes 19113 depends on bacterial replication. by Baldridge JR, Thomashow MF, Hinrichs DJ.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259530

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Induction of Listeria monocytogenes infection by the consumption of ponderosa pine needles. by Adams CJ, Neff TE, Jackson LL.; 1979 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=414429

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Induction of Protective Immunity to Listeria monocytogenes with Dendritic Cells Retrovirally Transduced with a Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Epitope Minigene. by Nakamura Y, Suda T, Nagata T, Aoshi T, Uchijima M, Yoshida A, Chida K, Koide Y, Nakamura H.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152038

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Induction of Protective T Cells against Listeria monocytogenes in Mice by Immunization with a Listeriolysin O-Negative Avirulent Strain of Bacteria and Liposome-Encapsulated Listeriolysin O. by Tanabe Y, Xiong H, Nomura T, Arakawa M, Mitsuyama M.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96356

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Influence of beta 2-microglobulin expression on gamma interferon secretion and target cell lysis by intraepithelial lymphocytes during intestinal Listeria monocytogenes infection. by Emoto M, Neuhaus O, Emoto Y, Kaufmann SH.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173803

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Influence of estrogen on host resistance: increased susceptibility of mice to Listeria monocytogenes correlates with depressed production of interleukin 2. by Pung OJ, Tucker AN, Vore SJ, Luster MI.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262140

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Influence of Pregnancy on the Pathogenesis of Listeriosis in Mice Inoculated Intragastrically. by Hamrick TS, Horton JR, Spears PA, Havell EA, Smoak IW, Orndorff PE.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=187305

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Influence of steroidal and nonsteroidal sex hormones on host resistance in mice: increased susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes after exposure to estrogenic hormones. by Pung OJ, Luster MI, Hayes HT, Rader J.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261530

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Ingestion and killing of Listeria monocytogenes by blood and milk phagocytes from mastitic and normal cattle. by Czuprynski CJ, Noel EJ, Doyle MP, Schultz RD.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267434

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Inhibition of intracellular growth of Listeria monocytogenes by antibiotics. by Michelet C, Avril JL, Cartier F, Berche P.; 1994 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284477

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Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by Lactobacillus bavaricus MN in beef systems at refrigeration temperatures. by Winkowski K, Crandall AD, Montville TJ.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182319

26

Listeriosis

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Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by using bacteriocin PA-1 produced by Pediococcus acidilactici PAC 1.0. by Pucci MJ, Vedamuthu ER, Kunka BS, Vandenbergh PA.; 1988 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=204256

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Interactions between endogenous gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor in host resistance against primary and secondary Listeria monocytogenes infections. by Nakane A, Minagawa T, Kohanawa M, Chen Y, Sato H, Moriyama M, Tsuruoka N.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259813

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Interference between Host Resistance to Listeria monocytogenes Infection and Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Responses in Mice. by Mizuki D, Miura T, Sasaki S, Mizuki M, Madarame H, Nakane A.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98097

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Interleukin-10 Has Different Effects on Proliferation of Listeria monocytogenes in Livers and Spleens of Mice. by Samsom JN, Annema A, Geertsma MF, Langermans JA, Groeneveld PH, de Heer E, van Furth R.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98405

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Interleukin-15 May Be Responsible for Early Activation of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes after Oral Infection with Listeria monocytogenes in Rats. by Hirose K, Suzuki H, Nishimura H, Mitani A, Washizu J, Matsuguchi T, Yoshikai Y.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108717

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Interleukin-6-deficient mice are highly susceptible to Listeria monocytogenes infection: correlation with inefficient neutrophilia. by Dalrymple SA, Lucian LA, Slattery R, McNeil T, Aud DM, Fuchino S, Lee F, Murray R.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173295

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Internalin B promotes the replication of Listeria monocytogenes in mouse hepatocytes. by Gregory SH, Sagnimeni AJ, Wing EJ.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175740

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Internalin of Listeria monocytogenes with an intact leucine-rich repeat region is sufficient to promote internalization. by Lecuit M, Ohayon H, Braun L, Mengaud J, Cossart P.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175764

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Investigations related to the epidemic strain involved in the French listeriosis outbreak in 1992. by Jacquet C, Catimel B, Brosch R, Buchrieser C, Dehaumont P, Goulet V, Lepoutre A, Veit P, Rocourt J.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167495

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Iron availability affects entry of Listeria monocytogenes into the enterocytelike cell line Caco-2. by Conte MP, Longhi C, Polidoro M, Petrone G, Buonfiglio V, Di Santo S, Papi E, Seganti L, Visca P, Valenti P.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174316

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Isolation of catalase-negative Listeria monocytogenes strains from listeriosis patients and their rapid identification by anti-p60 antibodies and/or PCR. by Bubert A, Riebe J, Schnitzler N, Schonberg A, Goebel W, Schubert P.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229534

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Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from raw milk. by Hayes PS, Feeley JC, Graves LM, Ajello GW, Fleming DW.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238890

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Leukocyte-mediated lysis of infected hepatocytes during listeriosis occurs in mice depleted of NK cells or CD4+ CD8+ Thy1.2+ T cells. by Conlan JW, Dunn PL, North RJ.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280904

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Liposome-entrapped ampicillin in the treatment of experimental murine listeriosis and salmonellosis. by Fattal E, Rojas J, Youssef M, Couvreur P, Andremont A.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245097

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Listeriolysin as a virulence factor in Listeria monocytogenes infection of neonatal mice and murine decidual tissue. by McKay DB, Lu CY.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259033

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Loss of catalase activity in Tn1545-induced mutants does not reduce growth of Listeria monocytogenes in vivo. by Leblond-Francillard M, Gaillard JL, Berche P.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313489

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Low Sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. by Mereghetti L, Quentin R, Marquet-Van Der Mee N, Audurier A.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92423

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Mechanism for nonspecific immunity of Listeria monocytogenes in rats mediated by platelets and the clotting system. by Davies WA, Ackerman VP, Nelson DS.; 1981 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=350722

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Mechanism of the Intracellular Killing and Modulation of Antibiotic Susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes in THP-1 Macrophages Activated by Gamma Interferon. by Ouadrhiri Y, Scorneaux B, Sibille Y, Tulkens PM.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89140

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Mechanisms of Pathogenesis in Listeria monocytogenes Infection I. Influence of Iron. by Sword CP.; 1966 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276286

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Mechanisms of Pathogenesis in Listeria monocytogenes Infection II. Characterization of Listeriosis in the CD-1 Mouse and Survey of Biochemical Lesions. by Wilder MS, Sword CP.; 1967 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276472

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Mechanisms of Pathogenesis in Listeria monocytogenes Infection V. Early Imbalance in Host Energy Metabolism During Experimental Listeriosis. by McCallum RE, Sword CP.; 1972 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=422454

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Mechanisms of Pathogenesis in Listeria monocytogenes Infection VI. Oxidative Phosphorylation in Mouse Liver Mitochondria During Experimental Listeriosis. by McCallum RE, Sword CP.; 1972 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=422455

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Modulation of Enzymatic Activity and Biological Function of Listeria monocytogenes Broad-Range Phospholipase C by Amino Acid Substitutions and by Replacement with the Bacillus cereus Ortholog. by Zuckert WR, Marquis H, Goldfine H.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108596

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Molecular Epidemiological Survey of Listeria monocytogenes in Seafoods and Seafood-Processing Plants. by Rorvik LM, Aase B, Alvestad T, Caugant DA.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92379

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Molecular Epidemiology of an Outbreak of Febrile Gastroenteritis Caused by Listeria monocytogenes in Cold-Smoked Rainbow Trout. by Miettinen MK, Siitonen A, Heiskanen P, Haajanen H, Bjorkroth KJ, Korkeala HJ.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85164

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Molecular Studies on the Ecology of Listeria monocytogenes in the Smoked Fish Processing Industry. by Norton DM, McCamey MA, Gall KL, Scarlett JM, Boor KJ, Wiedmann M.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92546

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Molecular Typing by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis of Spanish Animal and Human Listeria monocytogenes Isolates. by Vela AI, Fernandez-Garayzabal JF, Vazquez JA, Latre MV, Blanco MM, Moreno MA, de la Fuente L, Marco J, Franco C, Cepeda A, Rodriguez Moure AA, Suarez G, Dominguez L.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93380

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Monoclonal antibodies with a high degree of specificity for Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b. by Kathariou S, Mizumoto C, Allen RD, Fok AK, Benedict AA.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201853

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Morphology and time course of experimental listeriosis in nude mice. by Heymer B, Hof H, Emmerling P, Finger H.; 1976 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=420960

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Neural Route of Cerebral Listeria monocytogenes Murine Infection: Role of Immune Response Mechanisms in Controling Bacterial Neuroinvasion. by Jin Y, Dons L, Kristensson K, Rottenberg ME.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97990

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Neutrophils are involved in acute, nonspecific resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in mice. by Rogers HW, Unanue ER.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281287

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Nitric oxide produced during murine listeriosis is protective. by Boockvar KS, Granger DL, Poston RM, Maybodi M, Washington MK, Hibbs JB Jr, Kurlander RL.; 1994 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186228

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Passive transfer of acquired resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection is independent of mononuclear cell granuloma formation. by Roberts EC, Demartini JC, Orme IM.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260054

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Pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes for gnotobiotic rats. by Czuprynski CJ, Balish E.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=350625

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Pathogenicity and Immunogenicity of a Listeria monocytogenes Strain That Requires d-Alanine for Growth. by Thompson RJ, Bouwer HG, Portnoy DA, Frankel FR.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108386

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Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes small-plaque mutants defective for intracellular growth and cell-to-cell spread. by Barry RA, Bouwer HG, Portnoy DA, Hinrichs DJ.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257039

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Pathogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes grown on crabmeat. by Brackett RE, Beuchat LR.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184385

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Pathogenicity of nonstressed, heat-stressed, and resuscitated Listeria monocytogenes 1A1 cells. by McCarthy SA.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183580

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Pathogenicity test for Listeria monocytogenes using immunocompromised mice. by Stelma GN Jr, Reyes AL, Peeler JT, Francis DW, Hunt JM, Spaulding PL, Johnson CH, Lovett J.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269416

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Pharmacokinetics and bacteriological efficacy of mezlocillin in experimental Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes meningitis. by Odio C, Thomas ML, McCracken GH Jr.; 1984 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185545

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Phosphatidylcholine-Specific Phospholipase C from Listeria monocytogenes Is an Important Virulence Factor in Murine Cerebral Listeriosis. by Schluter D, Domann E, Buck C, Hain T, Hof H, Chakraborty T, Deckert-Schluter M.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108751

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Plasmids in Listeria monocytogenes in relation to cadmium resistance. by Lebrun M, Loulergue J, Chaslus-Dancla E, Audurier A.; 1992 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183070

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Prevention by gamma interferon of fatal infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice treated with cyclosporin A. by Nakane A, Minagawa T, Yasuda I, Yu C, Kato K.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259516

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Production of Monoclonal Antibodies to Listeria monocytogenes and Their Application To Determine the Virulence of Isolates from Channel Catfish. by Erdenlig S, Ainsworth AJ, Austin FW.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91424

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Protection against murine listeriosis by an attenuated recombinant Salmonella typhimurium vaccine strain that secretes the naturally somatic antigen superoxide dismutase. by Hess J, Dietrich G, Gentschev I, Miko D, Goebel W, Kaufmann SH.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175129

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Protection of mice against Listeria monocytogenes infection by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha. by Desiderio JV, Kiener PA, Lin PF, Warr GA.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313322

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Protective Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses Induced by DNA Immunization against Immunodominant and Subdominant Epitopes of Listeria monocytogenes Are Noncompetitive. by Yamada T, Uchiyama H, Nagata T, Uchijima M, Suda T, Chida K, Nakamura H, Koide Y.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98304

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Pyrosequencing as a Method for Grouping of Listeria monocytogenes Strains on the Basis of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the inlB Gene. by Unnerstad H, Ericsson H, Alderborn A, Tham W, Danielsson-Tham ML, Mattsson JG.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93312

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Quantifying Translocation of Listeria monocytogenes in Rats by Using Urinary Nitric Oxide-Derived Metabolites. by Sprong RC, Hulstein MF, van der Meer R.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92459

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Rapid Method for the Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from Experimentally Infected Mice. by Wilkinson TR, Hall ER.; 1971 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=377128

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Recombinant murine gamma interferon induces enhanced resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection in neonatal mice. by Chen Y, Nakane A, Minagawa T.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313453

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Recovery from T cell depletion during murine listeriosis and effect on a T-dependent antibody response. by Chan YY, Cheers C.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347794

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Replica plating of colonies from Listeria-selective agars to blood agar to improve the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from foods. by Cassiday PK, Graves LM, Swaminathan B.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184600

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Requirement of endogenous interferon-gamma production for resolution of Listeria monocytogenes infection. by Buchmeier NA, Schreiber RD.; 1985 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=391353

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Resistance and susceptibility of mice to bacterial infection: course of listeriosis in resistant or susceptible mice. by Cheers C, McKenzie IF, Pavlov H, Waid C, York J.; 1978 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=422254

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Restricted replication of Listeria monocytogenes in a gamma interferon-activated murine hepatocyte line. by Szalay G, Hess J, Kaufmann SH.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173435

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Restriction enzyme analysis of Listeria monocytogenes strains associated with foodborne epidemics. by Wesley IV, Ashton F.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182831

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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms Detected with Novel DNA Probes Differentiate among Diverse Lineages of Serogroup 4 Listeria monocytogenes and Identify Four Distinct Lineages in Serotype 4b. by Tran HL, Kathariou S.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126560

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Ribotype diversity of Listeria monocytogenes strains associated with outbreaks of listeriosis in ruminants. by Wiedmann M, Bruce JL, Knorr R, Bodis M, Cole EM, McDowell CI, McDonough PL, Batt CA.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228960

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Role of Listeria monocytogenes [sigma]B in Survival of Lethal Acidic Conditions and in the Acquired Acid Tolerance Response. by Ferreira A, Sue D, O'Byrne CP, Boor KJ.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154505

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Role of Listeria monocytogenes Exotoxins Listeriolysin and PhosphatidylinositolSpecific Phospholipase C in Activation of Human Neutrophils. by Sibelius U, Schulz

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EC, Rose F, Hattar K, Jacobs T, Weiss S, Chakraborty T, Seeger W, Grimminger F.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96438 •

Safety and Shedding of an Attenuated Strain of Listeria monocytogenes with a Deletion of actA/plcB in Adult Volunteers: a Dose Escalation Study of Oral Inoculation. by Angelakopoulos H, Loock K, Sisul DM, Jensen ER, Miller JF, Hohmann EL.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128066

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Selective-enrichment procedure for isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from fecal and biologic specimens. by Doyle MP, Schoeni JL.; 1986 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239022

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Sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to Sanitizers Used in the Meat Processing Industry. by Romanova N, Favrin S, Griffiths MW.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134375

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Sensitization of Listeria monocytogenes to Low pH, Organic Acids, and Osmotic Stress by Ethanol. by Barker C, Park SF.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92774

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Serodiagnosis of listeriosis based upon detection of antibodies against recombinant truncated forms of listeriolysin O. by Gholizadeh Y, Poyart C, Juvin M, Beretti JL, Croize J, Berche P, Gaillard JL.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229030

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Serological diagnosis of bovine, caprine, and ovine mastitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. by Bourry A, Cochard T, Poutrel B.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229800

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Serotyping and esterase typing for analysis of Listeria monocytogenes populations recovered from foodstuffs and from human patients with listeriosis in Belgium. by Gilot P, Genicot A, Andre P.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228941

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Serotyping of Listeria monocytogenes by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Identification of Mixed-Serotype Cultures by Colony Immunoblotting. by Palumbo JD, Borucki MK, Mandrell RE, Gorski L.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149718

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Sodium Bicarbonate Enhances the Severity of Infection in Neutropenic Mice Orally Inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes EGD. by Czuprynski CJ, Faith NG.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=119936

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Sources of Listeria monocytogenes Contamination in a Cold-Smoked Rainbow Trout Processing Plant Detected by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Typing. by Autio T, Hielm S, Miettinen M, Sjoberg AM, Aarnisalo K, Bjorkroth J, Mattila-Sandholm T, Korkeala H.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90996

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Stress-Induced ClpP Serine Protease of Listeria monocytogenes Is Essential for Induction of Listeriolysin O-Dependent Protective Immunity. by Gaillot O, Bregenholt S, Jaubert F, Di Santo JP, Berche P.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98585

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Subtyping Listeria monocytogenes isolates genetically related to the Swiss epidemic clone. by Boerlin P, Bannerman E, Jemmi T, Bille J.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229207

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Suppression of cellular immunity to Listeria monocytogenes by activated macrophages: mediation by prostaglandins. by Petit JC, Richard G, Burghoffer B, Daguet GL.; 1985 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262027

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Survival and Heat Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes after Exposure to Alkali and Chlorine. by Taormina PJ, Beuchat LR.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92907

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Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in Experimentally Infected Mice. by Wilkinson TR, Hall ER.; 1971 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=377127

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Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in milk during high-temperature, short-time pasteurization. by Doyle MP, Glass KA, Beery JT, Garcia GA, Pollard DJ, Schultz RD.; 1987 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203888

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T-cell subsets in delayed-type hypersensitivity, protection, and granuloma formation in primary and secondary Listeria infection in mice: superior role of Lyt-2+ cells in acquired immunity. by Mielke ME, Ehlers S, Hahn H.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259502

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The bvr Locus of Listeria monocytogenes Mediates Virulence Gene Repression by [beta]-Glucosides. by Brehm K, Ripio MT, Kreft J, Vazquez-Boland JA.; 1999 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93992

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The inlA Gene of Listeria monocytogenes LO28 Harbors a Nonsense Mutation Resulting in Release of Internalin. by Jonquieres R, Bierne H, Mengaud J, Cossart P.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108362

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The Listeria monocytogenes lemA Gene Product Is Not Required for Intracellular Infection or To Activate fMIGWII-Specific T Cells. by D'Orazio SE, Velasquez M, Roan NR, Naveiras-Torres O, Starnbach MN.; 2003 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=308916

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The Role of Sialic Acid in Opsonin-Dependent and Opsonin-Independent Adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes to Murine Peritoneal Macrophages. by Maganti S, Pierce MM, Hoffmaster A, Rodgers FG.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107949

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Thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes within bovine milk phagocytes. by Bunning VK, Donnelly CW, Peeler JT, Briggs EH, Bradshaw JG, Crawford RG, Beliveau CM, Tierney JT.; 1988 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202458

