MONONUCLEOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Mononucleosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84004-0 1. Mononucleosis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on mononucleosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MONONUCLEOSIS ..................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Mononucleosis .............................................................................. 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 24 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 26 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MONONUCLEOSIS ........................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Finding Nutrition Studies on Mononucleosis ............................................................................. 71 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 73 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MONONUCLEOSIS ..................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 75 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 80 General References ....................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON MONONUCLEOSIS ..................................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 83 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 84 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 85 Chapters on Mononucleosis ......................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON MONONUCLEOSIS........................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Audio Recordings......................................................................................................................... 93 Bibliography: Multimedia on Mononucleosis .............................................................................. 94 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MONONUCLEOSIS........................................................ 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 95 Academic Periodicals covering Mononucleosis............................................................................ 97 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 99 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 100 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 105 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 107 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 109 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 111 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 116 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 119 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 119 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 119 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 125
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Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 128 MONONUCLEOSIS DICTIONARY.......................................................................................... 129 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 187
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with mononucleosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about mononucleosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to mononucleosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on mononucleosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to mononucleosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on mononucleosis. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MONONUCLEOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on mononucleosis.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and mononucleosis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “mononucleosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Submandibular Swelling in Patients with Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Source: Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 114(4): 599-604. April 1996. Summary: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by congenital malformation of the great toes and by progressive heterotopic ossification of soft tissues. This article reports on submandibular swelling in patients with FOP. Twelve (11 percent) of 107 patients with FOP had submandibular heterotopic ossification that was mistaken initially in seven of the patients for mumps, angioneurotic edema, abscess, mononucleosis, or neoplasm. Two male patients and 10 female patients ranging in age from 6 to 47 years were studied. Ten patients survived following assiduous precautionary measures. One patient who required emergency tracheostomy and ventilatory support also survived. An effective treatment program includes early identification of the submandibular flare-up, nutritional support, and
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glucocortoid therapy. Submandibular swelling in patients who have FOP can be a medical emergency and requires intensive precautionary measures to avoid catastrophic clinical deterioration. 1 figure. 4 tables. 20 references. (AA-M). •
10-Year-Old Male Was Referred to a Dentist for Evaluation of Swollen and Tender Lymph Nodes in the Left Submandibular Region Source: RDH. Registered Dental Hygienist. 21(4): 14, 95. April 2001. Contact: Available from Penwell Corporation. 1421 South Sheridan, Tulsa, OK 74112. Summary: In this article, the author presents the case of a 10 year old boy who was referred to the dentist for evaluation of swollen and tender lymph nodes in the left submandibular (below the lower jaw) region. The child had flu like symptoms within the past two weeks before presentation; no history of injury to the area was reported. The author guides readers through a differential diagnosis that includes mumps, actinomycosis, nonspecific lymphadenitis, cat scratch disease, infectious mononucleosis. A diagnosis of cat scratch disease (CSD) was determined. CSD results from a scratch or bite of a cat and is caused by the bacteria Bartonella henselae. The kitten or cat that spreads the infection is not sick, and this infection is not spread from person to person. While CSD is not a severe illness in people who are healthy, it can be debilitating in people with compromised immune systems. Within two to three weeks of the scratch or bite, the lymph nodes near the area enlarge and become swollen or tender. The duration of enlargement is four to six weeks, with possible persistence up to 12 months. If the diagnosis is unclear, a skin test, a blood test, or a lymph node biopsy can be used to confirm the diagnosis. CSD is a self limiting disease; management includes symptomatic care, such as use of local heat on swollen lymph nodes and analgesics for pain. 1 figure.
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Viral Infections in the Immunocompetent Patient Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 14(2): 225-241. April 1996. Summary: This article, from a series on disorders affecting the oral cavity, provides an update of viral infections that affect children and adults who have normal immunosurveillance. The author focuses on new advances and knowledge regarding the herpes viruses and the human papillomaviruses. Topics include the shedding of herpes simplex virus, recurrent herpes simplex virus Type 1 infections (herpes labialis and recurrent oral herpes), treatment of primary infection, treatment of recurrent infection, erythema multiforme, oral cancer, varicella zoster virus (chickenpox), herpes zoster (shingles), cytomegalovirus (CMV), intrauterine infection with CMV, EpsteinBarr virus (EBV), infectious mononucleosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, lymphoproliferative diseases, Sjogren's syndrome, human herpesvirus 6, human herpesvirus 7, herpes B virus infection, human papillomaviruses, squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, condyloma acuminatum, and other human papillomavirus-induced lesions. For each condition, the author describes the clinical presentation, risk factors, and recommended treatment options. The author concludes that, although much is known about human herpes viruses and HPVs, disease eradication will remain challenging for years to come, because latent virus serves as a continual source of reactivated virus that is involved in the development of many oral lesions. 10 figures. 206 references. (AA-M).
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Pediatric Exanthems: Recognize the Rash Source: JAAPA: Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 14(4): 2930,32,35-36. April 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on recognizing distinct exanthems to differentiate viral and bacterial infections from rickettsial rashes, parasitic infections, drug reactions, and other reactive erythemas. The article focuses on the transmission, features, and treatment of common exanthems, including the eruptions of varicella, measles, rubella, fifth disease, roseola, hand foot and mouth disease, infectious mononucleosis, and scarlet fever. The lesions of varicella, or chickenpox, are teardrop shaped vesicles on an erythematous base. The rash typically begins on the trunk and spreads to the extremities and face. Treatment is aimed at relieving pruritus and preventing secondary infection. Measles presents with a maculopapular rash that develops approximately 2 days after the appearance of Koplik's spots. Treatment is symptomatic. Rubella, or German measles, is characterized by small maculopapules beginning on the face and spreading to the trunk and extremities. The rash of fifth disease begins with plaquelike lesions on the face that coalesce to create a slapped cheek appearance. This is followed by the development of a maculopapular rash that takes on a lacelike or reticular pattern on the arms, legs, and torso. Roseola, the most common viral exanthematous disease of childhood, is characterized by a morbilliform rash that begins on the trunk and spreads to the neck, face, and extremities. The lesions of hand foot and mouth disease are thin walled, blisterlike vesicles on a red base that rapidly ulcerate. Infectious mononucleosis causes a rash in approximately 15 percent of patients. Scarlet fever presents with a punctate, erythematous rash that appears first on the trunk. Antibiotics are used to treat this disease. Treatment for measles, rubella, fifth disease, roseola, hand foot and mouth disease, and infectious mononucleosis is symptomatic. Vaccines are available for varicella, measles, and rubella. 7 figures and 9 references.
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Arthritis 101: Lyme Disease Source: Arthritis Today. 14(2): 34-35. March-April 2000. Summary: This journal article provides the general public and people who have arthritis with information on Lyme disease. This tick borne disease causes symptoms that can mimic those of mononucleosis, meningitis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other diseases. The early localized stage of Lyme disease occurs 7 to 10 days after infection and is characterized by an expanding red rash and viral type symptoms. The early disseminated stage occurs after several weeks or months of infection. Additional symptoms, including nervous system problems, may appear. The late stage of the disease can occur from months to years after the initial infection. In this stage, arthritis pain and swelling may occur in a few large joints. Lyme disease is usually diagnosed from the signs and symptoms in the earlier stages. A blood test may help confirm the diagnosis. Treatment involves taking antibiotics. Although two vaccines have been developed, people should still take precautions such as clearing brush from a yard, wearing long sleeved shirts and long pants tucked into socks when walking through woods or high grasses, checking exposed skin regularly, and removing a tick gently. 2 figures.
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Federally Funded Research on Mononucleosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to mononucleosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to mononucleosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore mononucleosis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for mononucleosis: •
Project Title: 26TH INTL HERPESVIRUS WORKSHOP, REGENSBURG, GERMANY Principal Investigator & Institution: Nelson, Jay A.; Director & Professor; Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 01-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant) This proposal requests funds to enable young investigators to attend the 26th International Herpesvirus Workshop at the University of Regensburg in Germany, July 28-August 3, 2001. The International Herpesvirus Workshop is the premier scientific meeting for herpesvirus researchers, and the only meeting with an interdisciplinary focus on all the major subfamilies of herpesviruses and all aspects of research from molecular biology to clinical studies. The strength of the Workshop rests on the cross-fertilization that results from comparison of different herpesviruses, different approaches to key questions and on the support and participation of leading researchers in the field, most significantly including promising young investigators and students in training. Moreover, the forum is truly international, with broad-based world-wide attendance. The medical importance of this meeting is clearly indicated from the wide variety of diseases caused by the now recognized eight human herpesviruses. These include skin and eye ulcerations (HSV-1), genital lesions (HSV-2), meningitis and encephalitis (HSV-1 and HSV-2), infectious mononucleosis (EBV) chicken pox and shingles (VZV). CMV is a major cause of birth defects including mental retardation, blindness and deafness due to congenital transmission but also a significant opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients and organ transplant recipients. More recently, CMV and HSV have been implicated as pathogenic contributors in the development of atherosclerosis. Cancer has also been associated with herpesvirus infections. EBV is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma, other B cell neoplasias and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The most recent human herpesvirus discovered (HHV-8 or KSHV) is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients and other immunosupressed persons and in other groups. All of the herpesviruses persist for life and therefore pose significant problems in the treatment of immunologically
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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compromised persons. Disease due to reactivation of most human herpesviruses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in various immune patient populations. Shingles and post-herpetic neuralgia are problems in the elderly. Animal herpes significant economic importance to the poultry (Marek's and others), swine (pseudorabies virus), cattle (several bovine herpesviruses) and horses (several equine herpesviruses). In addition, these animal herpes serve as important model systems for studying herpesvirus pathogenesis. Finally, recombinant DNA technology permits the design of novel vaccines for controlling the spread of animal herpesvirus infection and the design of herpesvirus vectors for gene therapy. Workshop sessions will take an interdisciplinary approach to the following topics: virus structure, mechanism of virus entry and cell-cell spread, membrane proteins, pathogenesis and latency, DNA replication, vaccination and the immune response, transcriptional control, regulation of gene expression, chemotherapeutic targets, and virus gene therapy, Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTI VIRAL THERAPEUTIC FOR EBV MALIGNANCIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Faller, Douglas V.; Professor and Director; None; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 07-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: Epstein-Barr Virus is a common and worldwide pathogen. While exposure usually results in a self-limited lymphoproliferative syndrome, infectious mononucleosis, the virus is causative, or associated with, a number of malignancies. The latent virus is detected in 2 endemic tumors: 95% of African Burkitt's lymphoma, and 90-100% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Many B-lymphomas, some T-lymphomas, and approximately 50% of Hodgkin's lymphomas have also been found to contain latent EBV. 40% of lymphomas arising in AIDS, and nearly all lymphomas arising in transplant recipients (post-transplant-associated lymphoproliferative disease (PT-LPD) harbor EBV. PT-LPD is especially difficult to treat unless the immunosuppression can be reversed, and is typically refractory to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Similar to herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus, EBV encodes a thymidine kinase (TK) enzyme. In a rate-limiting step, the viral TK converts nucleoside analogues to their monophosphate form, eventually leading to premature termination of the nascent DNA and cell death. Latently-EBV-infected B-cells and epithelial cells, including tumor cells, do not express TK. We have found that exposure of these cells to the experimental drug Arginine Butyrate results in induction of TK expression. Preliminary in vitro studies demonstrated that induction of EBV-TK in patient-derived tumor cells by Arginine Butyrate is possible, and that these previously-resistant cells are rendered susceptible to Ganciclovir (GCV) therapy. We have years of clinical experience in the administration of Arginine Butyrate to adults and children in studies to induce fetal hemoglobin as therapy for sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. We hypothesized that treatment of patients with EBV- associated tumors with arginine butyrate (to induce the EBV-TK) and GCV (to eliminate EBV-TK expressing cells) might be an effective, nontoxic therapy. We have treated eight patients with Arginine Butyrate plus ganciclovir in an FDAregistered pilot study with documented responses in the majority of patients, and no adverse outcomes related to this regimen. Our Specific Aims are: (1) To determine if treatment with Arginine Butyrate plus Ganciclovir will result in clinical responses in a significant proportion of patients with EBV-associated lymphomas and lymphoproliferative disease (LPD); (2) To determine toxicity or side effects of the combination therapy; and (3) To determine if tumor specimens and cell lines derived from patients demonstrate the same response to Arginine Butyrate and Ganciclovir
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(with respect to TK gene induction and synergistic susceptibility) as the EBV(+) cell lines we have studied to date. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: B LYMPHOCYTES--DIFFERENTIATION AND TRIGGERING Principal Investigator & Institution: Huber, Brigitte T.; Professor; Pathology; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1978; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: The overall goal of this competitive renewal application is to continue our work on the cellular and molecular characterization of Mls-1, the prototype of the endogenous superantigens (SAGs) which is encoded by the endogenous Murine Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) Mtv-7. Furthermore, our study of virally encoded SAGs will be expanded by testing the human pathogens EBV and HIV-1 for this gene trait. The following specific aims are proposed: A. Because SAG expression is critical for successful transmission of infectious MMTV, it is important to understand the control of expression of this molecule. Our preliminary data that MMTV sag transcription is controlled independently of that of the other MMTV genes will be continued. Using transient expression of a reporter construct as read-out, the MMTVenv gene will be tested for promoter/enhancer elements, the octamer sites in the 5' and 3' LTR for B cell specific expression, and the role of the glucocorticoid responsive elements in Mls-1 expression. B. Since it is not known how and when Mls-1 associates with MHC class II molecules, its post- translational pathway will be analyzed by transfecting it into cells that have a general defect in processing class II restricted antigens, as well as cells that vary in their level and form of MHC class II Ii chain expression. Many retroviral proteins, including HIV-1 gp160 and MMTV env, require processing by furin to be functional. Since MMTV SAGs have two potential furin cleavage sites which are highly conserved, the role of this protease for functional Mls-1 expression will be tested by over-expression of furin, as well as by transient expression of a furin inhibitory protein. C. The apparent tri-molecular interaction of Mls-1, MHC class II and the TCR will be analyzed in vitro. Soluble recombinant Mtv-7 sag products and mutants thereof, as well as soluble recombinant TCRs and mutants thereof will be produced. These recombinant products will be tested in functional assays, and the affinity of their interaction with soluble MHC class II molecules will be measured with the help of a Biosensor. D. The human herpesvirus EBV is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis, which is characterized by a strong self-limited T cell proliferation. In order to investigate whether this is due to a SAG-like response, EBV will be tested for SAG expression. An autologous system will be established for screening wildtype EBV, derived from mononucleosis patients, for T cell proliferation. The Vbeta profile of the responding T cells will be compared to that expressed after mitogen stimulation. If positive results are obtained, well characterized EBV recombinants will be used for mapping the gene responsible for the SAG activity. Finally, the hypothesis will be tested that HIV-1 makes use of a SAG for facilitating viral transmission. Since our laboratory has shown that human T cells respond in a Vbeta specific fashion to the murine retroviral SAG Mls-1, murine T cells will be tested for a Vbeta specific proliferation in response to HIV-1 gene products. The feasibility of all these approaches has already been established, and preliminary data have been collected for the studies involving human pathogens. New insights may be gained for the development of therapeutics and prevention of viral infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BABOON & RHESUS HERPESVIRUSES: EBV, HHV8 KAPOSI SARCOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Jenson, Hal B.; Professor; Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Res San Antonio, Tx 782450549 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: The development of animal models for human herpesviruses is important to enable studies that are impractical to perform in human subjects, to provide the scientific basis to develop and test therapies, and to develop and test vaccines to prevent y-herpesvirus infection. The best candidate for an animal model for Epstein-Barr virus, the cause of infectious mononucleosis in humans which is also associated with several forms of human cancer, is Herpesvirus papio. This virus is genetically similar to Epstein-Barr virus and has similar epidemiology in the baboon colony as Epstein-Barr virus in humans. We will begin to characterize the early pathogenic events of Herpesvints papio infection in baboons, the associated clinical symptoms and laboratory changes, and the immunological responses to acute and latent infection. Two new herpesviruses have recently been described in macaques with genetic similarity to human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV8), the cause of Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphorna, and possibly associated with multiple myeloma. These are the most promising animal models for HHV8 infection. We will characterize the epidemiology of these HHV8-similar viruses in our rhesus macaque colony, and develop an in vitro propagation system to enable development of this animal model system for further studies. Development of these models will bridge the clinical experience with these diseases to the substantial molecular biology that has been characterized using cell culture and in vitro systems. These animal models will be particularly suited to facilitate development and validation of treatments, as well as vaccine candidates and preventive strategies for y-herpesvirus infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHEMOKINES IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO A VIRAL INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Sarawar, Sally R.; Assistant Memeber; La Jolla Institute for Allergy/Immunolgy Allergy and Immunology San Diego, Ca 921211118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: Viral respiratory infections cause significant disease and mortality in humans and can exacerbate pre-existing conditions such as asthma. Although certain aspects of viral pathogenesis have been studied extensively, mechanisms regulating leukocyte trafficking during the immune response to viral infection are poorly understood. Chemokines are a superfamily of structurally- related cytokines and are thought to play key roles in leukocyte trafficking. The aim of this study is to elucidate the role of chemokines and their receptors in the immune response to murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68). Mice infected with MHV-68 develop an acute respiratory disease similar to influenza. MHV-68 also induces lymph node enlargement, splenomegaly, and mononucleosis in mice, as Epstein Barr virus does in humans. Interestingly, the MHV68 genome encodes a CXCR2 chemokine receptor homologue which may play a role in viral pathogenesis. This viral chemokine receptor is conserved in closely-related gammaherpesviruses such as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) which has been implicated in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma and certain types of lymphoma. Studying NMV-68 infection in mice, may provide insight into the role of chemokines and their receptors in human disease caused by viruses. This work may have important
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implications for therapeutic intervention through the enhancement or inhibition of chemokine expression. In the proposed study: 1) The role of MIP-1alpha, MCP-1, CCR2 and CXCR2 in the immune response to MHV-68 will be examined by using mice deficient in, or overexpressing these genes, while the role of lymphotactin, Crg-2, RANTES, and MIP-1beta will be determined using neutralizing antisera to these factors. 2) The effect of pre-existing allergic inflammation on the immune response to MHV- 68, viral pathogenesis and the chemokine profile will be determined. The role of specific chemokines will be studied by using mice lacking these chemokines or their receptors or by using neutralizing antibodies. 3) The role of the CXCR2 chemokine receptor homologue in viral pathogenesis will be determined using a mutant virus in which the gene encoding the CXCR2 homologue has been inactivated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME IN ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Taylor, Renee R.; Occupational Therapy; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: In the Senate Labor, Health and Human Services Appropriations Report, it was recommended that researchers explore issues related to the etiology and natural course of chronic fatigue syndrome using longitudinal, repeated-measures designs, with particular attention to pediatric samples. Researchers have documented the development of a fatigue syndrome following mononucleosis in prospective studies of adults. One objective of the proposed investigation is to prospectively study the relationship between infection with mononucleosis and the onset and course of chronic fatigue syndrome over time in adolescents. The following hypotheses will be tested using a prospective, case-control design: (1) Baseline predictors of post-infectious CFS and fatigue severity at 6 months will include greater levels of baseline psychological distress, having a psychiatric diagnosis at baseline, a greater degree of stressful life events at baseline, and higher levels of activity prior to initial infection; (2) Adolescents with CFS, compared with matched controls, will report higher levels of psychological distress, higher rates of psychiatric diagnoses, a greater degree of stressful life events, and lower levels of physical activity following infection at the 6-, 12-, 24- month time points; and (3) Compared with matched controls, adolescents with CFS will demonstrate lower levels of salivary cortisol (peak and trough), reduced natural killer cell function and count, and elevated proinflammatory cytokines at the 6-, 12-, and 24month time points. At the 6-month time point (clinic visit), adolescents with CFS will also demonstrate higher rates of orthostatic intolerance; and (4) In response to an exercise challenge test at the six-month time point, compared with matched controls, adolescents with CFS will demonstrate lower levels of salivary cortisol and plasma ACTH, and elevated cytokines - illustrating impaired communication between neuroendocrine and immune systems with physical stress. An exploration of the nature and timing of these relationships would provide a preliminary model of etiology and natural course of illness for adolescents with post-viral chronic fatigue syndrome. Results from this investigation may assist physicians in identifying adolescents at high risk for CFS and allow them to initiate preventative measures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--CLINICAL FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Buchwald, Dedra S.; Professor; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The Clinical Core, will serve as a reservoir of well-characterized study subjects, both patients and controls, for behavioral, clinical and basic research studies. As such, the Clinical Core will serve as the source of patients for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Clinical Research Center (CFS CRC). This Core has 4 major specific aims 1) to prospectively evaluate and follow a referral clinic-based cohort of patients with chronic fatigue and CFS; 2) to utilize this population as the basis for investigations on CFS; 3) to maintain databases and banks of biological specimens on a variety fatigued and control populations and to recruit new comparison groups to improve our understanding of CFS; and 4) to examine the operating characteristics of clinical evaluation instruments already collected and patient subgroups using available data. The results of a comprehensive evaluation, including information on demographic, medical, psychological, functional and social features on almost 1,200 patients seen in a referral clinic are currently in our data base. Ethnic/racial minorities comprise about 8% and women 77% of patients. Information on new patients is entered weekly and patients are re- evaluated periodically. Control groups available for comparison to CFS patients include healthy individuals and those with medical disorders post-mononucleosis fatigue, the symptom of fatigue but not CFS, major depression, multiple chemical sensitivities, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia and temporomanidubular joint disorder. Besides descriptive studies, other questions amenable to study using the Clinical Core include the development of a battery of appropriate assessment measures for use in CFS and the evaluation of diagnostic tests or objective markers. In fact, the use of the Clinical Core resources has resulted in the development of a promising test for CFS and in the submission of 5 R01 and many other grant applications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DETECTION AND CTL THERAPY OF PTLD AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Goss, John A.; Surgery; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAR-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite advances in medical and gene therapy, orthotopic liver transplantation remains the only definitive therapeutic option for children with end-stage liver disease and certain metabolic disorders. Recent advances in pre-, intra-and early post-transplant care have resulted in a dramatic improvement in survival of the pediatric liver transplant patient. The broad long-range goal of our research program is directed at enhancing the patients' long-term survival. Our primary focus relates to obligate life-long immunosuppression, with its inherent complications including severe infection and development of cancer. These two complications come together in a single disease, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). EBV, a latent human lymphotrophic herpes virus infects and immortalizes human B cells. Primary infection usually occurs via salivary exchange and results in a mild, self-limiting illness (infectious mononucleosis) followed by life-long EBV-specific T cell controlled EBV latency. T-cell based immunosuppression prevents allograft rejection, however, it also suppresses cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) function generating an environment in which EBV-infected B cells can proliferate. Patients receiving life-long T cell based immunosuppression have an increased risk of developing PTLD due to their inability to produce normal immunoregulatory responses. Studies have suggested that EBV load and maintenance of host immunoregulation may be an important indicator of PTLD development. This disease is
12
Mononucleosis
particularly devastating to the pediatric patient as its incidence is at least 4-fold greater than in the adult liver transplant-patient population. In fact, PTLD is the number one cause of death following pediatric liver transplantation. At this time, there is no definitive method of prospectively detecting, diagnosing, or treating PTLD, and current treatment protocols place the liver allograft and patient at risk. Therefore, a diagnostic tool that is both sensitive and specific, and a treatment strategy with low toxicity are greatly needed to decrease the morbidity and mortality suffered by the pediatric liver transplant patient with PTLD. The investigation proposed herein involves studies that will support our hypothesis that the combination of a persistently elevated EBV load in the setting of a diminished immune response to EBV will be an early risk indicator associated with PTLD development, and that pre-emptive treatment utilizing autologous adoptive EBV-specific CTL immunotherapy will provide a low toxicity treatment option. The specific experimental goals proposed include: Specific Aim 1: To identify pediatric liver transplant recipients with persistently high EBV levels who fail to mount an adequate immune response to EBV, and Specific Aim 2: To determine if infusions of autologous EBV-specific CTL lines are safe, increase immunity to EBV and reduce viral burden in pediatric liver transplant recipients. We plan to serially follow our pediatric liver transplant recipients monthly following transplantation with real time quantitative DNA analysis for EBV load and antiviral immunity via EBV-specific ELISPOT assays. In patients found to have persistently high loads of EBV and a diminished level of EBV-specific immunity, despite minimization of T-cell based immunosuppressive medications, EBV-specific CTLs will be generated and administered in a phase 1 dose escalation study. These studies represent a phase 1 trial to determine the relevance of EBV load and EBV-specific immune responses following liver transplantation. In addition, these studies will determine the safety and ability of autologous adoptive EBV-specific CTL immunotherapy to enhance EBV-specific immunocompetency. The data from our proposed study will provide the database for the development of future larger multi-centered trials to determine the utility of this adoptive immunotherapeutic regimen Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIETARY PARKINSONS
ETIOLOGIES
OF
MULTIPLE
SCLEROSIS
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ascherio, Alberto; Associate Professor; Nutrition; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: We propose to document the occurrence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson's disease (PD) among male and female participants of three large ongoing prospective studies and to examine prospectively the association between several dietary and non-dietary risk factors and the incidence of these diseases. The studies are the Nurses' Health Study I (121,000 women), Nurses' Health Study II (116,000 women), and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (52,000 men). Diet has been assessed repeatedly by a semiquantitative food frequency questinnaire developed and refined by our group over the last 15 years; detailed studies in subsamples of participants demonstrate that this questionnaire performs well, and that the study populations have substantial various in dietary intakes. Several follow-up cycles have been completed, with responses over 90 percent. Numerous non-dietary variables of potential interest as risk factors for MS and Parkinson's disease or as potential confounders of the associations between diet and these diseases have also already been collected at baseline and during the follow-up. We will evaluate the association between history of childhood
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infections or exposure to dogs potentially infected with the cannine distemper virus and risk of multiple sclerosis by conducting a nested case-control study. In addition, we will examine the association between selected mutations of CYP-2D6-one of the cytochrome P450 enzymes-and risk of PD, and the potential interaction between CPY-2D6 mutations and cigarette smoking as risk factors for PD. The CYP-2D6 genotype will be determined using blood samples that have already been collected, or buccal smears that will be obtained as part of this grant from cases of PD for whom on blood samples are available. The proposed investigation is a highly cost-effective way for studying diet and MS and PD because it draws on a large amount of information already collected and processed, and because the cost of mailing and processing of the foollow-up questionnaires is provided by other sources (CA 55075, CA 40356, CA 50385). Reported cases of MS and PD will be confirmed by supplementary questionnaires sent to the patients and their physicians. Fatal events are identified by next-of-kin, postal service, or the National Death Index and confirmed by hospital records and other additional information. By the end of the follow-up, we project a total of 461 confirmed cases of MS and 380 confirmed cases of PD. We will have sufficient poser to evaluate a series of specific hypotheses with substantial public health implications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DONOR LYMPHOCYTES TRANSDUCED WITH HERPES SIMPLEX THYMIDINE KINASE GENE Principal Investigator & Institution: Burt, Richard; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Programs Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This study will evaluate the safety and efficacy of allogeneic donor lymphocyte infusions in patients who have relapsed hematologic malignancies or Epstein Barr Virus Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (EBV-LPS) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Donor lymphocyte transfusions have resulted in the cure of some patients with relapsed leukemia or lymphoproliferative disorder after allogeneic BMT, but has been complicated by the development of graft versus host disease (GvHD). We hypothesize that a retroviral vector containing the Herpes simplex thymidine kinase (HStk) gene will allow the anti-leukemia response of adoptive immunotherapy while allowing for selective destruction of these cells. Theoretically this should allow appreciation of graft versus leukemia (GvL) effect and termination of an unwanted degree GvHD. Patients with relapsed hematologic malignancies or EBV-LPS after allogeneic BMT will be infused with ex vivo gene modified donor lymphocytes. The HStk gene will be transduced into the cells ex vivo using PA317/LTKOSN.2 vector supernate. Insertion of the HStk gene into lymphocytes confers a sensitivity to the antiherpes drug ganciclovir (GCV). This selective destruction of donor lymphocytes in situ will be used to abrogate the effects of graft versus host disease, if it develops. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EBV BZLF1 GENE PRODUCT Principal Investigator & Institution: Flemington, Erik K.; Associate Professor; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1993; Project End 10-APR-2003 Summary: EBV is the casual agent of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with the development of both B-cell and epithelial cell malignancies including the endemic
