Nadolol - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

NADOLOL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ...

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NADOLOL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Nadolol: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00747-9 1. Nadolol-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on nadolol. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON NADOLOL ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Nadolol.......................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND NADOLOL........................................................................................ 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Finding Nutrition Studies on Nadolol......................................................................................... 39 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 40 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND NADOLOL ................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 43 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 45 General References ....................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON NADOLOL .................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 47 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 48 Academic Periodicals covering Nadolol ....................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 51 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 52 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 55 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 57 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 61 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 63 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 65 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 65 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 65 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 71 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 71 NADOLOL DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................ 73 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 101

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with nadolol is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about nadolol, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to nadolol, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on nadolol. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to nadolol, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on nadolol. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON NADOLOL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on nadolol.

Federally Funded Research on Nadolol The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to nadolol. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to nadolol. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore nadolol. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for nadolol: •

Project Title: SIMIAN AIDS: SOCIAL STRESS, ENDOCRINE & IMMUNE FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Capitanio, John P.; Associate Professor; Primate Research Center; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 956165200 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-1993; Project End 30-JUN-2005

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (provided by applicant): In the past decade, a growing body of evidence has accumulated showing that social stressors, bereavement, and the absence of social support experienced during the asymptomatic stage of HIV disease are associated with indicators of more rapid disease progression. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have suggested that the mechanisms mediating these effects involve the two major stress response systems, the sympathetic-adreno-medullary (SAM), and the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenocortical (HPA). These results suggest that potentially useful adjunct therapies -behavioral or pharmacological- for HIV-infected individuals that target these physiological systems might lead to a reduction in HIV viral load (and longer survival) by altering stress-hormone concentrations, receptor numbers on immune cells, and cellular immune responses that are important in regulating viral expression. Previous research using the SIV/rhesus macaque model of AIDS has demonstrated experimentally that psychosocial factors can affect the establishment of viral set-point and survival. The goal of the proposed study is to determine the therapeutic efficacy of social manipulations and pharmacological substances that are aimed at reducing SAM and HPA activity, enhancing immune function, and lowering viral load once a stable set-point has been established. A number of viral, endocrine, functional immune, and histological measures will be obtained at regular intervals to test the hypotheses that interventions targeting these physiological systems can affect SIV disease progression, and that the beneficial effects are mediated through stress response system effects on cell-mediated immunity. Our specific aims are to determine whether social stress and social stability affect SIV disease progression following establishment of viral set-point, and to generate pilot data on whether nadolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and DHEA, an adrenal androgen associated with enhanced immune function, can ameliorate the effects of a social stressor on viral set-point and measures of SIV disease progression. This research will provide important new information on the interrelations of stress-response systems and immune function in the context of immunodeficiency disease, and will provide data demonstrating the efficacy of adjunct treatments that reduce the harmful physiological consequences of stress in AIDS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with nadolol, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “nadolol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for nadolol (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): 3

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

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"Nadolol in migrainous patients". Author(s): Pascual J. Source: Headache. 1988 October; 28(9): 623-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3248940

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A comparison of betaxolol and nadolol on renal function in essential hypertension. Author(s): Bauer JH, Reams GP, Lau A. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1987 August; 10(2): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3300292

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A comparison of carteolol and nadolol in the treatment of stable angina pectoris. Author(s): Luther RR, Glassman HN, Jordan DC. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 July; 28(7): 634-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3063728

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A comparison of guanfacine, bunazosin, atenolol and nadolol on blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline responses to cold pressor testing. Author(s): Koshiji M, Ito H, Minatoguchi S, Watanabe H, Imai Y, Kakami M, Hirakawa S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1992 July; 19(7): 481-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1354084

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A comparison of prazosin versus nadolol in combination with a diuretic. Author(s): Okun R, Kraut J. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1984 January 27; 53(3): 37A-39A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6141724

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A comparison of propranolol and nadolol pharmacokinetics and clinical effects in thyrotoxicosis. Author(s): Wilkinson R, Burr WA. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1160-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148879

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A comparison of the effects of intravenous propranolol and nadolol on the renal response to hypertonic saline infusion. Author(s): Waller DG, Mihindukulasuriya J, Warren DJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985 January; 19(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2858216

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A comparison of the effects of oral nadolol and topical timolol on intraocular pressure, blood pressure, and heart rate. Author(s): Duff GR, Watt AH, Graham PA. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1987 September; 71(9): 698-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3663564

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A comparison of the efficacy of sotalol and nadolol in the suppression of ventricular ectopic beats. Author(s): Myburgh DP, Smith R, Diamond TH, Faitelson HL, Sommers DK. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1983 February 19; 63(8): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6337412

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A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of nadolol and verapamil in mild and moderately symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Gilligan DM, Chan WL, Joshi J, Clarke P, Fletcher A, Krikler S, Oakley CM. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1993 June; 21(7): 1672-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8496536

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A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of adjunctive nadolol in the management of violent psychiatric patients. Author(s): Alpert M, Allan ER, Citrome L, Laury G, Sison C, Sudilovsky A. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1990; 26(3): 367-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2274638

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A long-term evaluation of nadolol, a long-acting beta-adrenergic blocking agent, in the management of hypertension in general practice. Author(s): O'Callaghan EG. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1982 June; 36(6): 235-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6128994

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A pilot study of nadolol for overt aggression in developmentally delayed individuals. Author(s): Connor DF, Ozbayrak KR, Benjamin S, Ma Y, Fletcher KE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 June; 36(6): 826-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9183139

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A placebo-controlled trial of nadolol in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Author(s): Wells BG, Cold JA, Marken PA, Brown CS, Chu CC, Johnson RP, Nasdahl CS, Ayubi MA, Knott DH, Arheart KL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1991 June; 52(6): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1676029

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A prospective study of oral Nadolol in the management of patients with newly diagnosed chronic simple glaucoma. Author(s): Dowd TC, Harding S, Rennie I. Source: J Ocul Pharmacol. 1991 Spring; 7(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2061688

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A report on the clinical efficacy of nadolol--a new long acting beta-blocker. Author(s): Hill LS, Fand RS. Source: Ir Med J. 1979 December; 72(12): 522-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=44273

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A study of nadolol to determine its effect on ambulatory blood pressure over 24 hours, and during exercise testing. Author(s): Hornung RS, Gould BA, Kieso H, Raftery EB. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982 July; 14(1): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6125200

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Absorption of the beta-adrenergic-blocking agent, nadolol, by mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, dogs, monkeys, and man: an unusual species difference. Author(s): Dreyfuss J, Shaw JM, Ross JJ Jr. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1978 August; 8(8): 503-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=29379

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Acute electrophysiologic effects of nadolol. Author(s): Cohen IS, Widrich W, Duchin KL, Wharton TP Jr, Fluri-Lundeen J, Hargus SM. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983 February-March; 23(2-3): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6133885

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Acute organic brain syndrome from nadolol therapy. Author(s): Wilbur R, Kulik FA, Brecht TC. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1981 November; 141(12): 1723-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6118108

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Acute pancreatitis due to nadolol-induced hypertriglyceridaemia. Author(s): O'Donoghue DJ. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1989 February; 43(2): 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2803902

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Adjunctive nadolol in the treatment of acutely aggressive schizophrenic patients. Author(s): Allan ER, Alpert M, Sison CE, Citrome L, Laury G, Berman I. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996 October; 57(10): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8909331

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Advantages and benefits of once-daily nadolol treatment in hypertension. Author(s): Gonzalez D. Source: J Int Med Res. 1982; 10(5): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6754507

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Age and antihypertensive drugs (hydrochlorothiazide, bendroflumethiazide, nadolol and captopril). Author(s): Freis ED. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1988 January 1; 61(1): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3276117

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Alopecia and drug eruption of the scalp associated with a new beta-blocker, nadolol. Author(s): Shelley ED, Shelley WB. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1985 February; 35(2): 148-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3979099

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Amlodipine versus nadolol in patients with stable angina pectoris. Author(s): Singh S, Doherty J, Udhoji V, Smith K, Gorwit J, Bekheit S, Mather S, Stein W, San Fellippo J, Hearan P, et al. Source: American Heart Journal. 1989 November; 118(5 Pt 2): 1137-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2530878

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Antihypertensive and renal haemodynamic effects of atenolol and nadolol in elderly hypertensive patients. Author(s): O'Callaghan WG, Laher MS, McGarry K, O'Brien E, O'Malley K. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983 October; 16(4): 417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6138058

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Anxiety and depression in patient on nadolol. Author(s): Russell JW, Schuckit NA. Source: Lancet. 1982 December 4; 2(8310): 1286-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6128589

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Assay of nadolol in serum by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. Author(s): Moncrieff J. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1985 July 12; 342(1): 206-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4044751

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Atenolol, nadolol, and pindolol in angina pectoris on effort: effect of pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Kostis JB, Lacy CR, Krieger SD, Cosgrove NM. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148873

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Banding ligation versus nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate for the prevention of esophageal variceal rebleeding. Author(s): Lo GH, Chen WC, Chen MH, Hsu PI, Lin CK, Tsai WL, Lai KH. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 September; 123(3): 728-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12198699

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Beneficial effect of nadolol on anxiety-induced disturbances of performance in musicians: a comparison with diazepam and placebo. Author(s): James I, Savage I. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148877

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Beta blockade with nadolol in patient with congestive heart-failure. Author(s): Vukovich R, Sasahara A, Sanchez-Zambrano S, Belko J. Source: Lancet. 1978 January 21; 1(8056): 162-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=87607