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Toxicity and induction of resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection by amphotericin B in inbred strains of mice. by Brajtburg J, Elberg S, Kobayashi GS, Medoff G.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260160

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Transfer of Immunity Against Listeria monocytogenes by T Cells Purified by a Positive Selection Technique. by McGregor DD, Crum ED, Jungi TW, Bell RG.; 1978 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=422138

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Transfer of resistance to primary infection of Listeria monocytogenes and early induction of delayed hypersensitivity by sera from L. monocytogenes-infected mice. by Yamada A, Himeno K, Nakamura S, Kawamura I, Nomoto K.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260031

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Transforming growth factor beta is protective in host resistance against Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. by Nakane A, Asano M, Sasaki S, Nishikawa S, Miura T, Kohanawa M, Minagawa T.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174310

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Transposon-Induced Mutations in Two Loci of Listeria monocytogenes Serotype 1/2a Result in Phage Resistance and Lack of N-Acetylglucosamine in the Teichoic Acid of the Cell Wall. by Tran HL, Fiedler F, Hodgson DA, Kathariou S.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91646

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Treatment with anti-interleukin-10 monoclonal antibody enhances early resistance to but impairs complete clearance of Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. by Wagner RD, Maroushek NM, Brown JF, Czuprynski CJ.; 1994 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186517

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Typing Listeria monocytogenes isolates from fish products and human listeriosis cases. by Boerlin P, Boerlin-Petzold F, Bannerman E, Bille J, Jemmi T.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168427

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Typing of human, animal, food, and environmental isolates of Listeria monocytogenes by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. by Boerlin P, Piffaretti JC.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183442

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Typing of Listeria monocytogenes Strains by Repetitive Element Sequence-Based PCR. by Jersek B, Gilot P, Gubina M, Klun N, Mehle J, Tcherneva E, Rijpens N, Herman L.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84179

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Unsuccessful attempt to detect Listeria monocytogenes in healthy pregnant women. by Quarles JM Jr, Pittman B.; 1966 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=316176

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Use of a bacteriocin produced by Pediococcus acidilactici to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes associated with fresh meat. by Nielsen JW, Dickson JS, Crouse JD.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184573

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Use of Listeriolysin O and Internalin A in a Seroepidemiological Study of Listeriosis in Swiss Dairy Cows. by Boerlin P, Boerlin-Petzold F, Jemmi T.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150307

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Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to link sporadic cases of invasive listeriosis with recalled chocolate milk. by Proctor ME, Brosch R, Mellen JW, Garrett LA, Kaspar CW, Luchansky JB.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167594

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Use of recombinant interleukin-2 to enhance adoptive transfer of resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection. by Haak-Frendscho M, Czuprynski CJ.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257012

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Variation in the Infectivity of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates following Intragastric Inoculation of Mice. by Barbour AH, Rampling A, Hormaeche CE.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98544

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Verification of causal relationships between Listeria monocytogenes isolates implicated in food-borne outbreaks of listeriosis by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA patterns. by Czajka J, Batt CA.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263669

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Virulent Rough Filaments of Listeria monocytogenes from Clinical and Food Samples Secreting Wild-Type Levels of Cell-Free p60 Protein. by Rowan NJ, Candlish AA, Bubert A, Anderson JG, Kramer K, McLauchlin J.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86987

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with listeriosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “listeriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for listeriosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 10 year survey of the epidemiology and clinical aspects of listeriosis in a provincial English city. Author(s): Jones EM, McCulloch SY, Reeves DS, MacGowan AP. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1994 July; 29(1): 91-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7963642

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A case of foodborne listeriosis in Sweden. Author(s): Loncarevic S, Danielsson-Tham ML, Martensson L, Ringner A, Runehagen A, Tham W. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1997 January; 24(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9024007

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A case of listeriosis in Bayfield County. Author(s): Parker EH, Gerwood JB. Source: Wis Med J. 1985 January; 84(1): 19-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3976244

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A case of listeriosis in pregnancy with fetal survival. Author(s): Solomon F, Sompolinsky D, Langer R, Caspi E. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1978 April; 8(2): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=264070

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A case of listeriosis of the newborn. Author(s): Scott JM, Henderson A. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1968 August; 1(1): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4990031

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A field survey on human listeriosis. Author(s): Toyoda M. Source: Int J Zoonoses. 1978 December; 5(2): 65-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=744702

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A follow-up of 29 cases of listeriosis of the newborn. Author(s): Degen R, Goldenbaum C. Source: Ger Med Mon. 1966 March; 11(3): 101-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5930222

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A listeriosis patient infected with two different Listeria monocytogenes strains. Author(s): Tham W, Alden J, Ericsson H, Helmersson S, Malmodin B, Nyberg O, Pettersson A, Unnerstad H, Danielsson-Tham ML. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 February; 128(1): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11895084

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A new pulmonary manifestation of listeriosis in newborn babies: the interstitial pneumonopathy. Author(s): Willich E. Source: Ann Radiol (Paris). 1967; 10(3): 285-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6051969

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A placental view of the diagnosis and pathogenesis of congenital listeriosis. Author(s): Yamazaki K, Price JT, Altshuler G. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 November 15; 129(6): 7035. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=411374

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A point-source foodborne listeriosis outbreak: documented incubation period and possible mild illness. Author(s): Riedo FX, Pinner RW, Tosca ML, Cartter ML, Graves LM, Reeves MW, Weaver RE, Plikaytis BD, Broome CV. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994 September; 170(3): 693-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8077731

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A possible outbreak of listeriosis caused by an unusual strain of Listeria monocytogenes. Author(s): McLauchlin J, Crofts N, Campbell DM. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1989 March; 18(2): 179-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2496171

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A postgenomic appraisal of osmotolerance in Listeria monocytogenes. Author(s): Sleator RD, Gahan CG, Hill C. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 January; 69(1): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12513970

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A review of Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis. Author(s): Low JC, Donachie W. Source: Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997). 1997 January; 153(1): 9-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9125353

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A small outbreak of listeriosis associated with smoked mussels. Author(s): Brett MS, Short P, McLauchlin J. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1998 September 8; 43(3): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9801198

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A small outbreak of listeriosis potentially linked to the consumption of imitation crab meat. Author(s): Farber JM, Daley EM, MacKie MT, Limerick B. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2000 August; 31(2): 100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10972708

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A transgenic model for listeriosis: role of internalin in crossing the intestinal barrier. Author(s): Lecuit M, Vandormael-Pournin S, Lefort J, Huerre M, Gounon P, Dupuy C, Babinet C, Cossart P. Source: Science. 2001 June 1; 292(5522): 1722-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11387478

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Adult listeriosis presenting as acute hepatitis. Author(s): Hardie R, Roberts W. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1984 May; 8(3): 256-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6736666

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Adult listeriosis--a review of 18 cases. Author(s): Samra Y, Hertz M, Altmann G. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1984 April; 60(702): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6728749

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Ampicillin treatment of listeriosis. Author(s): Gordon RC, Barrett FF, Yow MD. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1970 December; 77(6): 1067-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4992072

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An approach towards public health and foodborne human listeriosis--the Austrian Listeria monitoring. Author(s): Asperger H, Wagner M, Brandl E. Source: Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2001 November-December; 114(11-12): 44652. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11766273

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An epidemic of food-borne listeriosis in western Switzerland: description of 57 cases involving adults. Author(s): Bula CJ, Bille J, Glauser MP. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 January; 20(1): 66-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7727673

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An epidemic of perinatal listeriosis serotype 1b in Hispanics in a Houston hospital. Author(s): Canfield MA, Walterspiel JN, Edwards MS, Baker CJ, Wait RB, Urteaga JN. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985 January-February; 4(1): 106. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3969357

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An epidemiological study of listeriosis complicating a bone marrow transplant. Author(s): Want SV, Lacey SL, Ward L, Buckingham S. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1993 April; 23(4): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8099929

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An epidemiological survey of human listeriosis in France during 1987, using serotyping and phage typing. Author(s): Espaze EP, Gautreau D, Catimel B, Miegeville AF, Rocourt J, Courtieu AL. Source: Acta Microbiol Hung. 1989; 36(2-3): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2517166

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An outbreak of listeriosis suspected to have been caused by rainbow trout. Author(s): Ericsson H, Eklow A, Danielsson-Tham ML, Loncarevic S, Mentzing LO, Persson I, Unnerstad H, Tham W. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 November; 35(11): 2904-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9350756

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An unusual case of cutaneous listeriosis. Author(s): Cain DB, McCann VL. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 May; 23(5): 976-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3711288

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An updated model of cell-mediated immunity--listeriosis: clinical and research aspects. Author(s): Wing EJ, Gregory SH. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2000 July-August; 21(4): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10951886

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Animal and human listeriosis: a shared problem? Author(s): McLauchlin J. Source: Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997). 1997 January; 153(1): 3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9125351

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Antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes and treatment of neonatal listeriosis with ampicillin. Author(s): Nelson JD, Shelton S, Parks D. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1967 March; 56(2): 151-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4963520

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Antimicrobial activities against 84 Listeria monocytogenes isolates from patients with systemic listeriosis at a comprehensive cancer center (1955-1997). Author(s): Safdar A, Armstrong D. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 January; 41(1): 483-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517901

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Association of sporadic listeriosis with consumption of uncooked hot dogs and undercooked chicken. Author(s): Schwartz B, Ciesielski CA, Broome CV, Gaventa S, Brown GR, Gellin BG, Hightower AW, Mascola L. Source: Lancet. 1988 October 1; 2(8614): 779-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2901619

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Bilateral necrosis of adrenal cortex by connatal listeriosis. Author(s): Martines F. Source: Pathologica. 1971 May-June; 63(919): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5151884

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Brain abscess associated with neonatal listeriosis. Author(s): Banerji A, Noya FJ. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1999 March; 18(3): 305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10093962

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Case study: listeriosis in the neonate. Author(s): Furlong CM, Hamernick C. Source: Neonatal Netw. 2000 April; 19(3): 53, 63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11949065

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Central nervous system listeriosis confused with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in cancer patients. Author(s): Aguiar-Bujanda D, Aguiar-Morales J, Bohn-Sarmiento U. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 2004 April; 27(2): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15057164

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Cerebral listeriosis in adults. Three cases report. Author(s): Masini T, Riviera L, Cappricci E, Chinaglia D, Buchmann FW, Gullotta F. Source: Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1989 December; 11(6): 390-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2618825

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Cervical lymphadenitis--a rare case of focal listeriosis. Author(s): Rosenthal R, Vogelbach P, Gasser M, Zimmerli W. Source: Infection. 2001 May-June; 29(3): 170-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11440390

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Characterization by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis of Listeria monocytogenes strains related to the Swiss epidemic of listeriosis. Author(s): Nocera D, Bannerman E, Rocourt J, Jaton-Ogay K, Bille J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1990 October; 28(10): 2259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2172285

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Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes recovered from 41 cases of sporadic listeriosis in Austria by serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Author(s): Wagner M, Allerberger F. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2003 April 1; 35(3): 227-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648841

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Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes strains involved in invasive and noninvasive listeriosis outbreaks by PCR-based fingerprinting techniques. Author(s): Franciosa G, Tartaro S, Wedell-Neergaard C, Aureli P. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2001 April; 67(4): 1793-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11282635

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Characterization of Listeria strains from a foodborne listeriosis outbreak by rDNA gene restriction patterns compared to four other typing methods. Author(s): Nocera D, Altwegg M, Martinetti Lucchini G, Bannerman E, Ischer F, Rocourt J, Bille J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 March; 12(3): 162-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8508814

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Clinical and epidemiological aspects of Listeriosis in Belgium, 1985-1990. Author(s): Art D, Andre P. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1991 October; 275(4): 549-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1755927

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Clinical aspects on 64 cases of juvenile and adult listeriosis in Sweden. Author(s): Larsson S, Cronberg S, Winblad S. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1978; 204(6): 503-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=104552

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Clinical listeriosis in renal allotransplantation. Author(s): Christensen E. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1975 March; 197(3): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=804802

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Clinical manifestations of epidemic neonatal listeriosis. Author(s): Teberg AJ, Yonekura ML, Salminen C, Pavlova Z. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1987 September; 6(9): 817-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3670948

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Clinical presentation and outcome in cases of listeriosis. Author(s): Pigrau C, Almirante B, Pahissa A, Gasser I, Martinez Vasquez JM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 July; 17(1): 143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8353241

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Clinical presentation and outcome of listeriosis in patients with and without immunosuppressive therapy. Author(s): Skogberg K, Syrjanen J, Jahkola M, Renkonen OV, Paavonen J, Ahonen J, Kontiainen S, Ruutu P, Valtonen V. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992 April; 14(4): 815-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1341415

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Cluster of listeriosis isolates with different serovar and phagovar characteristics. Author(s): Rocourt J, Espaze EP, Minck R, Catimel B, Hubert B, Courtieu AL. Source: Lancet. 1989 November 18; 2(8673): 1217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2572926

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CNS listeriosis confused with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in a patient with a malignant insulinoma. Author(s): Mileshkin L, Michael M, O'Reilly M, McKenzie A, Stark R. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 2002 December; 25(6): 576-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12478002

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CNS listeriosis: rhomboencephalitis in a healthy, immunocompetent person. Author(s): Katz RI, McGlamery ME, Levy R. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1979 August; 36(8): 513-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=508167

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Colonoscopy-associated listeriosis: report of a case. Author(s): Sheehan GJ, Galbraith JC. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 December; 17(6): 1061-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8110932

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Colony-stimulating factor 1 in the human response to neonatal listeriosis. Author(s): Grieg A, Roth P. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1995 April; 63(4): 1595-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7890428

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Comparative genetic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from human and animal listeriosis cases. Author(s): Jeffers GT, Bruce JL, McDonough PL, Scarlett J, Boor KJ, Wiedmann M. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2001 May; 147(Pt 5): 1095-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11320113

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Comparative investigations of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from a turkey processing plant, turkey products, and from human cases of listeriosis in Denmark. Author(s): Ojeniyi B, Christensen J, Bisgaard M. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2000 October; 125(2): 303-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11117953

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Congenital listeriosis causing early neonatal death. Author(s): Krause VW, Embree JE, MacDonald SW, Acker WC, Embil JA. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1982 July 1; 127(1): 36-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7083109

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Congenital listeriosis with ocular involvement. Author(s): Manschot WA. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1971; 162(3): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4996834

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Congenital listeriosis: case report. Author(s): Huang SC. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1981 October; 68(10): 825-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7299365

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Congenital listeriosis: case reports and review of literature. Author(s): Leung TN, Cheung KL, Wong F. Source: Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994 June; 20(2): 173-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8092963

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Congenital sepsis, presumably listeriosis, associated with neutropenia. Author(s): Tygstrup I, Christensen HE, Sorensen B, Zachau-Christiansen B. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1968; 74(2): 223-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5700286

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Correlations between clinical and postmortem findings in listeriosis. Author(s): Larsson S, Linell F. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1979; 11(1): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=419369

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Co-trimoxazole for the treatment of listeriosis and its successful use in a patients with AIDS. Author(s): Hale E, Habte-Gabr E, McQueen R, Gordon R. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1994 January; 28(1): 110-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8163829

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Culture-negative listeriosis of the central nervous system diagnosed by detection of antibodies to listeriolysin O. Author(s): Gholizadeh Y, Juvin M, Beretti JL, Berche P, Gaillard JL. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 February; 16(2): 1768. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105851

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Cutaneous lesions of listeriosis in a newborn. Author(s): Smith KJ, Skelton HG 3rd, Angritt P, James WD, Yeager J, Wagner K. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1991 December; 18(6): 474-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1774359

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Cutaneous listeriosis in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Vasquez A, Ramos JM, Pacho E, Rodriguez-Perez A, Cuenca-Estrella M, Esteban J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 November; 19(5): 988-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7893907

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Cutaneous listeriosis. Author(s): Allcock JG. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1992 January 4; 130(1): 18-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1539436

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Detection of anti-listeriolysin O for serodiagnosis of human listeriosis. Author(s): Berche P, Reich KA, Bonnichon M, Beretti JL, Geoffroy C, Raveneau J, Cossart P, Gaillard JL, Geslin P, Kreis H, et al. Source: Lancet. 1990 March 17; 335(8690): 624-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1969016

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Development of a multiple primer RAPD assay as a tool for phylogenetic analysis in Listeria spp. strains isolated from milkproduct associated epidemics, sporadic cases of listeriosis and dairy environments. Author(s): Wagner M, Maderner A, Brandl E. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1999 November 1; 52(1-2): 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10573389

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Development of listeriosis during vancomycin therapy in a neutropenic patient. Author(s): Arsene O, Linassier C, Quentin R, Legras A, Colombat P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996; 28(4): 415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8893409

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Dietitians can prevent listeriosis. Author(s): Woteki CE. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 March; 101(3): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11269602

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Disseminated listeriosis presenting as acute hepatitis. Case reports and review of hepatic involvement in listeriosis. Author(s): Yu VL, Miller WP, Wing EJ, Romano JM, Ruiz CA, Bruns FJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1982 November; 73(5): 773-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6814252

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Distribution of serovars of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from different categories of patients with listeriosis. Author(s): McLauchlin J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1990 March; 9(3): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2110901

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Does administration of infliximab increase susceptibility to listeriosis? Author(s): Morelli J, Wilson FA. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 March; 95(3): 841-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10710107

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Early-onset listeriosis in prematurity. Author(s): Chen JM, Chen MH, Yang W. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2003 March-April; 44(2): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12845854

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Effect of prevention measures on incidence of human listeriosis, France, 1987-1997. Author(s): Goulet V, de Valk H, Pierre O, Stainer F, Rocourt J, Vaillant V, Jacquet C, Desenclos JC. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 November-December; 7(6): 983-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11747725

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Epidemic listeriosis associated with Mexican-style cheese. Author(s): Linnan MJ, Mascola L, Lou XD, Goulet V, May S, Salminen C, Hird DW, Yonekura ML, Hayes P, Weaver R, et al. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1988 September 29; 319(13): 823-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3137471

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Epidemic listeriosis in the newborn. Author(s): Becroft DM, Farmer K, Seddon RJ, Sowden R, Stewart JH, Vines A, Wattie DA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1971 September 25; 3(777): 747-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5097970

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Epidemic listeriosis. Author(s): Jasper DE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1989 February 23; 320(8): 538. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2915661