14
Mononucleosis
form of Burkitt's lymphoma, post-transplantation lympho-proliferative diseases, AIDSassociated lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease and undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Viral genes expressed during the latent phase of the EBV life cycle are growth promoting and are responsible for EBV's link to these human cancers. However, it has been known for some time that the lytic phase of the EBV life cycle occurs in differentiated and/or growth arrested tissues. We have recently found that the lytic switch gene, Zta, has potent cell growth inhibitory activity suggesting that EBV can actively promote this cell growth arrested status. Therefore, Zta may represent an evolutionary counterpart to the latency associated EBV gene products. The objectives of this proposal are to identify how Zta integrates into cell-cycle control pathways and to learn how interactions with key cell- cycle control proteins influences progression through the EBV lytic replication cycle. Our specific aims are: 1) Genetic analysis of Zta mediated cellular growth arrest. a) Generation of Zta mutants (rationale) b) Preliminary characterization of Zta mutants - analysis of dimerization/DNA binding, nuclear localization, transactivation. c) Genetic analysis of Zta mediated growth arrest, p21, p27, and p53 induction, and inhibition of c-Myc expression. 2) Yeast two -hybrid for screening Zta interacting factors. a)Library screening. b) Clone selection - rationale. c) Interaction studies. d) Functional analysis of Zta:Zta-targeting factor interactions. 3) Genetic analysis of Zta mediated latency disruption. a) Development of model system. b) Analysis of latency disruption by Zta mutants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EBV GENOME EXPRESSION--LOCALIZATION OF SPECIFIC FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hayward, S D.; Professor; Pharmacology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1981; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immortalizes B cells and is associated with human malignancies including Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease and lymphoproliferative disease in immunosuppressed patients such as AIDS patients and organ and bone marrow transplant patients. Primary infection by EBV may cause infectious mononucleosis in young adults. Primary infection leads to a proliferative expansion of the infected B cells. This is followed by the establishment of life-long persistence in which the EBV genome resides in resting B cells. Lytic viral replication occurs in the oropharynx and results in virus shedding into the saliva. Different patterns of EBV latency gene expression are seen in latently infected resting B cells and in EBV associated tumors. This application addresses factors that may regulate these expression patterns and contribute to the different aspects of EBV pathogenesis. EBV replication is necessary for virus spread and Zta is a key regulator of the EBV lytic cycle. Zta not only regulates EBV lytic DNA replication but may also influence the maintainance of latent infection. The Specific Aims are: (Aim 1). To characterize the role of Zta in replication of the EBV origin of lytic replication, orilyt. Transfection assays will be used to analyse the role of Zta in the formation of replication compartments, to analyze the relative contributions of Zta's transcriptional and replication activities to orilyt activation and to relate Zta mediated regulation of the cell cycle to Zta replication function. (Aim 2). To evaluate the contribution of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway to the regulation of EBV latency gene expression in in vivo latency and tumorigenesis. STAT regulation of individual EBV latency promoters will be examined in transient assays. The role of activated STATs and Zta expression in the maintainance of EBV positive epithelial tumor cell lines in culture will be pursued and
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negative regulation of the EBV lytic cycle by STATs will be examined. (Aim 3). A role for EBNA-1 in the regulation of EBV latency gene expression will be evaluated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EBV LATENT MEMBRANE PROTEIN 2 Principal Investigator & Institution: Longnecker, Richard M.; Associate Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Programs Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-DEC-1993; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis in adolescents and malignant lymphocyte proliferation in AIDS patients and patients undergoing immune suppression for organ transplantation. EBV is etiologically associated with African Burkitt s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In vitro, EBV transformed, latently infected B lymphocytes contain EBV episomes and express nine virus encoded proteins. Six are nuclear proteins (EBNAs) and three are the integral membrane proteins, LMP1, LMP2A, and LMP2B. These nine proteins are presumed to mediate latent virus infection or B lymphocyte proliferation and thus are under intense investigation. Besides EBNA1, which is required for episome maintenance, LMP1, LMP2A, and LMP2B are the latently expressed proteins consistently detected in EBV related malignancies, and the EBNA1 and LMP2A messages are the only EBV-specific messages detected in PCR analysis of B lymphocytes from individuals harboring latent EBV infections. Our previous studies have shown that LMP2A is essential for down modulation of cell surface receptor mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes infected with EBV. By down modulating cell surface signal transduction, LMP2A is important for maintaining EBV latent infection in vitro. The elucidation of LMP2A function in in vitro latent infection utilizing biochemical and genetic techniques will be the focus of this research proposal. The following aims are proposed: 1) Investigate the roles of the Src family protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) Lyn, the B cell Syk PTK, and LMP2B in the regulation of EBV latency. 2) Identify LMP2A associated proteins in B lymphocytes. 3) Recombine LMP2A site specific mutations into the EBV genome. 4) Investigate the properties of LCLs transformed and latently infected with the LMP2A mutant viruses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jones, James F.; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS INDUCED GENOMIC INSTABILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Sixbey, John W.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Louisiana State Univ Hsc Shreveport P. O. Box 33932 Shreveport, La 71103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-APR-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that, despite the life-time rapport typically achieved with its human host, can be associated with benign (infectious mononucleosis) and malignant (Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma)
16
Mononucleosis
lymphoproliferative diseases. The overall objective of this grant is to understand molecular mechanisms by which EBV causes disease and their inter-relatedness to modes of viral persistence in the memory B lymphocyte reservoir. Physiologic signaling via the B cell antigen receptor (surface immunoglobulin) has major implications for the fate of any infected B cell, leading to cell proliferation and differentiation or, conversely, apoptosis. Because we showed up-regulation of recombinase activating genes RAG1 and RAG2 upon EBV infection of mature B cells, we now hypothesize that virus diversifies the B cell antigen receptor through induction of secondary immunoglobulin gene rearrangements as a means of assuring adequate survival signaling in infected cell progeny. Renewed V(D)J recombination outside the selective environment of bone marrow or germinal centers has potential pathogenic consequences that include autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation and chromosomal damage. The specific aims to test our hypothesis are: 1) to determine if secondary rearrangements of immunoglobulin variable region genes occur as a consequence of RAG induction by Epstein-Barr virus; 2) to determine if RAG1 and RAG2 are expressed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vivo as a consequence of acute EBV infection; 3) to analyze EBV DNA integration as a marker of illegitimate recombination prompted by viral induced RAG expression; 4) to determine the mechanism by which RAG1 and RAG2 are up regulated by latency protein EBNA1. The use of recombinant EBV expressing green fluorescent protein allows rapid selection of infected cells now capable of expressing RAG; concurrent analysis by flow cytometry for altered surface immunoglobulin; detection by PCR of broken DNA ends or excision circles that are byproducts of V(D)J recombination; and subsequent analysis for chromosomal abnormalities from aberrant RAG. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTERACTNS
GENETIC
MODIFIERS
OF
EPSTEIN-BARR
VIRUS/HOST
Principal Investigator & Institution: Adamson, Amy L.; Biology; University of North Carolina Greensboro 103 Foust Building Greensboro, Nc 274026170 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Viruses often manipulate their host cellular environment in order to create favorable conditions for viral replication and survival. Virally-induced changes include alteration of the host cell cycle progression, signal transduction cascades, and transcriptional functions, among others. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that infects approximately 90 percent of the world's population. EBV is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis, and is associated with several forms of cancer, including Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EBV also produces oral hairy leukoplakia in AIDS patients. Interestingly, while infection with EBV is widespread, only certain populations of people seem to be susceptible to EBV-related cancers. To understand how EBV proteins interact with host cellular proteins, and how such interactions may promote disease, we have introduced the EBV immediate-early BZLF1 protein into the model organism Drosophila, and will perform genetic screens to identify cellular proteins that modulate Z activity. We will carry out an Fl screen of 20,000 flies, map the resulting modifiers, and determine if these modifying genes have human homologs. This work will produce a plethora of putative EBV enhancers or suppressors, which will be the basis for much future work. The results from this genetic screen will shed light onto the mechanisms by which EBV alters normal cellular functions, as well as how genetic predisposition may play a role in EBVrelated diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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17
Project Title: HOST IMMUNITY TO EBV INFECTION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO Principal Investigator & Institution: Thorley-Lawson, David A.; Professor of Pathology; Pathology; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1981; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long term objective of this study is to develop a deeper understanding of persistent infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV has the capacity to drive the proliferation of resting B lymphocytes and this makes it a risk factor for human cancers such as Hodgkin's disease, Burkitt's lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, the virus is able to persist in a quiescent state in vivo where it specifically targets resting memory B cells. By understanding how EBV can persist in most individuals without causing disease we hope to gain insight into what goes wrong when the virus does cause neoplastic disease. This study wilt employ sophisticated cell fractionation techniques and quantitative RealTime DNA and RT PCR assays to address four unresolved issues around EBV persistence. 1. Does acute EBV infection, infectious mononucleosis (AIM), represent a disordered state of EBV infection or simply an amplified version of the stable, long term carrier state? 2. Does EBV, like other herpesviruses, shut off the expression of all protein coding genes when it reaches its final site of persistence - long lived memory B cells in the peripheral blood? 3. What is the nature and origin of the latently infected memory cells proposed as the site of EBV persistence? Are they bona fide memory cells? Does antigen play a role in the production and/or maintenance of these memory cells or do latent proteins perform these functions? How rapidly do the infected cells turn over? 4. Are epithelial cells of the nasopharyngeal lymphoid system e.g. tonsils infected with EBV in vivo or infectable in vitro? Previous studies have analyzed EBV infection of epithelial cell lines and tissues from sites other than the site of persistent infection - the nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue. However, epithelial tissues are biologically diverse so we will focus our studies on the biologically relevant epithelium from the tonsil. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HUMAN GAMMA HERPES VIRUS DNA VACCINES Principal Investigator & Institution: Dittmer, Dirk; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City, Ok 73104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Human gamma herpesviruses include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV or HHV- 4) and Kaposi's Sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8). Both are oncogenic and have a chronic latent phase of infection, which leaves humans hosts infected for life. We hope to adapt the current knowledge of these viruses to develop DNA vaccines. Our purpose is to facilitate the elimination or relative suppression of Kaposi's sarcoma (especially in AIDS patients), as caused by KSHV, and of the latent EBV infection found in normals or expressed in some lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease, nasopharyngeal carcinomas, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, and infectious mononucleosis. These are over 150 gene products from which to select the targets for a DNA vaccine, as measured by the number of open reading frames in EBV and KSHV. We plan to begin this project (Specific Aim 1) by constructing DNA vaccines directed against four viral gene products, the TSAs ("tumor specific antigens"): LANA (latency associated nuclear antigen) and v-cyclin form KSHV and LMP-1 ((latent membrane protein) and LMP-2A from EBV. The immunogenicity and optimal vaccination strategy will be evaluated and developed in Balb/c mice (Specific Aim 2), where suppression of the transformed phenotype is expected using appropriately engineered vectors with, the 10(3) cell line.
18
Mononucleosis
(Additional modifications may be needed for LMP-2A, which is the only one of the four TSAs not known to be oncogenic.) Finally, in preparation for future human studies we will test the DNA vaccines in non-human primates (Specific Aim 3). The suppression of EBV-induced lymphomas by the DNA vaccines will be assessed in Cotton top tamarins. Similarly, the acceleration of KSHV elimination will be assessed in DNA vaccine immunized Rhesus macaques. This experience and the immunologic evaluations performed will hopefully be preparatory for a successful trial of one or more of these gamma herpes virus vaccines in man. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEWLY IDENTIFIED ANTIGENS FOR GAMMA/DELTA T CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bukowski, Jack F.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's abstract): It is becoming evident that gamma/delta (gd) T cells play an important role in defense against bacterial and viral infections as well as in autoimmunity. gd T cells are expanded in humans with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, salmonellosis, brucellosis, ehlichiosis, tularemia, malaria, leishmaniasis, mononucleosis, and in HIV (early stages). They are expanded in the synovium of patients with sarcoidosis. In contrast to alpha/beta (ab) T cells, which recognize peptide antigens in the context of MHC molecules, the predominant subset of gd T cells in human peripheral blood, termed Vg2Vd2 T cells, having no homologue in rodents, recognize unprocessed nonpeptide phosphate antigens in the absence of professional APC or known antigen presenting molecules. Abundant data describing in detail the interactions of the ab TCR with MHC-bound peptide have deepened our understanding of their role in infectious disease and in autoimmunity. In contrast, there is little information regarding the nature of interaction between the gd TCRs and their ligands. In fact, the identities of most microbial and autoimmune antigens reactive with gd T cells is unknown. Preliminary evidence in the investigator's laboratory shows that the TCR g junctional region is of crucial importance for the recognition of phosphate antigens by Vg2Vd2 T cells, arguing against a superantigen-like recognition of such antigens. The laboratory recently has found that alkylamines, which are major products of certain bacteria that cause gingivitis and many other diseases and are also found in plant foods and human body fluids, cause proliferation of Vg2Vd2 T cells in a TCRspecific manner. Alkylamine antigens are the first phosphate-free antigens described for Vg2Vd2 T cells and thus represent a distinct chemical class of ligand for Vg2Vd2 T cells. The investigator proposes to 1) Define the structural characteristics necessary for bioactivity of alkylamine antigens by testing a panel of naturally occurring alkylamine antigens for reactivity to gd T cells; 2) Identify specific domains and residues in the gd TCR important for recognition of alkylamine and phosphate antigens; 3) Determine the requirements of alkylamine antigens for antigen presentation and processing; 4) Define the phenotypes and alkylamine antigen reactivities of gingival gd T cells from patients with chronic gingivitis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OCULAR HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaufman, Herbert E.; Professor and Head; Ophthalmology; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1978; Project End 30-NOV-2004
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Summary: Recurrent herpes simplex is a leading cause of infectious corneal disease in the United States. Fewer than 10% of episodes of ocular HSV are "primary herpes"; the other 90% are caused by reactivation of the virus from the ganglion. If these reactivations could be prevented, the problem of ocular herpes would be dramatically reduced. Although chronic administration of acyclovir has been shown to reduce ocular recurrent disease by about 40%, shedding occurs in the absence of disease, suggesting that reactivation of the latent virus is not prevented. The general goal of these studies has been and continues to be understanding the factors that trigger recurrent ocular herpes in order to devise new strategies to prevent and treat the disease. During the next project period we will focus on the prevention of herpetic recurrences through three pharmacologic mechanisms - inhibition of signals causing recurrences, inhibition of cellular processes essential for synthesis of nucleotides and other factors required by the virus, and inhibition of viral-encoded enzymes that are not present in the replicationincompetent neuron. Three specific aims are proposed: 1) To evaluate the potential signaling function of prostaglandin agonists in the reactivation of herpes simplex virus and to identify pharmacological agents that can be used to inhibit these signals and thereby prevent virus reactivation and recurrent disease; 2) To evaluate inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) as a means of preventing virus reactivation and treating infection by interfering with cellular synthetic processes necessary for viral multiplication; and 3) To evaluate inhibition of enzymes that are encoded by the virus but are not present in the replication-incompetent neuronal host cells, for example by agents such as HBPG and 6-anilino uracil, as a means of preventing viral reactivation from latency. Identifying a means of preventing recurrences of herpes simplex in the eye may also yield information useful in the management of HSV-2, which infects several million people, as well as varicellazoster virus (VZV), which causes chicken pox and shingles, Epstein Barr virus (EBV), which causes both mononucleosis and cancers, and other viral diseases such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and herpes encephalitis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LYMPHOMA
REGULATION
OF
EBV
TRANSCRIPTION
IN
BURKITTS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Speck, Samuel H.; Professor; Pathology and Immunology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1995; Project End 30-JUN-2001 Summary: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human lymphotropic herpesvirus which is the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis, a self-limiting lymphoproliferative disorder. In addition, EBV is closely associated with two human cancers, African Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and also appears to be associated with a significant percentage of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD) as well as the non-Hodgkin's lymphoms that arise in immunosuppressed patients. The role of EBV in lymphomagenesis has remained enigmatic. While viral gene expression in the EBVassociated non-Hodgkin's large cell lymphomas that arise in immunosupppressed individuals mirrors that observed in B lymphocytes immortalized by EBV in tissue culture, the recently characterized restricted pattern of viral gene expression in African Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) raises important questions about the role of EBV in the etiology of these tumors. Addressing these questions will require a thoroug understanding of how restricted EBV latency is regulated. It is critical to determine whether restricted latency is a normal viral program, or whether it is brought about by selection during lymphomagenesis. One of the important long range goals of this research is to determine whether this form of restricted viral latency occurs in normal
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seropositive individuals. We propose to focus on regulation of viral gene expression in group 1 Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines, and to assess whether infection of some population of normal peripheral B lymphocytes results in restricted latency, as follows: 1. characterize the roles of Fp and the newly identified Qp in driving transcription of the EBNA 1 gene in group 1 BL cell lines; 2. characterize the viral genomes present in group 1 BL cell lines and clone the critical control regions of the EBNA 1 gene promoter from a representative group 1 BL cell line; 3. assay EBV infection time courses of peripheral blood B lymphocytes for presence of the restricted EBNA 1 transcription pattern; 4. investigate alternative splicing from the U exon to the EBNA 3a, EBNA 3c and EBNA 1 coding exons; and 5. generate a recombinant EBV harboring mutations in the low ffinity EBNA 1 binding sites in the viral BamHI Q fragment, and assess the impact of these mutations on EBNA 1 gene transcription in primary B cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE OF EBNA3C IN B LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Robertson, Erle S.; Associate Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus which is the etiological agent of infectious mononucleosis. EBV is also associated with a number of malignancies which includes Burkitt's lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Oral Hairy leukoplakia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Adult T-cell lymphomas and lymphoproliferative diseases in transplant and AIDS patients. In vitro, EBV infects and growth transforms B-lymphocytes so that they proliferate continually into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). In these infected B lymphocytes EBV expresses eleven genes one of which is the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) 3C. This protein is essential for B lymphocyte transformation and there is a mounting body of evidence demonstrating that EBNA3C is linked to cellular and viral transcription. However, the mechanism by which EBNA3C regulates events involved in EBV mediated B lymphocyte transformation is not fully understood. The specific aims of this proposal are: (1) To investigate the roles of EBNA3C in regulating viral and cellular gene expression in EBV transformed primary human B-lymphocytes. (2) To identify cellular proteins interacting with EBNA3C and the critical functional domains interacting with these cellular proteins. (3) To genetically characterize the EBNA3C gene by introduction of specific mutations in the open reading frame and testing for transformation of primary B-lymphocytes and to analyze the properties of the recombinant LCLs transformed by latently infected EBNA3C mutant viruses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ROLE OF HERV-K18 SUPERANTIGEN IN EBV LYMPHOMAGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sutkowski, Natalie A.; Pathology; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): More than 90% of adults are latently infected throughout their lifetime with the ubiquitous herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). While EBV infection is usually asymptomatic during childhood, it is estimated that half of first-time infected adolescents or adults develop infectious mononucleosis, a disease characterized by polyclonal B cell activation and massive expansion of T cells. EBV is an
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oncogenic virus; it is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. At least 1% of organ and bone marrow transplant recipients develop EBV+ lymphomas; and EBV lymphoproliferative disorders are common in AIDS patients. The tumors are often associated with vast T cell infiltrates. The SCID/hu mouse is well accepted as an animal model for EBV lymphomagenesis, because SCID mice adoptively transferred with EBV seropositive PBMC from healthy human donors develop EBV+ B cell lymphomas at a high rate. These tumors are strictly T cell dependent and can be prevented by blocking the B-T interaction. We have recently established that EBV transactivates a human endogenous retrovirus, HERV-K18, that encodes a superantigen, which strongly activates T cells. This is the first described report of a pathogen inducing a host cell superantigen. We propose that HERV-K18 Env superantigen activated T cells contribute to EBV lymphomagenesis. This proposal seeks to test whether blocking the superantigen driven T cell response prevents tumorigenesis in the SCID/hu lymphoma mouse model. We propose to block T cell activation by: I. developing monoclonal antibodies specific for the HERV-K18 superantigen; II. blocking CD28/ICOS costimulation; III. induction of T cell anergy; and IV. ligation of immunoinhibitory receptor PD-1. Since several other herpesviruses are associated with superantigen or superantigen-like activity, these experiments may have broad-reaching implications for herpesvirus biology. Overall, these studies represent a completely new approach towards understanding the potential role of T cells in herpesvirus oncogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE OF THE XLP GENE, SAP, IN T CELL FUNCTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Terhorst, Cornelis P.; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is a rare disease in which young boys frequently die of fatal infectious mononucleosis. Although Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most highly transforming viruses known in any species, it causes no disease in the vast majority of all infected individuals. Only in a small minority a selflimiting disease develops: Infectious Mononucleosis. This is due to the fact that the human immune system has developed an vigorous yet controlled response to the virus. The normal equilibrium can be compromised by infectious (HIV), iatrogenic (transplantation) or in XLP, a congenital impairment of the immune system. In all three instances this may lead to fatal infectious mononucleosis or progressively growing immunoblastoma that may turn into a monoclonal lymphoma. XLP patients who survive the infectious mononucleosis stage often develop a dysgammaglobunemia. We have recently cloned the gene for XLP, termed SAP, and found that it binds to a specific site of the cytoplasmic tail of SLAM (CDw150), a glycoprotein protein that is expressed on the surface of activated B and T cells. Since SAP comprises an SH2 domain with a tail of a mere 26 amino acids, we propose that this molecule is a natural inhibitor of SH2 dependent docking sites. In fact, SAP inhibits the binding of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 to the tyrosine phosphorylated cytoplasmic tail of SLAM. Our long term goal is to understand the role of SAP in T cell physiology and particularly in the immune response to EBV. In this project we plan to examine the molecular underpinnings of the function of SAP in T lymphocyte development and T cell activation. This information will provide us with the basic knowledge that will be necessary to dissect the role of SAP in normal and aberrant T cell responses to EBV infected B lymphocytes. Specifically we propose to: 1 Test the hypothesis that the SAP protein, encoded by the XLP gene,
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acts as a regulatory switch for SLAM dependent signal transduction pathways in T lymphocytes. 2 Generate a murine model for XLP. 3 Elucidate the molecular mechanisms that govern expression of the XLP gene. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SUPERANTIGENS IN EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS PATHOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Rankin, Christopher T.; Macrogenics, Inc. 1500 E Gude Dr, Ste B Rockville, Md 20850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 06-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Superantigens (SAG) are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of certain infectious agents by activating a broad subset of primary Tcells. Through association with MHC class II molecules outside of the peptide recognition cleft, the SAG is able to bind and activate T-cells expressing a particular Tcell receptor (TCR) beta chain variable gene. Recent experiments have identified a SAG, encoded by the human endogenous retrovirus K18 env (HK18 env) gene, which is transcriptionally activated following infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV is a ubiquitous, B-cell tropic herpesvirus, which has been identified as a causative agent for infectious mononucleosis (IM), a self-limiting lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by mononuclear leukocytosis. The association of EBV and a SAG activity provides an attractive hypothesis for the mechanism of EBV related T-cell proliferation. However, the exact role of the SAG in EBV infection and pathology is not currently known. The goal of this phase I application is to evaluate the role of the recently identified SAG molecule, HERV-K18 Env, in EBV infection and pathology. Our working hypothesis is that SAG activated T-cells supply an essential component necessary for the development of EBV associated B-cell lymphomas. Thus, blocking T-cell activation by the SAG could effectively prevent the development of EBV tumors. If this hypothesis is correct, these studies will provide a basis for phase II studies in primate models of EBV infection, in order to examine the potential for anti-SAG antibodies as preventative or therapeutic agents against EBV related disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: T CELL IMMUNITY TO MHV 68, A MURINE GAMMA HERPESVIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Blackman, Marcia A.; Associate Member; Trudeau Institute, Inc. Saranac Lake, Ny 12983 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1998; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: Herpesviruses induce persistent infections in humans and have significant health implications. For example, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which establishes latency in B cells, is associated with infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) and the development of malignancy. Cytolytic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) are believed to play a major role in controlling the acute and latent stages of infection and are also a major component of the mononucleosis. However, the relationship between CTL responses to the acute and latent phases of infection and the involvement of CD8+ T cells in mononucleosis are poorly understood. MHV-68 is a murine gamma-herpesvirus with significant biological similarity to EBV and structural homology to Herpesvirus samiri and human herpesvirus-8 (associated with Kaposi's sarcoma). This virus provides an important experimental model for dissecting the CD8+ T cell response to persistent herpesvirus infection. Intranasal infection of mice with MHV-68 establishes an acute infection in the lungs, which is cleared within 8 days, and a persistent, latent infection in
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B cells that lasts for the life of the animal. In addition, about three weeks after infection (after clearance of infectious virus from the lung), the virus causes a pathogenesis similar to the infectious mononucleosis that sometimes is associated with EBV infection of adolescents. The experiments outlined in this proposal will determine the relationship between the CD8+ T cell response to acute and latent MHV-68 infection, and the CD8+ T cells involved in the mononucleosis syndrome. Aim 1 will determine the genetic influence on the development of the mononucleosis phase of the disease, and will characterize the longevity and function of the activated CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood. Aim 2 will identify the antigens recognized by CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood during the mononucleosis phase of the infection. In particular, these studies will determine whether the predominance of activated Vb4+CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood is driven by a viral peptide antigen or a superantigen. Finally, in Aim 3, the T cell epitopes that drive the CTL response to acute MHV-68 infection will be identified to investigate the establishment of T cell memory to a persistent virus infection. These studies will also determine the relationship between the CD8+ T cells involved in the infectious mononucleosis, and the CD8+ T cell response to primary infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TUMOR-ASSOCIATED HERPESVIRUSES CONFERENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Raab-Traub, Nancy J.; Professor; Medicine; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Tenth International Meeting of the EBV Association will be held in Cairns, Australia on July 16th-21st, 2002. The theme of the meeting will be "Tumor Associated Herpesviruses" and will focus on EBV and Human Herpevirus 8 (HHV8), but also include gamma herpesvirus infection in animal model systems. Subsequent meetings will be held in Regensburg in 2004 and Boston in 2006. The biennial EBV symposium alternates between the Far East, America, and Europe and provides the only regular forum for EBV research. The meeting encompasses both clinical studies and basic research, providing a unique opportunity to expand our understanding of the molecular basis of EBV and cancer. Each of the sessions and workshops are configured to include molecular biology, immunology, pathology and epidemiology such that every session will have relevance to all attendees, which will promote communication and cross-fertilization of ideas. The proposed sessions will focus on: Primary EBV infections (including infectious mononucleosis, chronic fatigue and X-linked lymphoproliferative disease); Diagnosis and treatment of EBV diseases; Immunobiology and Pathology of EBV Infection; Lymphoid Tumors (including nonHodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease and Burkitt's lymphoma); Epithelial tumors (including nasopharyngeal carcinoma gastric carcinomas and breast cancer); Recent advances in vaccine development and Transplantation. As well there will be workshops on "Herpesviruses and AIDS", "The diagnosis, epidemiology and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma"; "Animal models of Disease" and "Oral Herpesvirus Infections". The two sessions on the 21st July, Transplantation and Vaccine development, will be combined sessions with the International Herpesvirus workshop. The organization of the meeting has been arranged to 1. Stimulate communication and interactions internationally among clinical and basic scientists and students to facilitate exchange of materials and rapid movement of new basic information to clinical settings, 2. Recognize and encourage young investigators and 3. Highlight new developments in the field and identify areas for future investigation.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VIRAL SMALL RNPS AND CELL TRANSFORMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Steitz, Joan A.; Professor; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The roles of small nuclear RNA- protein (snRNP) complexes found in lymphoid cells transformed by two herpesviruses are being investigated. Epstein-Barr virus infects and transforms human B cells and is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis, as well as being associated with several human cancers. Herpesvirus saimiri induces fatal lymphomas and leukemias in New World monkeys and transforms human and monkey T lymphocytes and leukemias in New World monkeys and transforms human and monkey T lymphocytes in culture. Among the few viral gene products expressed in transformed cells are the two EBVencoded EBERs and the seven H. saimiri-encoded HSURs. These small nuclear RNAs are abundant, conserved, and associate with host auto-antigens that are components of cellular snRNPs. Yet, both EBERs and HSURs are non-essential for viral growth of transformation. Proposed experiments are based on the hypothesis that EBERs and HSURs perturb cellular metabolism by sequestering important host proteins, thereby facilitating transformation. EBER1 binds a significant fraction of the host's ribosomal protein L22, whose is involved in chromosomal translocations in some patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Consequences of EBER1 interaction with L22 will be studied by locating the L22 binding site in the 60S ribosome and asking whether L22-depleted ribosomes enhance the read-through of upstream AUGs in nuclear antigen (EBNA) mRNAs to increase their translation during latency. HSURs 1, 2, and 5 have AU3A motifs at their 5' ends that bind HuR, a host protein whose over-expression stabilizes the normally short-lived mRNAs for proto-oncogenes, cytokines and lymphokines. HUR's nucleo- cytoplasmic shuttling motif and its interactions with several protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitors, one of which is reported to have tumor suppressor activity will be dissected by mutational analyses. The subcellular location of AU3Adirected RNA decay and the possibility that HuR and hnRNPD play opposing roles in MRNA stability will be investigated. The expression of human papillomavirus E6/E7 oncoproteins will be studied to establish whether the PP2A inhibitors and HuR are components of a phosphorylation cascade regulating mRNA stability. The mechanism of AU3A-directed mRNA deadenylation/decay and its regulation during early development will be studied in the Xenopus system. Clues to the functions of the EBER2 and HSUR 3, 4, 6 and 7 snRNPs will be sought by identifying interaction proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and 3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.