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beta-2 Adrenergic blockade evaluated with epinephrine after placebo, atenolol, and nadolol. Author(s): Hiatt WR, Wolfel EE, Stoll S, Nies AS, Zerbe GO, Brammell HL, Horwitz LD. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1985 January; 37(1): 2-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2856902

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Beta-adrenergic blockade by nadolol in control of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Author(s): Nademanee K, Schleman MM, Singh BN, Morganroth J, Reid PR, Stritar JA. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6207720

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beta-Adrenoceptor-blocking agents and the kidney: effect of nadolol and propranolol on the renal circulation. Author(s): Hollenberg NK, Adams DF, McKinstry DN, Williams GH, Borucki LJ, Sullivan JM. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979; 7 Suppl 2: 219S-225S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=37877

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Beta-blocking therapy in atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias: experience with nadolol. Author(s): Coumel P, Escoubet B, Attuel P. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1098-108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148870

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Bioequivalence of a highly variable drug: an experience with nadolol. Author(s): Buice RG, Subramanian VS, Duchin KL, Uko-Nne S. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1996 July; 13(7): 1109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8842054

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Bioequivalence of two tablet formulations of nadolol using single and multiple dose data: assessment using stereospecific and nonstereospecific assays. Author(s): Srinivas NR, Barr WH, Shyu WC, Mohandoss E, Chow S, Staggers J, Balan G, Belas FJ, Blair IA, Barbhaiya RH. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1996 March; 85(3): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8699333

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Cardiorespiratory effects of isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine in combination with nadolol: a double-blind comparative study of beneficial and adverse antianginal drug interactions. Author(s): Tirlapur VG, Mir MA. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1984 February 1; 53(4): 487-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6141727

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Cardioselectivity of cetamolol compared with atenolol and nadolol. Author(s): Klausner MA, Ventura DF, Coelho J, Mullane JF, Irwin C, Hitzenberger G, Magometschnigg D, Kaik G, Garg DC, Weidler DJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 June; 28(6): 495-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2901435

Studies

11

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Circadian and power spectral changes of RR and QT intervals during treatment of patients with angina pectoris with nadolol providing evidence for differential autonomic modulation of heart rate and ventricular repolarization. Author(s): Sarma JS, Singh N, Schoenbaum MP, Venkataraman K, Singh BN. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1994 July 15; 74(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8023776

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Clinical and biochemical responses to nadolol and clonidine in hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Herman VS, Joffe BI, Kalk WJ, Panz V, Wing J, Seftel HC. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989 December; 29(12): 1117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2693501

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Clinical experience with nadolol in Nigerian patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Iyun AO. Source: West Afr J Med. 1989 January-March; 8(1): 18-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2486767

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Clinical pharmacology of the new beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Part 9. Nadolol: a new long-acting beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug. Author(s): Frishman W. Source: American Heart Journal. 1980 January; 99(1): 124-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6101295

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Comparative effect of nadolol and propranolol on exercise tolerance in patients with angina pectoris. Author(s): Turner GG, Nelson RR, Nordstrom LA, Diefenthal HC, Gobel FL. Source: British Heart Journal. 1978 December; 40(12): 1361-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=32899

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Comparative effects of nadolol-digoxin combination therapy and digoxin monotherapy for chronic atrial fibrillation. Author(s): Zoble RG, Brewington J, Olukotun AY, Gore R. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1987 August 31; 60(6): 39D-45D. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3307366

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Comparative efficacy of nadolol and propranolol in the management of migraine. Author(s): Sudilovsky A, Elkind AH, Ryan RE Sr, Saper JR, Stern MA, Meyer JH. Source: Headache. 1987 September; 27(8): 421-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3312113

12

Nadolol

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Comparative study of nadolol and propranolol in prophylactic treatment of migraine. Author(s): Ryan RE Sr. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1156-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148878

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Comparative tolerability of labetalol versus propranolol, atenolol, pindolol, metoprolol, and nadolol. Author(s): Burris JF, Goldstein J, Zager PG, Sutton JM, Sirgo MA, Plachetka JR. Source: J Clin Hypertens. 1986 September; 2(3): 285-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2878065

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Comparison between atenolol and nadolol in essential hypertension at rest and on exercise. Author(s): Wilcox RG, Hampton JR. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982 June; 13(6): 841-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6124268

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Comparison between short-term renal haemodynamic effects of propranolol and nadolol in essential hypertension: a cross-over study. Author(s): Danesh BJ, Brunton J, Sumner DJ. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1984 August; 67(2): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6146425

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Comparison of bepridil with nadolol for angina pectoris. Author(s): Pflugfelder PW, Humen DP, O'Brien PA, Purves PD, Jablonsky G, Kostuk WJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1987 June 1; 59(15): 1283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3296724

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Comparison of hypersensitivity to adrenergic stimulation after abrupt withdrawal of propranolol and nadolol: influence of half-life differences. Author(s): Krukemyer JJ, Boudoulas H, Binkley PF, Lima JJ. Source: American Heart Journal. 1990 September; 120(3): 572-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2389694

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Comparison of kinetic interactions of nadolol and propranolol with cimetidine. Author(s): Duchin KL, Stern MA, Willard DA, McKinstry DN. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1084-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148867

Studies

13

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Comparison of nadolol, a new long-acting beta-receptor blocking agent, and placebo in the treatment of stable angina pectoris. Author(s): Shapiro W, Park J, DiBianco R, Singh SN, Katz RJ, Fletcher R. Source: Chest. 1981 October; 80(4): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6791883

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Comparison of single-dose and steady-state nadolol plasma concentrations. Author(s): Krukemyer JJ, Boudoulas H, Binkley PF, Lima JJ. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1990 September; 7(9): 953-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2235896

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Comparison of the antihypertensive and renal effects of tertatolol and nadolol in hypertensive patients with mild renal impairment. Author(s): Fallo F, Gregianin M, Bui F, Macri C, Folino P, Mantero F. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 40(3): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1676368

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Comparison of the duration of action of atenolol and nadolol for treatment of angina pectoris. Author(s): Kostis JB. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1988 December 1; 62(17): 1171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3057850

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Comparison of the effects of nadolol and bisoprolol on noradrenaline-evoked venoconstriction in man in vivo. Author(s): Abdelmawla AH, Langley RW, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 March; 45(3): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9517371

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Comparison of the effects of nadolol and bisoprolol on the isoprenaline-evoked dilatation of the dorsal hand vein in man. Author(s): Abdelmawla AH, Langley RW, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 June; 51(6): 583-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422018

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Comparison of the new beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, nadolol, and propranolol in the treatment of angina pectoris. Author(s): Furberg B, Dahlqvist A, Raak A, Wrege U. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1978; 5(5): 388-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=26520

14

Nadolol

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Determination of nadolol in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. Author(s): Noguchi H, Yoshida K, Murano M, Naruto S. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1992 January 17; 573(2): 336-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1601971

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Determination of orally coadministered nadolol and its deuterated analogue in human serum and urine by gas chromatography with selected-ion monitoring mass spectrometry. Author(s): Cohen AI, Devlin RG, Ivashkiv E, Funke PT, McCormick T. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1984 November; 73(11): 1571-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6151597

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Diacetyl derivative of nadolol. I. Ocular pharmacology and short-term ocular hypotensive effect in glaucomatous eyes. Author(s): Duzman E, Chen CC, Anderson J, Blumenthal M, Twizer H. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1982 December; 100(12): 1916-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6756362

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Diacetyl nadolol: 3-month ocular hypotensive effect in glaucomatous eyes. Author(s): Duzman E, Rosen N, Lazar M. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1983 October; 67(10): 668-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6137236

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Diastolic time intervals before and after nadolol in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Cecchi F, Favilli S, Dolara A, Squillantini G, Zuppiroli A, Ciaccheri M. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1986 November; 9(11): 573-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3802605

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Differential exercise effects of captopril and nadolol in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Kostis JB, Shindler DM, Moreyra AE, Ruddy MC, Schneider S, Cosgrove N. Source: Angiology. 1992 August; 43(8): 647-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1632567

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Dose proportionality of nadolol pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to healthy subjects. Author(s): Morrison RA, Singhvi SM, Creasey WA, Willard DA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988; 33(6): 625-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3366166

Studies

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Dose-ranging study of the new beta-adrenergic antagonist nadolol in the treatment of essential hypertension. Author(s): Frithz G. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1978; 5(5): 383-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=26519

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Drug essentials for the critical care team: a series. Nadalol - Corgard - No. 10. Author(s): Shinn AF. Source: Crit Care Update. 1980 July; 7(7): 32-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6103780

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Duplex Doppler sonographic evaluation of splanchnic and renal effects of single agent and combined therapy with nadolol and isosorbide-5-mononitrate in cirrhotic patients. Author(s): Bolognesi M, Sacerdoti D, Merkel C, Gatta A. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1994 December; 13(12): 945-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7877205

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Effect of beta-adrenoreceptor blockade with nadolol on the duration of local anesthesia. Author(s): Zhang C, Banting DW, Gelb AW, Hamilton JT. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1999 December; 130(12): 177380. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10599182

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Effect of chronic treatment with nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate on liver blood flow and liver metabolic activity in cirrhosis. Author(s): Merkel C, Sacerdoti D, Bolognesi M, Buonamico P, Sticca A, Amodio P, Angeli P, Micotti L, Gatta A. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1999 November; 11(11): 1221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10563530

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Effect of nadolol in treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Volicer L, Liang CS, Gavras H, Tifft CP, Kershaw GR, Gavras I, Griffith DL, Vukovitch R, Brunner HR. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979 February-March; 19(2-3): 137-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=33998