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Epidemic listeriosis. Report of 14 cases detected in 9 months. Author(s): Jacobs MR, Stein H, Buqwane A, Dubb A, Segal F, Rabinowitz L, Ellis U, Freiman I, Witcomb M, Vallabh V. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1978 September 2; 54(10): 389-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=104398

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Epidemic listeriosis--evidence for transmission by food. Author(s): Schlech WF 3rd, Lavigne PM, Bortolussi RA, Allen AC, Haldane EV, Wort AJ, Hightower AW, Johnson SE, King SH, Nicholls ES, Broome CV. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983 January 27; 308(4): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6401354

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Epidemic perinatal listeriosis at autopsy. Author(s): Klatt EC, Pavlova Z, Teberg AJ, Yonekura ML. Source: Human Pathology. 1986 December; 17(12): 1278-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3793087

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Epidemic perinatal listeriosis. Author(s): Lennon D, Lewis B, Mantell C, Becroft D, Dove B, Farmer K, Tonkin S, Yeates N, Stamp R, Mickleson K. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1984 January-February; 3(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6701102

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Epidemiological spectrum and current treatment of listeriosis. Author(s): Cherubin CE, Appleman MD, Heseltine PN, Khayr W, Stratton CW. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1991 November-December; 13(6): 1108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1775844

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Epidemiology of human listeriosis and seafoods. Author(s): Rocourt J, Jacquet C, Reilly A. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2000 December 20; 62(3): 197-209. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156263

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Epidemiology of human listeriosis. Author(s): Schuchat A, Swaminathan B, Broome CV. Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1991 April; 4(2): 169-83. Review. Erratum In: Clin Microbiol Rev 1991 July; 4(3): 396. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1906370

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Epidemiology of listeriosis in Sweden 1958--1974. Author(s): Larsson S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1979; 11(1): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=419368

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Epidemiology of listeriosis, England and Wales. Author(s): Hall SM, Crofts N, Gilbert RJ, Pini PN, Taylor AG, McLauchlin J. Source: Lancet. 1988 August 27; 2(8609): 502-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2900417

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Evaluation and standardization of an agglutination test for human listeriosis. Author(s): Larsen SA, Jones WL. Source: Appl Microbiol. 1972 July; 24(1): 101-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4626902

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Expanding the horizons of foodborne listeriosis. Author(s): Schlech WF 3rd. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 April 15; 267(15): 2081-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1552644

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Febrile gastroenteritis after eating on-farm manufactured fresh cheese--an outbreak of listeriosis? Author(s): Carrique-Mas JJ, Hokeberg I, Andersson Y, Arneborn M, Tham W, Danielsson-Tham ML, Osterman B, Leffler M, Steen M, Eriksson E, Hedin G, Giesecke J. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 February; 130(1): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12613748

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Fetal listeriosis during the second trimester of gestation. Author(s): Lallemand AV, Gaillard DA, Paradis PH, Chippaux CG. Source: Pediatr Pathol. 1992 September-October; 12(5): 665-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1437878

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Feto-maternal listeriosis in Denmark 1981-1988. Author(s): Frederiksen B, Samuelsson S. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1992 May; 24(3): 277-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1602149

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First trimester listeriosis with normal fetal outcome. Author(s): Fuchs S, Hochner-Celnikier D, Shalev O. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 August; 13(8): 656-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7813496

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Follow-up study of survivors of fetal and early onset neonatal listeriosis. Author(s): Evans JR, Allen AC, Bortolussi R, Issekutz TB, Stinson DA. Source: Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale. 1984; 7(4): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6532635

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Foodborne listeriosis. Author(s): Schlech WF 3rd. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 September; 31(3): 770-5. Epub 2000 September 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11017828

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Foodborne listeriosis. Author(s): Rocourt J, Bille J. Source: World Health Stat Q. 1997; 50(1-2): 67-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9282388

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Foodborne listeriosis. Author(s): Jones D. Source: Lancet. 1990 November 10; 336(8724): 1171-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1978036

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Food-borne listeriosis. Author(s): Kerr KG, Dealler SF. Source: Lancet. 1989 April 15; 1(8642): 851. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2564941

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Fulminant hepatitis B virus reactivation with concomitant listeriosis after fludarabine and rituximab therapy: case report. Author(s): Ng HJ, Lim LC. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2001 September; 80(9): 549-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11669307

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Further serological investigations in humans and domestic animals on the Cape Verde Islands (Q-fever, brucellosis, listeriosis, shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, yersiniosis, toxoplasmosis and chlamydia of PLT-group). Author(s): Miorini T, Brosch R, Buchrieser C, Buchrieser V, Sixl W. Source: Geogr Med Suppl. 1988; 1: 19-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3139491

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Gastrointestinal carriage of Listeria monocytogenes in household contacts of patients with listeriosis. Author(s): Schuchat A, Deaver K, Hayes PS, Graves L, Mascola L, Wenger JD. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 May; 167(5): 1261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8486970

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Genetic typing of human and food isolates of Listeria monocytogenes from episodes of listeriosis. Author(s): Franciosa G, Pourshaban M, Gianfranceschi M, Aureli P. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 February; 14(2): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9556182

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Genital listeriosis (a case report). Author(s): Jagtap P, Hardas U. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1975 July; 21(3): 157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=812986

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Genital listeriosis in Delhi (India): a pilot study. Author(s): Bhujwala RA, Hingorani V, Chandra RK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1973 September; 61(9): 1284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4205144

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Hepatic involvement in listeriosis. Author(s): Gebauer K, Hall JC, Donlon JB, Herrmann R, Rofe S, Platell C. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1989 October; 19(5): 486-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2511827

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History and epidemiology of listeriosis. Author(s): Hof H. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2003 April 1; 35(3): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648837

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Hospital-acquired listeriosis. Author(s): Graham JC, Lanser S, Bignardi G, Pedler S, Hollyoak V. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2002 June; 51(2): 136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12090802

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Human listeriosis and pate: a possible association. Author(s): McLauchlin J, Hall SM, Velani SK, Gilbert RJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 September 28; 303(6805): 773-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1932944

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Human listeriosis in Britain, 1967-85, a summary of 722 cases. 1. Listeriosis during pregnancy and in the newborn. Author(s): McLauchlin J. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1990 April; 104(2): 181-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2108869

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Human listeriosis in Britain, 1967-85, a summary of 722 cases. 2. Listeriosis in nonpregnant individuals, a changing pattern of infection and seasonal incidence. Author(s): McLauchlin J. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1990 April; 104(2): 191-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2108870

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Human listeriosis in Canada. Annual surveillance report--1989. Author(s): Varughese PV, Carter AO, Walsh P, Ashton FE, Ewan EP, Farber J. Source: Can Dis Wkly Rep. 1991 February 23; 17(8): 41-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2060035

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Human listeriosis in Canada-1988. Author(s): Varughese PV, Carter AO. Source: Can Dis Wkly Rep. 1989 October 28; 15(43): 213-7. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2805117

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Human listeriosis in Denmark 1981-1987 including an outbreak November 1985March 1987. Author(s): Samuelsson S, Rothgardt NP, Carvajal A, Frederiksen W. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1990 May; 20(3): 251-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2341735

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Human listeriosis in France in 1987. Author(s): Goulet V, Espaze E, Bastide I, Rebiere I. Source: Acta Microbiol Hung. 1989; 36(2-3): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2517163

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Human listeriosis in Hawaii. Report of a fatal case. Author(s): Woo TD. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1964 March-April; 23(4): 282-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4993026

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Human listeriosis in Peru. Author(s): Guevara JM, Pereda J, Roel S. Source: Tropenmed Parasitol. 1979 March; 30(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=108825

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Human listeriosis in Scotland 1967-1988. Author(s): Campbell DM. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1990 May; 20(3): 241-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2111351

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Human listeriosis in the United States, 1967-1969. Author(s): Busch LA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1971 March; 123(3): 328-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5000076

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Human listeriosis. Author(s): Soetaert G, Bossens M, Butzler JP. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1982; 37(2): 120-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6810605

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Human listeriosis. Diagnostic, epidemiological and clinical studies. Author(s): Bojsen-Moller J. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [b] Microbiol Immunol. 1972; Suppl 229: 1-157. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4624477

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Human listeriosis: case report and review. Author(s): Horvat RT, Zahid MA. Source: Kans Med. 1994 September; 95(9): 187-8, 192. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7996736

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Immunofluorescence techniques in retrospective diagnosis of human listeriosis. Author(s): Biegeleisen JZ Jr. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1964 May; 87(5): 1257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4959805

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Immunohistochemical detection of Listeria antigens in the placenta in perinatal listeriosis. Author(s): Parkash V, Morotti RA, Joshi V, Cartun R, Rauch CA, West AB. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 1998 October; 17(4): 343-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9785135

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In vitro activities of 22 antimicrobial agents against Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated in Barcelona, Spain. The Collaborative Study Group of Listeriosis of Barcelona. Author(s): Marco F, Almela M, Nolla-Salas J, Coll P, Gasser I, Ferrer MD, de Simon M. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2000 December; 38(4): 259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11146253

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Incidence of listeriosis in Barcelona, Spain, in 1990. The Collaborative Study Group of Listeriosis of Barcelona. Author(s): Nolla-Salas J, Anto JM, Almela M, Coll P, Gasser I, Plasencia A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 March; 12(3): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8508813

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Incidence of listeriosis in Connecticut. Author(s): Tosca ML, Mshar P, Cartter M. Source: Conn Med. 1990 June; 54(6): 303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2197060

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International aspects of the control of animal listeriosis. Author(s): Bind JL. Source: Acta Microbiol Hung. 1989; 36(2-3): 91-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2631518

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Intracellular pathogenesis of listeriosis. Author(s): Southwick FS, Purich DL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996 March 21; 334(12): 770-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8592552

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Intraocular listeriosis. Author(s): Goodner EK, Okumoto M. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1967 October; 64(4): 682-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4964814

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Investigation of an outbreak of listeriosis: new hypotheses for the etiology of epidemic Listeria monocytogenes infections. Author(s): Schwartz B, Hexter D, Broome CV, Hightower AW, Hirschhorn RB, Porter JD, Hayes PS, Bibb WF, Lorber B, Faris DG. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1989 April; 159(4): 680-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2494267

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Investigations related to the epidemic strain involved in the French listeriosis outbreak in 1992. Author(s): Jacquet C, Catimel B, Brosch R, Buchrieser C, Dehaumont P, Goulet V, Lepoutre A, Veit P, Rocourt J. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1995 June; 61(6): 2242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7793944

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Is listeriosis often a foodborne illness? Author(s): Gill P. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1988 July; 17(1): 1-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3144571

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Isolation of catalase-negative Listeria monocytogenes strains from listeriosis patients and their rapid identification by anti-p60 antibodies and/or PCR. Author(s): Bubert A, Riebe J, Schnitzler N, Schonberg A, Goebel W, Schubert P. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 January; 35(1): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8968903

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Kinetics of antibody production against listeriolysin O in sheep with listeriosis. Author(s): Lhopital S, Marly J, Pardon P, Berche P. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 June; 31(6): 1537-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8314995

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Late listeriosis after fludarabine plus prednisone treatment. Author(s): Girmenia C, Mauro FR, Rahimi S. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1994 June; 87(2): 407-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7947288

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Lessons from an outbreak of listeriosis related to vacuum-packed gravad and coldsmoked fish. Author(s): Tham W, Ericsson H, Loncarevic S, Unnerstad H, Danielsson-Tham ML. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2000 December 20; 62(3): 173-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156259

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Listeria and listeriosis: risk assessment as a new tool to unravel a multifaceted problem. Author(s): Rocourt J, Hogue A, Toyofuku H, Jacquet C, Schlundt J. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 2001 August; 29(4): 225-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11486259

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Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis: a review of hazard characterisation for use in microbiological risk assessment of foods. Author(s): McLauchlin J, Mitchell RT, Smerdon WJ, Jewell K. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2004 April 1; 92(1): 15-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15033265

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Listeriosis and pregnancy: food for thought. Author(s): Schuchat A. Source: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 1997 December; 52(12): 721-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9408926

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Listeriosis during pregnancy. Author(s): Silver HM. Source: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 1998 December; 53(12): 737-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9870235

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Listeriosis during pregnancy: a case series and review of 222 cases. Author(s): Mylonakis E, Paliou M, Hohmann EL, Calderwood SB, Wing EJ. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 2002 July; 81(4): 260-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12169881

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Listeriosis epidemic. Author(s): Bader JM. Source: Lancet. 1993 September 4; 342(8871): 607. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8102730

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Listeriosis from consumption of raw-milk cheese. Author(s): Goulet V, Jacquet C, Vaillant V, Rebiere I, Mouret E, Lorente C, Maillot E, Stainer F, Rocourt J. Source: Lancet. 1995 June 17; 345(8964): 1581-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7791474

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Listeriosis in 225 non-pregnant patients in 1992: clinical aspects and outcome in relation to predisposing conditions. Author(s): Goulet V, Marchetti P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996; 28(4): 367-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8893400

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Listeriosis in a patient with long-term hemodialysis but without iron overload. Author(s): Bufano G, Ceruti T, Ferrari L, Pecchini F. Source: Nephron. 1995; 69(3): 356. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7753284

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Listeriosis in bone marrow transplant recipient. Author(s): Martino R, Lopez R, Pericas R, Badell I, Sureda A, Brunet S. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 August; 23(2): 419-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8842304

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Listeriosis in bone marrow transplant recipients. Author(s): Nolla-Salas J, Almela M, Coll P, Gasser I. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1997 May; 19(9): 956-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9156275

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Listeriosis in bone marrow transplant recipients: incidence, clinical features, and treatment. Author(s): Chang J, Powles R, Mehta J, Paton N, Treleaven J, Jameson B. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 November; 21(5): 1289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8589157

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Listeriosis in Iceland, 1978-2000: a description of cases and molecular epidemiology. Author(s): Hjaltested EK, Gudmundsdottir S, Jonsdottir K, Kristinsson KG, Steingrimsson O, Kristjansson M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(10): 735-41. Erratum In: Scand J Infect Dis. 2003; 35(1): 79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477323

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Listeriosis in Minnesota, January 1986 through May 1988. Author(s): Hedberg K, Osterholm MT, Gabriel LL, Hedberg CW, MacDonald KL. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1995 September; 85(9): 1293-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7661242

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Listeriosis in patients at a comprehensive cancer center, 1955-1997. Author(s): Safdar A, Armstrong D. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 August 1; 37(3): 359-64. Epub 2003 July 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12884160

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Listeriosis in patients with connective tissue disease. Author(s): Harisdangkul V, Songcharoen S. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 April; 22(4): 796. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7791194

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Listeriosis in patients with connective tissue diseases. Author(s): Kraus A, Cabral AR, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Alarcon-Segovia D. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 April; 21(4): 635-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8035385

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Listeriosis in pediatric oncology patients. Author(s): Mora J, White M, Dunkel IJ. Source: Cancer. 1998 August 15; 83(4): 817-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9708951

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Listeriosis in pregnancy. Author(s): Dimpfl T, Gloning KP. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1994 June; 45(3): 284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7926252

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Listeriosis in recipients of allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation: thirteen year review of disease characteristics, treatment outcomes and a new association with human cytomegalovirus infection. Author(s): Safdar A, Papadopoulous EB, Armstrong D. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2002 June; 29(11): 913-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12080357

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Listeriosis in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplants from unrelated donors. Author(s): Girmenia C, Iori AP, Bernasconi S, Testi AM, Moleti ML, Arcese W, Martino P. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 September; 19(9): 711-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11057507

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Listeriosis in second trimester of pregnancy: case report from India. Author(s): Gupta V, Gautam V, Mehta N, Kumari I, Joshi RM. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 April; 56(2): 60-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12824687

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Listeriosis in the pregnant guinea pig: a model of vertical transmission. Author(s): Bakardjiev AI, Stacy BA, Fisher SJ, Portnoy DA. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2004 January; 72(1): 489-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14688130

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Listeriosis outbreak associated with the consumption of rillettes in France in 1993. Author(s): Goulet V, Rocourt J, Rebiere I, Jacquet C, Moyse C, Dehaumont P, Salvat G, Veit P. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 January; 177(1): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9419182

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Listeriosis outbreak prompts action--finally. Author(s): Voelker R. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 December 4; 288(21): 2675-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12460071

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Listeriosis surveillance: 1992. Author(s): Newton L, Hall SM, McLauchlin J. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1993 September 10; 3(10): R144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7693139

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Listeriosis. Author(s): Cooper J, Walker RD. Source: Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1998 March; 14(1): 113-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9532671

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Listeriosis. Author(s): Posfay-Barbe KM, Wald ER. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 2004 May; 25(5): 151-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15121906

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Listeriosis. Author(s): Braden CR. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 August; 22(8): 745-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12913780

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Listeriosis. Author(s): Lorber B. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 January; 24(1): 1-9; Quiz 10-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8994747

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Listeriosis: a previously unreported medical complication in women with multiple gestations. Author(s): Mascola L, Ewert DP, Eller A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 May; 170(5 Pt 1): 1328-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8178862

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Listeriosis: an emerging food-borne disease. Author(s): Meier J, Lopez L. Source: Clin Lab Sci. 2001 Summer; 14(3): 187-92; Quiz 194. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11517630

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Listeriosis: an opportunistic infection. Author(s): Gupta R, Ramachandran VG, Gupta P. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1997 August; 34(8): 732-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9492404

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Listeriosis: clinical presentation. Author(s): Doganay M. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2003 April 1; 35(3): 173-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648833

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Listeriosis: recognizing it, treating it, preventing it. Author(s): Taege AJ. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1999 June; 66(6): 375-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10375847

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Listeriosis: therapeutic options. Author(s): Hof H. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2003 April 1; 35(3): 203-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648838

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Listeriosis--a review of eighty-four cases. Author(s): Paul ML, Dwyer DE, Chow C, Robson J, Chambers I, Eagles G, Ackerman V. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 April 18; 160(8): 489-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8170424

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Magnetic resonance imaging in infections of the brain: findings in tuberculosis, listeriosis, toxoplasmosis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Just M, Higer HP, Kramer G, Golla G, Betting O, Holper H, Pfannenstiel P. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 1987; 10(3): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3455473

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Management of listeriosis. Author(s): Hof H, Nichterlein T, Kretschmar M. Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1997 April; 10(2): 345-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105758

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Maternal and neonatal listerosis: report of case and brief review of literature of listeriosis in man. Author(s): Barber M, Okubadejo OA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1965 September 25; 5464: 735-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5317930