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unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “mononucleosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for mononucleosis in the PubMed Central database: •
Characteristics of viral protein expression by Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells in peripheral blood of patients with infectious mononucleosis. by Wagner HJ, Hornef M, Middeldorp J, Kirchner H.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170223
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Epstein --Barr virus-infected B cells expanding in germinal centers of infectious mononucleosis patients do not participate in the germinal center reaction. by Kurth J, Hansmann ML, Rajewsky K, Kuppers R.; 2003 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153624
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Evaluation of a Novel Dry Latex Preparation for Demonstration of Infectious Mononucleosis Heterophile Antibody in Comparison with Three Established Tests. by Rogers R, Windust A, Gregory J.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84176
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Evaluation of Two Slide Agglutination Tests and a Novel Immunochromatographic Assay for Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Mononucleosis. by Gomez MC, Nieto JA, Escribano MA.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95967
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Evaluations of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedure for determining specific Epstein-Barr virus serology and of rapid test kits for diagnosis for infectious mononucleosis. by Gerber MA, Shapiro ED, Ryan RW, Bell GL.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229495
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Expansion of a CD28-Intermediate Subset among CD8 T Cells in Patients with Infectious Mononucleosis. by Uda H, Mima T, Yamaguchi N, Katada Y, Fukuda M, Fujii N, Nakamura K, Saiki O.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136291
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Genetic polymorphism of natural Epstein-Barr virus isolates from infectious mononucleosis patients and healthy carriers. by Lung ML, Chang RS, Jones JH.; 1988 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253533
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Requirement for CD40 Ligand, CD4 + T Cells, and B Cells in an Infectious Mononucleosis-Like Syndrome. by Brooks JW, Hamilton-Easton AM, Christensen JP, Cardin RD, Hardy CL, Doherty PC.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=113004
5
The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with mononucleosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “mononucleosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for mononucleosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A boy with fatal infectious mononucleosis suspected as the first Japanese case of Xlinked lymphoproliferative syndrome. Author(s): Tsutsumi H, Kamazaki H, Satoh M, Imai S, Nakata S, Chiba S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998; 30(6): 610-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10225392&dopt=Abstract
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A case of human herpesvirus-6 lymphadenitis with infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome. Author(s): Sumiyoshi Y, Kikuchi M, Ohshima K, Takeshita M, Eizuru Y, Minamishima Y. Source: Pathology International. 1995 December; 45(12): 947-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8808300&dopt=Abstract
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A case of mononucleosis complicated by acute nephritis. Author(s): Helin K, Ekroos H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 2002; 36(2): 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12028690&dopt=Abstract
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A lump in the throat follows a pain in the neck: a teenager with a nasopharyngeal mass following infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Mega A. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 1997 April; 80(4): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9130833&dopt=Abstract
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A mouse model for infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Flano E, Woodland DL, Blackman MA. Source: Immunologic Research. 2002; 25(3): 201-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12018460&dopt=Abstract
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Abdominal pain in acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Chapman AL, Watkin R, Ellis CJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 March 16; 324(7338): 660-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895827&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormal visual evoked potentials in children with “Alice in Wonderland” syndrome due to infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Lahat E, Berkovitch M, Barr J, Paret G, Barzilai A. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1999 November; 14(11): 732-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10593551&dopt=Abstract
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Accumulation of p53 in infectious mononucleosis tissues. Author(s): Ehsan A, Fan H, Eagan PA, Siddiqui HA, Gulley ML. Source: Human Pathology. 2000 November; 31(11): 1397-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11112215&dopt=Abstract
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Active infective endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the acute phase of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Sakahashi H, Takazawa A, Toyama A, Haida T. Source: Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002 June; 50(6): 249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12073602&dopt=Abstract
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Acute appendicitis complicating infectious mononucleosis: case report and review. Author(s): Lopez-Navidad A, Domingo P, Cadafalch J, Farrerons J, Allende L, Bordes R. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1990 March-April; 12(2): 297-302. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2184498&dopt=Abstract
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Acute complications of Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Jenson HB. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2000 June; 12(3): 263-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10836164&dopt=Abstract
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Acute HIV infection among patients tested for mononucleosis. Author(s): Rosenberg ES, Caliendo AM, Walker BD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 March 25; 340(12): 969. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10094651&dopt=Abstract
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Acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease as a mononucleosis-like illness: is the diagnosis too restrictive? Author(s): Vanhems P, Allard R, Cooper DA, Perrin L, Vizzard J, Hirschel B, Kinloch-de Loes S, Carr A, Lambert J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 May; 24(5): 965-70. Erratum In: Clin Infect Dis 1997 August; 25(2): 352. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9142802&dopt=Abstract
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Acute infectious mononucleosis presenting with dacryoadenitis and tonsillitis. Author(s): Marchese-Ragona R, Marioni G, Staffieri A, de Filippis C. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2002 June; 80(3): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12059880&dopt=Abstract
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Acute infectious mononucleosis stimulates the selective expression/expansion of V beta 6.1-3 and V beta 7 T cells. Author(s): Smith TJ, Terada N, Robinson CC, Gelfand EW. Source: Blood. 1993 March 15; 81(6): 1521-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8453099&dopt=Abstract
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Acute infectious mononucleosis. CD30 (Ki-1) antigen expression and histologic correlations. Author(s): Abbondanzo SL, Sato N, Straus SE, Jaffe ES. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1990 May; 93(5): 698-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2158227&dopt=Abstract
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Acute infectious mononucleosis: characteristics of patients who report failure to recover. Author(s): Buchwald DS, Rea TD, Katon WJ, Russo JE, Ashley RL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 November; 109(7): 531-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063953&dopt=Abstract
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Acute interstitial nephritis secondary to infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Verma N, Arunabh S, Brady TM, Charytan C. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2002 August; 58(2): 151-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12227688&dopt=Abstract
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Acute monoarthritis from infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Berger RG, Raab-Traub N. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1999 August; 107(2): 177-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10460051&dopt=Abstract
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Acute renal failure: unusual complication of Epstein-Barr virus-induced infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Lei PS, Lowichik A, Allen W, Mauch TJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 December; 31(6): 1519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096030&dopt=Abstract
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Acyclovir for treatment of infectious mononucleosis: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Torre D, Tambini R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999; 31(6): 543-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10680982&dopt=Abstract
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Amoxicillin-induced exanthema in young adults with infectious mononucleosis: demonstration of drug-specific lymphocyte reactivity. Author(s): Renn CN, Straff W, Dorfmuller A, Al-Masaoudi T, Merk HF, Sachs B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 December; 147(6): 1166-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452866&dopt=Abstract
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An epidemiologic study of index and family infectious mononucleosis and adult Hodgkin's disease (HD): evidence for a specific association with EBV+ve HD in young adults. Author(s): Alexander FE, Lawrence DJ, Freeland J, Krajewski AS, Angus B, Taylor GM, Jarrett RF. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 November 1; 107(2): 298-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949811&dopt=Abstract
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An infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome induced by minocycline: a third pattern of adverse drug reaction. Author(s): Lupton JR, Figueroa P, Tamjidi P, Berberian BJ, Sulica VI. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1999 August; 64(2): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10467499&dopt=Abstract
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Application of low-avidity immunoglobulin G studies to diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): de Ory F, Antonaya J, Fernandez MV, Echevarria JM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 June; 31(6): 1669-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8315017&dopt=Abstract
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Aspecific membranous laryngitis after infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Di Girolamo S, Anselmi M, Piccini A, De Lauretis A, Passali D. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1996 January; 34(1-2): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8770686&dopt=Abstract
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Athletes resuming activity after infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Burroughs KE. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 2000 November-December; 9(10): 1122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11115218&dopt=Abstract
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Atypical clonal T-cell proliferation in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Malik UR, Oleksowicz L, Dutcher JP, Ratech H, Borowitz MJ, Wiernik PH. Source: Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England). 1996 December; 13(4): 20713. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9152971&dopt=Abstract
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Azithromycin eruption in infectious mononucleosis: a proposed mechanism of interaction. Author(s): Schissel DJ, Singer D, David-Bajar K. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 March; 65(3): 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10738636&dopt=Abstract
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Azithromycin-induced rash in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Dakdouki GK, Obeid KH, Kanj SS. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(12): 939-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587634&dopt=Abstract
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Bacterial coating with immunoglobulins on the palatine tonsils during infectious mononucleosis: immunocytochemical study with gold markers. Author(s): Stenfors LE, Bye HM, Raisanen S. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 February; 115(2): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11320824&dopt=Abstract
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Bacterial penetration into tonsillar surface epithelium during infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Stenfors LE, Bye HM, Raisanen S, Myklebust R. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2000 November; 114(11): 848-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11144834&dopt=Abstract
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Behavioural effects of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Hall SR, Smith AP. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1996; 33(4): 202-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8840344&dopt=Abstract
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Benign cytomegalovirus mononucleosis in non-AIDS, HIV-infected patients. Author(s): Leport C, Harzic M, Pignon JM, Salmon D, Perronne C, Bricaire F, Vilde JL. Source: Lancet. 1987 July 25; 2(8552): 214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2885663&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral anaerobic empyemas complicating infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Kopec SE, Irwin RS, Mello CJ, Umali CB. Source: Chest. 1997 September; 112(3): 833-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9315821&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral deep space neck abscesses complicating infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Gruber B, Mhoon EE. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1987 July; 97(1): 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3112687&dopt=Abstract
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BLT-esterase in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Wagner L, Wiesholzer M, Worman CP, Lang G, Base W. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1995 May; 100(2): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7743659&dopt=Abstract
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Brief report: severe infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome and primary human herpesvirus 6 infection in an adult. Author(s): Akashi K, Eizuru Y, Sumiyoshi Y, Minematsu T, Hara S, Harada M, Kikuchi M, Niho Y, Minamishima Y. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 July 15; 329(3): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8390615&dopt=Abstract
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Causes for massive bacterial colonization on mucosal membranes during infectious mononucleosis: implications for acute otitis media. Author(s): Stenfors LE, Bye HM, Raisanen S. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2002 September 24; 65(3): 233-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12242139&dopt=Abstract
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Cellular expressions and serum concentrations of Fas ligand and Fas receptor in patients with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Sato T, Hirasawa A, Kawabuchi Y, Nishikawa T, Wakabayashi Y. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 2000 October; 72(3): 329-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11185989&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalexin rash in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): McCloskey GL, Massa MC. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1997 May; 59(5): 251-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9169264&dopt=Abstract
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Cerebellitis as an uncommon complication of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): de Fraiture DM, Sie TH, Boezeman EH, Haanen HC. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1997 August; 51(2): 79-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9286144&dopt=Abstract
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Cervical abscess: a life-threatening complication of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Westmore GA. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1990 April; 104(4): 358-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2370462&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of Hodgkin's lymphoma after infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Hjalgrim H, Askling J, Rostgaard K, Hamilton-Dutoit S, Frisch M, Zhang JS, Madsen M, Rosdahl N, Konradsen HB, Storm HH, Melbye M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 October 2; 349(14): 1324-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14523140&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of viral protein expression by Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells in peripheral blood of patients with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Wagner HJ, Hornef M, Middeldorp J, Kirchner H. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1995 November; 2(6): 696-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8574832&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of cytokine production in infectious mononucleosis studied at a single-cell level in tonsil and peripheral blood. Author(s): Andersson J, Andersson U. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1993 April; 92(1): 7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8467566&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of the expanded T cell population in infectious mononucleosis: apoptosis, expression of apoptosis-related genes, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status. Author(s): Verbeke CS, Wenthe U, Bergler WF, Zentgraf H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2000 May; 120(2): 294-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792379&dopt=Abstract
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Cholestatic jaundice in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Valentini P, Angelone DF, Miceli Sopo S, Ngalikpima CJ, Ranno O. Source: Minerva Pediatr. 2000 May-June; 52(5-6): 303-6. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11085056&dopt=Abstract
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Chromosome aberrations, apoptosis, and DNA repair in peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Urazova OI, Novitskii VV, Litvinova LS, Pomogaeva AP. Source: Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2002 March; 133(3): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12360352&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic active mononucleosis. Author(s): Kragsbjerg P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997; 29(5): 517-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9435044&dopt=Abstract
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Cimetidine is not more effective than placebo in acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Knockaert DC, Visser LG, Ceuppens JL, Goubau PF, Bobbaers HJ. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1993; 48(3): 213-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8396304&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical and laboratory presentation of EBV positive infectious mononucleosis in young adults. Author(s): Grotto I, Mimouni D, Huerta M, Mimouni M, Cohen D, Robin G, Pitlik S, Green MS. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 August; 131(1): 683-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948368&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical pathology case conference. Infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Cornella FA, Ord RA. Source: Msda J. 1996 Spring; 39(1): 17-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9569871&dopt=Abstract
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CMV mononucleosis complicated by meningoencephalitis in a normal host. Author(s): Sahu VK, Nabi F, Kallianpur R, Khubchandani RP. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1997 January; 34(1): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9251283&dopt=Abstract
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Coinfection by multiple strains of Epstein-Barr virus in infectious mononucleosis in immunocompetent patients. Author(s): Plaza G, Santon A, Bellas C. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 May; 123(4): 543-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797591&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative evaluation of nine kits for rapid diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr virus-specific serology. Author(s): Linderholm M, Boman J, Juto P, Linde A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 January; 32(1): 259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8126196&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of patients with infectious mononucleosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection: a preliminary report. Author(s): Zidovec S, Culig Z, Begovac J, Jeren T. Source: J Clin Lab Immunol. 1998; 50(2): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10470624&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of three rapid, in-office mononucleosis tests. Author(s): Schwartz RH. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1999 January; 18(1): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9951996&dopt=Abstract
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Complex role of gamma-herpesviruses in multiple sclerosis and infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): MacGregor HS, Latiwonk QI. Source: Neurological Research. 1993 December; 15(6): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7907407&dopt=Abstract
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Concurrent infectious mononucleosis and measles: a potentially life-threatening association sharing underlying immunodeficiency. Author(s): Manfredi R, Coronado OV, Mastroianni A, Chiodo F. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 May; 22(5): 470-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797317&dopt=Abstract
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Conjunctival tumour as the primary manifestation of infectious mononucleosis in a 12 year old girl. Author(s): Hundsdoerfer P, Overberg US, Henze G, Coupland SE, Schulte M, Bleckmann H. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 May; 84(5): 546. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10847706&dopt=Abstract
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CT diagnosis of a clinically unsuspected acute appendicitis complicating infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Zissin R, Brautbar O, Shapiro-Feinberg M. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2001 July-August; 25(4): 272-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11566090&dopt=Abstract
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Cytogenetic impairments of peripheral blood lymphocytes during infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Urazova OI, Litvinova LS, Novitskii VV, Pomogaeva AP. Source: Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2001 April; 131(4): 392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11550035&dopt=Abstract
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) mononucleosis syndrome. Author(s): Bhave AA, Chandy M, John TJ, Sudarsanam A, Christopher S, Dennison D. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1994 September-October; 61(5): 584-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7744461&dopt=Abstract
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Cytomegalovirus mononucleosis with decreased H2O2 production of neutrophil in an immunocompetent adult. Author(s): Watanabe H, Ling M, Nakagawa T, Takeda H, Sakagawa E, Takayasu S, Kobayashi O, Kawai S, Kobayashi H. Source: Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1998 September; 72(9): 939-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9796194&dopt=Abstract
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Cytomegalovirus mononucleosis: risk for fathers of young children. Author(s): Bignardi G, Atkins M, Main J. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1993 March; 43(368): 119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8391835&dopt=Abstract
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Cytomegalovirus mononucleosis--associated gastric ulcers in normal host. Author(s): Kinoshita Y, Tojo M, Yano T, Kitajima N, Itoh T, Inadome T, Fukuzaki H, Watanabe M, Chiba T. Source: Gastroenterol Jpn. 1993 February; 28(1): 88-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8382642&dopt=Abstract
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Cytomegalovirus-induced persistent mononucleosis in an infant. Author(s): Teng RJ, Chen RL, Lin DT, Lin KH, Lee CY. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1994 May-June; 35(3): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8042506&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased expression of 20-kD homologous restriction factor (HRF20, CD59) on T lymphocytes in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Kawano M, Tsunoda S, Koni I, Mabuchi H, Muramoto H, Yachie A, Seki H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1997 May; 108(2): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9158095&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased levels of circulating IFN-alpha and increased sCD23 in patients with acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Prabhu A, Warwick M, Mathur A. Source: Viral Immunology. 1996; 9(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8733919&dopt=Abstract
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Delayed mononucleosis syndrome in sinus histiocytes with massive lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Levene NA, Berrebi A. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1989 May; 42(5): 507. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2731599&dopt=Abstract
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Delusional depression after infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): White PD, Lewis SW. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 July 11; 295(6590): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3113655&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of a soluble form of the CD30 antigen in sera of patients with lymphoma, adult T-cell leukemia and infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Pfreundschuh M, Pohl C, Berenbeck C, Schroeder J, Jung W, Schmits R, Tschiersch A, Diehl V, Gause A. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1990 May 15; 45(5): 869-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2159438&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of cell-free Epstein-Barr virus DNA in serum during acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Gan YJ, Sullivan JL, Sixbey JW. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994 August; 170(2): 436-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8035032&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in lymphoid tissues of patients with infectious mononucleosis by in situ hybridization. Author(s): Prange E, Trautmann JC, Kreipe H, Radzun HJ, Parwaresch MR. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1992 February; 166(2): 113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1313863&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of Epstein-Barr virus strain variants in lymphoblastoid cell lines 'spontaneously' derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, infectious mononucleosis and normal controls. Author(s): Sculley TB, Moss DJ, Hazelton RA, Pope JH. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1987 August; 68 ( Pt 8): 2069-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3039039&dopt=Abstract
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Development of Epstein-Barr virus-specific memory T cell receptor clonotypes in acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Silins SL, Cross SM, Elliott SL, Pye SJ, Burrows SR, Burrows JM, Moss DJ, Argaet VP, Misko IS. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1996 November 1; 184(5): 1815-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8920869&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis and treatment of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Bailey RE. Source: American Family Physician. 1994 March; 49(4): 879-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116521&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of atypical cases of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Taga K, Taga H, Tosato G. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 July 1; 33(1): 83-8. Epub 2001 June 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11389499&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): McSherry J. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1989 December; 29(6): 604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2592913&dopt=Abstract
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Differentiation of mononucleosis from hepatitis by sonographic measurement of spleen size. Author(s): Ishibashi H, Okumura Y, Higuchi N, Morioka E, Kimura H, Shirahama M, Kurokawa S, Miyanaga O. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1987 June; 15(5): 313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3149958&dopt=Abstract
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Difficulties with the serologic diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis: a review of the RCPA quality assurance programs. Author(s): Field PR, Dwyer DE. Source: Pathology. 1996 August; 28(3): 270-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8912361&dopt=Abstract
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Diffuse pneumonia and acute respiratory failure due to infectious mononucleosis in a middle-aged adult. Author(s): Veal CF Jr, Carr MB, Briggs DD Jr. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 February; 141(2): 502-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2154155&dopt=Abstract
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Diffuse pneumonia associated with infectious mononucleosis: detection of EpsteinBarr virus in lung tissue by in situ hybridization. Author(s): Sriskandan S, Labrecque LG, Schofield J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 March; 22(3): 578-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8852987&dopt=Abstract
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Dihydroergotamine in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Steven I, Ryan P, Burrell C. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1989 February; 18(2): 88. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2650674&dopt=Abstract
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Direct detection of Epstein-Barr viral antigen in nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Bills ND, Hinrichs SH, Morse JW. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1996 August; 3(8): 776-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8853673&dopt=Abstract
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Down-regulation of pan-T-cell antigens, particularly CD7, in acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Weisberger J, Cornfield D, Gorczyca W, Liu Z. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 July; 120(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866372&dopt=Abstract
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Drug eruption induced by acetaminophen in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Filipe PL, Freitas JP, de Castro JC, Silva R, Rodrigo FG. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1995 March; 34(3): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7751106&dopt=Abstract
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Drug-induced mononucleosis-like hepatic injury in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Takegoshi K, Tohyama T, Okuda K, Kumagai T, Fujita S, Nakanuma Y. Source: Gastroenterol Jpn. 1989 February; 24(1): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2707554&dopt=Abstract
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Dynamics of infection with human herpesvirus-6 in EBV-negative infectious mononucleosis: data acquisition for computer modeling. Author(s): Krueger GR, Bertram G, Ramon A, Koch B, Ablashi DV, Brandt ME, Wang G, Buja LM. Source: In Vivo. 2001 September-October; 15(5): 373-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11695232&dopt=Abstract
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EBV structural antigens, gp350 and gp85, as targets for ex vivo virus-specific CTL during acute infectious mononucleosis: potential use of gp350/gp85 CTL epitopes for vaccine design. Author(s): Khanna R, Sherritt M, Burrows SR. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1999 March 1; 162(5): 3063-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10072559&dopt=Abstract
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EBV-infected B cells in infectious mononucleosis: viral strategies for spreading in the B cell compartment and establishing latency. Author(s): Kurth J, Spieker T, Wustrow J, Strickler GJ, Hansmann LM, Rajewsky K, Kuppers R. Source: Immunity. 2000 October; 13(4): 485-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11070167&dopt=Abstract
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Elevation of soluble CD23 in sera from patients with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Hashimoto S, Takei M, Gon Y, Sawada S, Maekawa N, Yodoi J, Takada K, Horie T. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1997 December; 53(4): 384-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9407387&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr viral infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Derkay CS, Bramhall TC. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1995 September; 113(3): 334-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7675504&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr viral load assessment in immunocompetent patients with fulminant infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): van Laar JA, Buysse CM, Vossen AC, Hjalmarsson B, van Den Berg B, van Lom K, Deinum J. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 April 8; 162(7): 837-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926861&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gene expression in lymphoid B cells during acute infectious mononucleosis (IM) and clonality of the directly growing cell lines. Author(s): Laytragoon-Lewin N, Chen F, Avila-Carino J, Klein G, Mellstedt H. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1997 May 2; 71(3): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9139865&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in infectious mononucleosis: detection of the virus in tonsillar B lymphocytes but not in desquamated oropharyngeal epithelial cells. Author(s): Niedobitek G, Agathanggelou A, Steven N, Young LS. Source: Molecular Pathology : Mp. 2000 February; 53(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884920&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in infectious mononucleosis: virus latency, replication and phenotype of EBV-infected cells. Author(s): Niedobitek G, Agathanggelou A, Herbst H, Whitehead L, Wright DH, Young LS. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1997 June; 182(2): 151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9274524&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr virus DNA is detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of EBVseronegative infants with infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms. Author(s): Ikuta K, Saiga K, Deguchi M, Sairenji T. Source: Virus Genes. 2003; 26(2): 165-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803468&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Papesch M, Watkins R. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2001 February; 26(1): 3-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298158&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr virus mononucleosis: neurologic complications. Author(s): Orti A, Otero MC, Tallon P, Merlos R, Perez-Tamarit D, Morant A, Cordoba J, Asensi F. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2003 May; 42(4): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12800732&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr virus, infectious mononucleosis, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Author(s): Nalesnik MA, Starzl TE. Source: Transplant Sci. 1994 September; 4(1): 61-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7804700&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome and fatal infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Okano M, Gross TG. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1996 October; 53(2): 111-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8892735&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr virus-induced infectious mononucleosis complicated by acute renal failure: case report and review. Author(s): Mayer HB, Wanke CA, Williams M, Crosson AW, Federman M, Hammer SM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 June; 22(6): 1009-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8783702&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells expanding in germinal centers of infectious mononucleosis patients do not participate in the germinal center reaction. Author(s): Kurth J, Hansmann ML, Rajewsky K, Kuppers R. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 April 15; 100(8): 4730-5. Epub 2003 March 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12665622&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr virus-infected T cells in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Tokunaga M, Uemura Y, Tokudome T, Sato E. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1993 March; 43(3): 146-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8387238&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr virus-related gastric pseudolymphoma in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Kitayama Y, Honda S, Sugimura H. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2000 August; 52(2): 290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10922116&dopt=Abstract
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Eruption associated with amoxicillin in a patient with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Leung AK, Rafaat M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 July; 42(7): 553-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839608&dopt=Abstract
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Eruptive acne vulgaris with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Jansen T, Romiti R, Woitalla S, Plewig G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 April; 142(4): 837-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792257&dopt=Abstract
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Erythromelalgia in a twenty-year-old with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Clayton C, Faden H. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 January; 12(1): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8417413&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of a new Epstein-Barr virus Combi Test for rapid serologic diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Dobec M, Peltier A, Levy J, Decolvenaer M, Hansen V, Beers DV, Butzler JP, Hausler WJ Jr. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1996 August; 284(4): 565-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8899975&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of a novel dry latex preparation for demonstration of infectious mononucleosis heterophile antibody in comparison with three established tests. Author(s): Rogers R, Windust A, Gregory J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 January; 37(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9854070&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with two synthetic peptides of Epstein-Barr virus for diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Linde A, Kallin B, Dillner J, Andersson J, Jagdahl L, Lindvall A, Wahren B. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1990 May; 161(5): 903-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2157771&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of six commercially available kits using purified heterophile antigen for the rapid diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis compared with Epstein-Barr virusspecific serology. Author(s): Elgh F, Linderholm M. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Virology. 1996 October; 7(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9077426&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of two slide agglutination tests and a novel immunochromatographic assay for rapid diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Gomez MC, Nieto JA, Escribano MA. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2000 September; 7(5): 840-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10973466&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluations of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedure for determining specific Epstein-Barr virus serology and of rapid test kits for diagnosis for infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Gerber MA, Shapiro ED, Ryan RW, Bell GL. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 December; 34(12): 3240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8940484&dopt=Abstract
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Expansion of a CD28-intermediate subset among CD8 T cells in patients with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Uda H, Mima T, Yamaguchi N, Katada Y, Fukuda M, Fujii N, Nakamura K, Saiki O. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 July; 76(13): 6602-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12050373&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of conservative management of splenic rupture in a patient with mononucleosis. Author(s): McLean ER Jr, Diehl W, Edoga JK, Widmann WD. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1987 November; 22(11): 1034-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3430310&dopt=Abstract
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False positive EBNA IgM and IgG antibody tests for infectious mononucleosis in children. Author(s): Levine D, Tilton RC, Parry MF, Klenk R, Morelli A, Hofreuter N. Source: Pediatrics. 1994 December; 94(6 Pt 1): 892-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7971007&dopt=Abstract