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Effect of nadolol on flushing reactions in rosacea. Author(s): Wilkin JK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 February; 20(2 Pt 1): 202-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2521641

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Effect of nadolol on liver haemodynamics and function in patients with cirrhosis. Author(s): Merkel C, Sacerdoti D, Finucci GF, Zuin R, Bazzerla G, Bolognesi M, Gatta A. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986 June; 21(6): 713-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3741719

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Effect of nadolol on plasma lipids in hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Littley MD, Kingswood JC, John R, Lazarus JH. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1989 June; 21(6): 331-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2777191

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Effect of orally administered nadolol on the intraocular pressure in normal volunteers. Author(s): Williamson J, Atta HR, Kennedy PA, Muir JG. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1985 January; 69(1): 38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2856892

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Effectiveness of low-dose nadolol for ventricular arrhythmias. Author(s): Morganroth J, Duchin KL. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1986 August 1; 58(3): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3739916

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Effectiveness of nadolol in a clinic population of migrainous patients. Author(s): Medina JL. Source: Headache. 1988 March; 28(2): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3372246

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Effects of antihypertensive agents propranolol, metoprolol, nadolol, prazosin, and chlorthalidone on ACAT activity in rabbit and rat aortas and on LCAT activity in human plasma in vitro. Author(s): Bell FP. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1985 May-June; 7(3): 437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2410671

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Effects of captopril and nadolol on renal hemodynamics in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Zhu ZH, An R, Zhang YX, Gong PL, Chen H, Zen FD. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 1994; 14(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7877194

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Effects of chronic therapy with nadolol on portal hemodynamics and on splanchnic impedance indices using Doppler sonography: comparison between acute and chronic effects. Author(s): Bolognesi M, Sacerdoti D, Merkel C, Bombonato G, Enzo E, Gatta A. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1997 February; 26(2): 305-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9059951

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Effects of equiblocking doses of nadolol and propranolol on left ventricular performance. Author(s): Le Winter MM, Curtis GP, Engler RL, Shabetai R, Verba J. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1979 August; 26(2): 162-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=37012

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Effects of nadolol and its combination with atrial pacing on rate-enhanced ventricular premature complexes. Author(s): Pitzalis MV, Mastropasqua F, Massari F, Passantino A, Luzzi G, Forleo C, Rizzon P. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1996 November 15; 78(10): 1177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8914889

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Effects of nadolol and propranolol on plasma lidocaine clearance. Author(s): Schneck DW, Luderer JR, Davis D, Vary J. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1984 November; 36(5): 584-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6488678

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Effects of nadolol and propranolol on renal function in hypertensive patients with moderately impaired renal function. Author(s): Pun KK, Yeung CK, Chan MK. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985 October; 20(4): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3907676

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Effects of nadolol beta-blockade on blood pressure in hypertension. Author(s): Duchin KL, Vukovich RA, Dennick LG, Groel JT, Willard DA. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1980 January; 27(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6101312

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Nadolol

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Effects of nadolol on arrhythmias during laparoscopy performed under general anaesthesia. Author(s): Burns JM, Hart DM, Hughes RL, Kelman AW, Hillis WS. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1988 September; 61(3): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2972306

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Effects of nadolol on blood pressure, sleep efficiency, and sleep stages. Author(s): Kales A, Bixler EO, Vela-Bueno A, Cadieux RJ, Manfredi RL, Bitzer S, Kantner T. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1988 June; 43(6): 655-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3378387

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Effects of nadolol on hemodynamic and hemostatic responses to potential mental and physical triggers of myocardial infarction in subjects with mild systemic hypertension. Author(s): Jimenez AH, Tofler GH, Chen X, Stubbs ME, Solomon HS, Muller JE. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1993 July 1; 72(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8517427

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Effects of nadolol on systemic and renal hemodynamics in patients with renoparenchymal hypertension and various degrees of renal function. Author(s): Valvo E, Gammaro L, Bedogna V, Cavaggioni M, Tonon M, Lupo A, Loschiavo C, Tessitore N, Oldrizzi L, Rugiu G, et al. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1986 April; 24(4): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3710633

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Effects of nadolol on the spontaneous and exercise-provoked heart rate of patients with chronic atrial fibrillation receiving stable dosages of digoxin. Author(s): DiBianco R, Morganroth J, Freitag JA, Ronan JA Jr, Lindgren KM, Donohue DJ, Larca LJ, Chadda KD, Olukotun AY. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148872

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Effects of nadolol treatment on renal and hepatic hemodynamics and function in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. Author(s): Gatta A, Sacerdoti D, Merkel C, Milani L, Battaglia G, Zuin R. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148880

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Effects of trazodone and nadolol upon human sperm motility. Author(s): Cassidy SL, Pearson RM. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986 July; 22(1): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3741721

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Efficacy and safety of intravenous and oral nadolol for supraventricular tachycardia in children. Author(s): Mehta AV, Chidambaram B. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1992 March 1; 19(3): 630-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1538020

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Efficacy and safety of intravenous nadolol for supraventricular tachycardia. Author(s): Olukotun AY, Klein GJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1987 August 31; 60(6): 59D-62D. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3630923

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Efficacy and safety of nadolol in angina pectoris. Author(s): Cruz J, Conceicao JM, Coelho EM. Source: The Practitioner. 1982 August; 226(1370): 1452-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6127670

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Efficacy and safety of oral nadolol for exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Author(s): Sung RJ, Olukotun AY, Baird CL, Huycke EC. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1987 August 31; 60(6): 15D-20D. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3307365

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Efficacy of nadolol alone or in combination with a type IA antiarrhythmic drug in sustained ventricular tachycardia: a prospective study. Author(s): Munsif AN, Saksena S. Source: Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace. 1989 November; 12(11): 1816-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2478982

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Efficacy of nadolol in preventing supraventricular tachycardia after coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): Khuri SF, Okike ON, Josa M, Vander Salm TJ, Assoussa S, Leone L, Silverman A, Siouffi S, Olukotun AY. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1987 August 31; 60(6): 51D-58D. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3498356

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Electrophysiologic effects, clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous and oral nadolol in refractory supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Author(s): Saksena S, Klein GJ, Kowey PR, Calvo RA, Boccadamo R, Brown JE, Sharma AD, Gadhoke A, Olukotun AY. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1987 February 1; 59(4): 307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3812280

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Elimination of nadolol by patients with renal impairment. Author(s): Herrera J, Vukovich RA, Griffith DL. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979; 7 Suppl 2: 227S-231S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=37878

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Enalapril versus combined enalapril and nadolol treatment: effects on blood pressure, heart rate, humoral variables, and plasma potassium at rest and during exercise in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Sullivan PA, Daly B, O'Connor R. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1992 June; 6(3): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1637731

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Endoscopic ligation compared with combined treatment with nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate to prevent recurrent variceal bleeding. Author(s): Villanueva C, Minana J, Ortiz J, Gallego A, Soriano G, Torras X, Sainz S, Boadas J, Cusso X, Guarner C, Balanzo J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 August 30; 345(9): 647-55. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11547718

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Endoscopic ligation vs. nadolol in the prevention of first variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Author(s): Lo GH, Chen WC, Chen MH, Lin CP, Lo CC, Hsu PI, Cheng JS, Lai KH. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2004 March; 59(3): 333-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14997127

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Endoscopic variceal ligation plus nadolol and sucralfate compared with ligation alone for the prevention of variceal rebleeding: a prospective, randomized trial. Author(s): Lo GH, Lai KH, Cheng JS, Chen MH, Huang HC, Hsu PI, Lin CK. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2000 September; 32(3): 461-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10960435

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Enhancement of nadolol elimination by activated charcoal and antibiotics. Author(s): du Souich P, Caille G, Larochelle P. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1983 May; 33(5): 585-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6839631

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Estimation of nadolol levels in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with recirculating eluent flow. Author(s): Kinney CD. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1984 February 10; 305(2): 489-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6707176

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Fluorodensitometric determination of nadolol in plasma and urine. Author(s): Schafer-Korting M, Mutschler E. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1982 July 9; 230(2): 461-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7107792

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Fluorometric determination of nadolol in human serum and urine. Author(s): Ivashkiv E. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1977 August; 66(8): 1168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=19616

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Hemodynamic evaluation of the addition of isosorbide-5-mononitrate to nadolol in cirrhotic patients with insufficient response to the beta-blocker alone. Author(s): Merkel C, Sacerdoti D, Bolognesi M, Enzo E, Marin R, Bombonato G, Angeli P, Gatta A. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1997 July; 26(1): 34-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9214449

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Hemodynamic instability following intentional nadolol overdose. Author(s): Ehgartner GR, Zelinka MA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1988 April; 148(4): 801-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3355299

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High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the quantitation of nadolol in human plasma using fluorescence detection. Author(s): Srinivas NR, Shyu WC, Shah VR, Campbell DA, Barbhaiya RH. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1995 March-April; 9(2): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7795389

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High-sensitivity determination of nadolol in plasma with mass-selective detection. Author(s): Delbeke FT, Debackere M. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 May 15; 416(2): 443-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3611278

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Hydrochlorothiazide and nadolol in the treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Olerud B. Source: The Practitioner. 1982 April; 226(1366): 785-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7045854

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Importance of the 1-month-effect of nadolol on portal pressure in predicting failure of prevention of rebleeding in cirrhosis. Author(s): Sacerdoti D, Merkel C, Gatta A. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1991 January; 12(1): 124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2007769