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Maternal listeriosis in pregnancy associated with measles virus infection. Author(s): Naruse K, Yamasaki M, Harada N, Sakamoto Y, Morikawa H. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2004 April; 30(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15009615

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Maternal listeriosis in pregnancy without fetal or neonatal infection. Author(s): MacGowan AP, Cartlidge PH, MacLeod F, McLaughlin J. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1991 January; 22(1): 53-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2002232

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Maternal-fetal listeriosis: 2 case reports. Author(s): Svare J, Andersen LF, Langhoff-Roos J, Madsen H, Bruun B. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1991; 31(3): 179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2071059

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Materno-fetal listeriosis from cook-chill and refrigerated food. Author(s): Kerr KG, Dealler SF, Lacey RW. Source: Lancet. 1988 November 12; 2(8620): 1133. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2903338

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Meningoencephalitis with septic intracerebral infarction: a new feature of CNS listeriosis. Author(s): Nau R, Bruck W, Bollensen E, Prange HW. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1990; 22(1): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2320957

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Modulation of antigen display by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strains and its impact on protective immunity against listeriosis. Author(s): Hess J, Miko D, Gentschev I, Dietrich G, Goebel W, Mollenkopf HJ, Ladel C, Kaufmann SH. Source: Behring Inst Mitt. 1997 February; (98): 160-71. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9382737

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Molecular subtyping to detect human listeriosis clusters. Author(s): Sauders BD, Fortes ED, Morse DL, Dumas N, Kiehlbauch JA, Schukken Y, Hibbs JR, Wiedmann M. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 June; 9(6): 672-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12781006

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Mononucleosis in a patient with listeriosis. Author(s): Higgins PM. Source: J R Coll Gen Pract. 1968 January; 15(1): 74-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5648518

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Multisectoral approach in the prevention of human listeriosis. Author(s): Bogel K. Source: Acta Microbiol Hung. 1989; 36(2-3): 87-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2631517

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Neonatal listeriosis due to cross-infection confirmed by isoenzyme typing and DNA fingerprinting. Author(s): Farber JM, Peterkin PI, Carter AO, Varughese PV, Ashton FE, Ewan EP. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1991 April; 163(4): 927-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1901339

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Neonatal listeriosis due to cross-infection in an obstetric theatre. Author(s): Simmons MD, Cockcroft PM, Okubadejo OA. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1986 November; 13(3): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3098856

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Neonatal listeriosis in Algeria: the first two cases. Author(s): Ramdani-Bouguessa N, Rahal K. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2000 February; 6(2): 108-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11168082

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Neonatal listeriosis in Scotland. Author(s): Fyfe WM, Campbell DM, Galea P. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1991 March; 20(2): 236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1883183

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Neonatal listeriosis in twins due to cross-infection in theatre recovery room. Author(s): Roberts RJ, Quoraishi AH, Evans MR. Source: Lancet. 1994 December 3; 344(8936): 1572. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7983968

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Neonatal listeriosis with severe respiratory failure responding to nitric oxide inhalation. Author(s): Ichiba H, Fujioka H, Saitoh M, Shintaku H. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2000 December; 42(6): 696-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11192532

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Neonatal listeriosis. Author(s): Ahlfors CE, Goetzman BW, Halsted CC, Sherman MP, Wennberg RP. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1977 April; 131(4): 405-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=322474

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Neonatal listeriosis. Author(s): Variend S, Blumenthal I. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1975 February; 51(592): 96-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1114153

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Neonatal listeriosis. Author(s): Bortolussi R. Source: Semin Perinatol. 1990 August; 14(4 Suppl 1): 44-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2237470

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Neonatal listeriosis: a report of seven cases. Author(s): Lubani MM, Sharda DC, Al-Shab T, Sethi S. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1987 March; 7(1): 42-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2439003

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Neonatal listeriosis: a summer outbreak. Author(s): Niels le Souef P, Walters BN. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1981 August 22; 2(4): 188-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7300719

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Neonatal listeriosis: distribution of serotypes in relation to age at onset of disease. Author(s): Albritton WL, Wiggins GL, Feeley JC. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1976 March; 88(3): 481-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=812974

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Neonatal listeriosis: experience in Suffolk. Author(s): Smyth RL, Bamford MF. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1988 July; 17(1): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3144572

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Neonatal listeriosis: increased frequency or greater awareness? Author(s): Alison F, Sarrut S. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1968 June; 7(6): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4967572

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Neonatal listeriosis: where do we go from here? Author(s): Bortolussi R. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985 May-June; 4(3): 228-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4000985

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Neonatal listeriosis--report of nine cases from Kuwait. Author(s): Dhar R. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1988 June; 34(3): 118-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3404572

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Nosocomial transmission of listeriosis? Author(s): King HS, Duncan J, Tracey PM. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1982 June 15; 126(12): 1374. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7083088

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Occupational diseases (royalty division): listeriosis, and unwise nutrition. Author(s): Hart WE. Source: Pediatrics. 1972 April; 49(4): 640-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4553552

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Occurrence of Listeria and listeriosis in Hungary. Author(s): Ralovich B, Domjan-Kovacs H. Source: Acta Vet Hung. 1996; 44(3): 277-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9055453

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Oral cancer, fever of unknown origin, and listeriosis. Author(s): Morritt AN, Mclean NR, Snow MH. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2002 October; 40(5): 442-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12379195

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Outbreak of neonatal listeriosis associated with mineral oil. Author(s): Schuchat A, Lizano C, Broome CV, Swaminathan B, Kim C, Winn K. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1991 March; 10(3): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2041663

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Outbreak of neonatal listeriosis in a regional hospital in Kuwait. Author(s): Sethi SK, Ghafoor MA, Vandepitte J. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1989 January; 148(4): 368-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2495964

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Outbreaks of listeriosis/Listeria-contaminated foods. Author(s): Kvenberg JE. Source: Microbiol Sci. 1988 December; 5(12): 355-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3079177

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Overview of listeriosis in countries of the Mediterranean Zoonoses Control Programme (a review). Author(s): Papadopoulos G, Simos E. Source: Acta Microbiol Hung. 1989; 36(2-3): 141-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2698578

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Overview of neonatal listeriosis. Author(s): Albritton WL, Cochi SL, Feeley JC. Source: Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale. 1984; 7(4): 311-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6398177

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Pasteurized milk as a vehicle of infection in an outbreak of listeriosis. Author(s): Fleming DW, Cochi SL, MacDonald KL, Brondum J, Hayes PS, Plikaytis BD, Holmes MB, Audurier A, Broome CV, Reingold AL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1985 February 14; 312(7): 404-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3918263

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Pathogen, host and environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of listeriosis. Author(s): Roberts AJ, Wiedmann M. Source: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : Cmls. 2003 May; 60(5): 904-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12827280

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Pathology of listeriosis. Author(s): Anderson MB, Smith CD, Sampson CC. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1965 November; 57(6): 476-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5852388

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Perinatal and neonatal infections: listeriosis. Author(s): Relier JP. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1979 May; 5 Suppl A: 51-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=112093

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Perinatal listeriosis (early-onset): correlation of antenatal manifestations and neonatal outcome. Author(s): Boucher M, Yonekura ML. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 November; 68(5): 593-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3763068

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Perinatal listeriosis and hospital cross infection. Author(s): Sinha SK, Jones D, Audurier A, Taylor AG. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1983 November; 58(11): 938-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6651335

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Perinatal listeriosis in a Dutch woman returning from holiday in France. Author(s): Santema JG, Broekman AM, Endtz HP, Wallenburg HC. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1994 January; 53(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8187925

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Perinatal listeriosis in Dresden 1981-1986: clinical and microbiological findings in 18 cases. Author(s): Schwarze R, Bauermeister CD, Ortel S, Wichmann G. Source: Infection. 1989 May-June; 17(3): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2737754

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Perinatal listeriosis underdiagnosed as a cause of pre-term labour? Author(s): Valkenburg MH, Essed GG, Potters HV. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1988 April; 27(4): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3384163

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Perinatal listeriosis. Author(s): Spencer JA. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 August 8; 295(6594): 349. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3115442

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Perinatal listeriosis. Author(s): Vawter GF. Source: Perspectives in Pediatric Pathology. 1981; 6: 153-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7322825

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Perinatal listeriosis. Author(s): Cohen SN. Source: Lancet. 1980 July 5; 2(8184): 32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6104236

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Perinatal listeriosis. Author(s): McEnery G, Chattopadhyay B. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1980 February; 55(2): 165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7377843

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Perinatal listeriosis. Author(s): Voigt JC, Claireaux AE, Hopper PK, Beck A. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1971 June; 78(6): 570-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4997696

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Perinatal listeriosis. A report of six cases. Author(s): Khong TY, Frappell JM, Steel HM, Stewart CM, Burke M. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1986 October; 93(10): 1083-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3790468

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Perinatal listeriosis. Tolerance of a clinical isolate of Listeria monocytogenes for ampicillin and resistance against cefotaxime. Author(s): Traub WH. Source: Chemotherapy. 1981; 27(6): 423-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6271503

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Perinatal listeriosis: a bacteriological and serological study. Author(s): Bhujwala RA, Hingorani V. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1975 October; 63(10): 1503-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=816738

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Perinatal listeriosis: a population-based multicenter study in Barcelona, Spain (19901996). Author(s): Nolla-Salas J, Bosch J, Gasser I, Vinas L, de Simon M, Almela M, Latorre C, Coll P, Ferrer MD. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1998 August; 15(8): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9788644

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Perinatal listeriosis: report of an outbreak. Author(s): Evans JR, Allen AC, Stinson DA, Bortolussi R, Peddle LJ. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985 May-June; 4(3): 237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4000986

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Perinatal listeriosis; more common than reported (2 case reports and revision of literature). Author(s): Makar AP, Vanderheyden JS, De Schrijver D, Keersmaekers G. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1989 April; 31(1): 83-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2653897

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Perinatal listeriosis--a review of twelve patients. Author(s): Halliday HL, Hirata T. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 February 15; 133(4): 40510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=434005

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Peripheral blood gamma delta T cells in human listeriosis. Author(s): Bertotto A, Spinozzi F, Gerli R, Bassotti G, Forenza N, Vagliasindi C, Vaccaro R. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1995 December; 84(12): 1434-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8645966

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Periventricular leukomalacia and listeriosis in the newborn. Author(s): Spector RG. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1966 August; 8(4): 402-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6007889

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Pontomedullary listeriosis in renal allograft recipient. Author(s): Mahony JF, Tambyah JA, Dalton VC, Wolfenden WH. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 June 29; 2(921): 705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4212251

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Pregnant women and listeriosis: preferred educational messages and delivery mechanisms. Author(s): Cates SC, Carter-Young HL, Conley S, O'Brien B. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2004 May-June; 36(3): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15202987

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Prenatal diagnosis of congenital listeriosis. Author(s): Yarberry-Allen P, Abdel-Latif N, Cederqvist LL. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 1983 April-May; 3(3): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6869650

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Primary cutaneous listeriosis in adults: an occupational disease of veterinarians and farmers. Author(s): McLauchlin J, Low JC. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1994 December 24-31; 135(26): 615-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7716869

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Proceedings: Congenital listeriosis. Author(s): Morosov B. Source: Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1972; 19(4): 405-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4206784

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Proceedings: Involvement of the central nervous system in neonatal listeriosis. Author(s): Degen R. Source: Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1972; 19(4): 411-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4206785

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Proceedings: Listeriosis and gestation. Author(s): Morosov B. Source: Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1972; 19(4): 399-402. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4206782

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Proceedings: Listeriosis in professionally exposed persons. Author(s): Elischerova K, Stupalova S. Source: Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1972; 19(4): 379-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4206778

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Proceedings: Listeriosis in puerperal women and their infants. Author(s): Szigetvari I, Gati I, Doszpod J, Ralovich B, Malovics I. Source: Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1972; 19(4): 395-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4206781

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Proceedings: New outlook on the epidemiology and epizoology of listeriosis. Author(s): Seeliger HP. Source: Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1972; 19(4): 273-86. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4206765

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Proceedings: Present situation of human listeriosis in Hungary. Author(s): Mero E, Ralovich B. Source: Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1972; 19(4): 301-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4206768

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Proceedings: Screening examination for listeriosis in pregnancy. Author(s): Nagy T, Mero E. Source: Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1972; 19(4): 385-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4206779

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Proceedings: Serological screening of pregnant women for listeriosis. Author(s): Bodnar L, Pap G, Kemenes F. Source: Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1972; 19(4): 389-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4206780

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Proceedings: Tetracycline treatment of pregnant women with suspected listeriosis. Author(s): Pataky L, Kemenes F. Source: Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1972; 19(4): 403-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4206783

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Pseudo-outbreak of listeriosis elucidated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Author(s): La Scola B, Fournier PE, Musso D, Tissot-Dupont H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 October; 16(10): 75660. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9405949

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Psychiatric sequelae of listeriosis. Author(s): Kellner M, Sonntag A, Strian F. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1990 August; 157: 299. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2224387

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Quantitative risk assessment of human listeriosis from consumption of soft cheese made from raw milk. Author(s): Bemrah N, Sanaa M, Cassin MH, Griffiths MW, Cerf O. Source: Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 1998 December 1; 37(1-4): 129-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9879587

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RAPD analysis, serotyping, and esterase typing indicate that the population of Listeria monocytogenes strains recovered from cheese and from patients with listeriosis in Belgium are different. Author(s): Malak M, Vivier A, Andre P, Decallonne J, Gilot P. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 2001 September; 47(9): 883-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11683471

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RAPD- and actA gene-typing of Listeria monocytogenes isolates of human listeriosis, the intestinal contents of cows and beef. Author(s): Inoue S, Katagiri K, Terao M, Maruyama T. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2001; 45(2): 127-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11293478

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Real-time application of automated ribotyping and DNA macrorestriction analysis in the setting of a listeriosis outbreak. Author(s): Inglis TJ, Clair A, Sampson J, O'Reilly L, Vandenberg S, Leighton K, Watson A. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 August; 131(1): 637-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12948362

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Reduction in human listeriosis in Barcelona, Spain. Author(s): Nolla-Salas J, Gasser I, Almela M, Coll P, Plasencia A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 October; 13(10): 830. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7889953

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Reduction in the incidence of human listeriosis in the United States. Effectiveness of prevention efforts? The Listeriosis Study Group. Author(s): Tappero JW, Schuchat A, Deaver KA, Mascola L, Wenger JD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995 April 12; 273(14): 1118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7707600

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Respiratory failure due to pharyngeal dysfunction: a singular presentation of brainstem listeriosis. Author(s): Lesieur O, Dudeffant P, Latinville D, Hervochon JM, Courtiade B, Haglund P. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2003 January; 29(1): 140-1. Epub 2002 November 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12528037

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Risk assessment of listeriosis linked to the consumption of two soft cheeses made from raw milk: Camembert of Normandy and Brie of Meaux. Author(s): Sanaa M, Coroller L, Cerf O. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 2004 April; 24(2): 389-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15078309

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Risk factors for listeriosis in Denmark, 1989-1990. Author(s): Jensen A, Frederiksen W, Gerner-Smidt P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994; 26(2): 171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8036473

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Role of foods in sporadic listeriosis. I. Case-control study of dietary risk factors. The Listeria Study Group. Author(s): Schuchat A, Deaver KA, Wenger JD, Plikaytis BD, Mascola L, Pinner RW, Reingold AL, Broome CV. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 April 15; 267(15): 2041-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1552639

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Role of foods in sporadic listeriosis. II. Microbiologic and epidemiologic investigation. The Listeria Study Group. Author(s): Pinner RW, Schuchat A, Swaminathan B, Hayes PS, Deaver KA, Weaver RE, Plikaytis BD, Reeves M, Broome CV, Wenger JD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 April 15; 267(15): 2046-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1552640

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Seminar in perinatology: respiratory distress due to listeriosis. Author(s): Rawson JE, Friedman CA, Blumenthal BI. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1982 January; 23(1): 3-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7054519

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Serodiagnosis of listeriosis based upon detection of antibodies against recombinant truncated forms of listeriolysin O. Author(s): Gholizadeh Y, Poyart C, Juvin M, Beretti JL, Croize J, Berche P, Gaillard JL. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 June; 34(6): 1391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8735086

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Serological diagnosis of listeriosis in man, sheep and rabbit by immunoperoxidase technique. Author(s): Briones V, Dominguez L, Domingo M, Marco A, Ramos JA, Garcia JA, Suarez G. Source: Acta Microbiol Hung. 1989; 36(2-3): 315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2698584

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Serological evidence for culture-negative listeriosis of central nervous system. Author(s): Gaillard JL, Beretti JL, Boulot-Tolle M, Wilhelm JM, Bertrand JL, Herbelleau T, Berche P. Source: Lancet. 1992 August 29; 340(8818): 560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1354320

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Serological investigations for listeriosis antibodies in Iran. Author(s): Bashiribod H. Source: Geogr Med Suppl. 1989; 5: 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2513263

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Serological investigations in Nigeria for anthropozoonoses in human sera: brucellosis, echinococcosis, toxoplasmosis, chlamydial diseases, listeriosis, rickettsiosis (Coxiella burneti and Rickettsia conori). Author(s): Sixl W, Rosegger H, Schneeweiss H, Withalm H, Schuhmann G. Source: J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1987; 31(4 Suppl): 493-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3443751

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Serotyping and esterase typing for analysis of Listeria monocytogenes populations recovered from foodstuffs and from human patients with listeriosis in Belgium. Author(s): Gilot P, Genicot A, Andre P. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 April; 34(4): 1007-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8815071

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Some epidemiologic problems of human listeriosis in Hungary. Author(s): Mero E, Ralovich B. Source: Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1971; 18(3): 149-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5005044

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Sporadic case of listeriosis associated with the consumption of a Listeria monocytogenes-contaminated 'Camembert' cheese. Author(s): Gilot P, Hermans C, Yde M, Gigi J, Janssens M, Genicot A, Andre P, Wauters G. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1997 September; 35(2): 195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9354360

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Studies on the epidemiology of listeriosis in Missouri. Author(s): Blenden DC, Silberg SL, Gates GA. Source: Mo Med. 1966 September; 63(9): 737-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4962620

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Studies on the listeriosis of domestic animals and human beings with a special reference to the epidemiological observations made in Ibaragi Prefecture. Author(s): Toyoda M. Source: Int J Zoonoses. 1978 December; 5(2): 111-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=744701

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Study of neonatal listeriosis in north India. Author(s): Thomas S, Verma IC, Singh M, Bhujwala RA. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1981 January; 73: 28-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7239612