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False positive mononucleosis screening test results associated with Klebsiella hepatic abscess. Author(s): Ridker PM, Enders GH, Lifton RP. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1990 August; 94(2): 222-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2371976&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal infectious mononucleosis and virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Author(s): Mroczek EC, Weisenburger DD, Grierson HL, Markin R, Purtilo DT. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1987 June; 111(6): 530-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3579509&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal infectious mononucleosis in a family. Author(s): Sanal O, Kale G, Ersoy F, Gogus S, Coskun Y, Caglar M, Berkel AI. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1990 April-June; 32(2): 107-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1982593&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal infectious mononucleosis with staphylococcal pyoderma in a girl with hereditary immunological dysregulations. Author(s): Inaba T, Hanada R, Yaginuma A, Hayashi Y, Yamamoto K, Hukada H. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1989 December; 149(3): 177-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2612506&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal infectious mononucleosis: a severe complication in the treatment of Crohn's disease with azathioprine. Author(s): Posthuma EF, Westendorp RG, van der Sluys Veer A, Kluin-Nelemans JC, Kluin PM, Lamers CB. Source: Gut. 1995 February; 36(2): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7883236&dopt=Abstract
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Fine-needle aspiration of lymph nodes in patients with acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Stanley MW, Steeper TA, Horwitz CA, Burton LG, Strickler JG, Borken S. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1990; 6(5): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1963402&dopt=Abstract
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Florid infectious mononucleosis: clinicopathological correlation in acute tonsillectomy. Author(s): Irving JA, Cameron BR, Ludemann JP, Taylor G. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2002 October 21; 66(1): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12363428&dopt=Abstract
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Frequent double infection with Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus-6 in patients with acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Bertram G, Dreiner N, Krueger GR, Ramon A, Ablashi DV, Salahuddin SZ, Balachandram N. Source: In Vivo. 1991 May-June; 5(3): 271-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1654150&dopt=Abstract
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Fulminant hepatitis due to infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Krishnan R, Jayalakshmi P. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1989 December; 44(4): 362. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2520052&dopt=Abstract
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Gallbladder wall thickening in an elderly woman with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Hammond DI, MacLean RS. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1987 October; 15(8): 558-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3134466&dopt=Abstract
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Gallbladder wall thickening in children with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Maruyama K, Ushiku H, Kondou Y. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1994 November-December; 22(9): 576-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7806670&dopt=Abstract
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Gallbladder wall thickening in infectious mononucleosis: an ominous sign. Author(s): O'Donovan N, Fitzgerald E. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1996 May; 72(847): 299-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8761505&dopt=Abstract
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Gallbladder wall thickening in mononucleosis syndromes. Author(s): Yamada K, Yamada H. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2001 July-August; 29(6): 322-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11424096&dopt=Abstract
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Gallbladder wall thickening with infectious mononucleosis hepatitis in an immunosuppressed adolescent. Author(s): Sainsbury R, Smith PK, LeQuesne G, Davidson GP, Jureidini KF, Moore DJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1994 July; 19(1): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7965464&dopt=Abstract
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Gastrointestinal motor dysfunction in acquired selective cholinergic dysautonomia associated with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Vassallo M, Camilleri M, Caron BL, Low PA. Source: Gastroenterology. 1991 January; 100(1): 252-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1983829&dopt=Abstract
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Generalized granuloma annulare, mononucleosis, and positive rheumatoid factor. Author(s): Person JR. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1995 January; 34(1): 40-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7896487&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic polymorphism of natural Epstein-Barr virus isolates from infectious mononucleosis patients and healthy carriers. Author(s): Lung ML, Chang RS, Jones JH. Source: Journal of Virology. 1988 October; 62(10): 3862-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2901499&dopt=Abstract
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Genital ulceration as a presenting manifestation of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Sisson BA, Glick L. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 1998 November; 11(4): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9806129&dopt=Abstract
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Genital ulcers and mononucleosis. Author(s): Wilson RW. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 May; 12(5): 418. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8327307&dopt=Abstract
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Gianotti-Crosti syndrome as a presenting sign of EBV-induced acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Drago F, Crovato F, Rebora A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1997 November; 22(6): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9604462&dopt=Abstract
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Granulomatous inflammation of the spleen in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Thomas DM, Akosa AB, Lampert IA. Source: Histopathology. 1990 September; 17(3): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2242855&dopt=Abstract
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Gross hematuria as a manifestation of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Lewis MJ. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1988 January; 9(1): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3335477&dopt=Abstract
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H2 receptor antagonists' influence on the clinical course of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Borcic D, Barsic B, Schonwald S, Car V, Davila D, Brlic V. Source: Chemioterapia. 1987 June; 6(2 Suppl): 641-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3334656&dopt=Abstract
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Haemorrhagic rash in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Ramanan AV, Pike AC, Robinson A. Source: Hosp Med. 2001 July; 62(7): 434-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480135&dopt=Abstract
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Hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers in relatives of patients with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Hjalgrim H, Rostgaard K, Askling J, Madsen M, Storm HH, Rabkin CS, Melbye M. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2002 May 1; 94(9): 678-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983756&dopt=Abstract
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Henoch-Schoenlein purpura with nephritis in two siblings following infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Grech V, Vella C. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2002 September; 22(3): 297-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369497&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatitis in fatal infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Markin RS, Linder J, Zuerlein K, Mroczek E, Grierson HL, Brichacek B, Purtilo DT. Source: Gastroenterology. 1987 December; 93(6): 1210-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3678738&dopt=Abstract
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Heterophil negative infectious mononucleosis like syndrome due to hepatitis B virus. Author(s): Thami GP, Kanwar AJ, Goyal A. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2000 September; 48(9): 921-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11198796&dopt=Abstract
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Heterophile IgM, IgA, and IgE antibodies in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Duverlie G, Driencourt M, Roussel C, Orfila J. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1989 May; 28(1): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2542444&dopt=Abstract
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Heterophil-negative mononucleosis-like illnesses with atypical lymphocytosis in patients undergoing seroconversions to the human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Steeper TA, Horwitz CA, Hanson M, Henle W, Henle G, Rosenstein H, Peterson L, Amsden TW, Belzer M. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1988 August; 90(2): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3394657&dopt=Abstract
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Human and viral interleukin-10 in acute Epstein-Barr virus-induced infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Taga H, Taga K, Wang F, Chretien J, Tosato G. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 May; 171(5): 1347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7751715&dopt=Abstract
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Human herpesvirus 6 mononucleosis and seizures. Author(s): van Zeijl JH, Korver CR, Galama JM. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1995 July; 14(7): 636-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7567304&dopt=Abstract
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Human parvovirus B19. Hard to differentiate from infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Jones JW, Pether JV, Frost RW. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 February 26; 308(6928): 595. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8179710&dopt=Abstract
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Immune response to Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia in patients with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Brook I, Deleyva F. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1996 February; 44(2): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8642574&dopt=Abstract
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Immunocytochemical localization of lysozyme and lactoferrin attached to surface bacteria of the palatine tonsils during infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Stenfors LE, Bye HM, Raisanen S. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 April; 116(4): 264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11945185&dopt=Abstract
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Increased numbers of CD38 molecules on bright CD8+ T lymphocytes in infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection. Author(s): Zidovec Lepej S, Vince A, Dakovic Rode O, Remenar A, Jeren T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2003 September; 133(3): 384-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12930365&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious causes of pityriasis lichenoides: a case of fulminant infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Klein PA, Jones EC, Nelson JL, Clark RA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 August; 49(2 Suppl Case Reports): S151-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12894107&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis and the spleen. Author(s): Kinderknecht JJ. Source: Curr Sports Med Rep. 2002 April; 1(2): 116-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831720&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis complicated by mediastinal lymphadenopathy causing transient pulmonary artery stenosis. Author(s): Archibald N, Dalzell KG, Fernando CC, Jardine DL. Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2003 July; 33(7): 324-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823683&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis in an outpatient population: diagnostic utility of 2 automated hematology analyzers and the sensitivity and specificity of Hoagland's criteria in heterophile-positive patients. Author(s): Brigden ML, Au S, Thompson S, Brigden S, Doyle P, Tsaparas Y. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1999 October; 123(10): 875-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10506437&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis patients temporarily recognize a unique, cross-reactive epitope of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1. Author(s): McClain MT, Rapp EC, Harley JB, James JA. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2003 June; 70(2): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696112&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis presenting as acute hepatitis, with marked leukocytosis and renal involvement. Author(s): Khanna S, Kumar A. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003 March-April; 22(2): 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696827&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis presenting as spontaneous splenic rupture without other symptoms. Author(s): Stockinger ZT. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 September; 168(9): 722-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14529246&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis presenting as upper airway obstruction. Author(s): Jain V, Singhi S, Desai RV. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2003 April-June; 45(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715938&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis presenting with severe cholestatic liver disease in the elderly. Author(s): Tahan V, Ozaras R, Uzunismail H, Mert A, Tabak F, Ozturk R, Aktuglu Y, Ozbay G. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2001 July; 33(1): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11418805&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis, peripheral blood. Hematology morphology forum. Author(s): McArthtur JR, Kansu E, Uner A. Source: Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2002 June; 7(3): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12243986&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Charles PG. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2003 October; 32(10): 785-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14596070&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Murphy PT. Source: Hosp Med. 2002 January; 63(1): 54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11828824&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Cozad J. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1996 March; 21(3): 14-6, 23, 27-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8710247&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis. A clinical review. Author(s): Newcom KD. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2001 September; 9(9): 36-8, 41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420480&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis: not always what it seems. Author(s): Nye F. Source: Hosp Med. 2001 July; 62(7): 388-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480122&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis--always a primary infection with herpes-type virus? Author(s): Stevens DA, Pry TW, Manaker RA. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1970 March; 44(3): 533-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515422&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis-like illness in an infant with measles. Author(s): Jaing TH, Chu IH, Chiu CH. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2000 October; 36(5): 520-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11036816&dopt=Abstract
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Just another simple case of infectious mononucleosis? Author(s): Chen J, Konstantinopoulos PA, Satyal S, Telonis J, Blair DC. Source: Lancet. 2003 April 5; 361(9364): 1182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686041&dopt=Abstract
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Kits for the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis compared with the Paul-Bunnell test. Author(s): Uldall A, Jensen BS, Henrichsen J. Source: J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1990 June; 28(6): 423-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2212959&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of effect of peroral acyclovir for the treatment of acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): van der Horst C, Joncas J, Ahronheim G, Gustafson N, Stein G, Gurwith M, Fleisher G, Sullivan J, Sixbey J, Roland S, et al. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1991 October; 164(4): 788-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1654364&dopt=Abstract
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Large clonal expansions of CD8+ T cells in acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Callan MF, Steven N, Krausa P, Wilson JD, Moss PA, Gillespie GM, Bell JI, Rickinson AB, McMichael AJ. Source: Nature Medicine. 1996 August; 2(8): 906-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8705861&dopt=Abstract
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Life-threatening bilateral empyema and mediastinitis complicating infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Andrianakis IA, Kotanidou AN, Pitaridis MT, Saroglou GJ, Exarhos DN, Roussos CS, Bellenis IP. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2002 May; 28(5): 663-4. Epub 2002 April 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12029421&dopt=Abstract
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Life-threatening infectious mononucleosis: is it correlated with virus-induced T cell proliferation? Author(s): Baumgarten E, Herbst H, Schmitt M, Seeger KH, Schulte-Overberg U, Henze G. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 July; 19(1): 152-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7948520&dopt=Abstract
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Lingual tonsillitis: an unusual presentation of mononucleosis. Author(s): Roberge RJ, Simon M, Russell M, Decker M. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 March; 19(2): 173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11239273&dopt=Abstract
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Longitudinal study of Epstein-Barr virus genotypes associated with infectious mononucleosis patients and healthy carriers. Author(s): Lung ML, Chang RS. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1990 October; 162(4): 994-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2169503&dopt=Abstract
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Lymph node infarction associated with infectious mononucleosis: report of a case resembling lymph node infarction associated with malignant lymphoma. Author(s): Kojima M, Nakamura S, Sugihara S, Sakata N, Masawa N. Source: International Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2002 July; 10(3): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12232580&dopt=Abstract
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Lymphoid tissues from patients with infectious mononucleosis lack monoclonal B and T cells. Author(s): Plumbley JA, Fan H, Eagan PA, Ehsan A, Schnitzer B, Gulley ML. Source: The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics : Jmd. 2002 February; 4(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11826186&dopt=Abstract
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Lytic replication of Epstein-Barr virus in the peripheral blood: analysis of viral gene expression in B lymphocytes during infectious mononucleosis and in the normal carrier state. Author(s): Prang NS, Hornef MW, Jager M, Wagner HJ, Wolf H, Schwarzmann FM. Source: Blood. 1997 March 1; 89(5): 1665-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9057649&dopt=Abstract
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Making a rash diagnosis: amoxicillin therapy in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Pauszek ME. Source: Indiana Med. 1990 May; 83(5): 330-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2140384&dopt=Abstract
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Management of a football player with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Oski FA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1994 October; 13(10): 938-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7854903&dopt=Abstract
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Management of splenic rupture in infectious mononucleosis. Case report. Author(s): Evrard S, Mendoza-Burgos L, Mutter D, Vartolomei S, Marescaux J. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1993 January; 159(1): 61-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8095811&dopt=Abstract
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Managing a rare cause of death in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Roscoe M. Source: Jaapa. 2001 July; 14(7): 52-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11517821&dopt=Abstract
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Massive splenomegaly and Epstein-Barr virus-associated infectious mononucleosis in a patient with Gaucher disease. Author(s): Eapen M, Hostetter M, Neglia JP. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 1999 January-February; 21(1): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10029812&dopt=Abstract
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Measurement by the polymerase chain reaction of the Epstein-Barr virus load in infectious mononucleosis and AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Author(s): Laroche C, Drouet EB, Brousset P, Pain C, Boibieux A, Biron F, Icart J, Denoyel GA, Niveleau A. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1995 May; 46(1): 66-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7623009&dopt=Abstract
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Microbiology of tonsillar surfaces in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Brook I, de Leyva F. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1994 February; 148(2): 171-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8118535&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular analysis of critical sequences within the EBNA-2 type 1 gene from EpsteinBarr virus isolates from patients with infectious mononucleosis, tonsillar hyperplasia, and HIV infection. Author(s): Al-Homsi AS, Berger C, van Baarle D, Kersten MJ, Klein MR, McQuain C, van Oers R, Knecht H. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 1998 June; 1(6): 983-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9852635&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular diagnosis and recent therapeutic results of fatal infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Imashuku S, Teramura T, Hibi S, Morimoto A. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002 November; 118(5): 805-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428804&dopt=Abstract
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Mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in children: a comparative study of 124 cases. Author(s): Lajo A, Borque C, Del Castillo F, Martin-Ancel A. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1994 January; 13(1): 56-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8170733&dopt=Abstract
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Mononucleosis syndrome and acute monocytic leukemia. Author(s): Tamayose K, Sugimoto K, Ando M, Oshimi K. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2002 April; 68(4): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071940&dopt=Abstract
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Mononucleosis syndrome and coincidental human herpesvirus-7 and Epstein-Barr virus infection. Author(s): Chiu HH, Lee CY, Lee PI, Lin KH, Huang LM. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1998 May; 78(5): 479-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9659100&dopt=Abstract
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Mononucleosis-like illness as a manifestation of carbamazepine-induced anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome. Author(s): Maquiera E, Yanez S, Fernandez L, Rodriguez F, Picans I, Sanchez I, Jerez J. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1996 March-April; 24(2): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933895&dopt=Abstract
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Mononucleosis-like illness in an infant associated with human herpesvirus 6 infection. Author(s): Kanegane C, Katayama K, Kyoutani S, Kanegane H, Shintani N, Miyawaki T, Taniguchi N. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1995 April; 37(2): 227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7793262&dopt=Abstract
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Morphological and cytochemical characteristics of atypical mononuclear cells in the blood of patients with the syndrome of infectious mononucleosis caused by EpsteinBarr virus. Author(s): Softic N, Jeren T. Source: Acta Med Croatica. 1993; 47(2): 67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7505131&dopt=Abstract
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Morphology, immunophenotype, and distribution of latently and/or productively Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells in acute infectious mononucleosis: implications for the interindividual infection route of Epstein-Barr virus. Author(s): Anagnostopoulos I, Hummel M, Kreschel C, Stein H. Source: Blood. 1995 February 1; 85(3): 744-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7530505&dopt=Abstract
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MR findings in isolated oculomotor nerve palsy associated with infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection. Author(s): Ishibashi A, Sueyoshi K, You M, Yokokura Y. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1998 November-December; 22(6): 995-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9843247&dopt=Abstract
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Multiple cranial nerve palsies as a complication of infectious mononucleosis due to inflammatory lesion in jugular foramen. Author(s): Joki-Erkkila VP, Hietaharju A, Numminen J, Dastidar P, Puhakka H. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2000 March; 109(3): 340-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10737322&dopt=Abstract
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Murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 glycoprotein 150 protects against virus-induced mononucleosis: a model system for gamma-herpesvirus vaccination. Author(s): Stewart JP, Micali N, Usherwood EJ, Bonina L, Nash AA. Source: Vaccine. 1999 January; 17(2): 152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9987149&dopt=Abstract
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Murine gamma-herpesvirus-68: a mouse model for infectious mononucleosis? Author(s): Blackman MA, Flano E, Usherwood E, Woodland DL. Source: Molecular Medicine Today. 2000 December; 6(12): 488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099955&dopt=Abstract
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Nasolacrimal duct obstruction and acute dacryocystitis associated with infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus) Author(s): Steele RJ, Meyer DR. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1993 February 15; 115(2): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8381586&dopt=Abstract
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Nasopharyngeal endoscopy adds to reliability of clinical diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Weber R, Hegenbarth V, Kaftan H, Krupe H, Jaspersen D, Keerl R. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 October; 115(10): 792-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11667989&dopt=Abstract
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Necrotizing genital ulcerations in a premenarcheal female with mononucleosis. Author(s): Hudson LB, Perlman SE. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 October; 92(4 Pt 2): 642-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764645&dopt=Abstract
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Nephrotic syndrome and concurrent infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Graffmann-Weschke K, Weissenborn JP, Bianchetti MG. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1997 April; 11(2): 265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9090679&dopt=Abstract
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Neuralgic amyotrophy as a manifestation of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Drozdowski W, Baniukiewicz E. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 November; 249(11): 1605-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12532929&dopt=Abstract
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Neurasthenia in the 1980s: chronic mononucleosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and anxiety and depressive disorders. Author(s): Greenberg DB. Source: Psychosomatics. 1990 Spring; 31(2): 129-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2184452&dopt=Abstract
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Neurologic complications of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Connelly KP, DeWitt LD. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1994 May; 10(3): 181-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8060419&dopt=Abstract
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New characterization of infectious mononucleosis and a phenotypic comparison with Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Reynolds DJ, Banks PM, Gulley ML. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1995 February; 146(2): 379-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7531953&dopt=Abstract
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Non hypoxia-related splenic infarct in a patient with sickle cell trait and infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Symeonidis A, Papakonstantinou C, Seimeni U, Sougleri M, KouraklisSymeonidis A, Lambropoulou-Karatza C, Vagenakis A, Zoumbos N. Source: Acta Haematologica. 2001; 105(1): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340255&dopt=Abstract
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Non-operative management in a case of spontaneous splenic rupture in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Paar WD, Look MP, Robertz Vaupel GM, Kreft B, Hirner A, Sauerbruch T. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie. 1995 January; 33(1): 13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7886980&dopt=Abstract
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Oligoclonal T cell receptor gene rearrangements in blood lymphocytes of patients with acute Epstein-Barr virus-induced infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Strickler JG, Movahed LA, Gajl-Peczalska KJ, Horwitz CA, Brunning RD, Weiss LM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1990 October; 86(4): 1358-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2170451&dopt=Abstract
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Orchitis: a rare complication of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Weiner RL. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 October; 16(10): 1008-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9380458&dopt=Abstract
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Otolaryngologic clinical patterns in pediatric infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Ganzel TM, Goldman JL, Padhya TA. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1996 November-December; 17(6): 397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8944299&dopt=Abstract
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Patients treated in hospital for infectious mononucleosis and risk of cancer. Author(s): Lumio J, Karjalainen S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993; 25(3): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8362223&dopt=Abstract
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Patterns of cytokine gene expression in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Foss HD, Herbst H, Hummel M, Araujo I, Latza U, Rancso C, Dallenbach F, Stein H. Source: Blood. 1994 February 1; 83(3): 707-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8298133&dopt=Abstract
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Pediatric management problems. Infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Belkengren R, Sapala S. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2002 May-June; 28(3): 259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174808&dopt=Abstract
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Periorbital and eyelid edema: the initial manifestation of acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Decker GR, Berberian BJ, Sulica VI. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1991 May; 47(5): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2070653&dopt=Abstract
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Peripheral blood lymphocyte apoptosis: a clue to the diagnosis of acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Fisher MS Jr, Guerra CG, Hickman JR, Hensley RE, Doe RH, Dunn CD, Hall RB. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1996 October; 120(10): 951-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046607&dopt=Abstract
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Peripheral T cell receptor repertoire among CD4+ and CD8+ subsets during acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Slobod KS, Leggiadro RJ, Presbury G, Smith FS, Hurwitz JL. Source: Viral Immunology. 1994; 7(3): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7598788&dopt=Abstract
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Peritonsillar abscess and infectious mononucleosis: an association or a different presentation of the same condition. Author(s): Monem SA, O'Connor PF, O'Leary TG. Source: Ir Med J. 1999 March; 92(2): 278-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360113&dopt=Abstract
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Peritonsillar abscess associated with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Arkkila E, Sipila J, Laurikainen E, Suonpaa J. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1998 MayJune; 60(3): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9579361&dopt=Abstract
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Pleuropneumonia as the sole manifestation of Epstein-Barr virus--associated infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Miron D, Merzel Y, Lev A, Meir JJ, Horowitz Y. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 September; 4(9): 733-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12440247&dopt=Abstract
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Postanginal septicemia as a life-threatening complication of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Gold WL, Kapral MK, Witmer MR, Mahon WA, Ostrowski M, Vellend H. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 May; 20(5): 1439-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7620047&dopt=Abstract
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Precipitation of hereditary angioedema by infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Weidenbach H, Beckh KH, Lerch MM, Adler G. Source: Lancet. 1993 October 9; 342(8876): 934. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8105195&dopt=Abstract
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Predictions and associations of fatigue syndromes and mood disorders that occur after infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): White PD, Thomas JM, Kangro HO, Bruce-Jones WD, Amess J, Crawford DH, Grover SA, Clare AW. Source: Lancet. 2001 December 8; 358(9297): 1946-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747919&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors of fatigue following the onset of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Candy B, Chalder T, Cleare AJ, Peakman A, Skowera A, Wessely S, Weinman J, Zuckerman M, Hotopf M. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2003 July; 33(5): 847-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12877399&dopt=Abstract
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Presence of infective Epstein-Barr virus in the urine of patients with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Landau Z, Gross R, Sanilevich A, Friedmann A, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1994 November; 44(3): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7852965&dopt=Abstract
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Prolonged muscle weakness following emergency tonsillectomy in a patient with familial periodic paralysis and infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Bunting HE, Allen RW. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1997; 7(2): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9188121&dopt=Abstract
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Prospective study of the natural history of infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus. Author(s): Rea TD, Russo JE, Katon W, Ashley RL, Buchwald DS. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2001 July-August; 14(4): 234-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11458965&dopt=Abstract
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Proteinuria and the acute mononucleosis-like illness associated with seroconversion in HIV infection. Author(s): Lawrenson J, Chapman P, Geffen L, Simpson J, Keen G. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1991 May 18; 79(10): 625-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2028360&dopt=Abstract
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Pseudoappendicitis preceding infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Adcock PM, Nagaraj HS, Marshall GS. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1998 October; 14(5): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9814402&dopt=Abstract
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Pseudoinfectious mononucleosis: a presentation of Bartonella henselae infection. Author(s): Massei F, Messina F, Massimetti M, Macchia P, Maggiore G. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2000 November; 83(5): 443-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11040157&dopt=Abstract
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Pseudothrombocytopenia associated with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Hsieh AT, Chao TY, Chen YC. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 January; 127(1): E17-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562287&dopt=Abstract
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Quinolone drug rash in a patient with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Paily R. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 June; 27(6): 405-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10920588&dopt=Abstract
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Radiology case of the month. Spontaneous splenic rupture in a patient with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Witte D, Gammill SL. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1990 April; 83(4): 189. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2332977&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid autologous marrow recovery and eradication of infectious mononucleosis despite severe immunosuppression following second transplantation for aplastic anemia. Author(s): Rossbach HC, Hosler KM, Chamizo W, Mueller T, Grana NH, Lacson AG, Barbosa JL. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1999 January; 23(1): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10037057&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid detection of infectious mononucleosis-associated heterophile antibodies by a novel immunochromatographic assay and a latex agglutination test. Author(s): Farhat SE, Finn S, Chua R, Smith B, Simor AE, George P, Diena BB, Diena D, Skulnick M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 June; 31(6): 1597-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8315001&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid turnover of T cells in acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Macallan DC, Wallace DL, Irvine AJ, Asquith B, Worth A, Ghattas H, Zhang Y, Griffin GE, Tough DF, Beverley PC. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2003 October; 33(10): 2655-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14515249&dopt=Abstract
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Reactivation of varicella-zoster virus in facial palsy associated with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Mori T, Nagai K, Asanuma H. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 July; 21(7): 709-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237611&dopt=Abstract
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Recent advances on Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Cantani A, Mastrantoni F. Source: Riv Eur Sci Med Farmacol. 1989 February; 11(1): 41-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2552512&dopt=Abstract
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Recovery from infectious mononucleosis after altitude training in an elite middle distance runner. Author(s): Bailey DM, Davies B, Budgett R, Gandy G. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997 June; 31(2): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9192133&dopt=Abstract
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Recovery from infectious mononucleosis: a case for more than symptomatic therapy? A systematic review. Author(s): Candy B, Chalder T, Cleare AJ, Wessely S, White PD, Hotopf M. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2002 October; 52(483): 844-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392128&dopt=Abstract
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Recruitment during infectious mononucleosis of CD3+CD4+CD8+ virus-specific cytotoxic T cells which recognise Epstein-Barr virus lytic antigen BHRF1. Author(s): White CA, Cross SM, Kurilla MG, Kerr BM, Schmidt C, Misko IS, Khanna R, Moss DJ. Source: Virology. 1996 May 15; 219(2): 489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8638417&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus with persistent splenomegaly. Author(s): Pichler R, Berg J, Hengstschlager A, Maschek W, Wiesinger J, Schon H. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 August; 166(8): 733-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515329&dopt=Abstract
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Retinal white-centered hemorrhages in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Tornqvist G, Martenson PA. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1997 February; 75(1): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9088413&dopt=Abstract
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Reversible palsy of the hypoglossal nerve complicating infectious mononucleosis in a young child. Author(s): Parano E, Giuffrida S, Restivo D, Saponara R, Greco F, Trifiletti RR. Source: Neuropediatrics. 1998 February; 29(1): 46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9553950&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia in relation to history of infectious mononucleosis: a report from the international agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia study. Author(s): Levy M, Kelly JP, Kaufman DW, Shapiro S. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1993 October; 67(4): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8218540&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of Hodgkin's disease and other cancers after infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Hjalgrim H, Askling J, Sorensen P, Madsen M, Rosdahl N, Storm HH, Hamilton-Dutoit S, Eriksen LS, Frisch M, Ekbom A, Melbye M. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000 September 20; 92(18): 1522-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10995808&dopt=Abstract