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Influence of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on the pharmacokinetics of rizatriptan, a 5-HT1B/1D agonist: differential effects of propranolol, nadolol and metoprolol. Author(s): Gastrointest Endosc. 2002 May;55(6):761-4 Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 July; 52(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12085777

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Inhibition of calmodulin-activated Ca2+-ATPase by propranolol and nadolol. Author(s): Meltzer HL, Kassir S. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1983 February 22; 755(3): 452-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6218831

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Initial experience with a new long-acting beta-blocker, nadolol, in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Hitzenberger G. Source: J Int Med Res. 1979; 7(1): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=33862

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Ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography in drug assay in biological fluids. III. Propranolol, nadolol and prazosin. Author(s): Piotrovskii VK, Belolipetskaya VG, El'man AR, Metelitsa VI. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1983 December 9; 278(2): 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6668330

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Ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography in drug assay in biological fluids. IV. Nadolol diastereomers: demonstration of pharmacokinetic and binding equivalence. Author(s): Piotrovskii VK, Zhirkov YuA, Metelitsa VI. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1984 August 10; 309(2): 421-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148352

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Isometric exercise before and after nadolol treatment in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Author(s): Corea L, Bentivoglio M, Provvidenza M. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1984; 4(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6469432

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Kinetic interactions of nadolol and propranolol with cimetidine. Author(s): Duchin KL, Stern MA, Willard DA, McKinstry DN. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1984 April; 17(4): 486-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6721996

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Lack of effect of atenolol and nadolol on the metabolism of theophylline. Author(s): Corsi CM, Nafziger AN, Pieper JA, Bertino JS Jr. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990 February; 29(2): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2306421

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Liquid-chromatographic determination of nadolol in plasma. Author(s): Gupta RN, Haynes RB, Logan AG, Macdonald LA, Pickersgill R, Achber C. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1983 June; 29(6): 1085-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6851099

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Long-term double-blind evaluation of amlodipine and nadolol in patients with stable exertional angina pectoris. The Investigators of Study 152. Author(s): Singh S. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1993 January; 16(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8416762

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Long-term effect of nadolol on quantitative liver function tests in patients with cirrhosis. Author(s): Merkel C, Gatta A, Sacerdoti D, Bolognesi M, Rondana M, Caregaro L, Finucci GF, Ruol A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988; 34(5): 501-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3203711

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Long-term effect of nadolol or nadolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate on renal function and ascites formation in patients with cirrhosis. GTIP Gruppo Triveneto per l'Ipertensione Portale. Author(s): Merkel C, Gatta A, Donada C, Enzo E, Marin R, Amodio P, Torboli P, Angeli P, Cavallarin G, Sebastianelli G, et al. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1995 September; 22(3): 808-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7657286

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Long-term effects of beta-adrenergic blockade with nadolol on hepatic and renal haemodynamics and function in cirrhotics. Author(s): Gatta A, Bolognesi M, Merkel C, Finucci GF, Angeli P, Sacerdoti D, Ruol A. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1987 October; 7(5): 377-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3665396

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Long-term experience with nadolol in treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. Author(s): Alexander JC, Christie MH, Vernam KA, Fand RS, Shafer WB. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1136-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148874

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Long-term renal hemodynamic effects of nadolol in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Frohlich ED, Messerli FH, Deslinski GR, Kobrin I. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148875

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Long-term results of a clinical trial of nadolol with or without isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Author(s): Merkel C, Marin R, Sacerdoti D, Donada C, Cavallarin G, Torboli P, Amodio P, Sebastianelli G, Bolognesi M, Felder M, Mazzaro C, Gatta A. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2000 February; 31(2): 324-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10655253

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Long-term treatment of essential hypertension using nadolol and hydrochlorothiazide combined. Author(s): El-Mehairy MM, Shaker A, Ramadan M, Hamza S, Tadros SS. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979; 7 Suppl 2: 199S-203S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=37875

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Long-term treatment of essential hypertension with Nadolol and Hydrochlorothiazide: a two-year follow-up. Author(s): El-Mehairy MM, Shaker A, Ramadan M, Hamza S, Tadros SS. Source: J Int Med Res. 1982; 10(2): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6802691

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Mediation of blood pressure by nadolol and alpha methyldopa. Author(s): Jenkins AC, Rosenthal J, Stumpe KO. Source: The Practitioner. 1981 March; 225(1353): 405-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6115378

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Metabolic studies in patients with nadolol: oral and intravenous administration. Author(s): Dreyfuss J, Brannick LJ, Vukovich RA, Shaw JM, Willard DA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1977 May-June; 17(5-6): 300-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=16040

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Minoxidil, nadolol, and a diuretic. Once-a-day therapy for resistant hypertension. Author(s): Spitalewitz S, Porush JG, Reiser IW. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1986 May; 146(5): 882-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3963979

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Nadolol (corgard) in severe and resistant hypertension. Author(s): Nontak MA. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1981 September; 36(3): 181-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6120443

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Nadolol (Corgard). Author(s): Burns-Stewart SM. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 1983 January-February; 3(1): 96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6130892

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Nadolol and antidepressant response. Author(s): Faber R. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1983 November; 18(11): 1338-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6140034

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Nadolol and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Author(s): Levy MB, Fink JN, Guzzetta PA. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1986 November; 105(5): 806-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3767176

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Nadolol and labetalol: comparative efficacy of two beta-blocking agents in glaucoma. Author(s): Krieglstein GK, Kontic D. Source: Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1981; 216(4): 313-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6114677

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Nadolol and papilledema. Author(s): Kaul S, Wong M, Singh BN, Hepler RS. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1982 September; 97(3): 454. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7114648

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Nadolol and placebo comparison study in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Author(s): Freitag FG, Diamond S. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1984 December; 84(4): 343-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6150909

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Nadolol and placebo comparison study in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Author(s): Ryan RE Sr, Ryan RE Jr, Sudilovsky A. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1982 April-June; 24(2): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6128710

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Nadolol and potassium iodide in combination in the surgical treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Author(s): Peden NR, Gunn A, Browning MC, Crooks J, Forrest AL, Hamilton WF, Isles TE. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1982 November; 69(11): 638-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6127134

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Nadolol and propranolol in migraine management. Author(s): Olerud B, Gustavsson CL, Furberg B. Source: Headache. 1986 November; 26(10): 490-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3546194

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Nadolol and propranolol in the treatment of hypertension: a double-blind comparison. Author(s): El Mehairy MM, Shaker A, Ramadan M, Hamza S, Tadros SS. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(3): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6104614

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Nadolol and supraventricular tachycardia: an electrophysiologic study. Author(s): Chang MS, Sung RJ, Tai TY, Lin SL, Liu PH, Chiang BN. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1983 November; 2(5): 894-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6138376

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Nadolol antihypertensive effect and disposition in young and elderly adults with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Author(s): Mitenko PA, McKenzie JK, Sitar DS, Penner SB, Aoki FY. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1989 July; 46(1): 56-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2663317

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Nadolol as a treatment for akathisia. Author(s): Ratey JJ, Sorgi P, Polakoff S. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 May; 142(5): 640-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2858984

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Nadolol as adjunctive therapy in hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Chandler PT, Chandler SA. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1982 August; 75(8): 526-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7119470

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Nadolol binding to human serum proteins. Author(s): Patel L, Johnson A, Turner P. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1984 June; 36(6): 414-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6146679

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Nadolol can prevent the first gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotics: a prospective, randomized study. Author(s): Ideo G, Bellati G, Fesce E, Grimoldi D. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1988 January-February; 8(1): 6-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3276591

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Nadolol compared to propranolol for treating chronic stable angina pectoris. Author(s): Miller LA, Crawford MH, O'Rourke RA. Source: Chest. 1984 August; 86(2): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6146499

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Nadolol dosage after propranolol. Author(s): Tremblay G, Biron P, Caille G, Desourdy F. Source: American Heart Journal. 1982 December; 104(6): 1394. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7148665

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Nadolol eye drops in glaucoma and ocular hypertension: a controlled clinical study of dose response and duration of action. Author(s): Krieglstein GK. Source: Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1981; 217(4): 309-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6119925

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Nadolol for lithium tremor in the presence of liver damage. Author(s): Dave M, Langbart MM. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1994 March; 6(1): 51-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7951646

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Nadolol for prevention of variceal rebleeding during the course of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy: a randomized pilot study. Author(s): Bertoni G, Fornaciari G, Beltrami M, Conigliaro R, Grazia Mortilla M, Ricci E, Castagnetti E, Bedogni G, Plancher AC. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1990 June; 12(3): 364-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2362110

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Nadolol for prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhosis: a controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Gatta A, Merkel C, Sacerdoti D, Bolognesi M, Caregaro L, Zuin R, Angeli P, Ruol A. Source: Digestion. 1987; 37(1): 22-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3301478

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Nadolol for prophylaxis of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. A randomized trial. Author(s): Lebrec D, Poynard T, Capron JP, Hillon P, Geoffroy P, Roulot D, Chaput JC, Rueff B, Benhamou JP. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1988 August; 7(1): 118-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3053888

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Nadolol in combination with indapamide and xipamide in resistant hypertensives. Author(s): Dean S, Kendall MJ, Potter S, Thompson MH, Jackson DA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985; 28(1): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3987783

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Nadolol in essential hypertension: effect on ambulatory blood pressure, renal haemodynamics and cardiac function. Author(s): Dupont AG, Vanderniepen P, Bossuyt AM, Jonckheer MH, Six RO. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985 August; 20(2): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2864051