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Successful antepartum treatment of listeriosis with vancomycin plus netilmicin. Author(s): Bonacorsi S, Doit C, Aujard Y, Blot P, Bingen E. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 July; 17(1): 139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8353237

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Successful antepartum treatment of listeriosis. Author(s): Kalstone C. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 January; 164(1 Pt 1): 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1986626

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Surveillance of listeriosis in England and Wales, 1995-1999. Author(s): Smerdon WJ, Jones R, McLauchlin J, Reacher M. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2001 September; 4(3): 188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11732358

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Surveillance of listeriosis in Los Angeles County, 1985-1986. A first year's report. Author(s): Mascola L, Sorvillo F, Neal J, Iwakoshi K, Weaver R. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989 July; 149(7): 1569-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2742430

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Systemic Bacillus species infection mimicking listeriosis of pregnancy. Author(s): Workowski KA, Flaherty JP. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992 March; 14(3): 694-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1562662

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The epidemiology of listeriosis in the United States--1986. Listeriosis Study Group. Author(s): Gellin BG, Broome CV, Bibb WF, Weaver RE, Gaventa S, Mascola L. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1991 February 15; 133(4): 392-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1899779

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The occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in cheese from a manufacturer associated with a case of listeriosis. Author(s): McLauchlin J, Greenwood MH, Pini PN. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1990 May; 10(3-4): 255-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2118796

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The role of temperature factors in the epidemiology of listeriosis. Author(s): Durst J. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol [orig A]. 1975 September; 233(1): 72-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=812294

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Therapeutic activities of antibiotics in listeriosis. Author(s): Hof H. Source: Infection. 1991; 19 Suppl 4: S229-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1879958

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Transmission of neonatal listeriosis in a delivery room. Author(s): Nelson KE, Warren D, Tomasi AM, Raju TN, Vidyasagar D. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1985 September; 139(9): 903-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4036924

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Treatment failure and recurrent human listeriosis. Author(s): McLauchlin J, Audurier A, Taylor AG. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1991 June; 27(6): 851-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1938692

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Treatment of foodborne listeriosis. Author(s): Lapin RH. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 May 15; 32(10): 1518-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11317260

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Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole salvage for refractory listeriosis during maintenance chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Wacker P, Ozsahin H, Groll AH, Gervaix A, Reinhard L, Humbert J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2000 July-August; 22(4): 340-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10959905

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Tumour necrosis factor in neonatal listeriosis: a case report. Author(s): Girardin E, Berner M, Grau GE, Dayer JM, Roux-Lombard P, Suter S. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1989 June; 148(7): 644-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2744036

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Two cases of listeriosis. Author(s): Wijesundera CD, Pinto MR, Navaratnam C. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1992 March; 37(1): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1581992

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Two cases of perinatal listeriosis. Author(s): Robertson MH, Mussalli NG, Aizad TA, Okaro JM, Banwell GS. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1979 July; 54(7): 549-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=485198

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Two consecutive nationwide outbreaks of Listeriosis in France, October 1999February 2000. Author(s): de Valk H, Vaillant V, Jacquet C, Rocourt J, Le Querrec F, Stainer F, Quelquejeu N, Pierre O, Pierre V, Desenclos JC, Goulet V. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 November 15; 154(10): 944-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11700249

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Two related cases of listeriosis? Author(s): Redding PJ, Connolly C. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1986 September; 13(2): 203-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3760603

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Typing Listeria monocytogenes isolates from fish products and human listeriosis cases. Author(s): Boerlin P, Boerlin-Petzold F, Bannerman E, Bille J, Jemmi T. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1997 April; 63(4): 1338-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9097430

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Ultrasound features of congenital listeriosis--a case report. Author(s): Quinlivan JA, Newnham JP, Dickinson JE. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 October; 18(10): 1075-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9826900

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Unusual clinical features of an epidemic of listeriosis associated with a particular phage type. Author(s): Malinverni R, Glauser MP, Bille J, Rocourt J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 April; 5(2): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3087749

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Update: Multistate outbreak of listeriosis--United States, 2000. Author(s): Stone SC, Shoenberger J. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001 September; 38(3): 339-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11524658

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Use of listeriolysin O and internalin A in a seroepidemiological study of listeriosis in Swiss dairy cows. Author(s): Boerlin P, Boerlin-Petzold F, Jemmi T. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 March; 41(3): 1055-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12624029

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Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to link sporadic cases of invasive listeriosis with recalled chocolate milk. Author(s): Proctor ME, Brosch R, Mellen JW, Garrett LA, Kaspar CW, Luchansky JB. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1995 August; 61(8): 3177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7487050

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Vascular infection: another hazard of listeriosis. Author(s): Earnshaw JJ, Wilkins DC. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1991 July-August; 32(4): 475-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1830883

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Verification of causal relationships between Listeria monocytogenes isolates implicated in food-borne outbreaks of listeriosis by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA patterns. Author(s): Czajka J, Batt CA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 May; 32(5): 1280-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8051257

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What T cells tell macrophages to do during resistance to listeriosis. Author(s): Campbell PA. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1988; 239: 13-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3059764

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LISTERIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and listeriosis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Listeriosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “listeriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “listeriosis” (or a synonym): •

An animal model of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes virulence: effect of alterations in local and systemic immunity on invasive infection. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Source: Schlech, W F 3rd Clin-Invest-Med. 1993 June; 16(3): 219-25 0147-958X

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An outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever due to Listeria monocytogenes in milk. Author(s): Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA. Source: Dalton, C B Austin, C C Sobel, J Hayes, P S Bibb, W F Graves, L M Swaminathan, B Proctor, M E Griffin, P M N-Engl-J-Med. 1997 January 9; 336(2): 100-5 0028-4793

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An outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 3a infections from butter in Finland. Author(s): Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, National Public Health Institute, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland. outi.lyytikainen@ktl. fi. Source: Lyytikainen, O Autio, T Maijala, R Ruutu, P Honkanen Buzalski, T Miettinen, M Hatakka, M Mikkola, J Anttila, V J Johansson, T Rantala, L Aalto, T Korkeala, H Siitonen, A J-Infect-Dis. 2000 May; 181(5): 1838-41 0022-1899

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Comparison of three selective enrichment methods for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from naturally contaminated foods. Source: Hayes, P.S. Graves, L.M. Swaminathan, B. Ajello, G.W. Malcolm, G.B. Weaver, R.E. Ransom, R. Deaver, K. Plikaytis, B.D. J-Food-Prot. Des Moines, Iowa : International Association of Milk, Food, and Environmental Sanitarians. December 1992. volume 55 (12) page 952-959. 0362-028X

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Dietary fish oil enhances circulating interferon-gamma in mice during listeriosis without altering in vitro production of this cytokine. Author(s): Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. Source: Fritsche, K L Feng, C Berg, J N J-Interferon-Cytokine-Res. 1997 May; 17(5): 271-7 1079-9907

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Effect of acid-adaptation on Listeria monocytogenes survival and translocation in a murine intragastric infection model. Author(s): Unite d'Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme Intracellulaire, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Cedex 15, Paris, France. Source: Saklani Jusforgues, H Fontan, E Goossens, P L FEMS-Microbiol-Lett. 2000 December 1; 193(1): 155-9 0378-1097

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Effects of leflunomide on the course of listeriosis in mice. Short communication. Author(s): Institut Pharmakologie fur Naturwissenschaftler, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Germany. Source: Hirschelmann, R Staffeldt, D Wilhelms, D Sandow, D Schleyerbach, R Arzneimittelforschung. 1995 May; 45(5): 614-6 0004-4172

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Evaluation of Caesalpinia ferrea extract on bone marrow hematopoiesis in the murine models of listeriosis and Ehrlich ascites tumor. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Hemocentre, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brazil. [email protected] Source: Queiroz, M L Justo, G Z Valadares, M C Pereira da silva, F R Immunopharmacol-Immunotoxicol. 2001 August; 23(3): 367-82 0892-3973

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Exposure of Listeria monocytogenes within an epidemic caused by butter in Finland. Author(s): Risk Analysis, National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland. [email protected] Source: Maijala, R Lyytikainen, O Autio, T Aalto, T Haavisto, L Honkanen Buzalski, T Int-J-Food-Microbiol. 2001 October 22; 70(1-2): 97-109 0168-1605

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Foods with low numbers of microorganisms may not be the safest foods or, why did human listeriosis and hemorrhagic colitis become foodborne diseases. Source: Jay, J.M. Dairy-food-environ-sanit. Des Moines, IA : International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians, Inc. November 1995. volume 15 (11) page 674-677. 1043-3546

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Human endothelial cell activation and mediator release in response to Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. Source: Rose, F Zeller, S A Chakraborty, T Domann, E Machleidt, T Kronke, M Seeger, W Grimminger, F Sibelius, U Infect-Immun. 2001 February; 69(2): 897-905 0019-9567

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Immunotoxic effects of T-2 mycotoxin on cell-mediated resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Source: Corrier, D E Ziprin, R L Vet-Immunol-Immunopathol. 1987 January; 14(1): 11-21 0165-2427

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Interaction of Listeria monocytogenes with mouse dendritic cells. Author(s): Division of Microbiology, GBF-National Research Centre for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany. Source: Guzman, C A Rohde, M Chakraborty, T Domann, E Hudel, M Wehland, J Timmis, K N Infect-Immun. 1995 September; 63(9): 3665-73 0019-9567

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Modulation of cell-mediated resistance to listeriosis in mice given T-2 toxin. Source: Corrier, D E Ziprin, R L Mollenhauer, H H Toxicol-Appl-Pharmacol. 1987 July; 89(3): 323-31 0041-008X

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Nitric oxide produced during murine listeriosis is protective. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710. Source: Boockvar, K S Granger, D L Poston, R M Maybodi, M Washington, M K Hibbs, J B Kurlander, R L Infect-Immun. 1994 March; 62(3): 1089-100 0019-9567

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Plasmids in Listeria monocytogenes in relation to cadmium resistance. Author(s): Laboratoire de Bacteriologie, Faculte de Medecine, Tours, France. Source: Lebrun, M Loulergue, J Chaslus Dancla, E Audurier, A Appl-Environ-Microbiol. 1992 September; 58(9): 3183-6 0099-2240

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Ribotypes and virulence gene polymorphisms suggest three distinct Listeria monocytogenes lineages with differences in pathogenic potential. Source: Wiedmann, M. Bruce, J.L. Keating, C. Johnson, A.E. McDonough, P.L. Batt, C.A. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. July 1997. volume 65 (7) page 2707-2716. 0019-9567

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Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in cottage cheese. Source: Piccinin, D.M. Shelef, L.A. J-food-prot. Des Moines, Iowa : International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians. February 1995, volume 58 (2) page 128-131. 0362-028X

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T-2 toxin-enhanced resistance against listeriosis in mice: importance of gastrointestinal lesions. Source: Ziprin, R L Corrier, D E Ziegler, H K Am-J-Vet-Res. 1987 June; 48(6): 998-1002 0002-9645

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The Danish government position on the control of Listeria monocytogenes in foods. Source: Qvist, S. Food-control. Oxford, UK : Elsevier Science Ltd. Aug/October 1996. volume 7 (4/5) page 249-252. 0956-7135

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The role of the Public Health Laboratory Service in England and Wales in the investigation of human listeriosis during the 1980s and 1990s. Source: McLauchlin, J. Food-control. Oxford, UK : Elsevier Science Ltd. Aug/October 1996. volume 7 (4/5) page 235-239. 0956-7135

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US position on Listeria monocytogenes in foods. Source: Shank, F.R. Elliot, E.L. Wachsmuth, I.K. Losikoff, M.E. Food-control. Oxford, UK : Elsevier Science Ltd. Aug/October 1996. volume 7 (4/5) page 229-234. 0956-7135

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

Nutrition

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LISTERIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to listeriosis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to listeriosis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “listeriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to listeriosis: •

2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced metabolic stress enhances resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. Author(s): Miller ES, Bates RA, Koebel DA, Fuchs BB, Sonnenfeld G. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1998 December 1; 65(3): 535-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9877421

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Addition of Maitake D-fraction reduces the effective dosage of vancomycin for the treatment of Listeria-infected mice. Author(s): Kodama N, Yamada M, Nanba H. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 December; 87(4): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11829152

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Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus casei strain shirota against gastrointestinal Listeria monocytogenes infection in rats. Author(s): de Waard R, Garssen J, Bokken GC, Vos JG.

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Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2002 February 25; 73(1): 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11885574 •

Anti-oxidant properties of N-acetyl-L-cysteine do not improve the immune resistance of mice fed dietary lipids to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Author(s): Puertollano MA, de Pablo MA, Alvarez de Cienfuegos G. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2003 June; 22(3): 313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12765672

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Application of purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant Echinacea purpurea to mice mediates protection against systemic infections with Listeria monocytogenes and Candida albicans. Author(s): Roesler J, Steinmuller C, Kiderlen A, Emmendorffer A, Wagner H, LohmannMatthes ML. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1991; 13(1): 27-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2026472

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Augmentation of host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection by a traditional Chinese medicine, ren-shen-yang-rong-tang (Japanese name: ninjin-youei-to). Author(s): Yonekura K, Kawakita T, Saito Y, Suzuki A, Nomoto K. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1992; 14(1-2): 165-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1597654

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Consumption of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid impair murine interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma production in vivo. Author(s): Fritsche KL, Anderson M, Feng C. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 September; 182 Suppl 1: S54-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10944484

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Contribution of cytokines to time-dependent augmentation of resistance against Listeria monocytogenes after administration of a traditional Chinese medicine, xiaochai-hu-tang (Japanese name: shosaiko-to). Author(s): Kawakita T, Mitsuyama M, Kumazawa Y, Miura O, Yumioka E, Nomoto K. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1989; 11(2-3): 233-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2516094

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Cytokine profile and natural killer cell activity in Listeria monocytogenes infected mice treated orally with Petiveria alliacea extract. Author(s): Queiroz ML, Quadros MR, Santos LM. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2000 August; 22(3): 501-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10946828

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Determination of natural resistance of mice fed dietary lipids to experimental infection induced by Listeria monocytogenes. Author(s): de Pablo MA, Puertollano MA, Galvez A, Ortega E, Gaforio JJ, Alvarez de Cienfuegos G. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2000 February; 27(2): 127-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10640607

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Dietary fish oil enhances circulating interferon-gamma in mice during listeriosis without altering in vitro production of this cytokine. Author(s): Fritsche KL, Feng C, Berg JN. Source: Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research. 1997 May; 17(5): 271-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9181465

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Dietary fish oil reduces survival and impairs bacterial clearance in C3H/Hen mice challenged with Listeria monocytogenes. Author(s): Fritsche KL, Shahbazian LM, Feng C, Berg JN. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1997 January; 92(1): 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9038598

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Dietary marine lipid does not alter susceptibility of (NZBxNZW)F1 mice to pathogenic microorganisms. Author(s): Rubin RH, Wilkinson RA, Xu L, Robinson DR. Source: Prostaglandins. 1989 August; 38(2): 251-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2549578

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Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oil reduce interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma production in mice. Author(s): Fritsche KL, Byrge M, Feng C. Source: Immunology Letters. 1999 February; 65(3): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10065739

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Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce IFN-gamma receptor expression in mice. Author(s): Feng C, Keisler DH, Fritsche KL. Source: Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research. 1999 January; 19(1): 41-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10048767

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Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid does not alter the resistance of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Author(s): Turnock L, Cook M, Steinberg H, Czuprynski C.

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Source: Lipids. 2001 February; 36(2): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11269693 •

Effect of a traditional Chinese medicine, bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang (Japanese name: Hochuekki-to) on the protection against Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. Author(s): Li XY, Takimoto H, Miura S, Yoshikai Y, Matsuzaki G, Nomoto K. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1992; 14(3): 383-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1517527

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Effect of a traditional Chinese medicine, Bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang on the protection against an oral infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Author(s): Yamaoka Y, Kawakita T, Kishihara K, Nomoto K. Source: Immunopharmacology. 1998 June; 39(3): 215-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9754907

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Effect of immunomodulation with galactoside-specific mistletoe lectin on experimental listeriosis. Author(s): Stoffel B, Beuth J, Pulverer G. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1996 July; 284(2-3): 439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8837402

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Evaluation of Caesalpinia ferrea extract on bone marrow hematopoiesis in the murine models of listeriosis and Ehrlich ascites tumor. Author(s): Queiroz ML, Justo GZ, Valadares MC, Pereira-da-silva FR. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2001 August; 23(3): 367-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11694028

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Highlights of FDA food safety efforts: fruit juice, mercury in fish. Author(s): Formanek R Jr. Source: Fda Consumer. 2001 March-April; 35(2): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11444243

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Hot water extracts of Chlorella vulgaris reduce opportunistic infection with Listeria monocytogenes in C57BL/6 mice infected with LP-BM5 murine leukemia viruses. Author(s): Hasegawa T, Okuda M, Makino M, Hiromatsu K, Nomoto K, Yoshikai Y. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1995 June; 17(6): 505-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7499027

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Immunomodulatory effects of dietary lipids alter host natural resistance of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Author(s): Puertollano MA, de Pablo MA, Alvarez de Cienfuegos G.

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Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2001 December; 32(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11750222 •

Induction of colony-stimulating factor(s) after administration of a traditional Chinese medicine, xiao-chai-hu-tang (Japanese name: shosaiko-to). Author(s): Yonekura K, Kawakita T, Mitsuyama M, Miura O, Yumioka E, Suzuki A, Nomoto K. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1990; 12(4): 647-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2092044

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Inflammatory lymphocyte in cell-mediated antibacterial immunity: factors governing the accumulation of mediator T cells in peritoneal exudates. Author(s): North RJ, Spitalny G. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1974 September; 10(3): 489-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4214773

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Involvement of MAP-kinases and -phosphatases in uptake and intracellular replication of Listeria monocytogenes in J774 macrophage cells. Author(s): Kugler S, Schuller S, Goebel W. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1997 December 1; 157(1): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9418248

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Isolation of Listeria: a review of procedures and future prospects. Author(s): Klinger JD. Source: Infection. 1988; 16 Suppl 2: S98-105. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3047068

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Listeriosis after fludarabine treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Author(s): Hequet O, de Jaureguiberry JP, Jaubert D, Gisserot O, Muzellec Y, Brisou P. Source: Hematology and Cell Therapy. 1997 April; 39(2): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9168306

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Mechanism for nonspecific immunity of Listeria monocytogenes in rats mediated by platelets and the clotting system. Author(s): Davies WA, Ackerman VP, Nelson DS. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1981 August; 33(2): 477-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6792078

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Modulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity and acquired cellular resistance by orally administered viable indigenous lactobacilli in Listeria monocytogenes infected Wistar rats. Author(s): de Waard R, Garssen J, Vos JG, Claassen E.