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R-subtype of early antigen of the Epstein-Barr virus in the diagnostics of the chronic form of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Kotuliak J. Source: Acta Virol. 1995 June; 39(3): 183-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8579001&dopt=Abstract
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Ruptured spleen and autoantibodies to superoxide dismutase in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Semrau F, Kuhl RJ, Ritter K. Source: Lancet. 1996 April 20; 347(9008): 1124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8602102&dopt=Abstract
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Ruptured splenic abscess secondary to infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): O'Dell KB, Gordon RS. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1992 September; 21(9): 1160-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1514735&dopt=Abstract
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Septal panniculitis associated with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): De Argila D, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Ortiz-Frutos J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 192(3): 291. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8726654&dopt=Abstract
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Serial detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in sera and peripheral blood leukocyte samples of pediatric renal allograft recipients with persistent mononucleosis-like symptoms defines patients at risk to develop post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Author(s): Campe H, Jaeger G, Abou-Ajram C, Nitschko H, Griebel M, Montoya C, Klare B, Koszinowski U. Source: Pediatric Transplantation. 2003 February; 7(1): 46-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581328&dopt=Abstract
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Serologic profile of Epstein-Barr virus infection in acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Brkic S, Jovanovic J, Preveden T, Vukobratov Z. Source: Med Pregl. 2003 January-February; 56(1-2): 7-16. English, Croatian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12793180&dopt=Abstract
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Serological diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis using three anti-Epstein-Barr virus recombinant ELISAs. Author(s): Farber I, Wutzler P, Wohlrabe P, Wolf H, Hinderer W, Sonneborn HH. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 1993 May; 42(2-3): 301-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8390476&dopt=Abstract
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Serum cytokine profiles in acute primary HIV-1 infection and in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Biglino A, Sinicco A, Forno B, Pollono AM, Sciandra M, Martini C, Pich P, Gioannini P. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1996 January; 78(1): 61-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8599886&dopt=Abstract
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Severe autoimmune hemolitic anemia as a potentially fatal complication of EBV infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Brncic N, Sever-Prebilic M, Crnic-Martinovic M, Prebilic I. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 2001 October; 74(3): 352-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11721976&dopt=Abstract
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Severe gastritis secondary to Epstein-Barr viral infection. Unusual presentation of infectious mononucleosis and associated diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia in gastric mucosa. Author(s): Zhang Y, Molot R. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 April; 127(4): 478-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12683879&dopt=Abstract
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Severe hypoglycaemia in a patient with glycogen storage disease type III induced by infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Kimura T, Ikeda H, Kato M, Ito A, Okubo M, Hayasaka K. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 2001 December; 24(8): 873-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916322&dopt=Abstract
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Slow acetylator genotypes as a possible risk factor for infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome induced by salazosulfapyridine. Author(s): Ohtani T, Hiroi A, Sakurane M, Furukawa F. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 May; 148(5): 1035-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786839&dopt=Abstract
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Soluble CD2 levels in serum during acute Kawasaki disease and infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Furukawa S, Matsubara T, Obara T, Okumura K, Yabuta K. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 March; 167(3): 778-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8095062&dopt=Abstract
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Splenic infarct during infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Trevenzoli M, Sattin A, Sgarabotto D, Francavilla E, Cattelan AM. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(7): 550-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515769&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous rupture of the spleen as presenting event in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Badura RA, Oliveira O, Palhano MJ, Borregana J, Quaresma J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(11): 872-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760177&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in patients with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Ali J. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1993 February; 36(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8443718&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous splenic capsule rupture complicating infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Coulier B, Sergeant L, Horgnies A. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2003 July-August; 86(4): 243. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14527069&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous splenic rupture in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Rothwell S, McAuley D. Source: Emergency Medicine (Fremantle, W.A.). 2001 September; 13(3): 364-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11554870&dopt=Abstract
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Structural and metabolic state of peripheral blood mononuclear cells during infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Urazova OI, Novitskii VV, Pomogaeva AP, Naslednikova IO, Gorbacheva AV. Source: Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2001 May; 131(5): 484-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11550061&dopt=Abstract
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Subcapsular splenic hematoma due to infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Tosato F, Passaro U, Vasapollo LL, Folliero G, Paolini A. Source: Riv Eur Sci Med Farmacol. 1995 September-October; 17(5): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8766782&dopt=Abstract
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Subpopulation composition of peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Novitskii VV, Urazova OI, Naslednikova IO, Pomogaeva AP, Syusina LV. Source: Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2002 July; 134(1): 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12459870&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of infectious mononucleosis-associated immune thrombocytopenia with WinRho anti-D immunoglobulin complicated by severe hemolysis. Author(s): Olofinboba KA, Greenberg BR. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2000 October; 65(2): 178. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10996841&dopt=Abstract
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Syngeneic blood stem cell transplantation for infectious mononucleosis-related aplastic anaemia. Author(s): Anderlini P, Riggs SA, Korbling M, Champlin R. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1999 July; 106(1): 159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10444179&dopt=Abstract
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T lymphocyte anergy during acute infectious mononucleosis is restricted to the clonotypic receptor activation pathway. Author(s): Perez-Blas M, Regueiro JR, Ruiz-Contreras JR, Arnaiz-Villena A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1992 July; 89(1): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1628427&dopt=Abstract
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T-gamma gene rearrangement and CMV mononucleosis. Author(s): Mathew P, Hudnall SD, Elghetany MT, Payne DA. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2001 January; 66(1): 64-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426498&dopt=Abstract
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The 30-bp deletion variant of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein-1 prevails in acute infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Berger C, McQuain C, Sullivan JL, Nadal D, Quesenberry PJ, Knecht H. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997 November; 176(5): 1370-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9359741&dopt=Abstract
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The changing epidemiology of infectious mononucleosis? Author(s): Morris MC, Edmunds WJ. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 August; 45(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12217713&dopt=Abstract
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The management of severe infectious mononucleosis tonsillitis and upper airway obstruction. Author(s): Chan SC, Dawes PJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 December; 115(12): 973-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779326&dopt=Abstract
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The management of splenic rupture in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Gordon MK, Rietveld JA, Frizelle FA. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1995 April; 65(4): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7717942&dopt=Abstract
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The membranous tonsillitis during infectious mononucleosis is nevertheless of bacterial origin. Author(s): Stenfors LE, Raisanen S. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1993 March; 26(2): 14955. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8444556&dopt=Abstract
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The molecular characterization of fatal infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Wick MJ, Woronzoff-Dashkoff KP, McGlennen RC. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002 April; 117(4): 582-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11939733&dopt=Abstract
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The neurological sequelae of mononucleosis. Author(s): Fisher MD, Foley P, Lunsford T. Source: Indiana Med. 1990 March; 83(3): 190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2365987&dopt=Abstract
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The pattern of activation antigen expression on T-lymphocyte subpopulation in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Paloczi K, Pocsik E, Kotlan B, Ujhelyi E, Timar L, Petranyi GG. Source: Haematologia. 1991; 24(2): 83-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1840056&dopt=Abstract
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The rapid diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis using an ELISA that detects IgM antibody to a peptide component of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen. Author(s): Levin MJ, Weinstein MP, Sumaya CV, Gooch M, Osband M, Rhodes G, Ackley AM, Wren CG, Podgore JK. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1991 July-August; 14(4): 287-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1653677&dopt=Abstract
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The rapid serological diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Gray JJ, Caldwell J, Sillis M. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1992 July; 25(1): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1326013&dopt=Abstract
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The significance of serum IgM IgA and IgG antibodies specific for Epstein-Barr virus as determined by immunoperoxidase assay in the rapid diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Hadar T, Margalith M, Sagiv E, Sarov B, Sarov I. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1995 May; 31(5): 280-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7759222&dopt=Abstract
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The spectrum of clinical and laboratory findings resulting from human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) in patients with mononucleosis-like illnesses not resulting from EpsteinBarr virus or cytomegalovirus. Author(s): Steeper TA, Horwitz CA, Ablashi DV, Salahuddin SZ, Saxinger C, Saltzman R, Schwartz B. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1990 June; 93(6): 776-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2161178&dopt=Abstract
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The use of semi-automated EBV IgG avidity determination for the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Weissbrich B. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1998 February; 54(2): 145-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9496374&dopt=Abstract
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Thrombocytopenia and spontaneous rupture of the spleen associated with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): MacGowan JR, Mahendra P, Ager S, Marcus RE. Source: Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 1995 March; 17(1): 93-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7621637&dopt=Abstract
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Total lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in serum of patients with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Rotenberg Z, Harell D, Weinberger I, Davidson E, Fuchs J, Garti M, Harell M. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1991 January; 37(1): 116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1988192&dopt=Abstract
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Transfusion-related infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Tattevin P, Cremieux AC, Descamps D, Carbon C. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(10): 777-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12477336&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of severe infectious mononucleosis with famciclovir. Author(s): Goldani LZ. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 February; 44(2): 92-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076068&dopt=Abstract
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Tuning into immunological dissonance: an experimental model for infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Doherty PC, Tripp RA, Hamilton-Easton AM, Cardin RD, Woodland DL, Blackman MA. Source: Current Opinion in Immunology. 1997 August; 9(4): 477-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9287187&dopt=Abstract
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Unexpected death due to infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Byard RW. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2002 January; 47(1): 202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064653&dopt=Abstract
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Unusual ocular symptoms and signs associated with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Schreij G, Kuijpers RW, Pijpers E, Beintema MR. Source: Lancet. 1994 November 5; 344(8932): 1302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7968014&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of the Health-Related Productivity Questionnaire Diary (HRPQ-D) on a sample of patients with infectious mononucleosis: results from a phase 1 multicenter clinical trial. Author(s): Kumar RN, Hass SL, Li JZ, Nickens DJ, Daenzer CL, Wathen LK. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 August; 45(8): 899-907. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12915792&dopt=Abstract
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Variable presence of circulating cytokines in patients with sporadic or X-linked lymphoproliferative disease with fatal infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Okano M, Thiele GM, Purtilo DT. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 1993 January-March; 10(1): 97-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8382935&dopt=Abstract
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Viral antibodies in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Haukenes G, Viggen B, Boye B, Kalvenes MB, Flo R, Kalland KH. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 1994 March; 8(3): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8004058&dopt=Abstract
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Virus-specific serum IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies in cytomegalovirus mononucleosis patients as determined by immunoblotting technique. Author(s): Porath A, Hanuka N, Keynan A, Sarov I. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1987 July; 22(3): 223-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3040895&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MONONUCLEOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and mononucleosis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Mononucleosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “mononucleosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “mononucleosis” (or a synonym): •
Acute complications of Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, and Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78229-3900, USA.
[email protected] Source: Jenson, H B Curr-Opin-Pediatr. 2000 June; 12(3): 263-8 1040-8703
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Causes for massive bacterial colonization on mucosal membranes during infectious mononucleosis: implications for acute otitis media. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromso, N-9037, Tromso, Norway.
[email protected] Source: Stenfors, L E Bye, H M Raisanen, S Int-J-Pediatr-Otorhinolaryngol. 2002 September 24; 65(3): 233-40 0165-5876
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Erythema nodosum associated with acute cytomegalovirus mononucleosis in an adult. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago. Source: Spear, J B Kessler, H A Dworin, A Semel, J Arch-Intern-Med. 1988 February; 148(2): 323-4 0003-9926
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IgG from Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis patients inhibits interleukin-2 production. Author(s): Laboratory of Immunovirology of the Pediatric Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Ste-Justine Hospital, Quebec, Canada. Source: Sundar, S K Stefanescu, I Menezes, J Int-J-Immunopharmacol. 1987; 9(8): 869-73 0192-0561
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Immunocytochemical localization of lysozyme and lactoferrin attached to surface bacteria of the palatine tonsils during infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway.
[email protected] Source: Stenfors, Lars Eric Bye, Helga Marie Raisanen, Simo J-Laryngol-Otol. 2002 April; 116(4): 264-8 0022-2151
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Interferon and tumor necrosis factor production by peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland. Source: Kaminska, T Kandefer Szerszen, M Szuster Ciesielska, A Rzeszowska, G Markowska, H Modrzewska, R Arch-Immunol-Ther-Exp-(Warsz). 1996; 44(5-6): 353-7 0004-069X
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Non-operative management in a case of spontaneous splenic rupture in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Medizinische Universitatsklinik--Allgemeine Innere Medizin, BonnVenusberg. Source: Paar, W D Look, M P Robertz Vaupel, G M Kreft, B Hirner, A Sauerbruch, T ZGastroenterol. 1995 January; 33(1): 13-4 0044-2771
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Severe hypoglycaemia in a patient with glycogen storage disease type III induced by infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Japan.
[email protected]
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Source: Kimura, T Ikeda, H Kato, M Ito, A Okubo, M Hayasaka, K J-Inherit-Metab-Dis. 2001 December; 24(8): 873-4 0141-8955 •
Successful bone marrow transplantation in a boy with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome and acute severe infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): St. Anna Children's Hospital, Vienna, Austria. Source: Pracher, E Panzer Grumayer, E R Zoubek, A Peters, C Gadner, H Bone-MarrowTransplant. 1994 May; 13(5): 655-8 0268-3369
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Successful plasmapheresis in corticosteroid-resistant hemolysis in infectious mononucleosis: role of autoantibodies against triosephosphate isomerase. Author(s): Kliniek H. Familie, Gent, Belgium. Source: Geurs, F Ritter, K Mast, A Van Maele, V Acta-Haematol. 1992; 88(2-3): 142-6 0001-5792
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T lymphocyte anergy during acute infectious mononucleosis is restricted to the clonotypic receptor activation pathway. Author(s): Department of Immunology, Universidad Complutense, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. Source: Perez Blas, M Regueiro, J R Ruiz Contreras, J R Arnaiz Villena, A Clin-ExpImmunol. 1992 July; 89(1): 83-8 0009-9104
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Unexpected death due to infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Forensic Science Centre, Adelaide, Australia.
[email protected] Source: Byard, Roger W J-Forensic-Sci. 2002 January; 47(1): 202-4 0022-1198
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. MONONUCLEOSIS
ALTERNATIVE
MEDICINE
AND
Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to mononucleosis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to mononucleosis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “mononucleosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to mononucleosis: •
22. FDG Uptake in Infectious Mononucleosis. Author(s): Tomas MB, Tronco GG, Karayalcin G, Palestro CJ. Source: Clinical Positron Imaging : Official Journal of the Institute for Clinical P.E.T. 2000 July; 3(4): 176. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150779&dopt=Abstract
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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the context of a disorder resembling X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) syndrome. Author(s): Risitano AM, Camera A, Chiurazzi F, Rossi M, D'Arco AM, Rotoli B. Source: Haematologica. 2002 August; 87(8): Elt36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161381&dopt=Abstract
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Benign and malignant disease caused by EBV. Author(s): Wolf H, Seibl R. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1984 July; 83(1 Suppl): 88S-95S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6330230&dopt=Abstract
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Children with fever. Author(s): Cone TE Jr. Source: Pediatrics. 1969 September; 44(3): 453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5809908&dopt=Abstract
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Concurrent infectious mononucleosis and acute myelocytic leukemia. Author(s): Langenhuysen MM. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1974; 51(2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4217077&dopt=Abstract
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Contribution of automated hematology analysis to the detection of apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Author(s): Taga K, Yoshida M, Kaneko M, Asada M, Okada M, Taniho M, Tosato G. Source: Cytometry : the Journal of the Society for Analytical Cytology. 2000 June 15; 42(3): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10861694&dopt=Abstract
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Defensiveness, trait anxiety, and Epstein-Barr viral capsid antigen antibody titers in healthy college students. Author(s): Esterling BA, Antoni MH, Kumar M, Schneiderman N. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 1993 March; 12(2): 132-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8500440&dopt=Abstract
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Difficulty in the staging of Hodgkin's disease due to the coexistence of reactive lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Richards EM, Marcus RE. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1993 March; 9(4-5): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7688629&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of cordacin on macromolecular biosynthesis in lymphoblastoid cells. Author(s): Lin YC, Yang TI, Yang CS. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi. 1974 March; 7(1): 64-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4479379&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of herbal therapy on chronic herpes virus infections. Author(s): Yasuhara A, Yoshida Y, Hijikata Y. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2003 September-October; 9(5): 136, 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14526719&dopt=Abstract
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Hand-mirror lymphocytes in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Thomas WJ, Yasaka K, Strong DM, Woodruff CM, Stass SA, Schumacher HR. Source: Blood. 1980 June; 55(6): 925-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7378582&dopt=Abstract
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Herpesviruses. Author(s): Bowers M. Source: Beta. 1995 December; : 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11363008&dopt=Abstract
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Homeopathy and infectitious mononucleosis. Author(s): POUNDS FS Jr. Source: J Am Inst Homeopath. 1963 January-February; 56: 214-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13985794&dopt=Abstract
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H-rosette formation in T-cell-proliferative diseases. Author(s): Sheldon PJ, Holborow EJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 November 15; 4(5993): 381-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=127645&dopt=Abstract
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IgM autoantibody to intermediate filaments in infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Bretherton L, Toh BH. Source: J Clin Lab Immunol. 1981 January; 5(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6894312&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis in acute lymphocytic leukemia. Author(s): Blom J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1965 October 4; 194(1): 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5213074&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis preceding acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Author(s): Pedersen PR, Gerber P, Sweeney G, Blom J.
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Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1975 January-February; 269(1): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=165722&dopt=Abstract •
Infectious mononucleosis prior to acute leukemia: a possible role for the Epstein-Barr virus. Author(s): Levine PH, Stevens DA, Coccia PF, Dabich L, Roland A. Source: Cancer. 1972 October; 30(4): 875-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4342855&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious mononucleosis; (glandular fever). Author(s): MINELLI AJ. Source: J Am Inst Homeopath. 1964 January-February; 57: 3-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14109178&dopt=Abstract
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Neutrophil antigens: immunology and clinical implications. Author(s): Lalezari P. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1977; 13: 209-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=400755&dopt=Abstract
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Pseudothrombocytopenia associated with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Hsieh AT, Chao TY, Chen YC. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 January; 127(1): E17-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562287&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosocial factors, immunologic mediation, and human susceptibility to infectious diseases: how much do we know? Author(s): Jemmott JB 3rd, Locke SE. Source: Psychological Bulletin. 1984 January; 95(1): 78-108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6544433&dopt=Abstract
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Routine application of the nitroblue tetrazolium test in the clinical laboratory. Author(s): Gordon AM, Rowan RM, Brown T, Carson HG. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1973 January; 26(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4632760&dopt=Abstract
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Stress and the memory T-cell response to the Epstein-Barr virus in healthy medical students. Author(s): Glaser R, Pearson GR, Bonneau RH, Esterling BA, Atkinson C, Kiecolt-Glaser JK.
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Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 1993 November; 12(6): 435-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8293726&dopt=Abstract •
Successful bone marrow transplantation in a boy with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome and acute severe infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Pracher E, Panzer-Grumayer ER, Zoubek A, Peters C, Gadner H. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1994 May; 13(5): 655-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8054918&dopt=Abstract
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Successful management of reactive haemophagocytic syndrome in systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. Author(s): Fishman D, Rooney M, Woo P. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 September; 34(9): 888. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7582732&dopt=Abstract
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Surface membrane changes in lymphocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Mintz U, Sachs L. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1977 March 15; 19(3): 345-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=300366&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between fatigue, psychological and immunological variables in acute infectious illness. Author(s): Bennett BK, Hickie IB, Vollmer-Conna US, Quigley B, Brennan CM, Wakefield D, Douglas MP, Hansen GR, Tahmindjis AJ, Lloyd AR. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 April; 32(2): 180-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9588296&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of EBV-induced lymphoproliferative disorder with epipodophyllotoxin VP16-213. Author(s): Migliorati R, Castaldo A, Russo S, Porta F, Fiorillo A, Guida S, Poggi V, Guarino A. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1994 December; 83(12): 1322-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7734883&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of albumin and beta-2-microglobulin, glomerular filtration rate and immune complexes in serum during infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Pedersen EB, Solling J, Mogensen CE, Christensen KD. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [c]. 1982 December; 90(6): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6189360&dopt=Abstract
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Use of plasma instead of serum in laboratory tests for infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Davidson RJ, Main SR. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1971 April; 24(3): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4995569&dopt=Abstract
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Utilization of natural products for treatment of blood diseases. Author(s): Miles DH, Nguyen CL, Miles DH. Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry. 1998 December; 5(6): 421-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9873108&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to mononucleosis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 81
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Epstein-barr Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mononucleosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pancreatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sore Throat Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •
Herbs and Supplements St. John's Wort Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,824,00.html
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON MONONUCLEOSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to mononucleosis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on mononucleosis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “mononucleosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on mononucleosis: •
Cutaneous and Oral Manifestations of Reactions to Anti-infective Drugs: A Monograph Source: Research Triangle Park, NC: Glaxo, Inc. 1993. 31 p. Contact: Available from Glaxo-Wellcome Education Resource Center. 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. (800) 824-2896. PRICE: Single copy free. Stock Number GVL290. Summary: As patients receive multiple drugs, identifying drug-induced reactions becomes increasingly complex and pinpointing a specific drug as the cause is even more challenging. This professional education monograph focuses on the dermatologic signs that can be used to identify the anti-infective agents, primary antibacterial and antifungal drugs, responsible for skin and oral reactions. Topics include the role of the medication history, clinical assessment, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnostic
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tests. The monograph then presents six case scenarios covering toxic epidermal necrolysis in HIV infection, erythema multiform in a young woman, tetracyclineinduced photosensitivity reaction, erythema nodosum in a young woman, ampicillininduced eruption in mononucleosis, and a bone marrow transplant recipient with papular urticarial eruptions. The monograph concludes with a list of educational objectives, a list of references, and a self-test and directions for registering for continuing medical education credits. 12 figures. 6 tables. 11 references. (AA-M). •
Oral and Cutaneous Manifestations of Hematogenously Disseminated Systemic Infections: A Monograph Source: Research Triangle Park, NC: Glaxo, Inc. 1993. 79 p. Contact: Available from Glaxo-Wellcome Education Resource Center. 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. (800) 824-2896. PRICE: Single copy free. Stock Number GVL251. Summary: This monograph describes oral and dermatologic manifestations resulting from systemic infections. Written as a continuing education tool for physicians, the monograph features 26 sections, each of which includes a description of dermatologic manifestations, other clinical features, laboratory findings, and epidemiologic factors. Diseases covered include AIDS, blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcoses, erythema infectiousum (Fifth disease), gonococcemia, gram-negative bacterial sepsis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, infectious mononucleosis, infective endocarditis, Kawasaki syndrome, leprosy, lyme disease, meningococcemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, roseola, rubella (German measles), rubeola (measles), scarlet fever, secondary (disseminated) syphilis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, typhoid fever, varicella (chickenpox), and Vibrio vulnificus infection. Each section is illustrated with full-color photographs depicting patients with manifestations of the disease under consideration. The monograph includes a glossary of illustrations to help with diagnosis and classification. The monograph concludes with a self-test and instructions for receiving continuing medical education credits. A subject index is also included. 12 references.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “mononucleosis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “mononucleosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “mononucleosis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A clinical study of infectious mononucleosis and toxoplasmosis by Donald Cameron; ISBN: 072360326X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072360326X/icongroupinterna
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Contagious and Non-Contagious Infectious Diseases Sourcebook: Basic Information About Contagious Diseases Like Measles, Polio, Hepatitis B, and Infectious
Books
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Mononucleosis, and Non-Contagious Infectious Diseases lik (Health Reference Series, Vol 8) by Karen Bellenir (Editor), Peter D. Dresser (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0780800753; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780800753/icongroupinterna •
Everything You Need to Know About Mononucleosis (Need to Know Library) by Paul Smart; ISBN: 0823925501; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823925501/icongroupinterna
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Infectious Mononucleosis by Philip R. Glade; ISBN: 0397503180; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0397503180/icongroupinterna
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Infectious mononucleosis by R. L. Carter; ISBN: 0632060603; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632060603/icongroupinterna
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Infectious Mononucleosis by R. J. Hoagland; ISBN: 0808901907; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0808901907/icongroupinterna
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Infectious Mononucleosis by Robert S. Chang; ISBN: 0816121532; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816121532/icongroupinterna
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Infectious Mononucleosis; ISBN: 0916750302; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0916750302/icongroupinterna
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Infectious Mononucleosis (Clinical Topics in Infectious Disease) by David Schlossberg (Editor); ISBN: 0387969594; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387969594/icongroupinterna
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Mononucleosis by Janet M. Decker, I. Edward, Ph.d Alcamo (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0791077004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0791077004/icongroupinterna
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Mononucleosis by Gustav Mark Gedatus (2000); ISBN: 0736802843; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736802843/icongroupinterna
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Mononucleosis (Diseases and People) by Alvin Silverstein, et al; ISBN: 0894904663; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0894904663/icongroupinterna
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Mononucleosis and Other Infectious Diseases (21st Century Health and Wellness) by Laurel Shader, et al; ISBN: 0791055205; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0791055205/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “mononucleosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:8 8 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created
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A study of infectious mononucleosis (Pfeiffer's disease) from the etiological point of view, by Per J. Wising. Author: Wising, Per Johan Adolf,; Year: 1983; Stockholm, Tryckeri aktiebolaget Thule, 1942
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Adolescent health sourcebook: basic consumer health information about common medical, mental, and emotional concerns in adolescents: including facts about acne, body piercing, mononucleosis, nutrition, eating disorders, stress, depression, behavior problems, peer pressure, violence, gangs, drug use, puberty, sexuality, pregnancy, learning disbilities, and more: along with a glossary of terms and other resources for further help and information Author: Kimball, Chad T.; Year: 2002; Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2002; ISBN: 0780802489 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802489/icongroupinterna
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Epidemie van mononucleosis infectiosa in de algemene practijk. Author: Sonnaville, Leo Marie de; Year: 1949
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Infectious mononucleosis Author: Schlossberg, David.; Year: 1969; New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Praeger, 1983; ISBN: 003059488X http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/003059488X/icongroupinterna
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Infectious mononucleosis, edited by R. L. Carter and H. G. Penman. Author: Carter, Richard L.; Year: 1973; Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications [1969]; ISBN: 632060603
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Infectious mononucleosis. Author: Hoagland, Robert J,; Year: 1989; New York, Grune; Stratton [c1967]
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Infectious mononucleosis; a review of the literature, a study of 210 sporadic cases, and the prognostic significance of the leucocytes observed in this disease. Author: Stevens, John Edgar.; Year: 1988; [Minneapolis] 1949
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Mononucleosis, infectious disease research Author: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.). Office of Research Reporting and Public Response.; Year: 1974; Bethesda, Md.: The Office, [1974]
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Over de betekenis van de reactie van Paul en Bunnell voor de diagnose mononucleosis infectiosa. Author: Klijn, Leonardus Cornelis; Year: 1958
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Sexually transmitted diseases sourcebook: basic consumer health information about sexually transmitted diseases: including information on the diagnosis and treatment of chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis, herpes, HIV, mononucleosis, syphilis, and others: along with information on prevention, such as condom use, vaccines, and STD education: and featuring a section on issues related to youth and adolescents, a glossary, and resources for additional help and information Author: Matthews, Dawn D.; Year: 1997; Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, c2001; ISBN: 0780802497 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802497/icongroupinterna
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Study of infectious mononucleosis (Pfeiffer's disease) from the etiological point of view, by Per J. Wising. Author: Wising, Per Johan Adolf, 1906-; Year: 1942
Chapters on Mononucleosis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to mononucleosis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and mononucleosis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “mononucleosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on mononucleosis: •
Viral Diseases Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 88-123. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: Many viral diseases present with oral lesions. This lengthy chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses the etiology, clinical features, histopathology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis for a variety of viral diseases. Diseases covered include herpes simplex, primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, recurrent herpes simplex, eczema herpeticum, varicella, herpes zoster, herpangina, acute lymphonodular pharyngitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, hoof-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, smallpox, vaccinia, orf, measles, rubella, infectious mononucleosis, mumps, human papillomavirus, oral squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, condyloma acuminatum, focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease), molluscum contagiosum, Kawasaki's disease, HIV infections, and AIDS. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter; references are provided for each section. 56 figures. 189 references. (AA-M).