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Nadolol in essential tremor. Author(s): Koller WC. Source: Neurology. 1983 August; 33(8): 1076-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6348587

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Nadolol in human serum and breast milk. Author(s): Devlin RG, Duchin KL, Fleiss PM. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1981 September; 12(3): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6117304

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Nadolol in hypertensive patients maintained on long-term hemodialysis. Author(s): Michaels RS, Duchin KL, Akbar S, Meister J, Levin NW. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1091-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148869

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Nadolol in posttraumatic intention tremor. Author(s): Sandyk R. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1986 January; 64(1): 162. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3941344

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Nadolol in the treatment of aggression in chronic psychiatric inpatients. Author(s): Wong MK, Lee S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1993 June; 54(6): 235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8331093

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Nadolol in the treatment of aggressive behavior associated with schizophrenia. Author(s): Ritrovato CA, Weber SS, Dufresne RL. Source: Clin Pharm. 1989 February; 8(2): 132-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2917450

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Nadolol in the treatment of central serous retinopathy. Author(s): Browning DJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1993 December 15; 116(6): 770-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8250086

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Nadolol in thyrotoxicosis. Author(s): Peden NR, Isles TE, Stevenson IH, Crooks J. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982 June; 13(6): 835-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6124267

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Nadolol inhibits reactive oxygen species generation by leukocytes and linoleic acid oxidation. Author(s): Magsino CH Jr, Hamouda W, Bapna V, Ghanim H, Abu-Reish IA, Aljada A, Dandona P. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2000 August 15; 86(4): 443-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10946040

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Nadolol instead of propranolol? Author(s): Schiff AA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 July; 140(7): 952-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6134475

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Nadolol is superior to isosorbide mononitrate for the prevention of the first variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Author(s): Borroni G, Salerno F, Cazzaniga M, Bissoli F, Lorenzano E, Maggi A, Visentin S, Panzeri A, de Franchis R. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2002 September; 37(3): 315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12175626

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Nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate compared with sclerotherapy for the prevention of variceal rebleeding. Author(s): Villanueva C, Balanzo J, Novella MT, Soriano G, Sainz S, Torras X, Cusso X, Guarner C, Vilardell F. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996 June 20; 334(25): 1624-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8628357

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Nadolol plus spironolactone in the prophylaxis of first variceal bleed in nonascitic cirrhotic patients: A preliminary study. Author(s): Abecasis R, Kravetz D, Fassio E, Ameigeiras B, Garcia D, Isla R, Landeira G, Dominguez N, Romero G, Argonz J, Terg R. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2003 February; 37(2): 359-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12540786

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Nadolol prevents the exercise-induced rise in lymphocyte beta-receptor number in borderline hypertension. Author(s): Terzoli L, Bragato R, Bolla GB, Leonetti G, Zanchetti A. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1989 December; 7(6): S46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2561149

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Nadolol to treat aggression and psychiatric symptomatology in chronic psychiatric inpatients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Ratey JJ, Sorgi P, O'Driscoll GA, Sands S, Daehler ML, Fletcher JR, Kadish W, Spruiell G, Polakoff S, Lindem KJ, et al. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992 February; 53(2): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1347291

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Nadolol use for cerebellar tremor. Author(s): Edwards RV. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 November; 139(11): 1522. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6127958

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Nadolol versus diltiazem and combination for preventing exercise-induced ischemia in severe angina pectoris. Author(s): Miller WE, Vittitoe J, O'Rourke RA, Crawford MH. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1988 September 1; 62(7): 372-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3414514

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Nadolol, a once daily treatment for hypertension: multi-centre clinical evaluation. Author(s): Jackson DA. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1980 July; 34(7): 211-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6107120

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Nadolol, propranolol, and thyroid hormones: evidence for a membrane-stabilizing action of propranolol. Author(s): Reeves RA, From GL, Paul W, Leenen FH. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1985 February; 37(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3967459

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Nadolol: a new beta-blocker that may increase patient compliance. Author(s): Gever LN. Source: Nursing. 1980 October; 10(10): 57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6106172

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Nadolol: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in hypertension and angina pectoris. Author(s): Heel RC, Brogden RN, Pakes GE, Speight TM, Avery GS. Source: Drugs. 1980 July; 20(1): 1-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6105067

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Nadolol: evidence for sympathetic nerve inhibition by a beta blocker in essential hypertension. Author(s): Bernstein KN, Barg AP, O'Connor DT. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1983 October; 1(3): 291-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6152275

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Nadolol: its use in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Author(s): Ryan RE Sr, Ryan RE Jr, Sudilovsky A. Source: Headache. 1983 January; 23(1): 26-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6131052

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Nadolol-induced painful gingival bleeding. Author(s): Reynaert H. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2002 August; 37(2): 289. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12127439

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Near-fatal bronchospasm after oral nadolol in a young asthmatic and response to ventilation with halothane. Author(s): Raine JM, Palazzo MG, Kerr JH, Sleight P. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 February 14; 282(6263): 5489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6109556

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Neonatal effects of maternal nadolol therapy. Author(s): Fox RE, Marx C, Stark AR. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 August 15; 152(8): 1045-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4025452

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Organic brain syndrome with nadolol. Author(s): Kanefsky TM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1981 December; 141(13): 1846-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6119058

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Penetration of nadolol into aqueous humour after a single oral dose. Author(s): Tiong TH, Hung SO, Perelman MS. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 July; 26(1): 92-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3203065

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Peripheral hemodynamic effects of short-term nadolol administration in essential hypertension. Author(s): Levenson J, Simon AC, Moyse D, Bouthier J, Safar ME. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148882

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Pharmacokinetics of nadolol in children with supraventricular tachycardia. Author(s): Mehta AV, Chidambaram B, Rice PJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992 November; 32(11): 1023-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474163

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Pharmacokinetics of nadolol in healthy subjects. Author(s): Schafer-Korting M, Bach N, Knauf H, Mutschler E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1984; 26(1): 125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6714285

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Pharmacokinetics of nadolol, a beta-receptor antagonist: administration of therapeutic single- and multiple-dosage regimens to hypertensive patients. Author(s): Dreyfuss J, Griffith DL, Singhvi SM, Shaw JM, Ross JJ Jr, Vukovich RA, Willard DA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979 November-December; 19(11-12): 712-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=43870

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Predictive value of electrophysiologic studies during treatment of ventricular tachycardia with the beta-blocking agent nadolol. The Working Group on Arrhythmias of the French Society of Cardiology. Author(s): Leclercq JF, Leenhardt A, Lemarec H, Clementy J, Hermida JS, Sebag C, Aliot E. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1990 August; 16(2): 413-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2373820

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Preserved renal perfusion during treatment of essential hypertension with the beta blocker nadolol. Author(s): O'Connor DT, Barg AP, Duchin KL. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982 April; 22(4): 187-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6124557

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Prolonged bradycardia after neostigmine administration in a patient taking nadolol. Author(s): Seidl DC, Martin DE. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1984 March; 63(3): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6703355

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Prolonged effect of nadolol on heart rate in hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Adam RD, Parekh P, Harrower AD. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1981; 7(4): 212-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6112117

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Randomised trial of nadolol alone or with isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Gruppo-Triveneto per L'ipertensione portale (GTIP) Author(s): Merkel C, Marin R, Enzo E, Donada C, Cavallarin G, Torboli P, Amodio P, Sebastianelli G, Sacerdoti D, Felder M, Mazzaro C, Beltrame P, Gatta A. Source: Lancet. 1996 December 21-28; 348(9043): 1677-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8973428

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Redistribution of cardiac output to the kidneys during oral nadolol administration. Author(s): Textor SC, Fouad FM, Bravo EL, Tarazi RC, Vidt DG, Gifford RW Jr. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 September 2; 307(10): 601-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7110207

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Reducing effect of nadolol on serum levels of free thyroid hormones in hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Kashiwai T, Tada H, Tamaki H, Hidaka Y, Ito E, Iwatani Y, Amino N. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1994 December; 41(6): 717-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7704097

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Renal effects of nadolol in cirrhosis. Author(s): Gatta A, Sacerdoti D, Merkel C, Caregaro L, Borsato M, Bolognesi M, Ruol A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987; 33(5): 473-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3480806

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Renal function in patients with essential hypertension receiving nadolol. Author(s): Waal-Manning HJ, Hobson CH. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 August 9; 281(6237): 423-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6107151

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Separate and combined effects of nadolol and nifedipine on the cardiac response to exercise. Author(s): Wilkins MR, Woods KL, Jack DB, Kendall MJ, Laugher SJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985; 28(2): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3987793

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Severe acne as a side effect of propranolol and nadolol in a migraineur. Author(s): Bajwa ZH, Sami N, Flory C. Source: Headache. 1999 November-December; 39(10): 758-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11279953

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Short-term effects of beta blockers atenolol, nadolol, pindolol, and propranolol on lipoprotein metabolism in normolipemic subjects. Author(s): Harvengt C, Heller FR, Martiat P, Van Nieuwenhuyze Y. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987 July; 27(7): 475-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2888790

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Simultaneous determination of nadolol enantiomers in human plasma by highperformance liquid chromatography using fluorescence detection. Author(s): Belas FJ, Phillips MA, Srinivas NR, Barbhaiya RH, Blair IA. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1995 May-June; 9(3): 140-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7655302

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Stereoselective analysis of nadolol in human plasma. Author(s): Srinivas NR, Shyu WC, Shah VR, Campbell DA, Barbhaiya RH. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1995 September-October; 9(5): 226-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8593423