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Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2002; 35(3): 256-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12180952 •

Petiveria alliacea L. extract protects mice against Listeria monocytogenes infection-effects on bone marrow progenitor cells. Author(s): Quadros MR, Souza Brito AR, Queiroz ML. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1999 February; 21(1): 109-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10084333

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Polysaccharides isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea enhance the resistance of immunosuppressed mice against systemic infections with Candida albicans and Listeria monocytogenes. Author(s): Steinmuller C, Roesler J, Grottrup E, Franke G, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes ML. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1993 July; 15(5): 605-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8375943

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Protective effect of a traditional Chinese medicine, xiao-chai-hu-tang (Japanese name: shosaiko-to), on Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. Author(s): Kawakita T, Yamada A, Mitsuyama M, Kumazawa Y, Nomoto K. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1988; 10(3): 345-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3264299

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Protective effect of a traditional Japanese medicine Hochu-ekki-to (Chinese name: Bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang), on the susceptibility against Listeria monocytogenes in infant mice. Author(s): Yamaoka Y, Kawakita T, Nomoto K. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2001 September; 1(9-10): 1669-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11562059

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Protective effect of a traditional Japanese medicine, Bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang (Japanese name: Hochu-ekki-to), on the restraint stress-induced susceptibility against Listeria monocytogenes. Author(s): Yamaoka Y, Kawakita T, Nomoto K. Source: Immunopharmacology. 2000 June; 48(1): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10822087

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Protective effect of saikosaponin A, saikosaponin D and saikogenin D against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in mice. Author(s): Kumazawa Y, Kawakita T, Takimoto H, Nomoto K. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1990; 12(5): 531-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2210914

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Recovery from T cell depletion during murine listeriosis and effect on a T-dependent antibody response. Author(s): Chan YY, Cheers C. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1982 November; 38(2): 694-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6982870

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Relevance of dietary lipids as modulators of immune functions in cells infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Author(s): Puertollano MA, de Pablo MA, Alvarez de Cienfuegos G. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2002 March; 9(2): 352-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11874877

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Stimulatory action of Pluchea quitoc extract on the hematopoietic response during murine listeriosis. Author(s): Queiroz ML, Justo GZ, Pereira-da-Silva FR, Muller AH, Guilhon GM. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2000 November; 22(4): 721-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11105784

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Suppression of cell-mediated immunity to infection by an antimitotic drug. Further evidence that migrant macrophages express immunity. Author(s): North RJ. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1970 September 1; 132(3): 535-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5523967

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Symposium on microbiology update: old friends and new enemies. Listeria monocytogenes. Author(s): Farber JM. Source: J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1991 July-August; 74(4): 701-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1917819

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The effect of cytotoxic agents on the primary immune response to Listeria monocytogenes. Author(s): Tripathy SP, Mackaness GB. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1969 July 1; 130(1): 1-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4978231

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The immunological activity of plant toxins used in the preparation of immunotoxins-II. The immunodepressive activity of gelonin. Author(s): Descotes G, Romano M, Stirpe F, Spreafico F. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1985; 7(4): 455-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4044089

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The mediator of cellular immunity. VI. Effect of the antimitotic drug vinblastine on the mediator of cellular resistance to infection. Author(s): McGregor DD, Logie PS. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1973 March 1; 137(3): 660-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4144033

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The mediator of cellular immunity. XI. Origin and development of MIF producing lymphocytes. Author(s): Kostiala AA, McGregor DD, Lefford MJ. Source: Cellular Immunology. 1976 June 15; 24(2): 318-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=820434

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Treatment of listeriosis. Author(s): Temple ME, Nahata MC. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 May; 34(5): 656-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852095

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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The following is a specific Web list relating to listeriosis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Herbs and Supplements Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON LISTERIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to listeriosis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “listeriosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on listeriosis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Listeriosis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to listeriosis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Effect of acid adaptation on the thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in heating menstrua having various combinations of pH and water activities by EdelsonMammel, Sharon G., MS from University of Maryland College Park, 2004, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1417629

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON LISTERIOSIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “listeriosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on listeriosis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patent Applications on Listeriosis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to listeriosis:

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Methods and oligonucleotides for the detection of Salmonella sp., E. coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes Inventor(s): Ellingson, Jay L.E.; (Marshfield, WI), Vevea, Dirk N.; (Hewitt, WI) Correspondence: Zhibin Ren; Quarles & Brady Llp; 1 South Pinckney Street; P O Box 2113; Madison; WI; 53701-2113; US Patent Application Number: 20030022214 Date filed: June 21, 2002 Abstract: A method for detecting a Salmonella species, E. coli O157:H7, or Listeria monocytogenes is disclosed. The method involves amplifying a genomic nucleotide sequence of a corresponding species and detecting the amplification product. Various primers and probes that can be used in the method are also disclosed. In one embodiment, the amplification step of the method is accomplished by real-time PCR and the amplification product is detected by fluorescence resonance energy transfer using a pair of labeled polynucleotides. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. application Serial No. 60/300,199, filed on Jun. 22, 2001, U.S. application Serial No. 60/373,588, filed on Apr. 18, 2002, and U.S. application Serial No. 60/373,589, filed on Apr. 18, 2002. None. Federal and state health and safety standards mandate that industrial food service companies and manufacturing facilities perform routine testing for common bacteria, such as Salmonella species, E. coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes, that cause food-borne illnesses. As a safety precaution, companies are required to perform testing on each batch or lot of food prior to the food reaching the public. Several methods are currently available for industrial testing of bacteria in the food service industry. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Serotype-specific probes for Listeria monocytogenes Inventor(s): Kathariou, Sophia; (Honolulu, HI), Lei, Xiang-Hei; (San Francisco, CA) Correspondence: Flehr Hohbach Test; Albrittton & Herbert; Four Embarcadero Center; Suite 3400; San Francisco; CA; 94111 Patent Application Number: 20010055759 Date filed: July 14, 1998 Abstract: Recombinant nucleic acids comprising region(s) of Listeria monocytogenes genome that are unique to an individual serotype and genomic cluster are provided. Also provided are oligonucleotide probes and primers derived from the recombinant nucleic acid sequences and methods for their use in the detection and identification serovar 4 and genomic cluster IIB strains. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the identification and characterization of novel DNA sequences that are specific to Listeria monocytogenes strains that are commonly associated with human disease and provides improved oligonucleotides and methods for their use in the detection and typing of these strains. Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium, is the causative agent of listeriosis, a serious disease of humans and animals that can be transmitted by means of contaminated food. Newborns, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are especially prone to infection. Listeria are commonly found in the environment and, unlike most other human pathogens, are capable of growth at refrigeration temperatures, often leading to

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problematic contamination of cold-stored foods. Such foods, especially dairy products, have been implicated in numerous cases of sporadic listeriosis as well as several common-source epidemics of the disease. Even though numerous serotypes of L. monocytogenes have been identified with the antigenic scheme of Seeliger and Hohne (Methods Microbiol. 13:31-49 (1979)), three serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b) account for the vast majority of clinical isolates. Furthermore, strains of serotype 4b have been implicated in a large fraction (ca. 40%) of sporadic listeriosis cases and virtually all common-source outbreaks reported in Europe and North America during the past 20 years (Schuchat et al. 1991. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 4:169-183). Pulsed-field fingerprinting of chromosomal DNA has revealed that serotypes 4b, 4d, and 4e strains constitute one genomic subdivision (cluster IIB) (Brosh et al. 1994. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:25842592). From the perspective of human disease, serotype 4b strains are the major component of this genomic cluster because serotype 4d and 4e strains are isolated only rarely from foods and virtually never from patients (Farber et al., 1991. Microbiol. Rev. 55:476-511). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with listeriosis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “listeriosis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on listeriosis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning listeriosis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON LISTERIOSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to listeriosis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on listeriosis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “listeriosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on listeriosis: •

Guidelines for Perinatal Care Source: Guidelines for Perinatal Care; 3rd edition, 1992. Contact: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, PO Box 96920, Washington, DC, 20090-6920, (202) 638-5577, http://www.acog.com. American Academy of Pediatrics, Department of Maternal Child and Adolescent Health, Committee on Pediatric AIDS, 141 NW Point Blvd, Elk Grove Village, IL, 60007-1098, (847) 434-4000, http://www.aap.org. Summary: This book chapter focuses on the clinical management of viral and bacterial perinatal infections. These include cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus, human parvovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, group B streptococcal, listeriosis, syphilis, lyme disease, and chlamydia infection. For each of these infections, guidelines are provided on treatment and counseling during pregnancy, obstetric management, management of exposed

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newborns, nursery management, and early diagnosis. The section on HIV focuses on diagnostic criteria for adults, children, and infants; prevention; and management after delivery.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “listeriosis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “listeriosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “listeriosis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Food Poisoning: Listeria & Listeriosis Report - Follow Up by Great Britain; ISBN: 0102093903; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0102093903/icongroupinterna

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Foodborne Listeriosis (Topics in Industrial Microbiology, 2) by A.J. Miller, et al; ISBN: 0444811869; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444811869/icongroupinterna

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HCP 257 88/89 Sixth Report from the Social Services Committee; Food Poisoning: Listeria and Listeriosis Together with the Proceedings of the Committe. [1988-89]: House of Commons Papers: [1988-89] by Frank Field; ISBN: 0102257892; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0102257892/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Listeriosis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to listeriosis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and listeriosis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “listeriosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on listeriosis: •

Infections Source: in Daugirdas, J.T. and Ing, T.S., eds. Handbook of Dialysis. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1994. p. 469-490. Contact: Available from Lippincott-Raven Publishers. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 777-2295. Fax (301) 824-7390. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://www.lrpub.com. PRICE: $37.95. ISBN: 0316173835. Summary: This chapter on infections is from a handbook that outlines all aspects of dialysis therapy, emphasizing the management of dialysis patients. Topics include the

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derangement of immune function in uremia, including etiology and the increased susceptibility to infection; the derangement of temperature control in uremia; the incidence and management of bacterial infections in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients; infections unrelated to the access site, including urinary tract infection, pneumonia, intraabdominal infections, tuberculosis, listeriosis, Salmonella septicemia, Yersinia septicemia, and mucormycosis; viral infections, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus and mononucleosis, influenza, AIDS, routine screening, and dialysis in patients who are HIV positive; vaccination in dialysis patients; and antimicrobial usage in dialysis patients. The authors present information in outline form, for easy reference. The chapter features a lengthy chart outlining the usual nonuremic dosage, dialysis patient dosage, post-hemodialysis supplements, and dosage for CAPD for each antimicrobial agent in common use. 3 tables. 21 references. •

Bacterial Diseases Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 123-151. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This lengthy chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses the etiology, clinical features, histopathology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis for a variety of bacterial diseases that demonstrate oral manifestations. Diseases covered include impetigo, furuncle and carbuncle (deep staphylococcal infections of the hair follicle), acute bacterial cheilitis with ectropion, chancriform pyoderma, erysipelas, periodontal disease, simple gingivitis, hyperplastic or chronic gingivitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis (ANUG), noma (cancrum oris), chronic periodontitis, juvenile periodontitis, periodontal abscess, parodontal pseudocysts, dental sinus tracts, dental infection as a cause of other diseases, nonodontogenic oral abscesses, scarlet fever, diphtheria, cat-scratch disease, gonorrhea, chancroid, syphilis, congenital syphilis, yaws, tuberculosis (including lupus vulcagis), leprosy, actinomycosis, and miscellaneous bacterial infections, including anthrax, brucellosis, listeriosis, glanders, meningococcemia, granuloma inguinale, pertussis, and tularemia. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter; references are provided for each section. 57 figures. 100 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON LISTERIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on listeriosis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on listeriosis is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “listeriosis” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “listeriosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on listeriosis: •

Food Borne Illnesses and Their Prevention Source: Charleston, WV: Cambridge Educational. 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Cambridge Educational. P.O. Box 2153, Dept. D23, Charleston, WV 25328-2153. (800) 468-4227. Fax (800) FAX ON US. Website: www.cambridgeeducational.com. PRICE: $79.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape program takes an indepth look at the recommended practices for food handlers (at home or commercially) to follow in order to prevent the spread of bacteria and other pathogens that can cause foodborne illness. The program investigates the causes, symptoms, and treatment of foodborne illnesses, with emphasis placed on their prevention. The program discusses the more common and severe illnesses in some detail. These include Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Botulism, and Listeriosis. For each infectious organism, the narrator describes why the pathogen causes illness, how long the illness should be expected to last, safe and proper treatments, and when to contact a health care provider. The program then reviews

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shopping, food preparation, and hygiene issues that can help prevent foodborne illness. The final section of the videotape reviews the recommended internal cooking temperatures for a variety of foods. The program stresses that almost all foodborne illnesses can be avoided if people who handled food are educated about causes and the proper procedures to avoid contamination. The USDA Food Hotline number (800-5354555) is provided for viewers who would like to obtain additional information.

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LISTERIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover listeriosis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on listeriosis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “listeriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to listeriosis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “listeriosis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for listeriosis: •

CDC investigating listeriosis outbreak in northeast US Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 04, 2002

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CDC updates illnesses due to listeriosis outbreak Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 27, 2000

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Federal government issues listeriosis control recommendations Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 27, 1999

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Twenty deaths reported from listeriosis outbreak Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 03, 1999

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Construction dust possible cause of listeriosis outbreak Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 12, 1999

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Dust possible cause of listeriosis outbreak Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 11, 1999

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CDC update reveals 12 deaths due to listeriosis outbreak Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 19, 1999

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CDC issues update on Listeriosis outbreak Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 07, 1999

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Multiple meat products implicated in multistate listeriosis outbreak Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 24, 1998 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “listeriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology

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oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “listeriosis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to listeriosis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “listeriosis” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Listeriosis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to listeriosis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering listeriosis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for listeriosis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with listeriosis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to listeriosis: Ciprofloxacin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ciloxan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202655.html

Clarithromycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Biaxin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202667.html

Gentamicin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Genoptic Liquifilm; Genoptic S.O.P.; Gentacidin; Gentafair; Gentak; Ocu-Mycin; Spectro-Genta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202604.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Gentamar; G-Myticin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202258.html

Tobramycin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AKTob; Tobrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202570.html

Trimethoprim •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Proloprim; Trimpex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202579.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.

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Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “listeriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 5224 41 549 14 5 5833

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “listeriosis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on listeriosis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to listeriosis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to listeriosis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “listeriosis”:

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Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html E. Coli Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ecoliinfections.html Encephalitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encephalitis.html Food Contamination and Poisoning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodcontaminationandpoisoning.html Food Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodsafety.html Gastroenteritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroenteritis.html Infant and Toddler Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerhealth.html Infections and Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectionsandpregnancy.html Listeria Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/listeriainfections.html Meningitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/meningitis.html Parasitic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html Prenatal Care http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prenatalcare.html Salmonella Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/salmonellainfections.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on listeriosis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive:

Patient Resources

•

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Is Your Food Safe? Source: Santa Cruz, CA: ETR Associates. 1998. 6 p. Contact: Available from ETR Associates. 4 Carbonero Way, Scotts Valley, CA 950664200. (800) 321-4407. Fax (800) 435-8433. Website: www.etr.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Order number: R027. Summary: This brochure describes foodborne illnesses and their prevention. If food is poorly handled or not cooked or stored properly, bacteria can multiply and cause illness. Not everyone who eats contaminated food will become sick. The symptoms depend on which organism was eaten, how much was eaten, and what the age and general health of the person are. Symptoms of food poisoning are similar to those of stomach flu and include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain or cramps, and fever, fatigue, and feelings of weakness. The brochure lists nine organisms and how they are usually transmitted; organisms and diseases discussed are botulism, Campylobacter, Crytosporidiosis, cyclospora, E. coli (0157:H7), hepatitis A, listeriosis, Salmonella, and Vibrio vulnificus. The brochure notes that mild illness usually gets better on its own and provides basic strategies for handling symptoms of mild food poisoning. The brochure also lists symptoms that would indicate the need to contact a health care provider and notes people more at risk for problems from food poisoning. The centerpiece of the brochure offers U.S. Department of Agriculture strategies for keeping food safe: the six areas covered are buying, storing, preparing, cooking, and serving food, and eating out. A chart summarizes the time that fresh meat, fish, poultry, cheese, eggs, and milk will last in the refrigerator or in the freezer. One sidebar lists safe kitchen tips (primarily relating to hygiene). Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Listeriosis and Pregnancy: What Is Your Risk? Summary: This fact sheet from the Food Safety and Inspection Service answers questions pregnant women may have about listeriosis and what causes it, and its symptoms, prevention, and treatment. Source: Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6363 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to listeriosis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or

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specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on listeriosis can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to listeriosis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with listeriosis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about listeriosis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “listeriosis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “listeriosis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “listeriosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “listeriosis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on listeriosis: •

Basic Guidelines for Listeriosis AIDS Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm Listeriosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001380.htm Meningitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000680.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Listeriosis Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Breathing difficulty Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm

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Chills Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003091.htm Coma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Dysuria Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003145.htm Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Hepatosplenomegaly Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003275.htm Jaundice Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm Lethargy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Myalgia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm Nausea and vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Nodules Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003230.htm Petechiae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm

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Poor appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Sutures - separated Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003307.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Listeriosis Cord blood Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003403.htm CSF culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003769.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm Differential Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003657.htm Lumbar puncture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003428.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm

•

Surgery and Procedures for Listeriosis Abortion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002912.htm

•

Background Topics for Listeriosis Meconium Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002262.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm

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Shock Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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LISTERIOSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Actinomycosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Actinomyces. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH]

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Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in

Dictionary 141

origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU]

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Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimitotic: Inhibiting or preventing mitosis. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills,

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tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta 2-Microglobulin: An 11 kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH]

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Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Canaliculus: A membranous duct for tear drainage, leading from a lacrimal punctum at the eyelid margin and ending at the sinus of Maier. [NIH] Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. [NIH] Cannabinoids: Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. [NIH] Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L. [NIH]

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Capping: A 7-methyl guanosine cap attached to the 5'-end of eucaryotic mRNAs by a phosphodiester linkage. The cap is believed to increase the stability of the message, since most nucleases require a 5'-3'or 3'-5'bond in order to cleave the RNA. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbuncle: An infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. Commonly, the causative agent is Staphylococcus aureus. Carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Cat-Scratch Disease: A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by Afipia felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by Bartonella henselae. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell motility: The ability of a cell to move. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph

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nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Chancroid: Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic

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substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colony-Stimulating Factors: Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colonystimulating factor (M-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements,

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megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Connective Tissue Diseases: A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cross Infection: Any infection which a patient contracts in a healthcare institution. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. CSF is produced in the ventricles of the brain. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been

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solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclospora: A genus of coccidian parasites in the family Eimeriidae. Cyclospora cayetanensis is pathogenic in humans, probably transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and causes nausea and diarrhea. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The

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dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Echinococcosis: An infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The liver, lungs, and kidney are the most common areas of infestation. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air

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bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are

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uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erysipelas: An acute infection of the skin caused by species of streptococcus. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.