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Red Lesions Source: in Laskaris, G. Pocket Atlas of Oral Diseases. New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 1998. p. 33-55. Contact: Available from Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 782-3488. Fax (212) 947-1112. Website: www.thieme.com. PRICE: $22.00. ISBN: 0865776350. Summary: Red lesions are a large, heterogenous group of disorders of the oral mucosa. The red color of the lesions may be due to thin epithelium, inflammation, dilation of blood vessels or increased numbers of blood vessels, and extravasation of blood into oral soft tissues. This chapter on red lesions is from a desktop reference tool for otolaryngologists, dentists, dermatologists, and primary care practitioners which includes coverage of both local and systemic oral disease. The classification of the material in the book is based on the morphological presentation and the site at which the clinician first sees the lesions at examination. This chapter covers traumatic erythema, thermal burn, radiation mucositis, fellatio, geographic tongue, medican rhomboid glossitis, denture stomatitis, erythematous candidiasis, squamous cell carcinoma, erythroplakia, plasma-cell gingivitis, contact allergic stomatitis, hemangioma, lupus erythematosus, CREST syndrome, hereditary hemorrhagic telaciectasia, anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, and infectious mononucleosis. Each of the entities is provided with a representative color plate and a brief, concise description of the definition, etiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, laboratory tests, and directions on treatment.
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Oral Signs of Systemic Disease Source: in Fenton, S.J.; Perlman, S.; Turner, H., eds. Oral Healthcare for People with Special Needs: Guidelines for Comprehensive Care. River Edge, NJ: Exceptional Parent, Psy-Ed Corp. 2003. p. 29-33. Contact: Available as part of a monograph from Exceptional Parent, Psy-Ed Corp. 65 East Route 4, River Edge, NJ 07661. (800) EPARENT or (800) 372-7368. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.eparent.com. PRICE: Contact publisher. Summary: The mouth has often been called the barometer of a person's health. Serious illnesses, conditions or genetic disorders may first present with mouth conditions such as unusual bleeding or multiple lumps and bumps in the mouth, extra or missing teeth, or their premature loss. These mouth changes are frequently helpful in determining the underlying disease or its cause. This article on the oral signs of systemic disease is from a monograph that offers guidelines for the comprehensive oral health care for people with special needs. The monograph is designed to help oral health care providers embrace more fully all the members of their communities, while being respectful of a variety of special needs. In this article, the authors consider unusual bleeding in the mouth, infectious mononucleosis, measles, hemophilia, leukemia, vitamin C and K deficiencies, multiple lumps or bumps in the mouth, enlarged tongue, hypothyroidism, Beckwith-Widemann syndrome, the mucopolysaccharidoses, multiple neoplasia syndrome type 2B, neurofibromatosis, granulomatous diseases, and extra or missing teeth, or premature loss of teeth.
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Acquired Mucosal Disorders Source: in Scully, C., et al. Color Atlas of Orofacial Health and Disease in Children and Adolescents. London, England: Martin Dunitz Ltd. 2002. p.123-173. Contact: Available from Martin Dunitz Ltd, The Livery House. 7-9 Pratt Street, London, England NW1 0AE. 4404074822202. Website: www.dunitz.co.uk. Email:
[email protected]. PRICE: $125.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1841841021. Summary: This chapter on acquired mucosal disorders is from a full-color atlas that covers the presentation of the common orofacial disorders and a wide range of less common and some rare disorders. The chapter begins with an overview of common complaints associated with acquired mucosal disorders, including lumps and swellings, pigmented lesions, red lesions, ulcers, and white lesions. The chapter then covers acute candidosis (thrush, candidiasis, moniliasis), amalgam and other tattoos, angioedema, angular stomatitis (angular cheilitis), aphthae (recurrent aphthous stomatitis), Behcet's syndrome, bites, burns, carcinoma, chapped lips, check-chewing, cheilitis, choristoma, Crohn's disease, deep mycoses, erythema multiforme, exfoliative cheilitis, furred tongue, celiac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy), hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, herpes simplex infections, human papillomavirus infections, iatrogenic injury, impetigo, infectious mononucleosis, keratosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lichenoid lesions, lingual papillitis, lip fissures, lupus erythematosus, lymphoepithelial cyst, lymphoma, macroglossia and microglossia, measles (rubeola), median rhomboid glossitis, melanotic macule, melanocytic nevus, molluscum contagiosum, orofacial granulomatosis, papillary hyperplasia, pemphigus vulgaris, pyostomatitis vegetans, scleroderma, self-mutilation, syphilis, traumatic ulcers, and varicella-zoster virus infections (chickenpox). Full-color photographs are accompanied by brief text entries describing each condition and noting diagnostic and management considerations for each. 107 figures. 8 tables.
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Infections Source: in Daugirdas, J.T. and Ing, T.S., eds. Handbook of Dialysis. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1994. p. 469-490. Contact: Available from Lippincott-Raven Publishers. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 777-2295. Fax (301) 824-7390. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: http://www.lrpub.com. PRICE: $37.95. ISBN: 0316173835. Summary: This chapter on infections is from a handbook that outlines all aspects of dialysis therapy, emphasizing the management of dialysis patients. Topics include the derangement of immune function in uremia, including etiology and the increased susceptibility to infection; the derangement of temperature control in uremia; the incidence and management of bacterial infections in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients; infections unrelated to the access site, including urinary tract infection, pneumonia, intraabdominal infections, tuberculosis, listeriosis, Salmonella septicemia, Yersinia septicemia, and mucormycosis; viral infections, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus and mononucleosis, influenza, AIDS, routine screening, and dialysis in patients who are HIV positive; vaccination in dialysis patients; and antimicrobial usage in dialysis patients. The authors present information in outline form, for easy reference. The chapter features a lengthy chart outlining the usual nonuremic dosage, dialysis patient dosage, post-hemodialysis supplements, and dosage for CAPD for each antimicrobial agent in common use. 3 tables. 21 references.
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Intraoral Lesions: Mucosal Ulcers Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Oral Disease: Colour Guide. 2nd ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone. 1999. p. 23-56. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company, A Harcourt Health Sciences Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 044306170X. Summary: This chapter on intraoral lesions (mucosal ulcers) is from a book that is intended as an aid to oral medicine and the diagnosis and treatment of oral disease. The chapter includes 39 full color photographs of intraoral lesions, with textual information accompanying them. Conditions covered are: ulcers of local etiology, aphthae (recurrent aphthous stomatitis or RAS), Behcet syndrome, herpetic stomatitis, chickenpox (varicella), shingles (zoster), hand foot and mouth disease, herpangina, infectious mononucleosis, measles, acute ulcerative gingivitis (acute necrotizing gingivitis), tuberculosis, syphilis, drugs causing mouth ulcers, leukopenia, leukemia, malignant tumors, orofacial granulomatosis, ulcerative colitis, pemphigus, mucous membrane pemphigoid, localized oral purpura, epidermolysis bullosa, erythema multiforme, lupus erythematosus, and lichen planus. For each condition, the text briefly covers incidence and etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and diagnostic tests, and treatment options.
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Paediatric Oral Pathology Source: in Cameron, A.C. and Widmer, R.P., eds. Handbook of Pediatric Dentistry. London, England: Mosby. 1997. p. 143-178. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. PRICE: $44.95. ISBN: 0723430683.
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Summary: This chapter on pediatric oral pathology is from a resource book that presents the essentials of the contemporary dental care of children, including behavior management and treatment of oral and dental trauma, dental caries, and oral infections. A special focus on pediatric dental preventive strategies, risk assessment, fluoridation, and restorative techniques is provided. The authors of this chapter note that the presentation of pathology in children is usually different from adult pathology and these subtleties are often important in diagnosis. Additionally, many lesions change in form or extent with growth of the body. The authors cover orofacial infections, primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, herpangina and hand, foot and mouth disease, infectious mononucleosis, ulcerative and vesiculobullous lesions, recurrent aphthous ulceration, Behcet's syndrome, erythema multiforme, pemphigus, epidermolysis bullosa, systemic lupus erythematosus, orofacial granulomatoses, pigmented, vascular and erythematous lesions, lymphangioma, petechiae and purpura, melanin lesions, erythematous lesions, epulides and exophytic lesions, papilloma, verrucous warts, gingival enlargements (overgrowth), premature exfoliation of primary teeth, periodontal disease in children, neutropenias and qualitative neutrophil defects, hypophosphatasia, self-mutilation, oral pathology in the newborn infant, and diseases of salivary glands. For each condition, the authors outline the presentation, diagnosis, and management. 18 figures. 18 references. •
Viral Hepatitis: General Features, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E and Other Viruses Source: in Sherlock, S.; Dooley, J. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2002. p.267-283. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $178.95. ISBN: 0632055820. Summary: This chapter on viral hepatitis (liver inflammation) is from a textbook that presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of diseases of the liver and biliary system. The chapter covers general features of viral hepatitis and then focuses on hepatitis A and hepatitis E (other variants are covered in later chapters) and other viruses that have an impact on the liver. Topics include pathology, clinical types, investigations, differential diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and follow-up; and specific viruses, including hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, hepatitis G virus, hepatitis TT virus, yellow fever, infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus), other viruses (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex) and hepatitis due to exotic viruses. For each type of virus, the authors review epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic tests, prevention, and treatment. Each section offers a list of references for additional reading. 15 figures. 4 tables. 89 references.
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Viral Infection Source: in Lamey, P.J.; Lewis, M.A.O. Clinical Guide to Oral Medicine. 2nd ed. Hampshire, United Kingdom: British Dental Journal (BDJ), Stockton Press. 1997. p. 1925. Contact: Available from British Dental Journal (BDJ). Marketing Department, Stockton Press, Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS, United Kingdom. Telephone +44 (0) 1256 351898. Fax +44(0) 1256 328339. PRICE: $41.00. ISBN: 0904588505. Summary: This chapter on viral infection is from a clinical guide to oral medicine. The book is a compilation of pathology photographs designed to improve competence in the recognition of diseases involving the oral and para-oral structures. The book includes
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summaries of the management of conditions most frequently seen in practice. The authors note that members of the herpes group of viruses are responsible for the majority of viral conditions which present to the dental practitioner. Mucosal ulceration is the most frequent clinical presentation, although viruses not belonging to the herpes group may occasionally be responsible for salivary gland swelling or localized epithelial hyperplasia (overgrowth). Diagnosis of viral infection is important, since treatment which can alleviate symptoms and reduce the likelihood of spread of infection is available. Also, the recognition of intra-oral viral infection can have important implications, since it may be an indication of underlying conditions such as leukemia, HIV infection, or child abuse. Topics include primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, secondary herpes simplex infection, chicken pox, shingles, infectious mononucleosis, salivary gland inclusion disease Coxsackie virus, paramyxoviruses (measles, mumps), papillomaviruses, squamous cell papilloma, condyloma acuminata, verruca vulgaris, focal focal epithelial hyperplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma. Oral viral lesions with an atypical presentation and prolonged duration of viral lesions in the oral cavity may indicate the presence of underlying systemic disease. Full color photographs illustrate the chapter. 17 figures. •
Blood Dyscrasias Source: in Little, J.W.; Falace, D.A. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1993. p. 439-459. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9934. (800) 426-4545 or (314) 872-8370; Fax (800) 535-9935 or (314) 4321380; E-mail:
[email protected]; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0801668379. Summary: This chapter, from a handbook on the dental management of medically compromised patients, discusses blood dyscrasias. The authors present the most common disorders of the white and red blood cells that may influence dental treatment. They note that these patients may be susceptible to abnormal bleeding, delayed healing, infection, or mucosal ulceration. Disorders covered are covered in two broad categories. The first is anemia, including during menses and pregnancy, pernicious anemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, sickle cell anemia, and anemia resulting from renal disease. The second category is white blood cell disorders, including leukocytosis and leukopenia, infectious mononucleosis, leukemia and lymphoma, acute and chronic leukemias, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. After a review of each of these conditions, the authors discuss their dental management, including medical considerations, treatment planning modifications, and oral complications. 9 references. 14 tables. 28 references.
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Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus Source: in Strome, M.; Kelly, J.H.; Fried, M.P., eds. Manual of Otolaryngology: Diagnosis and Therapy. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1992. p. 137-171. Contact: Available from Little, Brown and Company. 34 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02108. (800) 759-0190. PRICE: $27.50 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0316819689. Summary: This chapter, from a reference manual detailing the essentials of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery, discusses the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus. Topics covered include oropharyngeal anatomy; physical examination of the pharynx; infectious pharyngitis, including acute bacterial pharyngotonsillitis, diptheria, infectious mononucleosis, Vincent's angina, candidiasis, syphilis, gonococcal
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pharyngitis, tuberculosis, viral pharyngitis, lingual tonsillitis, nasopharyngitis, and AIDS; noninfectious etiology, including pemphigus, retropharyngeal abscess, parapharyngeal abscess, and submandibular space abscess (Ludwig's angina); allergic edema; tissue hypertrophy, including adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and obstructive sleep apnea; congenital obstruction, including Pierre-Robin syndrome, Thornwald's bursa or nasopharyngeal cyst, and choanal atresia; cysts and neoplasms; dysphasia; and esophageal disorders. The manual summarizes the signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for each disease or disorder. 26 references.
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CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON MONONUCLEOSIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on mononucleosis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “mononucleosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on mononucleosis: •
Herpesvirus Infection in the Immunocompromised Host: 15th National Lesbian & Gay Health Conference & 11th Annual AIDS/HIV Forum; Houston, TX, July 20-25, 1993 Contact: Encore Cassettes, PO Box 231340, San Diego, CA, 92194, (619) 596-8402. Summary: This sound recording contains a presentation on the family of herpes viruses, their manifestations, and available treatments. It informs the listener that some of the herpes viruses may be cofactors in the progression of HIV disease. While the primary infection is the most severe, reactivations can occur; the mechanism of reactivation is not understood although stress is thought to be a factor. The family of viruses consists of: Herpes simplex I (oral herpes); herpes simplex II (genital herpes); varicella (chicken pox and shingles); Epstein-Barr (mononucleosis and hairy leukoplakia); herpes VI (believed to be cofactor of HIV); and herpes VII (recently discovered, role unknown). Each type of virus is briefly discussed, both singly and in combination, in both immunocompromised and control hosts. The presentation emphasizes the seriousness of disseminated herpes virus infection.
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Bibliography: Multimedia on Mononucleosis The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in mononucleosis (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on mononucleosis: •
Infectious mononucleosis [slide] Source: University of Michigan Medical Center, Independent Study Unit, Dept. of Postgraduate Medicine and Health Professions Education; Year: 1975; Format: Slide; Ann Arbor: The University: [for loan or sale by its Medical Center Media Library], c1975
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Infectious mononucleosis [videorecording] Source: presented by Department of Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, Ga.: Emory Medical Television Network, 1983
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Infectious mononucleosis and "mono-like" syndromes [slide] Source: Philip R. Glade. [et al.]; Year: 1974; Format: Slide; New York: Medcom, [c1974]
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Infectious mononucleosis in man [slide] Source: David J. Gerrick; Year: 1980; Format: Slide; Lorain, OH: Dayton Lab, c1980
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Life threatening complication of infectious mononucleosis [videorecording] Source: Marshfield Clinic; Saint Joseph's Hospital; Year: 1999; Format: Videorecording; Marshfield, WI: MC TV, c1999
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Ox cell hemolysin test for diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis [motion picture] Source: Laboratory Branch, Communicable Disease Center; produced by the Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility; Year: 1965; Format: Motion picture; [Atlanta]: The Facility, [1965]
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS MONONUCLEOSIS
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NEWS
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Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover mononucleosis.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on mononucleosis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “mononucleosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to mononucleosis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “mononucleosis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for mononucleosis: •
Mononucleosis ups risk for HIV infection Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 25, 2003
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Mononucleosis raises risk of EBV-negative and -positive Hodgkin's disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 07, 2003
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Mononucleosis-related EBV infection may cause Hodgkin's lymphoma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 01, 2003
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Primary mononucleosis infection may involve multiple EBV strains Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 25, 2003
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Social status does not explain lymphoma risk linked to infectious mononucleosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 02, 2002
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Return to physical activity may prevent post-mononucleosis fatigue Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 11, 2001
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Mononucleosis, respiratory tract infection linked to multiple sclerosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 13, 2000
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Adult mononucleosis difficult to diagnose Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 29, 1999
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Mononucleosis not linked to persistent depression Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 08, 1999
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Acyclovir Plus Prednisolone Blocks Viral Shedding Of Mononucleosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 08, 1996
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Heterophile EBV Antibody Test Sufficient To Diagnose Mononucleosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 07, 1995 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.
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Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “mononucleosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “mononucleosis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to mononucleosis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “mononucleosis” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Mononucleosis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to mononucleosis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering mononucleosis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for mononucleosis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with mononucleosis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to mononucleosis: Acyclovir •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zovirax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202008.html
•
Topical - U.S. Brands: Zovirax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202009.html
Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids •
Topical http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202009.html
Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Acel-Imune; Certiva; Infanrix; Tripedia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202201.html
Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed and Haemophilus B Conjugate Vaccine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tetramune http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202911.html
Diphtheria Antitoxin •
Systemic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202911.html
Monoctanoin •
Local - U.S. Brands: Moctanin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202380.html
Mumps Virus Vaccine Live •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mumpsvax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202382.html
Rubella and Mumps Virus Vaccine Live •
Systemic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202382.html
Rubella Virus Vaccine Live •
Systemic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202382.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
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Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
9
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
10
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “mononucleosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 6710 72 634 25 0 7441
HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “mononucleosis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
12
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
13
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
17 Adapted 18
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on mononucleosis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to mononucleosis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to mononucleosis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “mononucleosis”:
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•
Guides on mononucleosis Infectious Mononucleosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectiousmononucleosis.html
•
Other guides Chronic Fatigue Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chronicfatiguesyndrome.html Shingles http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/shinglesherpeszoster.html Throat Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/throatdisorders.html Viral Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/viralinfections.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to mononucleosis, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Epstein Barr and Mononucleosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/epsteinbarrandmonoloader.html Epstein-Barr Virus and Infectious Mononucleosis Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/ebv.htm
•
Diagnosis/Symptoms Mono Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/mono/test.html Neck Swelling: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/514.xml
•
Children Infectious Mononucleosis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/mononucleosis.html What's Mono? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/mono.html
•
Latest News Mononucleosis Ups Risk for HIV Infection Source: 11/25/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14831
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.html •
Organizations National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/
•
Teenagers On the Teen Scene: When Mono Takes You Out of the Action Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1998/398_mono.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on mononucleosis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Herpes Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184. Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This fact sheet provides people who have herpes simplex with information on the symptoms and treatment of this viral infection that can cause sores anywhere on a person's skin. Herpes is the name of a family of viruses, including the cold sore virus, or herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1); genital herpes (HSV-2); infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus); chicken pox; and shingles (varicella zoster virus). The herpes simplex viruses blend into the DNA of genes after they infect, then they try to force the body to make copies of them. The body's immune system resists this. When the immune system is weakened, the virus finds a path to the skin and leaks out in tiny blisters. This is known as having a recurrence. Herpes is usually a mild infection, with many people
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being infected without realizing they are. Recurrences can be limited by maintaining general good health and minimizing stress. During an outbreak, the area should be kept dry and clean. People should not touch the affected area from the time of the first symptoms until all sores are completely healed because the virus can be spread if hands are not washed and another part of the body is touched. A vaccine to prevent herpes is being tested, but it has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for general use. Various oral antiviral medications may reduce the number of attacks. The disease is contagious before and during an outbreak, so preventive efforts are important to avoid spreading the disease to others. 3 figures. •
HIV Guide for Health Care Providers Contact: Bristol Myers Squibb, Oncology/Immunology Access Program, 1800 Robert Fulton Dr Ste 300, Reston, VA, 20191, (800) 272-4878. Summary: This pamphlet provides information about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) for healthcare providers. It provides details on the symptoms of early and acute HIV including acute retroviral syndrome and oral manifestations. It lists the risk factors for HIV exposure and the differences between primary HIV infection and Epstein-Barr virus mononucleosis.
•
Infection Control for the Dental Health Team Contact: Medcom Incorporated, PO Box 6003, Cypress, CA, (800) 541-0253. Summary: This teaching aid, consisting of a videorecording and an accompanying study guide, teaches users about infection-control in the dental practice. It consists of a course introduction, five lessons which include material from the study guide and an accompanying video segment, and a post-test. The lessons address the prevention of various diseases -- including the common cold, influenza, hepatitis B, syphilis, gonorrhea, rubella, mononucleosis, mumps, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), herpes simplex, tuberculosis, and tetanus -- during dental procedures. The lessons look at handwashing, personal hygiene, the use of personal protective barriers, preventing cross-contamination, and disinfection and sterilization. Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Epstein-Barr Virus and Infectious Mononucleosis Summary: Epstein-Barr virus, frequently referred to as EBV, is a member of the herpesvirus family and one of the most common human viruses. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6978
Patient Resources
•
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Mononucleosis Summary: This online consumer health information factsheet provides a general overview of infectious mononucleosis. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2386
•
Solving the Mystery of Mononucleosis Summary: Often referred to as the Source: Nemours Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4391 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to mononucleosis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. PEDBASE Similar to NORD, PEDBASE covers relatively rare disorders, limited mainly to pediatric conditions. PEDBASE was designed by Dr. Alan Gandy. To access the database, which is more oriented to researchers than patients, you can view the current list of health topics covered at the following Web site: http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/pedlynx.htm. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to mononucleosis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with mononucleosis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about mononucleosis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “mononucleosis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “mononucleosis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “mononucleosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “mononucleosis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
20
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
21
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
121
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
124 Mononucleosis
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
125
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on mononucleosis: •
Basic Guidelines for Mononucleosis Acute retroviral syndrome Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000604.htm Mononucleosis spot test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003454.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Mononucleosis Airway obstruction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Chills Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003091.htm Coma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm
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Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Hematuria Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003138.htm Jaundice Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Purpura Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003232.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Sore throat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003053.htm Splenomegaly Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003276.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Mononucleosis Bilirubin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003479.htm Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Cryoglobulins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003555.htm Differential Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003657.htm HCT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003646.htm Liver function tests Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003436.htm
Online Glossaries 127
Monospot test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003454.htm Serology Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003511.htm Venipuncture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003423.htm •
Nutrition for Mononucleosis Proteins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm
•
Surgery and Procedures for Mononucleosis Splenectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002944.htm
•
Background Topics for Mononucleosis Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm Antibodies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm Titer Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002328.htm Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm
128 Mononucleosis
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
129
MONONUCLEOSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Actinomycosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Actinomyces. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute
130 Mononucleosis
myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Agranulocytosis: A decrease in the number of granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils). [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically
Dictionary 131
active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]
Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which a person receives stem cells, the cells from which all blood cells develop, from a compatible, though not genetically identical, donor. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alternative Splicing: A process whereby multiple protein isoforms are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of nonconsecutive exons during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form messenger RNA. The alternative forms produce proteins in which one part is common while the other part is different. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Amyotrophy: A type of diabetic neuropathy that causes muscle weakness and wasting. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile
132 Mononucleosis
sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]
Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angioneurotic: Denoting a neuropathy affecting the vascular system; see angioedema. [EU] Angioneurotic Edema: Recurring attacks of transient edema suddenly appearing in areas of the skin or mucous membranes and occasionally of the viscera, often associated with dermatographism, urticaria, erythema, and purpura. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH]
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Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Aplastic anaemia: A form of anaemia generally unresponsive to specific antianaemia therapy, often accompanied by granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, in which the bone marrow may not necessarily be acellular or hypoplastic but fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. The term actually is all-inclusive and most probably encompasses several clinical syndromes. [EU] Aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. [NIH]
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes
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associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arginine butyrate: A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris. [NIH]
Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Avidity: The strength of the interaction of an antiserum with a multivalent antigen. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most
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important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH]
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Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blotting and transferred to strips of nitrocellulose paper. The blots are then detected by radiolabeled antibody probes. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed
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round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]
Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]
Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are
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made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Physiology: Characteristics and physiological processes of cells from cell division to cell death. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellular metabolism: The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the body. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Choanal Atresia: Congenital bony or membranous occlusion of one or both choanae, due to failure of the embryonic bucconasal membrane to rupture. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory
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retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choristoma: A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Chronic leukemia: A slowly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coccidioidomycosis: An infectious disease caused by a fungus, Coccidioides immitis, that is prevalent in the western United States and is acquired by inhalation of dust containing the spores. [NIH] Codons: Any triplet of nucleotides (coding unit) in DNA or RNA (if RNA is the carrier of primary genetic information as in some viruses) that codes for particular amino acid or signals the beginning or end of the message. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all
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consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementarity Determining Regions: Three regions (CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3) of amino acid sequence in theimmunoglobulin variable region that are highly divergent. Together the CDRs from the light and heavy immunoglobulin chains form a surface that is complementary to the antigen. These regions are also present in other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, for example, T-cell receptors (receptors, antigen, T-cell). [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and
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theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Condyloma: C. acuminatum; a papilloma with a central core of connective tissue in a treelike structure covered with epithelium, usually occurring on the mucous membrane or skin of the external genitals or in the perianal region. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein
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metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Coxsackieviruses: A heterogeneous group of the genus enterovirus found in association with various diseases in man and other animals. Two groups (A and B) have been identified with a number of serotypes in each. The name is derived from a village in New York State where the virus was first identified. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclin-Dependent Kinases: Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with cyclins to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. [NIH]
Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH]
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Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops
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(mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disease Transmission: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal (disease transmission, horizontal) or vertical (disease transmission, vertical). [NIH] Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding. [NIH] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distemper: A name for several highly contagious viral diseases of animals, especially canine distemper. In dogs, it is caused by the canine distemper virus (distemper virus, canine). It is characterized by a diphasic fever, leukopenia, gastrointestinal and respiratory inflammation and sometimes, neurologic complications. In cats it is known as feline panleukopenia. [NIH] Distemper Virus, Canine: A species of morbillivirus causing distemper in dogs, wolves, foxes, raccoons, and ferrets. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological
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disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] EBV: A DNA virus of the herpes group discovered in cultures of Burkitt's lymphoma cells. EBV is the cause of infectious mononucleosis, and it has an integration site on human chromosome 14. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH]
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Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Factors: Events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit.