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The comparative multiple-dose intraocular pressure responses of nadolol and timolol in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Author(s): Krieglstein GK, Mohamed J. Source: Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1982 April; 60(2): 284-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6127861

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The effect of a once-daily oral dose of nadolol on intraocular pressure in normal volunteers. Author(s): Rennie IG, Smerdon DL. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1985 September 15; 100(3): 445-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4037034

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The effect of hydralazine on the pharmacokinetics of three different beta adrenoceptor antagonists: metoprolol, nadolol, and acebutolol. Author(s): Jack DB, Kendall MJ, Dean S, Laugher SJ, Zaman R, Tenneson ME. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1982 January-March; 3(1): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6123352

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The effect of nadolol on heart rate and the standard deviation of the RR intervals. Author(s): Pitzalis MV, Mastropasqua F, Massari F, Totaro P, Passantino A, Rizzon P. Source: European Heart Journal. 1995 February; 16(2): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7744100

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The effect of nadolol on heart rate in hyperthyroidism. A controlled trial. Author(s): Lazarus JH, Kingswood JC, John R. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1987 January; 114(1): 102-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3544631

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The effect of twice daily nadolol on intraocular pressure. Author(s): Novack GD. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1988 April 15; 105(4): 435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3358446

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The effect of twice daily nadolol on intraocular pressure. Author(s): Duff GR. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1987 October 15; 104(4): 343-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3661642

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The effects of lower than conventional doses of oral nadolol on relative beta 1/beta 2adrenoceptor blockade. Author(s): Wheeldon NM, McDevitt DG, Lipworth BJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994 August; 38(2): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7981009

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The treatment of impulsive and aggressive behavior with nadolol. Author(s): Polakoff SA, Sorgi PJ, Ratey JJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1986 April; 6(2): 125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3700702

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Titration of nadolol in the treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Papadoyannis DE, Papazachos GA, Karatzas NB. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982; 22(6): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7128661

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Treatment of essential hypertension. A comparison between nadolol, once daily, and propranolol, four times daily. Author(s): Frithz G. Source: The Practitioner. 1982 March; 226(1365): 562-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7045847

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Treatment of lithium-induced tremor with nadolol. Author(s): Kruse JM, Ereshefsky L, Scavone M. Source: Clin Pharm. 1984 May-June; 3(3): 299-301. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6145536

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Treatment of portal hypertension with nadolol in patients with liver cirrhosis. Author(s): Cervera J, Torres-Zamora M, Gutierrez-Carreno R, Fierro M, Schaeffer L, Landa L. Source: Arch Invest Med (Mex). 1983 October-December; 14(4): 331-41. English, Spanish. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6678555

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Twenty-four-hour blood pressure profile and blood pressure variability in untreated hypertension and during antihypertensive treatment by once-a-day nadolol. Author(s): Mancia G, Ferrari A, Pomidossi G, Parati G, Bertinieri G, Grassi G, Gregorini L, di Rienzo M, Zanchetti A. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1078-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148866

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Twenty-four-hour hemodynamic profile during treatment of essential hypertension by once-a-day nadolol. Author(s): Mancia G, Ferrari A, Pomidossi G, Parati G, Bertinieri G, Grassi G, Gregorini L, Zanchetti A. Source: Hypertension. 1983 July-August; 5(4): 573-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6134670

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Use of a long acting peripheral beta blocker, nadolol, in panic disorder. Author(s): Tollefson G. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1984 June; 4(3): 170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6145730

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Use of a nonselective beta-blocker, nadolol, in the treatment of portal hypertension in cirrhotics. Author(s): Gatta A, Sacerdoti D, Merkel C, Rossoni R, Finucci G, Bolognesi M, Zuin R. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1985; 5(6): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4093219

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Use of an inexpensive mass-selective detector for the high-sensitivity gas chromatographic determination of nadolol in plasma. Author(s): Ribick M, Ivashkiv E, Jemal M, Cohen AI. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1986 September 5; 381(2): 419-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3760098

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Vasovagal syncope: a prospective, randomized, crossover evaluation of the effect of propranolol, nadolol and placebo on syncope recurrence and patients' well-being. Author(s): Flevari P, Livanis EG, Theodorakis GN, Zarvalis E, Mesiskli T, Kremastinos DT. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002 August 7; 40(3): 499-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12142117

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Veterans Administration cooperative study on nadolol as monotherapy and in combination with a diuretic. Author(s): Freis ED. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 October; 108(4 Pt 2): 1087-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148868

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Whole-body composition in patients with angina pectoris receiving long-term treatment with the nonselective beta-receptor blocking drug nadolol. Author(s): Gray JM, East BW, Robertson I, Preston T, Lawson DH. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986 November-December; 26(8): 605-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3793951

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND NADOLOL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and nadolol.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Nadolol The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “nadolol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “nadolol” (or a synonym): •

Reduction in digitalis-associated postinfarction mortality with nadolol in conscious dogs. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0010. Source: Lynch, J J Kitzen, J M Hoff, P T Lucchesi, B R Am-Heart-J. 1988 January; 115(1 Pt 1): 67-76 0002-8703

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to nadolol; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND NADOLOL Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to nadolol. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to nadolol and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “nadolol” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to nadolol: •

A review of current drugs for migraine. Author(s): Olesen J. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1991; 238 Suppl 1: S23-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2045828

•

Active secretion of drugs from the small intestinal epithelium in rats by Pglycoprotein functioning as an absorption barrier. Author(s): Terao T, Hisanaga E, Sai Y, Tamai I, Tsuji A. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1996 October; 48(10): 1083-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8953513

•

Acute effects of tertatolol and nadolol on systemic and renal hemodynamics in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Degaute JP, Naeije R, Abramowicz M, Leeman M, Schoutens A, Prost JF.

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Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1988 July; 1(3 Pt 3): 263S-268S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3415803 •

Amylin-induced relaxation of the perfused mesenteric arterial bed: meditation by calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors. Author(s): Westfall TC, Curfman-Falvey M. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1995 December; 26(6): 932-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8606530

•

Behavioral and physiological effects of a beta blocker and relaxation therapy on mild hypertensives. Author(s): Adsett CA, Bellissimo A, Mitchell A, Wilczynski N, Haynes RB. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1989 September-October; 51(5): 523-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2678210

•

Primary hyperaldosteronism in pregnancy. A case report. Author(s): Solomon CG, Thiet M, Moore F Jr, Seely EW. Source: J Reprod Med. 1996 April; 41(4): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8728078

•

Reduction in digitalis-associated postinfarction mortality with nadolol in conscious dogs. Author(s): Lynch JJ, Kitzen JM, Hoff PT, Lucchesi BR. Source: American Heart Journal. 1988 January; 115(1 Pt 1): 67-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3336987

•

Use of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Feely J, Peden N. Source: Drugs. 1984 May; 27(5): 425-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6144501

•

Use of skin conductance changes during mental stress testing as an index of autonomic arousal in cardiovascular research. Author(s): Jacobs SC, Friedman R, Parker JD, Tofler GH, Jimenez AH, Muller JE, Benson H, Stone PH. Source: American Heart Journal. 1994 December; 128(6 Pt 1): 1170-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7985598

Alternative Medicine 45

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to nadolol; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Beta-Adrenergic Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-Blockers Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nadolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON NADOLOL Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover nadolol.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on nadolol is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “nadolol” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to nadolol. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “nadolol” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for nadolol: •

Copley's Nadolol Cleared By FDA Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 18, 1996

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “nadolol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “nadolol” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to nadolol, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “nadolol” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly

Periodicals and News

49

to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “nadolol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on nadolol: •

Diabetes and Heart Disease: New Strategies Emerge Source: Harvard Heart Letter. 10(11): 1-4. July 2000. Contact: Available from Harvard Medical School Health Publications Group. Harvard Heart Letter, P.O. Box 420300, Palm Coast, FL 32142-0300. (800) 829-9045. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.health.harvard.edu. Summary: This article explores the relationship between diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes is a risk factor for atherosclerosis in the blood vessels of the heart and throughout the body. In addition, other risk factors for heart disease are closely associated with diabetes, including obesity, hypertension, and lipid abnormalities. Although the death rates due to coronary heart disease have been steadily declining over the last few decades, this has not been the case for people who have diabetes. Middle aged women with diabetes have the same increased risk for heart disease as do men. In addition, people who have diabetes and have had heart attacks have a less favorable prognosis than heart attack victims without diabetes. Therefore, most experts recommend that physicians regard all people who have diabetes as heart disease patients, even if they show no signs of cardiovascular problems. Studies have shown that beta blockers such as atenolol, metoprolol, nadolol, and propranolol are among the best drugs to treat coronary artery disease. Doctors traditionally have avoided prescribing beta blockers for people who have diabetes because they can mask the warning signs of low blood glucose and can worsen some problems common in people who have diabetes such as impotence and fatigue. However, research suggests that people who have diabetes may derive even greater benefits from beta blockers when compared with people who do not have diabetes. In addition, research suggests that tight diabetes control can reduce the risk of other diabetes complications. Other studies have investigated the outcomes between people with and without diabetes following balloon angioplasty. Results suggest that angioplasty in people who have diabetes leaves more heart muscle in danger than does bypass surgery. Thus, most physicians create treatment plans under the assumption that bypass surgery is the best form of treatment for people who have diabetes and severe symptoms of coronary disease that has not responded to drug treatment.