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[NIH]

Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fever of Unknown Origin: Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fish Flour: A flour made of pulverized, dried fish or fish parts. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fludarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]

Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Foodborne Illness: An acute gastrointestinal infection caused by food that contains harmful bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and chills. Also called food poisoning. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body

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through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelsolin: A 90-kD protein produced by macrophages that severs actin filaments and forms a cap on the newly exposed filament end. Gelsolin is activated by calcium ions and participates in the assembly and disassembly of actin, thereby increasing the motility of some cells. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germfree: Free from all living micro-organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glanders: A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by Pseudomonas mallei and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin. [NIH]

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Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor: A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines. [NIH] Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages. [NIH]

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Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Inguinale: Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes

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simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens).

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[NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Immunotoxins: Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including radioactive isotopes and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibodies, and antigens. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect. [NIH]

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Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH]

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Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-10: Factor that is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus BCRFI gene. [NIH] Interleukin-12: A heterodimeric cytokine that stimulates the production of interferon gamma from T-cells and natural killer cells, and also induces differentiation of Th1 helper cells. It is an initiator of cell-mediated immunity. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-3: A multilineage cell growth factor secreted by lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and astrocytes which stimulates clonal proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood and tissue cells. Also called multi-CSF, it is considered one of the hematopoietic colony stimulating factors. [NIH] Interleukin-4: Soluble factor produced by activated T-lymphocytes that causes proliferation and differentiation of B-cells. Interleukin-4 induces the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex and Fc receptors on B-cells. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, mast cell lines, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells including granulocyte, megakaryocyte, and erythroid precursors, as well as macrophages. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU]

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Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lactoperoxidase: An enzyme derived from cow's milk. It catalyzes the radioiodination of tyrosine and its derivatives and of peptides containing tyrosine. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leflunomide: An anticancer drug that works by inhibiting a cancer cell growth factor. Also called SU101. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH]

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Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lyme Disease: An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct

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drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (granuloma inguinale), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. [NIH]

Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor). [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Measles Virus: The type species of morbillivirus and the cause of the highly infectious human disease measles, which affects mostly children. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and

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intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Meningoencephalitis: An inflammatory process involving the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mistletoe lectin: A substance that comes from the mistletoe plant, and that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. A lectin is a complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH]

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Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]

Morbillivirus: A genus of the family Paramyxoviridae (subfamily Paramyxovirinae) where all the virions have hemagglutinin but not neuraminidase activity. All members produce both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. MEASLES VIRUS is the type species. [NIH]

Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multigene Family: The progeny of a single open-pollinated parent or of a single cross between two individuals. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH]

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Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niche: The ultimate unit of the habitat, i. e. the specific spot occupied by an individual organism; by extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism, individual or synusia(e), and its environment. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular

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endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oligonucleotide Probes: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]

Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH]

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Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodontal Abscess: Localized circumscribed purulent area of inflammation in the periodontal tissue. It is a derivative of marginal periodontitis and commonly associated with suprabony and infrabony pockets and interradicular involvements, in contrast to periapical abscess which is attributable to pulp necrosis. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the

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mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins

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that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyneuritis: Inflammation of several peripheral nerves at the same time. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of

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health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pseudocysts: A collection of enzyme-rich pancreatic fluid and tissue debris arising within areas of necrosis or an obstructed smaller duct. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH]

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Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Recovery Room: Hospital unit providing continuous monitoring of the patient following anesthesia. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regional lymph node: In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a tumor. [NIH] Regulon: In eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single regulator gene. In bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains. These regulatory systems consist of several operons. [NIH]

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Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribotyping: Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rituximab: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]

Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Scarlet Fever: Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH]

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Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shigellosis: Infection with the bacterium Shigella. Usually causes a high fever, acute diarrhea, and dehydration. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigma Factor: A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA. [NIH] Sil: The arithmetical average of the octave band sound pressure levels of a noise, centered on the frequencies 425, 850 and 1700 Hz together with the frequency 212 of the SIL in this band exceeds the others by 10 dB or more. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall

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in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staphylococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH]

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Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Syphilis, Congenital: Syphilis acquired in utero and manifested by any of several characteristic tooth (Hutchinson's teeth) or bone malformations and by active mucocutaneous syphilis at birth or shortly thereafter. Ocular and neurologic changes may also occur. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also

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called platelets. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymosin: A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thymus Gland: A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the mediastinum, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the thyroid gland and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH]

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Translocate: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tularemia: A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by Francisella tularensis and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

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Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vacuole: A fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vinculin: A cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The amino acid sequence of human vinculin has been determined. The protein consists of 1066 amino acid residues and its gene has been assigned to chromosome 10. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH]

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Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yaws: A systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 135, 139, 153, 154, 161, 168, 178 Abdominal Pain, 139, 153, 154, 178 Abscess, 40, 139, 168 Acatalasia, 139, 145 Acetylcholine, 139, 166, 167 Actin, 7, 9, 23, 139, 154 Actinomycosis, 103, 139 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 76, 139 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 139 Adaptation, 80, 95, 139 Adenovirus, 5, 139 Adjustment, 139 Adoptive Transfer, 11, 14, 21, 35, 139 Adrenal Cortex, 40, 139, 157 Adverse Effect, 139, 174 Affinity, 140, 163 Agar, 31, 140, 147, 149, 158, 169 Algorithms, 140, 143 Alkaline, 140, 144 Allogeneic, 58, 140 Allograft, 68, 140 Alternative medicine, 108, 140 Amber, 140, 159 Amino acid, 16, 140, 141, 142, 149, 154, 155, 161, 168, 170, 171, 176, 177, 178, 179 Amino Acid Sequence, 140, 141, 154, 179 Ampicillin, 17, 19, 20, 27, 38, 40, 67, 140, 164 Amplification, 98, 140 Anaesthesia, 140, 159 Analogous, 5, 140, 170, 177 Anaphylatoxins, 141, 147 Androgens, 139, 141 Anesthesia, 141, 172 Animal model, 10, 11, 80, 141 Anions, 141, 161, 176 Annealing, 141, 170 Anorexia, 141, 154 Anthrax, 103, 141 Antibacterial, 17, 89, 141, 175, 179 Antibiotic, 16, 27, 40, 140, 141, 144, 168, 173, 175 Antibodies, 14, 27, 30, 32, 45, 54, 72, 73, 141, 157, 158, 162, 165, 170 Antigen, 4, 14, 30, 61, 140, 141, 142, 147, 149, 151, 157, 158, 159, 163

Antigen-Antibody Complex, 142, 147 Antigen-presenting cell, 142, 149 Anti-inflammatory, 142, 155, 171 Antimicrobial, 14, 40, 53, 66, 75, 103, 142, 146 Antimitotic, 91, 92, 142 Antiviral, 142, 158, 160 Apoptosis, 11, 142 Aqueous, 142, 149, 151, 157 Arachidonic Acid, 142, 171 Archaea, 142, 164 Arginine, 141, 142, 166 Arteries, 142, 144, 148, 164 Ascites, 80, 88, 142 Assay, 18, 45, 142, 158, 173, 178 Astringents, 142, 164 Attenuated, 4, 30, 32, 61, 142, 179 Attenuation, 16, 142 Autoimmune disease, 6, 142, 165 Autopsy, 47, 142 B Bacillus, 6, 28, 74, 141, 142, 144 Bacteremia, 6, 142 Bacteria, 6, 9, 20, 25, 98, 105, 125, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 151, 152, 153, 155, 164, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179 Bacterial Infections, 3, 103, 124, 143 Bacterial Physiology, 139, 143 Bacteriophage, 22, 143, 169, 179 Bacterium, 8, 21, 22, 98, 143, 145, 156, 174, 177 Basophils, 143, 155, 161 Benign, 143, 153, 156, 166, 173, 180 Beta 2-Microglobulin, 25, 143 Bile, 143, 157, 162, 164 Binding Sites, 7, 143 Biochemical, 7, 28, 143, 161, 164 Biological Warfare, 4, 143 Biotechnology, 11, 35, 81, 108, 119, 143 Bladder, 143, 165, 178, 179 Blastocyst, 143, 169 Blood Coagulation, 143, 144, 173 Blood vessel, 144, 151, 152, 156, 162, 164, 174, 179 Blood-Brain Barrier, 11, 144 Blot, 74, 144, 167 Bone Marrow, 39, 56, 58, 80, 88, 90, 139, 144, 147, 154, 155, 158, 162

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Bowel, 144, 159, 161, 168, 178 Bradykinin, 144, 167 Broad-spectrum, 140, 144, 145 Bronchiseptica, 144, 169 Brucellosis, 50, 73, 103, 144 Buccal, 144, 162 C Cadmium, 16, 30, 81, 144 Cadmium Poisoning, 144 Calcium, 7, 144, 147, 154 Canaliculus, 20, 144 Cannabidiol, 144 Cannabinoids, 19, 144 Cannabinol, 144 Capping, 7, 145 Carbon Dioxide, 145, 154, 169 Carbuncle, 103, 145 Carcinogenic, 145, 160 Case report, 44, 46, 50, 53, 58, 61, 68, 76, 77, 145 Case series, 55, 145 Catalase, 27, 54, 139, 145 Cat-Scratch Disease, 103, 145 Causal, 35, 77, 145, 174 Cause of Death, 8, 145 Cefotaxime, 67, 145 Cell Death, 142, 145, 166 Cell Division, 143, 145, 165, 169 Cell motility, 9, 145 Central Nervous System, 5, 11, 17, 45, 69, 73, 139, 145, 153, 156, 164, 165 Cerebral, 28, 30, 41, 144, 145, 152 Cerebral Cortex, 145, 152 Cerebrospinal, 18, 145, 148 Cerebrospinal fluid, 18, 145, 148 Cervical, 41, 145, 173 Chancroid, 103, 146 Cheilitis, 103, 146 Chemotactic Factors, 146, 147 Chemotherapy, 66, 67, 75, 76, 146 Chlamydia, 5, 50, 101, 146, 156, 163 Cholera, 146, 174 Chromatin, 142, 146, 151, 166 Chromosomal, 99, 140, 146 Chromosome, 146, 161, 178, 179 Chronic, 3, 6, 89, 103, 146, 147, 159, 161, 176, 177, 178, 180 Chronic Disease, 6, 146, 147 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 89, 146 Ciprofloxacin, 17, 112, 146 Cleave, 145, 146 Clinical Medicine, 146, 171

Clinical trial, 4, 119, 146, 165, 172 Clone, 33, 146 Cloning, 16, 22, 143, 146 Colitis, 81, 146 Collagen, 140, 146, 147, 148, 153, 157, 170 Collagen disease, 147, 157 Colloidal, 147, 150 Colon, 146, 147, 159, 178 Colony-Stimulating Factors, 14, 147, 155 Complement, 24, 141, 147, 163 Complementary and alternative medicine, 85, 93, 147 Complementary medicine, 85, 147 Computational Biology, 119, 148 Concomitant, 50, 148 Confusion, 148, 178 Conjugated, 87, 148 Conjunctiva, 148, 159 Connective Tissue, 57, 144, 146, 147, 148, 153, 162, 164, 168 Connective Tissue Cells, 148 Connective Tissue Diseases, 57, 148 Contamination, 20, 32, 99, 106, 124, 148 Contraindications, ii, 148 Coordination, 148, 165 Cornea, 148, 180 Coronary, 148, 164 Coronary Thrombosis, 148, 164 Cortisone, 148, 171 Cross Infection, 66, 148 Cryptococcosis, 3, 148 CSF, 137, 143, 145, 147, 148, 155, 160, 163 Culture Media, 140, 148 Curative, 149, 176 Cutaneous, 39, 45, 69, 141, 145, 149, 162 Cyclic, 149, 156, 167 Cyclospora, 125, 149 Cysteine, 7, 86, 149 Cystine, 149 Cytokine, 6, 10, 14, 19, 80, 86, 87, 149, 160 Cytomegalovirus, 3, 58, 101, 103, 149 Cytoplasm, 7, 9, 142, 143, 149, 151, 166, 179 Cytotoxic, 12, 13, 25, 30, 91, 149, 158 D Dairy Products, 99, 149 Decidua, 149, 169 Degenerative, 149, 156 Dehydration, 6, 146, 149, 174 Deletion, 32, 142, 149 Denaturation, 149, 170 Dendrites, 149

183

Dendritic, 19, 25, 81, 149 Dendritic cell, 81, 149 Desensitization, 149, 158 Diagnostic procedure, 97, 109, 149 Dialyzer, 149, 156 Diarrhea, 6, 125, 136, 149, 150, 153, 174 Diarrhoea, 150, 154 Digestion, 143, 144, 150, 162, 175 Diphtheria, 103, 150 Direct, iii, 12, 111, 146, 150, 172 Discrete, 7, 150, 180 Discrimination, 15, 17, 150 Drug Interactions, 112, 150 Drug Tolerance, 150, 177 Duct, 144, 150, 162, 171, 173 Duodenum, 143, 150, 175 Dura mater, 150, 164, 167 Dyes, 143, 150, 166 E Echinococcosis, 73, 150 Effector, 139, 147, 150 Efficacy, 20, 29, 150, 178 Elastin, 147, 148, 150 Elective, 32, 150 Electrophoresis, 13, 14, 16, 17, 28, 32, 34, 35, 41, 70, 77, 150, 158 Embolus, 150, 159 Embryo, 143, 151, 159, 170 Emollient, 151, 164 Emulsions, 140, 151 Encapsulated, 4, 25, 151 Encephalitis, 18, 124, 151, 164 Encephalitis, Viral, 151 Endemic, 146, 151, 175 Endocrine Glands, 151, 157 Endogenous, 13, 20, 21, 26, 31, 151 Endothelial cell, 81, 144, 151 Endothelium, 151, 166 Endothelium-derived, 151, 166 Endotoxins, 147, 151 Environmental Health, 118, 120, 151 Enzymatic, 28, 140, 144, 147, 151, 170 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 32, 151 Eosinophils, 151, 155, 161 Epidemic, 15, 18, 22, 26, 33, 39, 41, 42, 46, 47, 54, 56, 77, 81, 152, 175 Epidemiological, 17, 18, 28, 39, 42, 47, 52, 74, 152 Epithelial, 5, 19, 149, 152, 160 Epithelial Cells, 5, 152, 160 Epithelium, 11, 151, 152, 167, 180

Epitope, 12, 25, 152 Erysipelas, 103, 152 Erythrocytes, 144, 152 Esophagus, 152, 169, 175 Estrogen, 25, 152 Ethanol, 23, 32, 152, 153 Evoke, 10, 152 Exogenous, 151, 152 Extracellular, 7, 148, 152, 153 Extracellular Matrix, 148, 152, 153 Exudate, 6, 152 Eye Infections, 139, 152 F Family Planning, 119, 152 Fat, 142, 144, 151, 152, 162, 165, 170, 174, 177 Fatigue, 125, 136, 152 Fermentation, 21, 153 Fetus, 153, 169 Fever of Unknown Origin, 64, 153 Fibroblasts, 148, 153, 160 Fish Flour, 153 Fish Products, 34, 76, 153 Fludarabine, 50, 55, 89, 153 Fluorescence, 23, 98, 153 Foodborne Illness, 54, 105, 125, 153 Frameshift, 153, 178 Frameshift Mutation, 153, 178 Fungi, 152, 153, 164, 179, 180 Fungus, 148, 153 G Ganglia, 139, 153, 166 Ganglion, 153, 180 Gangrenous, 153, 174 Gas, 145, 153, 154, 157, 166, 167, 173 Gas exchange, 154, 173 Gastroenteritis, 9, 28, 48, 80, 124, 154 Gastrointestinal, 50, 82, 85, 144, 146, 152, 153, 154, 176 Gelsolin, 7, 154 Gene, 5, 8, 10, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 30, 33, 42, 71, 81, 139, 143, 154, 160, 162, 167, 172, 179 Gene Expression, 5, 8, 10, 19, 154 Gene Therapy, 5, 139, 154 Genetic Code, 154, 167 Genetic testing, 154, 170 Genital, 50, 146, 154, 179 Genotype, 154, 169 Germfree, 24, 154 Gestation, 49, 69, 154, 168, 169 Gingivitis, 103, 154

184

Listeriosis

Gland, 139, 148, 154, 162, 163, 174, 177 Glanders, 103, 154 Glottis, 155, 169 Glucocorticoid, 155, 157, 171 Glucose, 85, 155, 156 Glycine, 23, 140, 155, 166 Glycogen, 146, 155 Glycoprotein, 5, 155, 163, 178 Goats, 149, 155 Gonorrhea, 103, 155 Governing Board, 155, 170 Grade, 21, 155 Gram-negative, 6, 144, 145, 146, 155 Gram-positive, 6, 10, 155, 175 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 10, 155 Granulocyte, 21, 147, 155, 160 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, 21, 147, 155 Granulocyte-Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor, 147, 155 Granuloma, 29, 33, 103, 156, 163 Granuloma Inguinale, 103, 156, 163 Guanylate Cyclase, 156, 167 H Habitat, 156, 166 Hair follicles, 156, 175, 180 Headache, 136, 156, 159, 178 Hematopoiesis, 80, 88, 156 Hemodialysis, 56, 103, 149, 156 Hemoglobin, 152, 156, 161 Hemoglobinopathies, 154, 156 Hemolytic, 156, 159 Hepatic, 46, 50, 156 Hepatitis, 38, 46, 50, 103, 125, 156, 159 Hepatocyte, 31, 156 Hereditary, 148, 156 Heredity, 154, 156 Herpes, 19, 101, 156, 157 Herpes Zoster, 157 Homologous, 154, 157, 178 Hormones, 25, 141, 152, 154, 155, 157, 177, 178 Horseradish Peroxidase, 151, 157 Human papillomavirus, 101, 157 Humoral, 4, 7, 22, 157 Humour, 157 Hybrid, 146, 157, 167 Hybridomas, 6, 157, 160 Hydrocortisone, 17, 157 Hydrogen, 145, 149, 157, 165, 176 Hydrogen Peroxide, 145, 157, 176 Hydrolysis, 157, 170, 171