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[NIH]
Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Infectiosum: Contagious infection with human B19 Parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. It is often confused with rubella. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythema Nodosum: An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythroplakia: A reddened patch with a velvety surface found in the mouth. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Exanthema: Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (erythema infectiosum), and sixth (exanthema subitum) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at
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the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feline Panleukopenia: A highly contagious DNA virus infection of the cat family and of mink, characterized by fever, enteritis and bone marrow changes. It is also called feline ataxia, feline agranulocytosis, feline infectious enteritis, cat fever, cat plague, show fever. [NIH]
Fetal Hemoglobin: The major component of hemoglobin in the fetus. This hemoglobin has two alpha and two gamma polypeptide subunits in comparison to normal adult hemoglobin, which has two alpha and two beta polypeptide subunits. Fetal hemoglobin concentrations can be elevated (usually above 0.5%) in children and adults affected by leukemia and several types of anemia. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH]
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Fluoridation: The addition of fluorine usually as a fluoride to something, as the adding of a fluoride to drinking water or public water supplies for prevention of tooth decay in children. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU]
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Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Rearrangement: The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development. [NIH] Genetic Techniques: Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germinal Center: The activated center of a lymphoid follicle in secondary lymphoid tissue where B-lymphocytes are stimulated by antigens and helper T cells (T-lymphocytes, helperinducer) are stimulated to generate memory cells. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glandular fever: A highly contagious disease of rodents caused by Pasteurella (Francisella) tularensis which may infect farm animals. It is spread mechanically either by flies or ticks, or by direct inoculation. It is characterized by fever and tubercle-like nodule formations. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU]
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Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycogen Storage Disease: A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulocytopenia: A deficiency in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH]
Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Annulare: Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A. [NIH]
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Handwashing: The act of cleansing the hands with water or other liquid, with or without the inclusion of soap or other detergent, for the purpose of removing soil or microorganisms. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hematologic malignancies: Cancers of the blood or bone marrow, including leukemia and lymphoma. Also called hematologic cancers. [NIH] Hematology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin H: An abnormal hemoglobin composed of four beta chains. It is caused by the reduced synthesis of the alpha chain. This abnormality results in alpha-thalassemia. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatitis B: Hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus. It may be transmitted by transfusion of
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contaminated blood or blood products. [NIH] Hepatitis D: Hepatitis caused by the hepatitis delta virus in association with hepatitis B. It is endemic in some European countries and is seen in drug users, hemophiliacs, and polytransfused persons. [NIH] Hepatitis Delta Virus: A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. Officially this is classified as a subviral satellite RNA. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Herpesvirus 6, Human: The type species of Roseolovirus isolated from patients with AIDS and other lymphoproliferative disorders. It infects and replicates in fresh and established lines of hematopoietic cells and cells of neural origin. It also appears to alter NK cell activity. HHV-6 (HBLV) antibodies are elevated in patients with AIDS, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and certain malignancies. HHV-6 is the cause of exanthema subitum and has been implicated in encephalitis. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterogenic: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenous. [NIH] Heterogenous: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenic. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an
154 Mononucleosis
antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Hospital Records: Compilations of data on hospital activities and programs; excludes patient medical records. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglossal Nerve: The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU]
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Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunoblotting: Immunologic methods for isolating and quantitatively measuring immunoreactive substances. When used with immune reagents such as monoclonal antibodies, the process is known generically as western blot analysis (blotting, western). [NIH]
Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunoglobulin Variable Region: That region of the immunoglobulin (antibody) molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, confers the antigenic specificity, and is thought to comprise the binding site for the antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (complementarity determining regions) and framework regions. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It
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includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU]
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Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Interindividual: Occurring between two or more individuals. [EU] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-10: Factor that is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus BCRFI gene. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermediate Filaments: Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile
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pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lactate Dehydrogenase: A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist. [NIH] Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-
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topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lyme Disease: An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells.
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These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Transformation: Morphologic alteration of small lymphocytes in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by interleukins, mitogens such as phytohemagglutinins, and by specific antigens. It may also occur in vivo, as in graft rejection and chronic myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Lymphocyte Transfusion: The transfer of lymphocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphocytosis: Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokines: Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphomatoid Papulosis: Clinically benign, histologically malignant, recurrent cutaneous eruption characterized by an infiltration of large atypical cells surrounded by inflammatory cells. The atypical cells resemble Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease or the malignant cells of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. In some cases, lymphomatoid papulosis progresses to lymphomatous conditions including mycosis fungoides, Hodgkin's disease, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, or Ki-1 lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative Disorders: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Inborn errors of metabolism characterized by defects in specific lysosomal hydrolases and resulting in intracellular accumulation of unmetabolized substrates. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Maculopapular: Both macular and papular, as an eruption consisting of both macules and papules; sometimes erroneously used to designate a papule that is only slightly elevated. [EU]
Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever,
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sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mediastinitis: Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH]
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Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Meningoencephalitis: An inflammatory process involving the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microfilaments: The smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments. They are composed chiefly of actin. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]
antibiotic
effective
against
tetracycline-resistant
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Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]
Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Mouth Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucopolysaccharidoses: Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucosal Ulceration: Skin ulceration in workers who work with lime and lime solutions. [NIH]
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Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Mutilation: Injuries to the body. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasopharyngitis: Inflammation of the nasopharynx. [NIH] Nasopharynx: The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrolysis: Separation or exfoliation of tissue due to necrosis. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU]
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Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with nucleoproteins which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains
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RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Octamer: Eight molecules of histone. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain. [NIH] Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]
Orf: A specific disease of sheep and goats caused by a pox-virus that is transmissible to man and characterized by vesiculation and ulceration of the lips. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU]
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Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsies: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Papio: A genus of the subfamily Cercopithecinae, family Cercopithecidae, consisting of seven named species: P. ursinus (chacma baboon), P. cynocephalus (yellow baboon), P. papio (western or Guinea baboon), P. anubis (anubis or olive baboon), P. hamadryas (hamadryas or sacred baboon), P. sphinx (mandrill), and P. leucophaeus (drill). Some authors have recognized a separate genus for the drill and mandrill: Mandrillus. The Papio genus is geographically distributed throughout east and west Africa, Arabia, Egypt, and the Sudan. [NIH] Papule: A small circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of the skin. [EU]
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Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parapsoriasis: The term applied to a group of relatively uncommon inflammatory, maculopapular, scaly eruptions of unknown etiology and resistant to conventional treatment. Eruptions are both psoriatic and lichenoid in appearance, but the diseases are distinct from psoriasis, lichen planus, or other recognized dermatoses. Proposed nomenclature divides parapsoriasis into two distinct subgroups, pityriasis lichenoides and parapsoriasis en plaques (small- and large-plaque parapsoriasis). [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums
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and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Peroral: Performed through or administered through the mouth. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between
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photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytohemagglutinins: Mucoproteins isolated from the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); some of them are mitogenic to lymphocytes, others agglutinate all or certain types of erythrocytes or lymphocytes. They are used mainly in the study of immune mechanisms and in cell culture. [NIH] Piloerection: Involuntary erection or bristling of hairs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pityriasis: A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. [EU] Pityriasis Lichenoides: A subgroup of parapsoriasis itself divided into acute and chronic forms. The acute form is characterized by the abrupt onset of a generalized, reddish-brown, maculopapular eruption. Lesions may be vesicular, hemorrhagic, crusted, or necrotic. Histologically the disease is characterized by epidermal necrolysis. The chronic form shows milder skin changes with necrosis. An important variant of the chronic form is lymphomatoid papulosis. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness,
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aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postal Service: The functions and activities carried out by the U.S. Postal Service, foreign postal services, and private postal services such as Federal Express. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Primary central nervous system lymphoma: Cancer that arises in the lymphoid tissue found in the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. [NIH]
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Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different genes, or from the same gene by alternative splicing. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not
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working properly. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Pseudorabies: A highly contagious herpesvirus infection affecting the central nervous system of swine, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU]
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Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH]
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Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rosette Formation: The in vitro formation of clusters consisting of a cell (usually a lymphocyte) surrounded by antigenic cells or antigen-bearing particles (usually erythrocytes, which may or may not be coated with antibody or antibody and complement). The rosette-forming cell may be an antibody-forming cell, a memory cell, a T-cell, a cell bearing surface cytophilic antibodies, or a monocyte possessing Fc receptors. Rosette formation can be used to identify specific populations of these cells. [NIH] Saimiri: A genus of the family Cebidae consisting of four species: S. boliviensis, S. orstedii (red-backed squirrel monkey), S. sciureus (common squirrel monkey), and S. ustus. They inhabit tropical rain forests in Central and South America. S. sciureus is used extensively in research studies. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH]
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Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scarlet Fever: Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Sickle Cell Trait: The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S. [NIH]
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Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes,
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filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome: A disease of infants due to group 2 phage type 17 staphylococci that produce an epidermolytic exotoxin. Superficial fine vesicles and bullae form and rupture easily, resulting in loss of large sheets of epidermis. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]
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Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]
Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submandibular: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Superantigens: Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
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Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thalassemia: A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]
Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of
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thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonsil: A round-to-oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the pharynx situated on each side of the fauces, between the anterior and posterior pillars of the soft palate. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheostomy: Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle
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(pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tularemia: A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by Francisella tularensis and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are
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not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verruca: A circumscribed, cutaneous excrescence having a papilliferous surface; a small,
184 Mononucleosis
circumscribed, epidermal tumor. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Latency: The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors. [NIH] Virus Shedding: The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (disease transmission, vertical). [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]
Dictionary 185
Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yellow Fever: An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
187
INDEX A Abdomen, 129, 136, 159, 169, 178, 179, 184 Abdominal, 27, 129, 169, 182 Abdominal Pain, 129, 182 Aberrant, 16, 21, 129 Abscess, 3, 32, 43, 58, 62, 92, 129 Acantholysis, 129, 168 Acceptor, 129, 167, 180 Accommodation, 129, 166 Acetaminophen, 38, 129 Acetylcholine, 129, 138 Acne, 42, 86, 129 Acne Vulgaris, 42, 129 Actinomycosis, 4, 129 Acute leukemia, 78, 129 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 75, 129 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 77, 129 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 129, 130 Acute myeloid leukemia, 24, 130 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 130 Acute renal, 29, 41, 130, 152 Acyclovir, 19, 29, 51, 96, 100, 130, 149 Adaptability, 130, 138 Adipose Tissue, 130, 167 Adrenal Cortex, 130, 141, 142 Adverse Effect, 130, 177 Affinity, 8, 130 Agonists, 19, 130 Agranulocytosis, 62, 130, 148 Airway, 49, 66, 125, 130, 177 Airway Obstruction, 49, 66, 130 Albumin, 79, 130, 170 Algorithms, 130, 135 Alkylating Agents, 130, 182 Allogeneic, 13, 131, 151 Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 13, 131 Allograft, 11, 62, 131 Alpha Particles, 131, 174 Alternative medicine, 75, 81, 97, 131, 140 Alternative Splicing, 20, 131, 172 Amber, 131, 156 Amino Acid Sequence, 131, 132, 140, 147, 155 Amino Acids, 21, 131, 166, 168, 171, 172, 175, 182 Amoxicillin, 29, 41, 52, 131 Ampicillin, 84, 131
Amyotrophy, 56, 131 Anaemia, 65, 131, 133 Anaerobic, 31, 131, 178 Anaesthesia, 59, 131, 156 Analgesic, 129, 132 Analog, 130, 132, 149 Analytes, 112, 132 Anatomical, 132, 145, 156, 176 Androgens, 130, 132, 142 Anemia, 7, 60, 62, 63, 87, 91, 132, 133, 148, 161, 164, 169, 180 Anergy, 21, 65, 73, 132, 179 Anesthesia, 130, 132 Angina, 91, 132 Angioneurotic, 3, 132 Angioneurotic Edema, 3, 132 Animal model, 9, 21, 23, 132 Anions, 130, 132, 157, 179 Annealing, 132, 171 Antiallergic, 132, 142 Antibacterial, 83, 132, 144, 177 Antibiotic, 131, 132, 136, 162, 168, 177, 180 Anticoagulant, 132, 172 Anticonvulsant, 54, 133, 137 Antifungal, 83, 133 Anti-infective, 83, 133, 154 Anti-Infective Agents, 83, 133 Anti-inflammatory, 129, 133, 142, 150 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 133, 142 Antimetabolite, 130, 133 Antimicrobial, 89, 133 Antineoplastic, 131, 133, 142 Antipyretic, 129, 133 Antiserum, 133, 134 Antiviral, 12, 114, 130, 133 Anxiety, 56, 76, 133 Aphthous Stomatitis, 88, 89, 133 Aplastic anaemia, 65, 133 Aplastic anemia, 60, 62, 133 Apnea, 92, 133, 177 Aponeurosis, 133, 149 Apoptosis, 16, 33, 57, 76, 133 Appendicitis, 27, 35, 134 Aqueous, 134, 135, 143, 154 Arachidonic Acid, 134, 172 Arginine, 7, 134 Arginine butyrate, 7, 134 Arterial, 134, 172
188 Mononucleosis
Arteries, 134, 136, 141, 162 Arterioles, 134, 136, 137 Arteriosus, 134, 173 Aspiration, 44, 134 Assay, 20, 25, 42, 43, 60, 67, 134, 146, 155 Asymptomatic, 20, 134 Atrophy, 129, 134, 147 Atypical, 30, 37, 47, 54, 91, 134, 156, 160 Auditory, 134, 147 Autoantibodies, 62, 73, 134 Autoantigens, 134 Autoimmune disease, 134, 164 Autoimmunity, 18, 134 Autologous, 8, 12, 60, 134 Autosuggestion, 134, 155 Avidity, 29, 67, 134 B Bacterial Infections, 5, 89, 134 Bacteriophage, 134, 181, 184 Bacterium, 135, 152, 181 Basal Ganglia, 135, 149 Base, 5, 11, 31, 135, 143, 158 Basophils, 130, 135, 151, 158 Benign, 15, 31, 76, 135, 149, 151, 152, 160, 164, 165, 167, 174 Bilateral, 31, 51, 135, 147, 175 Bile, 135, 149, 157, 159, 178 Bile Ducts, 135 Bile Pigments, 135, 158 Biliary, 90, 135 Bilirubin, 126, 130, 135, 154 Binding Sites, 20, 135 Biochemical, 15, 133, 135, 148, 150, 158 Biopsy, 4, 135 Biosynthesis, 76, 134, 135 Biotechnology, 24, 26, 85, 97, 107, 135 Bladder, 135, 164, 183 Blastomycosis, 84, 135 Blister, 135, 168 Blood Cell Count, 136, 169 Blood Platelets, 136, 180 Blood vessel, 87, 136, 150, 152, 160, 161, 168, 177, 180, 183 Blot, 136, 155 Blotting, Western, 136, 155 Body Fluids, 18, 136, 144, 148, 166 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 13, 60, 73, 79, 131, 136 Bowel, 136, 143, 169, 182 Brachytherapy, 136, 157, 174 Branch, 94, 123, 136, 160, 168, 173, 177, 180 Breakdown, 136, 138, 143, 149
Broad-spectrum, 131, 136 Brucellosis, 18, 136 Buccal, 13, 136, 159, 179 Burns, 88, 136 Burns, Electric, 136 C Calcium, 136, 140, 177 Callus, 136, 158 Candidiasis, 84, 87, 88, 91, 137 Candidosis, 88, 137 Capillary, 137, 150, 183 Capsid, 76, 137 Capsules, 137, 150 Carbamazepine, 54, 137 Carbohydrate, 137, 141, 171 Carcinogenic, 131, 137, 166, 172, 178 Carcinoma, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 87, 88, 91, 137, 146, 178 Cardiac, 137, 145, 146, 149, 151, 164, 178 Carrier State, 17, 52, 137 Case report, 27, 41, 52, 137, 139 Case series, 137, 139 Causal, 137, 152, 180 Cause of Death, 12, 52, 137 Celiac Disease, 88, 137 Cell Cycle, 14, 16, 138, 142, 173 Cell Death, 7, 133, 138, 150, 164 Cell Differentiation, 138, 177 Cell Division, 134, 138, 163, 170, 176 Cell Physiology, 21, 138 Cell proliferation, 8, 16, 22, 30, 51, 138, 157, 166, 177 Cell Size, 138, 148 Cell Transplantation, 65, 138, 178 Cellular metabolism, 24, 138 Central Nervous System, 15, 129, 138, 147, 149, 152, 162, 164, 166, 171, 173 Cervical, 32, 138 Character, 138, 143, 150 Cheilitis, 88, 138 Chemokines, 9, 138 Chemotherapy, 7, 138 Chickenpox, 4, 5, 84, 88, 89, 138 Chlamydia, 86, 138 Choanal Atresia, 92, 138 Cholinergic, 45, 138 Chorioretinitis, 138, 175 Choristoma, 88, 139 Choroid, 138, 139, 141, 175 Chromatin, 133, 139, 146 Chromosomal, 16, 24, 139, 150, 175 Chromosome, 33, 139, 145, 176
Index 189
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 4, 10, 11, 56, 81, 112, 139, 153 Chronic leukemia, 91, 139 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 139, 160 Ciliary, 134, 139, 166 Clinical study, 84, 139 Clinical trial, 6, 68, 107, 139, 174 Clone, 14, 20, 139 Cloning, 135, 139 Coccidioidomycosis, 84, 139 Codons, 139, 166 Coenzyme, 139, 158 Cofactor, 93, 139, 172, 180 Colitis, 89, 139, 182 Collagen, 139, 151 Collapse, 136, 140, 177 Colloidal, 130, 140 Combination Therapy, 7, 140 Complement, 140, 170, 175 Complementarity Determining Regions, 140, 155 Complementary and alternative medicine, 75, 81, 140 Complementary medicine, 75, 140 Computational Biology, 107, 140 Condyloma, 4, 87, 91, 141 Confusion, 141, 154, 183 Congestion, 141, 147 Conjugated, 141, 142, 165, 166 Conjunctiva, 141, 156 Connective Tissue, 136, 139, 141, 148, 149, 159, 169, 175, 176, 180 Consciousness, 132, 141, 144 Constitutional, 141, 175 Constriction, 141, 166 Contamination, 114, 141, 152, 153 Contraindications, ii, 141 Conus, 141, 173 Convulsions, 133, 141, 154 Coordination, 141, 164 Cornea, 141, 185 Coronary, 141, 162 Coronary Thrombosis, 141, 162 Cortex, 130, 141, 142, 147 Cortical, 141, 176 Corticosteroid, 73, 141 Cortisol, 10, 130, 142 Coxsackieviruses, 142, 151 Cranial, 55, 142, 152, 154, 165, 166, 169 Crossing-over, 142, 174 Curative, 142, 180