Academic Periodicals covering Nadolol Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to nadolol. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering nadolol that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the

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name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for nadolol. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with nadolol. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to nadolol: Beta-adrenergic Blocking Agents •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Betapace; Blocadren; Cartrol; Corgard; Inderal; Inderal LA; Kerlone; Levatol; Lopressor; Normodyne; Sectral; Tenormin; Toprol-XL; Trandate; Visken; Zebeta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202087.html

Beta-adrenergic Blocking Agents and Thiazide Diuretics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Corzide 40/5; Corzide 80/5; Inderide; Inderide LA; Lopressor HCT; Tenoretic 100; Tenoretic 50; Timolide 10-25; Ziac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202088.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

55

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “nadolol” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1136 1 813 0 16 1966

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “nadolol” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on nadolol can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to nadolol. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to nadolol. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “nadolol”:

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Arrhythmia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arrhythmia.html Asthma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthma.html Cardiomyopathy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cardiomyopathy.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to nadolol. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to nadolol. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with nadolol. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about nadolol. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “nadolol” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “nadolol”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “nadolol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “nadolol” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

73

NADOLOL DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjunctive Therapy: Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic betaantagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. [NIH] Adrenoreceptor: Receptors specifically sensitive to and operated by adrenaline and/or noradrenaline and related sympathomimetic drugs. Adrenoreceptor is an alternative name. [NIH]

Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of

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antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alprenolol: 1-((1-Methylethyl)amino)-3-(2-(2-propenyl)phenoxy)-2-propanol. Adrenergic beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amlodipine: 2-((2-Aminoethoxy)methyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3,5pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl 5-methyl ester. A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU]

Dictionary 75

Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are diuretics (especially diuretics, thiazide), adrenergic beta-antagonists, adrenergic alpha-antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers, and vasodilator agents. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the

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movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrioventricular Node: A small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. It gives rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or

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bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Bepridil: Beta-((2-Methylpropoxy)methyl)-N-phenyl-N-(phenylmethyl)-1pyrrolidineethanamine. A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist. [NIH] Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Betaxolol: A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity. [NIH]

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bradycardia: Excessive slowness in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate below 60 beats per minute. [NIH]

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Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchospasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma. [EU] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcitonin: A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. [NIH] Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU]

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Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH]

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Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of

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clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary Disease: Disorder of cardiac function due to an imbalance between myocardial function and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient flow for normal function. It is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Critical Care: Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or crisis. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH]

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Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic blood pressure: The minimum pressure that remains within the artery when the heart is at rest. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diuretics, Thiazide: Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH]

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Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat hypertension. [NIH]

Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required

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but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]

Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes

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are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent. The drug lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure by activating the central nervous system alpha-2 adrenoreceptors, which results in reduced sympathetic outflow leading to reduced vascular tone. Its adverse reactions include dry mouth, sedation, and constipation. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this

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class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperaldosteronism: Aldosteronism. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to thickening of the heart walls, interfering with the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indapamide: A sulfamyl diuretic with about 16x the effect of furosemide. It has also been shown to be an effective antihypertensive agent in the clinic. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH]

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Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Intention tremor: A tremor which arises or which is intensified when a voluntary, coordinated movement is attempted. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma. [NIH] Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of angina. Its actions are similar to nitroglycerin but with a slower onset of action. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German

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scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the

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abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent. Before its alphaadrenergic actions became clear, methyldopa was thought to act by inhibiting decarboxylation of DOPA leading to depletion of norepinephrine or by conversion to and release as the false transmitter alpha-methylnorepinephrine. [NIH] Metoprolol: Adrenergic beta-1-blocking agent with no stimulatory action. It is less bound to plasma albumin than alprenolol and may be useful in angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH]

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Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike physostigmine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ocular Hypertension: A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast

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and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Papilledema: Swelling around the optic disk. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage: Bleeding from a peptic ulcer. [NIH]

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Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH]

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Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Portal Hypertension: High blood pressure in the portal vein. This vein carries blood into the liver. Portal hypertension is caused by a blood clot. This is a common complication of cirrhosis. [NIH] Portal Pressure: The venous pressure measured in the portal vein. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's syndrome, prostatic hypertrophy, and urinary retention. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and

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treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal Circulation: The circulation of the blood through the vessels of the kidney. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate

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angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerotherapy: Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sleep Stages: Periods of sleep manifested by changes in EEG activity and certain behavioral correlates; includes Stage 1: sleep onset, drowsy sleep; Stage 2: light sleep; Stages 3 and 4: delta sleep, light sleep, deep sleep, telencephalic sleep. [NIH]

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Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Motility: Ability of the spermatozoon to move by flagellate swimming. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sucralfate: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. It is advocated in the therapy of peptic, duodenal, and prepyloric ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, and other gastrointestinal irritations. It acts primarily at the ulcer site, where it has cytoprotective, pepsinostatic, antacid, and bile acid-binding properties. The drug is only slightly absorbed by the digestive mucosa, which explains the absence of systemic effects and toxicity. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH]

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Supraventricular: Situated or occurring above the ventricles, especially in an atrium or atrioventricular node. [EU] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotoxicosis: The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Timolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to propranolol. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of migraine and tremor. [NIH]

Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH]

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Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU]

Dictionary 99

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Pressure: The blood pressure in a vein. It is usually measured to assess the filling pressure to the ventricle. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the

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cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xipamide: Sulfamoyl diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to plasma proteins, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action. [NIH]

101

INDEX A Abdominal, 73, 88, 91, 92 Acceptor, 73, 91 Acebutolol, 35, 73 Acne, 34, 73 Adenosine, 73, 97 Adjunctive Therapy, 27, 73 Adrenal Medulla, 73, 83, 90 Adrenaline, 73 Adrenergic, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 15, 23, 45, 52, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 83, 89, 93, 94, 96, 97 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, 73, 75 Adrenoreceptor, 15, 73 Adverse Effect, 73, 95 Aerobic, 73, 83 Affinity, 73, 74, 96 Agonist, 22, 74, 77, 89 Akathisia, 6, 26, 74, 76 Albumin, 74, 89, 92 Algorithms, 74, 77 Alpha-1, 74, 93 Alprenolol, 74, 89 Alternative medicine, 48, 74 Aluminum, 74, 96 Alveoli, 74, 99 Amino acid, 74, 75, 78, 90, 92, 93, 96, 98 Amlodipine, 8, 23, 74 Ampulla, 74, 83 Anaesthesia, 18, 74 Anatomical, 74, 76, 79, 86 Anesthesia, 15, 33, 75, 93 Anesthetics, 75, 83 Angina, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 19, 23, 24, 27, 31, 38, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 87, 89, 90, 93 Angina Pectoris, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 19, 23, 24, 27, 31, 38, 73, 74, 75, 77, 89, 93 Anginal, 74, 75, 77, 90 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 75 Antagonism, 75, 82, 97 Antianginal, 10, 75 Antiarrhythmic, 19, 75, 97 Antibiotics, 20, 75 Antibodies, 75, 88 Antigen, 73, 75, 80, 86, 87 Antihypertensive, 8, 13, 16, 26, 37, 74, 75, 77, 79, 85, 86, 89, 97, 100 Antihypertensive Agents, 16, 75

Antipsychotic, 75, 90 Anxiety, 8, 9, 73, 74, 76, 91, 93 Anxiety Disorders, 76, 91 Apathy, 76, 90 Apolipoproteins, 76, 88 Aqueous, 32, 76 Arrhythmia, 62, 75, 76, 77, 79, 99 Arterial, 44, 76, 78, 79, 86, 90, 93, 97 Arteries, 76, 77, 81, 88, 89 Arterioles, 76, 77, 89 Artery, 19, 49, 76, 81, 82 Ascites, 23, 30, 76 Assay, 9, 21, 22, 76 Asymptomatic, 4, 76, 91 Atenolol, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 23, 34, 49, 76 Atrial, 10, 11, 17, 18, 76 Atrial Fibrillation, 11, 18, 76 Atrioventricular, 76, 97 Atrioventricular Node, 76, 97 Atrium, 76, 97, 99 Autodigestion, 76, 91 Autonomic, 11, 44, 76, 84, 90, 92 B Bacteria, 75, 76, 83, 94 Basophils, 77, 87 Bepridil, 12, 77 Bereavement, 4, 77 Beta blocker, 31, 33, 34, 37, 44, 49, 77 Betaxolol, 5, 77 Bile, 77, 85, 88, 96 Biliary, 77, 91 Biliary Tract, 77, 91 Biochemical, 11, 77 Biotechnology, 4, 48, 57, 77 Bisoprolol, 13, 77 Bladder, 77, 98 Blood Glucose, 49, 77 Blood pressure, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 20, 24, 28, 37, 75, 77, 78, 79, 84, 86, 90, 93, 96, 99 Blood vessel, 49, 77, 78, 79, 87, 89, 92, 96, 97, 99 Blood-Brain Barrier, 77, 90, 92 Body Composition, 38, 77 Body Fluids, 77, 78, 96 Bradycardia, 33, 77 Bronchi, 78, 83, 97, 98 Bronchial, 73, 78, 97 Bronchospasm, 32, 78