Hydroxyproline, 140, 147, 157 Hypersensitivity, 17, 24, 33, 34, 89, 149, 157 I Immune function, 5, 91, 103, 157, 158 Immune response, 4, 6, 10, 20, 91, 141, 142, 148, 157, 158, 163, 176, 179 Immune system, 7, 11, 142, 157, 158, 162, 163, 165, 169, 180 Immunization, 25, 30, 139, 158 Immunoassay, 151, 158 Immunocompromised, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 29, 98, 158 Immunodeficiency, 5, 24, 45, 101, 158, 177 Immunodiffusion, 140, 158 Immunoelectrophoresis, 140, 158 Immunoglobulin, 141, 158, 165 Immunologic, 4, 139, 146, 158, 177 Immunology, 5, 7, 10, 41, 51, 60, 69, 71, 87, 89, 91, 92, 140, 157, 158 Immunosuppression, 3, 5, 158, 162, 167 Immunosuppressive, 42, 155, 158 Immunosuppressive Agents, 158 Immunosuppressive therapy, 42, 158 Immunotherapy, 139, 149, 158 Immunotoxins, 91, 158 Impetigo, 103, 159 In situ, 21, 159 In vitro, 6, 21, 24, 53, 80, 87, 154, 159, 170, 173, 177 In vivo, 6, 24, 27, 86, 154, 159, 162 Incision, 159, 161 Incubation, 37, 159, 169 Incubation period, 37, 159, 169 Induction, 5, 10, 13, 19, 24, 25, 33, 34, 89, 141, 159 Infarction, 61, 148, 159, 164 Infectious Mononucleosis, 159, 165 Infestation, 150, 159 Infiltration, 159, 180 Inflammatory bowel disease, 5, 159 Influenza, 3, 103, 159 Ingestion, 19, 25, 141, 144, 159, 170 Inhalation, 4, 63, 160, 170 Initiation, 10, 160, 174 Initiator, 160 Inner ear, 160, 164, 179 Insight, 9, 160 Insulator, 160, 165 Interferon, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 80, 86, 87, 160, 162 Interferon-alpha, 160

185

Interleukin-1, 20, 26, 34, 86, 87, 160 Interleukin-10, 20, 26, 34, 160 Interleukin-12, 86, 87, 160 Interleukin-2, 5, 35, 160 Interleukin-3, 147, 160 Interleukin-4, 20, 160 Interleukin-6, 21, 26, 160 Intermittent, 160, 168 Interstitial, 37, 160, 173 Intestinal, 17, 23, 25, 26, 38, 71, 161 Intestines, 139, 154, 161 Intracellular, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 17, 24, 25, 27, 29, 33, 54, 89, 156, 159, 161, 164, 167, 173 Intraepithelial, 25, 26, 161 Intraperitoneal, 24, 161 Invasive, 9, 16, 35, 41, 77, 80, 161 Ions, 154, 157, 161 Isoenzyme, 62, 161 K Kb, 118, 161 L Labile, 147, 161 Lacrimal, 144, 161 Lactoperoxidase, 21, 161 Laxative, 140, 161, 164 Lectin, 161, 164 Leflunomide, 80, 161 Leprosy, 103, 161 Lesion, 137, 156, 161, 162 Lethal, 13, 31, 161 Leucine, 14, 26, 161 Leukemia, 88, 154, 161 Leukocytes, 143, 144, 146, 151, 160, 161, 166, 178 Leukocytosis, 145, 161 Ligands, 10, 22, 161 Linkage, 145, 161 Lipid, 87, 151, 162, 165 Lipopolysaccharide, 24, 155, 162 Lipoprotein, 155, 162 Liposomes, 4, 162 Liver, 3, 5, 22, 28, 139, 142, 143, 149, 150, 155, 156, 162, 171, 178 Liver Transplantation, 3, 162 Localization, 7, 162 Localized, 139, 146, 150, 151, 159, 162, 168, 169 Lupus, 103, 147, 162 Lyme Disease, 101, 162 Lymph, 145, 151, 157, 159, 162, 163, 172, 173 Lymph node, 146, 162, 172, 173

Lymphadenitis, 41, 162 Lymphatic, 151, 159, 162, 164, 173, 175, 177 Lymphatic system, 162, 173, 175, 177 Lymphoblasts, 139, 162 Lymphocyte, 12, 25, 30, 89, 141, 158, 162, 163 Lymphocyte Depletion, 158, 162 Lymphocytic, 163 Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 156, 163 Lymphoid, 141, 163, 177 Lytic, 22, 163, 179 M Macrophage, 10, 12, 14, 20, 24, 89, 147, 155, 160, 163 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, 20, 147, 163 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 160, 163 Malaise, 136, 144, 163 Malignant, 43, 163, 166 Mammary, 163 Mastitis, 32, 163, 174 Measles Virus, 61, 163 Meat, 21, 22, 32, 35, 38, 108, 125, 163 Meat Products, 22, 108, 163 Mediate, 22, 163 Mediator, 23, 81, 89, 92, 160, 163 MEDLINE, 119, 163 Membrane, 7, 143, 147, 148, 150, 152, 155, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 173 Membrane Proteins, 162, 163 Meninges, 145, 150, 164 Meningitis, 6, 9, 29, 93, 124, 135, 164 Meningoencephalitis, 9, 20, 61, 164 Mental, iv, 4, 70, 118, 120, 145, 148, 152, 164, 171, 178 Mental Health, iv, 4, 118, 120, 164, 171 Mercury, 88, 164 Mesenchymal, 155, 163, 164 Mezlocillin, 29, 164 MI, 25, 138, 164 Mice Minute Virus, 164, 168 Microorganism, 164, 168, 179 Micro-organism, 154 Micro-organism, 164 Micro-organism, 174 Mineral Oil, 64, 164 Mineralocorticoids, 139, 164 Mistletoe lectin, 88, 164 Mitochondrial Swelling, 165, 166 Mitosis, 142, 165

186

Listeriosis

Mitotic, 165, 179 Modification, 140, 165 Molecular, 9, 28, 57, 61, 65, 119, 121, 140, 143, 148, 162, 165, 176, 177, 178 Molecule, 141, 143, 147, 150, 151, 152, 156, 157, 161, 164, 165, 172 Monoclonal, 13, 28, 30, 34, 157, 158, 165, 173 Monoclonal antibodies, 28, 158, 165, 173 Monocyte, 20, 163, 165 Mononuclear, 29, 156, 159, 163, 165, 178 Mononucleosis, 62, 103, 165 Morbillivirus, 163, 165 Motility, 7, 9, 15, 154, 165 Motion Sickness, 165, 166 Mucocutaneous, 165, 176 Mucosa, 103, 162, 165 Mucus, 165, 178 Multicenter study, 67, 165 Multigene Family, 23, 165 Multiple sclerosis, 60, 165 Myalgia, 136, 159, 166 Myelin, 165, 166 Myocarditis, 150, 166 Myocardium, 164, 166 N Nasal Mucosa, 159, 166 Natural killer cells, 160, 166 Nausea, 125, 136, 149, 154, 166, 178 Necrosis, 6, 40, 76, 142, 159, 164, 166, 168, 171 Neonatal, 9, 27, 31, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 74, 75, 76, 166 Neoplasms, 139, 166 Neoplastic, 157, 166 Nerve, 141, 149, 153, 163, 165, 166, 167, 173, 178, 179, 180 Nervous System, 41, 145, 162, 163, 166, 176 Neural, 28, 157, 166 Neurologic, 166, 176 Neurotransmitter, 139, 140, 144, 155, 166, 176 Neutropenia, 44, 166 Neutrophils, 17, 19, 29, 31, 155, 161, 166 Niche, 9, 166 Nitric Oxide, 30, 63, 166 Nitrogen, 13, 141, 167 Nuclear, 153, 166, 167 Nuclei, 154, 165, 167, 173 Nucleic acid, 98, 154, 167

Nucleus, 142, 143, 146, 149, 151, 165, 166, 167, 175 O Ocular, 44, 167, 176 Oligonucleotide Probes, 98, 167 Oncology, 41, 43, 57, 76, 167, 172 Opportunistic Infections, 3, 167 Oral Manifestations, 103, 167 Organ Culture, 167, 177 Organelles, 149, 167 Ovum, 149, 154, 167 P Pachymeningitis, 164, 167 Palliative, 167, 176 Pancreatic, 167, 171 Papillomavirus, 167 Parasite, 6, 7, 8, 168 Paroxysmal, 168, 169, 180 Parvovirus, 101, 164, 168 Pathogen, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 17, 65, 105, 159, 168 Pathogenesis, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 16, 25, 27, 28, 29, 37, 54, 65, 168 Pathologic, 142, 148, 157, 168 Pathologic Processes, 142, 168 Patient Education, 124, 130, 132, 138, 168 Penicillin, 140, 164, 168 Peptide, 4, 12, 140, 168, 170, 171 Perinatal, 39, 47, 53, 66, 67, 68, 76, 101, 168 Periodontal Abscess, 103, 168 Periodontal disease, 103, 168 Periodontitis, 103, 154, 168 Peripheral Nerves, 161, 168, 170 Peritoneal, 6, 33, 89, 103, 142, 161, 168 Peritoneal Cavity, 142, 161, 168 Peritoneal Dialysis, 103, 168 Peritoneum, 168 Pertussis, 103, 169, 180 Petroleum, 164, 169 Phagocyte, 163, 169 Pharmacologic, 141, 169, 177 Pharyngitis, 169, 173 Pharynx, 159, 169 Phenotype, 6, 169 Phosphorus, 144, 169 Physiologic, 169, 172 Pilot study, 50, 169 Placenta, 53, 169 Plague, 169, 178 Plants, 20, 28, 143, 145, 155, 161, 164, 169, 170, 173, 177 Plaque, 29, 169

187

Plasma, 141, 143, 147, 156, 164, 169, 170 Plasma cells, 141, 170 Platelet Aggregation, 141, 167, 170 Platelets, 27, 89, 167, 170, 177 Pneumonia, 3, 4, 5, 103, 148, 170 Poisoning, 93, 102, 124, 125, 144, 153, 154, 164, 166, 170, 174 Pollen, 170, 172 Polymerase, 18, 170, 174 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 18, 170 Polymorphic, 35, 77, 170 Polymorphism, 14, 18, 170, 173 Polyneuritis, 150, 170 Polypeptide, 140, 146, 170, 177 Polysaccharide, 141, 170 Polyunsaturated fat, 87, 170 Potentiates, 160, 170 Practicability, 170, 178 Practice Guidelines, 120, 170 Precursor, 7, 142, 150, 151, 155, 171, 178 Prednisolone, 171 Prednisone, 55, 171 Probe, 7, 8, 11, 23, 167, 171 Progeny, 165, 171 Progression, 141, 171 Progressive, 150, 166, 171, 173 Prone, 98, 171 Prophylaxis, 171, 179 Prostaglandins, 33, 87, 142, 171 Protease, 7, 33, 171 Protein C, 140, 143, 162, 171, 178, 179 Protein S, 143, 154, 171 Proteins, 7, 9, 140, 141, 144, 146, 147, 158, 160, 163, 165, 167, 168, 169, 171, 174, 179 Proteolytic, 7, 147, 171 Protozoa, 164, 171, 179 Pseudocysts, 103, 171 Public Health, 39, 57, 74, 80, 82, 120, 171 Public Policy, 119, 171 Publishing, 12, 126, 172 Pulmonary, 37, 172 Purulent, 168, 172 Pustular, 159, 172 Pyoderma, 103, 172 Q Quercetin, 7, 172 R Radiation, 153, 158, 172 Radioactive, 157, 158, 165, 167, 172 Radioisotope, 167, 172 Randomized, 150, 172 Reactivation, 50, 172

Reagent, 14, 172 Receptor, 13, 16, 87, 139, 141, 163, 172 Recombinant, 5, 12, 30, 31, 32, 35, 72, 98, 172 Recombination, 154, 172 Recovery Room, 62, 172 Rectum, 147, 154, 159, 172 Refer, 1, 144, 147, 153, 156, 162, 165, 172, 177 Refraction, 172, 175 Refractory, 76, 172 Regimen, 23, 150, 172 Regional lymph node, 145, 172 Regulon, 10, 172 Renal failure, 143, 156, 173 Respiratory failure, 63, 71, 173 Respiratory Mucosa, 154, 173 Retrospective, 53, 173 Retroviral vector, 154, 173 Reversion, 173, 178 Rhinitis, 144, 173, 174 Ribotyping, 15, 17, 71, 173 Rickettsiae, 173, 179 Risk factor, 72, 173 Ristocetin, 173, 179 Rituximab, 50, 173 Rod, 142, 143, 173 Rubella, 101, 173 Ruminants, 18, 31, 155, 173 Rutin, 172, 173 S Salivary, 149, 173 Salivary glands, 149, 173 Salmonellosis, 27, 173 Scarlet Fever, 103, 173 Sclerosis, 147, 165, 173 Screening, 70, 103, 146, 174 Sebaceous, 174, 180 Secretion, 22, 25, 157, 164, 165, 174 Secretory, 11, 174 Sepsis, 44, 174 Septic, 61, 174 Septicaemia, 174 Septicemia, 103, 174 Sequencing, 170, 174 Serotypes, 13, 63, 99, 174 Serum, 15, 19, 139, 141, 143, 147, 163, 164, 174, 178 Shigellosis, 6, 50, 174 Shock, 6, 138, 157, 174, 178 Side effect, 111, 139, 174, 177 Sigma Factor, 10, 174

188

Listeriosis

Sil, 80, 88, 91, 174 Skeleton, 139, 174 Skull, 174, 176 Sneezing, 169, 174 Soft tissue, 144, 174 Soma, 174 Somatic, 30, 157, 165, 174 Soybean Oil, 170, 175 Spasmodic, 169, 175 Specialist, 126, 175 Specificity, 28, 140, 175 Spectrum, 47, 175 Spinal cord, 145, 148, 150, 153, 164, 166, 167, 168, 175 Spirochete, 162, 175, 176 Spleen, 21, 149, 162, 175 Sporadic, 16, 35, 40, 41, 45, 72, 73, 77, 99, 175 Staphylococcal Infections, 103, 175 Staphylococcus, 21, 23, 145, 154, 159, 175 Staphylococcus aureus, 21, 23, 145, 154, 159, 175 Stimulants, 4, 175 Stomach, 125, 139, 152, 154, 161, 166, 168, 169, 173, 175 Strand, 170, 175 Streptococcal, 101, 175 Streptococci, 159, 173, 175 Streptococcus, 152, 175 Stress, 10, 32, 33, 85, 90, 154, 166, 176 Subacute, 60, 159, 163, 176 Subclinical, 159, 176 Subcutaneous, 145, 153, 176 Subspecies, 175, 176, 180 Substance P, 173, 174, 176 Substrate, 7, 151, 176 Superoxide, 30, 176 Superoxide Dismutase, 30, 176 Supplementation, 87, 176 Suppression, 20, 33, 91, 176 Syphilis, 101, 103, 176 Syphilis, Congenital, 103, 176 Systemic, 13, 14, 16, 40, 74, 80, 86, 90, 112, 147, 150, 159, 171, 174, 176, 180 T Tachycardia, 143, 176 Tachypnea, 143, 176 Teichoic Acids, 155, 176 Temporal, 8, 176 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 144, 176 Therapeutics, 113, 176 Thermal, 21, 34, 95, 170, 176

Thrombocytes, 170, 176 Thrombus, 148, 159, 170, 177 Thymosin, 13, 177 Thymus, 158, 162, 177 Thymus Gland, 177 Ticks, 159, 162, 177 Tissue Culture, 10, 177 Tolerance, 12, 23, 31, 67, 177 Tonsillitis, 173, 177 Tooth Preparation, 139, 177 Torsion, 159, 177 Toxic, iv, 150, 158, 177, 179 Toxicity, 34, 150, 164, 173, 177 Toxicology, 120, 177 Toxin, 81, 82, 150, 158, 177 Transfection, 143, 154, 177 Translation, 140, 177 Translocate, 11, 178 Translocation, 13, 30, 80, 178 Transmitter, 139, 163, 178 Transplantation, 56, 58, 158, 163, 178 Trauma, 156, 166, 178 Treatment Outcome, 58, 178 Tuberculosis, 5, 60, 103, 162, 178 Tularemia, 103, 178 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 13, 20, 21, 26, 30, 178 Tunica, 165, 178 Typhimurium, 15, 30, 61, 178 Tyrosine, 161, 178 U Ulceration, 154, 178 Ulcerative colitis, 5, 159, 178 Urea, 178 Uremia, 103, 173, 178 Ureters, 178 Urethra, 178, 179 Urinary, 30, 103, 146, 178, 179 Urinary tract, 103, 178 Urinary tract infection, 103, 178 Urine, 31, 143, 147, 178, 179 Urogenital, 155, 179 V Vaccination, 4, 103, 179 Vaccines, 4, 179 Vacuole, 7, 179 Vancomycin, 45, 74, 85, 179 Varicella, 101, 179 Vascular, 77, 151, 159, 166, 169, 177, 179 Vasodilators, 167, 179 Venereal, 176, 179, 180 Ventricles, 145, 148, 179

189

Veterinarians, 5, 69, 179 Veterinary Medicine, 70, 119, 179 Vinblastine, 92, 179 Vinca Alkaloids, 179 Vinculin, 7, 179 Viral, 101, 103, 151, 159, 179, 180 Virulence, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 23, 27, 30, 33, 80, 81, 142, 177, 179 Virulent, 4, 11, 22, 35, 179 Virus, 3, 6, 19, 24, 45, 50, 101, 143, 157, 159, 160, 169, 173, 179, 180 Viscera, 175, 179 Vitro, 179 Vivo, 6, 19, 23, 163, 179

Vulgaris, 88, 180 W Warts, 157, 180 White blood cell, 139, 141, 146, 155, 159, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 170, 180 Whooping Cough, 169, 180 X Xenograft, 141, 180 Y Yaws, 103, 180 Yeasts, 153, 169, 180 Z Zoster, 101, 180

190

Listeriosis

191

192

Listeriosis

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