Cutaneous, 29, 30, 32, 57, 83, 84, 135, 137, 142, 158, 159, 160, 169, 183 Cyclic, 142, 172 Cyclin, 17, 19, 142 Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, 19, 142 Cyst, 88, 92, 142 Cysteine, 138, 142 Cytochrome, 13, 142 Cytokine, 32, 57, 63, 142 Cytomegalovirus, 4, 19, 31, 35, 36, 53, 67, 69, 72, 89, 90, 142, 149 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 142, 149 Cytoplasm, 133, 135, 143, 146, 151, 175 Cytotoxic, 11, 61, 143, 174, 177 D Databases, Bibliographic, 107, 143 Degenerative, 141, 143, 152 Deletion, 65, 133, 143 Denaturation, 143, 171 Density, 143, 148, 159 Dental Care, 90, 143 Dental Caries, 90, 143, 149 Dentists, 87, 143 Depolarization, 143, 177 Depressive Disorder, 56, 143 Dermal, 143, 159 Dermatitis, 143, 145 Diagnostic procedure, 97, 143 Dialyzer, 143, 152 Digestion, 135, 136, 143, 159, 179 Digestive system, 143, 164 Digestive tract, 143, 178 Dilation, 87, 143 Dimerization, 14, 144 Direct, iii, 38, 99, 144, 150, 174 Disease Progression, 144, 184 Disease Transmission, 144, 184 Disease Transmission, Vertical, 144, 184 Disinfection, 114, 144 Dissociation, 130, 144 Distemper, 13, 144 Distemper Virus, Canine, 144 Dorsal, 144, 147, 171 Dorsum, 144, 149 Drive, ii, vi, 17, 23, 71, 83, 84, 87, 89, 91, 144 Drug Interactions, 101, 144 Duct, 55, 144, 175 Dura mater, 144, 162, 167 Dysphoric, 143, 144 Dystrophic, 144, 146
190 Mononucleosis
E Eating Disorders, 86, 144 Eczema, 87, 145 Edema, 3, 57, 92, 132, 145 Efficacy, 13, 145 Effusion, 9, 145, 160 Electrolyte, 142, 145, 148, 162, 166 Electrons, 135, 145, 157, 167, 174 Embolus, 145, 156 Embryo, 138, 145, 156 Empyema, 51, 145 Enamel, 143, 145 Encephalitis, 6, 19, 145, 153, 162 Encephalitis, Viral, 145 Endemic, 7, 13, 145, 153, 160, 178 Endocarditis, 27, 84, 137, 145 Endocardium, 145 Endocrine System, 145, 165 Endoscopy, 41, 55, 146 Endotoxin, 146, 182 Enhancer, 8, 146 Environmental Health, 106, 108, 146 Enzymatic, 136, 140, 142, 143, 146, 171 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 25, 42, 43, 146 Eosinophils, 130, 146, 151, 158 Epidemic, 146, 178 Epidemiologic Factors, 84, 146 Epidermal, 84, 146, 159, 161, 170, 184 Epidermis, 129, 135, 146, 159, 168, 173, 178 Epidermoid carcinoma, 146, 178 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 89, 90, 146 Epinephrine, 146, 182 Epithelial, 7, 13, 14, 17, 23, 40, 87, 91, 146, 153, 167 Epithelial Cells, 7, 17, 40, 146, 153 Epithelium, 17, 30, 87, 141, 146, 149, 167, 185 Epitope, 49, 146 Erythema, 4, 72, 81, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 132, 147, 183 Erythema Infectiosum, 147 Erythema Multiforme, 4, 88, 89, 90, 147 Erythema Nodosum, 84, 147 Erythrocytes, 131, 132, 136, 147, 152, 170, 174, 175 Erythroplakia, 87, 147 Escalation, 12, 147 Esophageal, 92, 147 Esophagus, 91, 143, 147, 161, 169, 179 Eukaryotic Cells, 147, 156, 165 Evoked Potentials, 27, 147
Exanthema, 29, 147, 153 Excitation, 147, 148 Exfoliation, 90, 147, 164 Exhaustion, 147, 160 Exogenous, 145, 147 Exon, 20, 131, 147 Exotoxin, 147, 178 External-beam radiation, 147, 174 Extracellular, 141, 148, 184 Extravasation, 87, 148, 152 F Facial, 60, 148, 168 Family Planning, 107, 148 Fat, 130, 134, 136, 141, 145, 148, 159, 164, 175, 176, 177 Fathers, 35, 148 Fatigue, 4, 10, 11, 23, 56, 58, 59, 79, 81, 96, 112, 126, 139, 148, 153 Fatty acids, 130, 148, 172 Feline Panleukopenia, 144, 148 Fetal Hemoglobin, 7, 148 Fetus, 148 Fibrosis, 148, 175, 176 Flexor, 148, 159 Flow Cytometry, 16, 148 Fluid Therapy, 148, 166 Fluorescence, 148 Fluorescent Dyes, 148 Fluoridation, 90, 149 Fluorine, 149 Fold, 12, 149 Foramen, 55, 149, 169 Fractionation, 17, 149 Fungi, 133, 149, 151, 162, 178, 185 Fungus, 137, 139, 149 G Gallbladder, 44, 45, 129, 135, 143, 149 Gamma Rays, 149, 174 Ganciclovir, 7, 13, 149 Ganglia, 129, 135, 149, 164, 169 Ganglion, 19, 149, 166, 185 Gas, 149, 154, 174, 183 Gas exchange, 149, 174 Gastric, 14, 23, 35, 41, 63, 131, 149 Gastric Acid, 131, 149 Gastric Mucosa, 63, 149 Gastritis, 63, 149 Gastrointestinal, 41, 45, 144, 146, 150, 161 Gene Expression, 7, 14, 19, 20, 40, 52, 57, 150 Gene Rearrangement, 16, 56, 65, 150 Genetic Techniques, 15, 150
Index 191
Genetic testing, 150, 171 Genetics, 150 Genital, 6, 45, 46, 55, 93, 113, 150, 183, 184 Genotype, 13, 150, 169 Germinal Center, 16, 25, 41, 150 Giant Cells, 150, 175 Gland, 91, 130, 141, 150, 159, 168, 170, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181 Glandular fever, 22, 78, 150 Glomerular, 79, 150, 157, 174 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 79, 150 Glomerulus, 150, 164 Glossitis, 87, 88, 150 Glucocorticoid, 8, 150 Glucose, 91, 150, 151, 152, 154 Gluten, 88, 137, 150 Glycogen, 63, 72, 138, 151 Glycogen Storage Disease, 63, 72, 151 Glycoprotein, 21, 55, 150, 151, 180, 182 Glycosaminoglycans, 151, 163 Goats, 151, 166 Gonorrhea, 86, 114, 151 Governing Board, 151, 171 Graft, 13, 151, 154, 156, 160 Graft Rejection, 151, 156, 160 Gram-negative, 84, 138, 151 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 84, 151 Granule, 151, 175 Granulocytes, 130, 151, 177, 184 Granulocytopenia, 133, 151 Granuloma, 45, 151 Granuloma Annulare, 45, 151 Grasses, 5, 151 H Hair follicles, 151, 178, 184 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, 88, 90, 151 Handwashing, 114, 152 Haptens, 130, 152 Headache, 147, 152, 154, 156, 182 Hematologic malignancies, 13, 152 Hematology, 32, 41, 49, 53, 62, 63, 65, 69, 76, 152 Hematoma, 65, 152 Hematuria, 46, 126, 152 Heme, 135, 142, 152 Hemodialysis, 89, 143, 152 Hemoglobin, 7, 132, 136, 147, 148, 152, 176, 180 Hemoglobin H, 148, 152 Hemolysis, 65, 73, 152 Hemolytic, 152, 156, 180
Hemorrhage, 152, 173 Hepatic, 39, 43, 130, 152 Hepatitis, 37, 44, 45, 47, 49, 84, 86, 89, 90, 114, 152, 153, 156, 184 Hepatitis A, 90, 152 Hepatitis B, 37, 84, 152 Hepatitis D, 44, 90, 153 Hepatitis Delta Virus, 153 Hepatocytes, 152, 153 Hepatomegaly, 153, 156 Hepatovirus, 152, 153 Hereditary, 44, 58, 87, 153, 180 Heredity, 129, 150, 153 Herpes, 4, 7, 11, 13, 18, 19, 50, 77, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 113, 114, 130, 145, 153 Herpes virus, 4, 11, 18, 77, 93, 153 Herpes Zoster, 4, 87, 153 Herpesvirus 6, Human, 4, 153 Heterogeneity, 130, 153 Heterogenic, 153 Heterogenous, 87, 153 Histiocytosis, 88, 153 Hoarseness, 153, 158 Homologous, 36, 142, 153, 164, 173, 176, 179 Hormonal, 134, 142, 153 Hormone, 141, 142, 146, 153, 161, 175, 177, 180 Horseradish Peroxidase, 146, 153 Hospital Records, 13, 154 Host, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 21, 24, 34, 35, 93, 134, 137, 154, 155, 175, 183, 184 Human papillomavirus, 4, 24, 87, 88, 154 Hybrid, 14, 139, 154 Hydrogen, 129, 135, 137, 143, 154, 163, 165, 167, 173, 179 Hydrogen Peroxide, 154, 179 Hyperbilirubinemia, 154, 157 Hyperplasia, 53, 63, 87, 88, 91, 154, 159 Hypersensitivity, 54, 154, 175 Hypertrophy, 92, 154 Hypoglossal Nerve, 61, 154 Hypoglycaemia, 63, 72, 154 Hypothermia, 154 Hypothyroidism, 88, 154 Hypoxia, 56, 154 I Iatrogenic, 21, 88, 155 Id, 72, 74, 80, 115, 122, 124, 155 Idiopathic, 155, 175 Immune function, 89, 155
192 Mononucleosis
Immune response, 7, 9, 12, 21, 48, 132, 133, 134, 142, 151, 152, 155, 183, 184 Immune system, 4, 10, 21, 113, 134, 155, 160, 164, 183, 184 Immunity, 12, 16, 39, 155, 160 Immunization, 155, 156, 176 Immunoassay, 146, 155 Immunoblotting, 69, 155 Immunocompromised, 93, 155 Immunodeficiency, 28, 34, 47, 114, 155 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 114, 155 Immunoglobulin, 16, 29, 65, 132, 140, 155, 163 Immunoglobulin Variable Region, 16, 155 Immunologic, 18, 27, 78, 155, 174 Immunosuppressive, 12, 150, 155, 156 Immunosuppressive therapy, 155, 156 Immunotherapy, 12, 13, 155 Impairment, 21, 156, 162 Impetigo, 88, 156 Implant radiation, 156, 157, 174 In situ, 13, 37, 38, 156 In Situ Hybridization, 37, 38, 156 In vitro, 7, 8, 9, 15, 17, 20, 156, 171, 175, 176, 181 In vivo, 14, 16, 17, 156, 160 Indicative, 84, 156, 168, 183 Induction, 7, 14, 16, 21, 132, 156 Infarction, 52, 141, 156, 162 Infection, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 27, 31, 33, 34, 39, 40, 44, 48, 50, 53, 54, 59, 63, 66, 67, 68, 81, 84, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 112, 113, 114, 129, 133, 135, 136, 137, 139, 142, 145, 147, 148, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 165, 168, 173, 175, 176, 177, 179, 181, 183, 184, 185 Infiltration, 156, 160, 185 Influenza, 9, 89, 114, 156 Inhalation, 139, 156, 171 Innervation, 154, 157 Insight, 9, 17, 157 Insulator, 157, 164 Interindividual, 54, 157 Interleukin-1, 47, 157 Interleukin-10, 47, 157 Interleukin-2, 72, 157 Interleukins, 157, 160 Intermediate Filaments, 77, 157 Intermittent, 148, 157, 169 Internal Medicine, 40, 48, 152, 157 Internal radiation, 157, 174 Interstitial, 28, 136, 157, 164, 174
Intestinal, 137, 157, 160, 184 Intracellular, 150, 156, 157, 160, 161, 172, 177 Intracellular Membranes, 157, 161 Intrinsic, 130, 157 Inulin, 150, 157 Invasive, 155, 157 Ions, 135, 144, 145, 154, 157 J Jaundice, 33, 126, 154, 157 Joint, 11, 148, 158, 180 K Kb, 106, 158 Keratolytic, 143, 158 Keratosis, 88, 129, 158 L Laceration, 158, 180 Lactate Dehydrogenase, 68, 158 Laryngitis, 30, 158 Larynx, 158, 181 Latency, 7, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 22, 24, 39, 40, 158, 184 Latent, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22, 65, 158, 171, 184 Lectin, 158, 161 Leishmaniasis, 18, 158 Leprosy, 84, 158 Lesion, 55, 135, 151, 158, 159, 163, 176, 182 Lethargy, 154, 158 Leukemia, 13, 24, 36, 53, 75, 76, 77, 78, 88, 89, 91, 129, 130, 139, 148, 152, 158, 160 Leukocytes, 72, 135, 136, 138, 146, 151, 157, 158, 182 Leukocytosis, 22, 49, 91, 158 Leukopenia, 89, 91, 144, 158 Leukoplakia, 16, 20, 93, 158 Library Services, 122, 158 Lichen Planus, 89, 158, 168 Life cycle, 14, 149, 159 Ligands, 18, 159 Ligation, 21, 159 Lip, 88, 159 Lipid, 159, 164 Lipopolysaccharide, 151, 159 Lipoprotein, 151, 159 Liver, 11, 49, 90, 126, 129, 130, 134, 135, 142, 143, 149, 151, 152, 153, 159, 175, 182 Liver Transplantation, 11, 159 Localization, 14, 48, 72, 159 Localized, 5, 89, 91, 143, 151, 152, 156, 158, 159, 163, 170, 176, 180, 182, 183 Lupus, 39, 87, 88, 89, 90, 159, 180
Index 193
Lyme Disease, 5, 84, 159 Lymph, 4, 9, 36, 44, 48, 52, 76, 138, 156, 159, 161, 175, 179 Lymph node, 4, 9, 44, 52, 138, 159, 161, 175 Lymphadenitis, 4, 26, 159 Lymphadenopathy, 36, 48, 76, 156, 159 Lymphatic, 46, 156, 159, 177, 180 Lymphatic system, 159, 177, 180 Lymphoblastic, 75, 129, 160 Lymphoblasts, 129, 160 Lymphocyte, 11, 13, 15, 16, 20, 21, 29, 34, 57, 65, 66, 73, 133, 160, 161, 175 Lymphocyte Transformation, 20, 160 Lymphocyte Transfusion, 13, 160 Lymphocytic, 77, 129, 160 Lymphocytosis, 47, 160 Lymphoid, 17, 23, 24, 37, 40, 52, 63, 132, 150, 160, 171, 181 Lymphokines, 24, 160 Lymphomatoid Papulosis, 160, 170 Lymphoproliferative, 4, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 41, 62, 69, 73, 75, 79, 153, 160 Lymphoproliferative Disorders, 21, 41, 153, 160 Lysosomal Storage Diseases, 160, 163 Lytic, 14, 52, 61, 160, 176 M Macrophage, 157, 160 Maculopapular, 5, 160, 168, 170 Malabsorption, 137, 160 Malaise, 126, 136, 160 Malaria, 18, 160, 161 Malaria, Falciparum, 160, 161 Malaria, Vivax, 160, 161 Malformation, 3, 161 Malignancy, 22, 161, 167 Malignant, 15, 52, 76, 89, 133, 153, 160, 161, 164, 174, 176 Malignant tumor, 89, 161, 164 Malnutrition, 130, 134, 161 Mediastinitis, 51, 161 Mediastinum, 161 Mediate, 15, 161 Mediator, 157, 161 Medical Records, 154, 161 MEDLINE, 107, 161 Melanin, 90, 161, 169, 182 Melanocytes, 161, 165 Membrane Proteins, 7, 15, 161 Memory, 16, 17, 23, 37, 78, 150, 161, 175
Meninges, 138, 144, 161, 162 Meningitis, 5, 6, 162 Meningoencephalitis, 34, 162 Mental Health, iv, 6, 106, 108, 162, 173 Mental Retardation, 6, 162 Mercury, 148, 162 Meta-Analysis, 29, 162 Metabolic disorder, 11, 151, 162 MI, 86, 128, 162 Mice Minute Virus, 162, 168 Microbe, 162, 181 Microbiology, 6, 15, 20, 29, 34, 42, 43, 48, 53, 60, 67, 69, 72, 134, 162 Microfilaments, 157, 162 Microorganism, 139, 162, 168, 184 Micro-organism, 143, 162 Microtubules, 157, 162 Mineralocorticoids, 130, 142, 162 Minocycline, 29, 162 Mitosis, 133, 163 Modeling, 39, 163 Molecular, 6, 8, 9, 16, 21, 23, 40, 52, 53, 55, 66, 107, 109, 131, 135, 141, 163, 179, 182 Molecule, 8, 21, 22, 133, 135, 139, 140, 142, 144, 146, 147, 155, 158, 163, 167, 174, 177, 181, 183 Monitor, 163, 165 Monoclonal, 21, 52, 155, 163, 174 Monoclonal antibodies, 21, 155, 163 Monocyte, 163, 175 Mononuclear, 22, 40, 54, 64, 151, 156, 163, 182 Monophosphate, 7, 163 Mood Disorders, 58, 163 Morphological, 54, 87, 145, 149, 161, 163 Morphology, 49, 54, 152, 163 Motor nerve, 163, 166 Mouth Ulcer, 89, 163 Mucinous, 149, 163 Mucins, 163, 175 Mucocutaneous, 158, 163 Mucopolysaccharidoses, 88, 163 Mucosa, 63, 87, 137, 149, 156, 159, 163, 164, 179 Mucosal Ulceration, 91, 163 Mucositis, 87, 164, 180 Mucus, 163, 164, 182 Multiple Myeloma, 9, 91, 164 Multiple sclerosis, 5, 12, 34, 96, 164 Multivalent, 134, 164 Mutilation, 88, 90, 164 Myalgia, 156, 164
194 Mononucleosis
Mydriatic, 144, 164 Myelin, 164 Myocardium, 162, 164 N Nasal Mucosa, 156, 164 Nasopharyngitis, 92, 164 Nasopharynx, 164 Nausea, 164, 183 Necrolysis, 84, 164, 170 Necrosis, 72, 133, 156, 162, 164, 170, 175, 182 Need, 3, 83, 85, 86, 116, 151, 164 Neoplasia, 88, 164 Neoplasm, 3, 164, 167, 176, 182 Neoplastic, 17, 160, 164, 166 Nephritis, 26, 28, 47, 164 Nervous System, 5, 129, 138, 147, 149, 152, 159, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 171, 173 Neural, 153, 164 Neuralgia, 7, 165 Neuroendocrine, 10, 165 Neurologic, 40, 56, 144, 165 Neuronal, 19, 165, 169 Neurons, 149, 165, 179 Neuropathy, 131, 132, 165 Neuroretinitis, 165, 175 Neurotransmitters, 163, 165 Neutrons, 131, 165, 174 Neutrophil, 35, 78, 90, 165 Nevus, 88, 165 Nitroblue Tetrazolium, 78, 165 Nuclear, 14, 15, 17, 20, 24, 49, 67, 135, 145, 147, 149, 164, 165, 166 Nuclear Proteins, 15, 165 Nuclei, 131, 145, 163, 165, 166, 173 Nucleic acid, 137, 156, 165, 166 Nucleolus, 165, 175 Nucleoproteins, 165, 166 Nucleus, 133, 135, 139, 142, 143, 146, 147, 149, 154, 157, 163, 165, 166, 173, 179 Nutritional Support, 3, 166 O Octamer, 8, 166 Ocular, 19, 68, 166 Oculomotor, 54, 166 Oculomotor Nerve, 54, 166 Oncogenes, 24, 166, 173 Oncogenic, 17, 21, 166 Open Reading Frames, 17, 166 Optic Nerve, 165, 166, 167, 175 Oral Health, 88, 166
Oral Manifestations, 83, 114, 166 Orf, 87, 166 Organ Culture, 166, 181 Organ Transplantation, 15, 166 Orofacial, 88, 89, 90, 166 Oropharynx, 14, 166 Orthostatic, 10, 166 Osmotic, 130, 167 Ossification, 3, 167 Otitis, 31, 72, 167 Otitis Media, 31, 72, 167 Otolaryngology, 3, 31, 39, 40, 57, 72, 91, 167 Outpatient, 49, 167 Ovum, 159, 167 Oxidation, 129, 142, 167 P Pachymeningitis, 162, 167 Palate, 164, 167, 179, 181 Palliative, 167, 180 Palsies, 55, 167 Palsy, 54, 60, 61, 167 Panniculitis, 62, 167 Papilla, 167 Papillary, 88, 167 Papilloma, 4, 87, 90, 91, 141, 167 Papillomavirus, 4, 24, 87, 88, 154, 167 Papio, 9, 167 Papule, 160, 167 Paralysis, 59, 168 Parapsoriasis, 168, 170 Parasite, 168 Parasitic, 5, 168 Parotid, 168, 175 Particle, 168, 181 Parvovirus, 48, 147, 162, 168 Patch, 141, 147, 158, 168 Pathogen, 6, 7, 21, 168 Pathogenesis, 7, 9, 14, 22, 23, 168 Pathologic, 133, 135, 137, 141, 154, 168 Pathologic Processes, 133, 168 Pathophysiology, 83, 168 Patient Education, 113, 120, 122, 128, 168 Pemphigus, 88, 89, 90, 92, 129, 168 Penicillin, 131, 168 Peptide, 18, 22, 23, 67, 168, 171, 172, 179, 180 Perforation, 149, 168 Perfusion, 154, 168 Perianal, 141, 168 Pericardium, 168, 180 Periodontal disease, 90, 168
Index 195
Peripheral blood, 16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 25, 32, 33, 34, 35, 40, 49, 52, 57, 62, 64, 65, 72, 76, 133, 169 Peripheral Nerves, 158, 169 Peripheral Nervous System, 167, 169 Peritoneal, 89, 169 Peritoneal Cavity, 169 Peritoneal Dialysis, 89, 169 Peritoneum, 169 Pernicious, 91, 169 Pernicious anemia, 91, 169 Peroral, 51, 169 Petechiae, 90, 169 Pharmacologic, 19, 132, 169, 181 Pharyngitis, 87, 91, 169, 176 Pharynx, 91, 156, 164, 166, 169, 181 Phenotype, 17, 40, 169 Phenylalanine, 169, 182 Phospholipases, 169, 177 Phosphorus, 136, 169 Phosphorylated, 21, 139, 169 Phosphorylation, 24, 142, 169 Photosensitivity, 84, 169 Physical Examination, 91, 170 Physiologic, 16, 135, 157, 170, 172, 174 Physiology, 21, 138, 152, 170 Phytohemagglutinins, 160, 170 Piloerection, 154, 170 Pilot study, 7, 170 Pituitary Gland, 141, 170 Pityriasis, 48, 168, 170 Pityriasis Lichenoides, 48, 168, 170 Plague, 148, 170, 182 Plants, 150, 157, 158, 163, 170, 178, 181 Plasma, 10, 80, 87, 130, 132, 150, 152, 162, 164, 170, 184 Plasma cells, 132, 164, 170 Plasma protein, 130, 170 Plasmapheresis, 73, 170 Platelet Activation, 170, 177 Pleural, 161, 171 Poisoning, 162, 164, 171, 176 Polymerase, 53, 171 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 53, 171 Polymorphism, 25, 45, 171 Polypeptide, 131, 139, 148, 171, 180, 185 Polysaccharide, 133, 171 Postal Service, 13, 171 Posterior, 134, 139, 144, 167, 171, 181 Postsynaptic, 171, 177 Potentiates, 157, 171 Potentiation, 171, 177
Practice Guidelines, 108, 171 Precursor, 134, 146, 169, 171, 182 Predisposition, 16, 171 Primary central nervous system lymphoma, 15, 171 Progeny, 16, 172 Progression, 14, 16, 93, 132, 142, 144, 172, 184 Progressive, 3, 138, 147, 151, 163, 164, 170, 172, 174, 182 Promoter, 8, 20, 172 Prophylaxis, 172, 183 Proportional, 146, 172 Prospective Studies, 10, 12, 172 Prostaglandin, 19, 172 Prostaglandins A, 172 Protease, 8, 140, 172 Protein C, 17, 130, 131, 134, 159, 172, 182 Protein Isoforms, 131, 172 Protein S, 85, 135, 172, 175, 180 Proteinuria, 59, 164, 172 Protons, 131, 154, 173, 174 Proto-Oncogenes, 24, 166, 173 Protozoa, 158, 162, 173, 178 Pruritic, 145, 158, 173 Pruritus, 5, 173 Pseudorabies, 7, 173 Psychiatric, 10, 173 Psychiatry, 79, 173 Psychic, 173, 176 Psychomotor, 137, 173 Puberty, 86, 173 Public Health, 12, 13, 94, 108, 173 Public Policy, 107, 173 Publishing, 25, 173 Pulmonary, 48, 173, 183 Pulmonary Artery, 48, 173, 183 Pupil, 141, 143, 164, 173 Purpura, 47, 87, 89, 90, 126, 132, 173 Purulent, 129, 173, 183 Pustular, 129, 156, 173 Pyoderma, 44, 173 Q Quiescent, 17, 173 R Radiation, 7, 87, 147, 148, 149, 156, 157, 174, 184 Radiation therapy, 7, 147, 149, 157, 174 Radioactive, 154, 156, 157, 163, 165, 166, 174 Radiolabeled, 136, 174 Radiotherapy, 136, 174
196 Mononucleosis
Randomized, 145, 174 Reactivation, 7, 19, 60, 93, 174 Receptor, 9, 15, 16, 21, 22, 32, 37, 46, 56, 58, 65, 73, 133, 147, 174, 177, 179 Recombinant, 7, 8, 16, 20, 63, 174, 183 Recombination, 16, 150, 174 Recurrence, 113, 174 Red blood cells, 91, 147, 152, 174 Refer, 1, 136, 140, 149, 153, 159, 163, 165, 174 Refraction, 174, 177 Refractory, 7, 174 Regimen, 7, 12, 145, 174 Reliability, 55, 174 Remission, 174 Renal failure, 29, 41, 152, 174 Respiratory failure, 38, 174 Restoration, 174, 175 Reticular, 5, 175 Retina, 138, 139, 141, 165, 166, 175 Retinitis, 19, 175 Retroviral vector, 13, 175 Retrovirus, 21, 22, 175 Rheumatism, 175 Rheumatoid, 5, 11, 37, 45, 175 Rheumatoid arthritis, 5, 11, 37, 175 Ribosome, 24, 175, 182 Risk factor, 4, 12, 17, 63, 114, 175 Rosette Formation, 77, 175 Rubella, 5, 84, 87, 100, 114, 147 S Saimiri, 24, 175 Saliva, 14, 175 Salivary, 10, 11, 90, 91, 142, 143, 175, 179 Salivary glands, 90, 142, 143, 175 Salmonellosis, 18, 175 Sarcoidosis, 18, 153, 175 Sarcoma, 6, 9, 17, 22, 176 Scarlet Fever, 5, 84, 176 Scleroderma, 88, 176 Sclerosis, 5, 13, 34, 96, 164, 176 Screening, 8, 14, 43, 89, 139, 176 Sebaceous, 176, 184 Sebum, 129, 176 Secretion, 129, 142, 154, 157, 162, 163, 164, 176 Segregation, 174, 176 Seizures, 47, 126, 137, 176 Semisynthetic, 131, 162, 176 Sepsis, 84, 176 Septicemia, 58, 89, 176 Sequencing, 171, 176
Seroconversion, 59, 176 Serologic, 38, 42, 63, 155, 176 Serology, 25, 34, 42, 43, 127, 176 Serum, 32, 36, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 79, 80, 130, 131, 133, 140, 162, 176, 182 Sex Characteristics, 132, 173, 176 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 86, 176 Shedding, 4, 14, 19, 96, 176, 184 Shock, 84, 176, 182 Sickle Cell Trait, 56, 176 Side effect, 7, 99, 130, 177, 181 Signal Transduction, 15, 16, 22, 177 Signs and Symptoms, 5, 92, 174, 177 Skeletal, 132, 164, 177 Skeleton, 158, 172, 177 Sleep apnea, 92, 177 Smallpox, 87, 177, 183 Sneezing, 176, 177 Soft tissue, 3, 87, 136, 177 Specialist, 116, 144, 177 Specificity, 49, 130, 155, 177 Spectrum, 67, 131, 136, 163, 177 Spinal cord, 138, 144, 149, 161, 164, 165, 167, 169, 171, 177 Spirochete, 159, 177, 179 Spleen, 37, 46, 48, 62, 64, 67, 142, 159, 175, 177, 178 Splenomegaly, 9, 53, 61, 126, 156, 178 Sporadic, 69, 86, 178 Spores, 139, 178 Squamous, 4, 87, 91, 146, 178 Squamous cell carcinoma, 87, 91, 146, 178 Squamous cells, 178 Staging, 76, 178 Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome, 84, 178 Staphylococcus, 27, 156, 162, 178 Staphylococcus aureus, 27, 156, 178 Stem cell transplantation, 65, 178 Stem Cells, 131, 178 Sterilization, 114, 178 Steroid, 142, 178 Stimulus, 144, 147, 157, 158, 178 Stomach, 129, 143, 147, 149, 150, 153, 164, 169, 178, 179 Stomatitis, 87, 88, 89, 133, 179 Strand, 171, 179 Streptococci, 156, 176, 179 Stress, 10, 78, 86, 93, 114, 142, 164, 171, 175, 179, 183 Subacute, 156, 179 Subclinical, 156, 176, 179
Index 197
Subcutaneous, 145, 167, 179 Submandibular, 3, 4, 92, 179 Subspecies, 177, 179 Substrate, 146, 179 Superantigens, 8, 22, 179 Superoxide, 62, 179 Superoxide Dismutase, 62, 179 Suppression, 15, 17, 142, 179 Sweat, 154, 179 Symptomatic, 4, 5, 61, 179 Synaptic, 177, 179 Synergistic, 8, 179 Syphilis, 84, 86, 88, 89, 91, 114, 179 Systemic, 39, 79, 84, 87, 88, 90, 91, 100, 137, 146, 156, 174, 175, 176, 179, 180, 183 Systemic disease, 88, 91, 176, 180 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 39, 90, 180 T Tetani, 180 Tetanic, 180 Tetanus, 100, 114, 180 Tetracycline, 84, 162, 180 Thalassemia, 7, 152, 180 Therapeutics, 8, 101, 180 Thermal, 87, 144, 165, 171, 180 Thrombin, 172, 180 Thrombocytopenia, 65, 67, 133, 180 Thrombomodulin, 172, 180 Thrombosis, 141, 162, 172, 180 Thrombus, 141, 156, 180 Thymidine, 7, 13, 180 Thymidine Kinase, 7, 13, 180 Thymus, 155, 159, 180 Thyroid, 154, 180, 181, 182 Thyrotropin, 154, 180 Thyroxine, 130, 169, 181 Ticks, 150, 159, 181 Tinnitus, 167, 181 Tissue Culture, 19, 181 Tonicity, 152, 181 Tonsil, 17, 32, 181 Tonsillitis, 28, 51, 66, 92, 176, 181 Torsion, 156, 181 Toxic, iv, 84, 131, 144, 147, 151, 155, 165, 181 Toxicity, 7, 12, 144, 162, 181 Toxicology, 108, 181 Toxins, 133, 145, 156, 162, 163, 176, 181 Toxoplasmosis, 84, 181 Trachea, 158, 161, 169, 180, 181 Tracheostomy, 3, 181 Transcriptase, 175, 181
Transcription Factors, 166, 181, 184 Transduction, 15, 16, 22, 177, 181 Transfection, 14, 135, 182 Transfusion, 68, 152, 160, 182 Translation, 24, 182 Translational, 8, 182 Transplantation, 12, 14, 15, 21, 23, 60, 62, 73, 79, 136, 138, 155, 159, 166, 182 Trauma, 90, 152, 164, 181, 182 Tubercle, 150, 182 Tuberculosis, 18, 89, 92, 114, 159, 182 Tularemia, 18, 182 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 72, 182 Tumour, 35, 149, 182 Typhoid fever, 84, 182 Tyrosine, 15, 21, 182 U Ulcer, 163, 182 Ulceration, 45, 90, 91, 163, 166, 182 Ulcerative colitis, 89, 182 Unconscious, 155, 182 Uracil, 19, 182 Urea, 179, 182 Uremia, 89, 174, 182 Ureters, 183 Urethra, 183 Urinary, 79, 81, 89, 182, 183 Urinary tract, 89, 183 Urinary tract infection, 89, 183 Urine, 55, 59, 135, 152, 172, 183 Urogenital, 151, 183 Urticaria, 132, 183 V Vaccination, 7, 17, 55, 89, 183 Vaccine, 9, 17, 23, 39, 55, 100, 114, 183 Vaccinia, 87, 183 Vagina, 137, 183 Vaginitis, 137, 183 Varicella, 4, 5, 7, 60, 84, 87, 88, 89, 93, 113, 183 Variola, 183 Vascular, 90, 132, 139, 156, 180, 183 VE, 29, 183 Vector, 13, 175, 181, 183 Vein, 165, 168, 183 Venereal, 179, 183 Venous, 136, 172, 183 Ventral, 166, 183 Ventricle, 173, 183 Venules, 136, 137, 183 Verruca, 4, 87, 91, 183 Vertigo, 167, 184
198 Mononucleosis
Vesicular, 87, 151, 153, 170, 177, 183, 184 Veterinary Medicine, 107, 184 Villous, 137, 184 Viral Hepatitis, 90, 184 Viral Load, 40, 184 Virulence, 181, 184 Virus Latency, 40, 184 Virus Shedding, 14, 184 Viscera, 132, 184 Visceral, 158, 169, 184 Vitro, 7, 8, 9, 15, 17, 20, 156, 171, 175, 176, 181, 184 Vivo, 13, 14, 16, 17, 39, 44, 156, 160, 184 Vulgaris, 4, 42, 87, 88, 91, 129, 170, 184
W Wart, 158, 184 White blood cell, 91, 129, 132, 139, 151, 156, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 170, 184 Windpipe, 169, 180, 184 X Xenograft, 132, 184 X-ray, 148, 149, 165, 174, 184 Y Yeasts, 137, 149, 169, 185 Yellow Fever, 90, 185 Z Zoster, 4, 7, 60, 87, 88, 89, 113, 153, 185 Zymogen, 172, 185
Index 199
200 Mononucleosis