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Bupivacaine, 78, 88 Bypass, 19, 49, 78 C Calcitonin, 44, 78 Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, 44, 78 Calcium, 41, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80, 82, 90, 99 Calcium channel blocker, 74, 75, 78, 99 Calcium Channel Blockers, 75, 78 Calmodulin, 22, 77, 78 Captopril, 8, 14, 17, 78 Cardiac, 28, 34, 73, 75, 76, 78, 81, 83, 88, 89, 94 Cardiac Output, 34, 78 Cardiomyopathy, 62, 78 Cardioselective, 73, 76, 77, 78, 93 Cardiotonic, 79, 82 Cardiovascular, 16, 20, 44, 49, 79, 83 Cardiovascular disease, 49, 79 Carteolol, 5, 79 Case report, 44, 79, 80 Case series, 79, 80 Cell, 4, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 87, 89, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 99 Central Nervous System, 79, 85, 92, 97 Cerebellar, 30, 79, 98 Cerebellar Diseases, 79, 98 Cerebellum, 79 Cerebral, 77, 79, 83, 85, 94, 97 Cerebrovascular, 78, 79 Character, 75, 79, 81 Chin, 79, 88 Cholesterol, 77, 79, 81, 88 Cholesterol Esters, 79, 88 Chronic, 7, 11, 15, 17, 18, 27, 29, 30, 75, 79, 82, 83, 84, 87, 91, 98 Chylomicrons, 79, 88 Cirrhosis, 15, 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 33, 34, 79, 93 Clinical study, 27, 80, 81 Clinical trial, 3, 24, 57, 80, 81, 82, 94 Cloning, 77, 80 Cognition, 80, 90 Complement, 80, 92 Complementary and alternative medicine, 43, 46, 80 Complementary medicine, 43, 80 Computational Biology, 57, 80 Confusion, 80, 90, 98 Consciousness, 81, 94, 97 Constipation, 76, 81, 85 Constriction, 81, 87, 99 Contraindications, ii, 81

Controlled clinical trial, 28, 81 Controlled study, 6, 30, 81 Coronary, 19, 49, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 89, 90 Coronary Circulation, 75, 81, 90 Coronary Disease, 49, 81 Coronary heart disease, 49, 79, 81 Coronary Thrombosis, 81, 89 Coronary Vessels, 81 Critical Care, 15, 25, 81 Curative, 81, 97 Cyclic, 78, 81, 97 D Decarboxylation, 81, 89 Degenerative, 81, 95 Density, 81, 88 Depersonalization, 81, 91, 95 Depressive Disorder, 81, 88 Derealization, 81, 82, 91 Diabetes Insipidus, 82, 86 Diagnostic procedure, 48, 82 Dialyzer, 82, 85 Diastolic, 14, 82, 85, 86 Diastolic blood pressure, 82, 85 Digestion, 28, 77, 82, 88, 91, 96 Digitalis, 40, 44, 82 Diltiazem, 31, 82 Direct, iii, 51, 82, 85, 94, 97 Disposition, 26, 35, 82 Diuresis, 82, 97 Diuretic, 5, 25, 38, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 100 Diuretics, Thiazide, 75, 82 Dizziness, 82, 91 Dorsal, 13, 82, 93 Dorsum, 82 Double-blind, 6, 10, 23, 26, 30, 82 Drug Interactions, 10, 52, 82 Duodenum, 77, 82, 83, 91, 96 Dyspnea, 82, 91 E Edema, 82, 84, 86, 98 Efficacy, 4, 6, 7, 11, 19, 25, 31, 82 Electrolyte, 83, 93, 96, 98 Electrons, 83, 87, 91, 94 Enalapril, 20, 83 Endogenous, 78, 83 Endoscope, 83 Endoscopic, 20, 28, 83 Endotoxic, 83, 88 Environmental Health, 56, 58, 83 Enzyme, 83, 92, 94, 95, 99 Eosinophils, 83, 87 Epinephrine, 9, 73, 83, 90

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Epithelial, 83 Epithelial Cells, 83 Epithelium, 43, 83 Esophageal, 9, 83, 95 Esophageal Varices, 83, 95 Esophagitis, 83, 96 Esophagus, 83, 91, 94, 96 Essential Tremor, 28, 83 Exercise Test, 7, 83, 84 Exercise Tolerance, 11, 84 Exogenous, 78, 83, 84 Extrapyramidal, 74, 76, 84 F Family Planning, 57, 84 Fat, 77, 81, 84, 88 Fatigue, 49, 84, 85 Fibrosis, 84, 95 Flatus, 84 Fluorescence, 21, 35, 84 Flushing, 16, 84 Fold, 84, 88 Forearm, 77, 84 Furosemide, 84, 86 G Ganglionic Blockers, 75, 84 Gas, 14, 37, 84, 86, 99 Gas exchange, 84, 99 Gastric, 76, 84, 91, 95 Gastrin, 84, 85 Gastritis, 84, 96 Gastrointestinal, 20, 27, 28, 83, 84, 96 Gene, 77, 78, 84 Gland, 73, 85, 91, 95, 97 Glycoprotein, 43, 85 Governing Board, 85, 93 Grafting, 19, 85 Gravis, 85, 90 Guanfacine, 5, 85 H Half-Life, 12, 85 Heart attack, 49, 79, 85 Heart failure, 75, 85, 93 Hemodialysis, 29, 82, 85 Hemodynamics, 17, 18, 43, 85 Hemorrhoids, 85, 95 Hepatic, 18, 23, 74, 85, 88 Hormone, 4, 16, 73, 78, 83, 84, 85, 97 Humoral, 20, 85 Humour, 32, 85 Hydralazine, 35, 85 Hydrocephalus, 85, 87 Hydrochlorothiazide, 8, 21, 24, 85

Hydrogen, 73, 86, 89, 91 Hydrophobic, 86, 88 Hyperaldosteronism, 44, 86 Hypersensitivity, 12, 25, 86 Hyperthyroidism, 11, 16, 27, 33, 34, 35, 44, 86, 93 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 6, 14, 86 Hypertrophy, 86, 93 Hypotensive, 14, 86 Hypothalamic, 4, 86 Hypothalamus, 86 I Immune function, 4, 86 Immune response, 4, 75, 86, 96, 99 Immune system, 86, 88, 99 Immunodeficiency, 4, 86 Immunogenic, 86, 88 Impairment, 13, 20, 86 Impotence, 49, 86 In vitro, 4, 16, 86 In vivo, 4, 13, 86 Indapamide, 28, 86 Infarction, 85, 86 Infection, 86, 87, 88, 99 Inflammation, 73, 74, 83, 84, 87, 91, 92, 95, 99 Infusion, 5, 87, 95 Inotropic, 76, 87 Inpatients, 29, 30, 87 Intention tremor, 29, 87 Intestinal, 43, 87 Intestines, 73, 84, 87 Intoxication, 87, 100 Intracellular, 78, 87, 93 Intraocular, 6, 16, 35, 36, 87, 90 Intraocular pressure, 6, 16, 35, 36, 87, 90 Intravenous, 5, 14, 19, 24, 87 Involuntary, 83, 87, 89 Ions, 78, 82, 83, 86, 87 Ischemia, 31, 87 Isosorbide, 9, 10, 15, 20, 21, 23, 24, 30, 33, 87 Isosorbide Dinitrate, 10, 87 K Kb, 56, 87 Kinetic, 12, 23, 87 L Laparoscopy, 18, 87 Leukocytes, 29, 77, 83, 87, 89, 90 Levo, 87, 97 Lidocaine, 17, 88 Ligaments, 81, 88

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Ligation, 9, 20, 88 Lipid, 49, 76, 88 Lipid A, 49, 88 Lipopolysaccharides, 88 Lipoprotein, 34, 88 Lithium, 27, 36, 75, 88 Liver, 15, 16, 23, 27, 37, 73, 74, 77, 79, 83, 85, 88, 93, 95 Liver Cirrhosis, 37, 88 Localized, 87, 88, 92, 95, 98 Low-density lipoprotein, 88 Lymph, 85, 88 Lymphocyte, 30, 75, 88 M Manic, 75, 88 MEDLINE, 57, 88 Medullary, 4, 88 Membrane, 31, 80, 82, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95 Menopause, 88, 93 Mental, iv, 3, 18, 44, 56, 58, 79, 80, 82, 84, 88, 94, 95, 98 Mesenteric, 44, 88 Mesentery, 88 Methyldopa, 24, 89 Metoprolol, 12, 16, 22, 35, 49, 89 MI, 71, 89 Microcirculation, 88, 89 Molecular, 57, 59, 77, 78, 80, 89 Molecule, 75, 80, 89, 91, 94 Monocytes, 87, 89 Monotherapy, 11, 38, 89 Mucosa, 89, 96 Muscle relaxant, 89, 90 Myasthenia, 89, 90 Myocardial infarction, 18, 81, 89, 93 Myocardial Ischemia, 75, 81, 89 Myocardium, 75, 89 N Nausea, 76, 89, 91, 98 Necrosis, 86, 89 Neostigmine, 33, 90 Nerve, 31, 73, 75, 79, 90, 93, 95, 98 Nervous System, 75, 79, 90, 92, 97 Neural, 78, 84, 85, 90 Neuroleptic, 6, 74, 75, 90 Neuropeptide, 78, 90 Neurotransmitter, 73, 74, 78, 90, 96 Neutrophils, 87, 90 Nifedipine, 10, 34, 90 Nitroglycerin, 87, 90 Norepinephrine, 73, 89, 90

O Ocular, 14, 27, 35, 90 Ocular Hypertension, 27, 35, 90 Osmotic, 74, 87, 90 Osteoclasts, 78, 90 Overdose, 21, 91 Oxidation, 29, 73, 91 Oxygen Consumption, 84, 91 P Palliative, 91, 97 Pancreas, 73, 91 Pancreatic, 91 Pancreatitis, 7, 91 Panic, 37, 91 Panic Disorder, 37, 91 Papilledema, 25, 91 Paresthesias, 91 Paroxysmal, 75, 91 Pathologic, 81, 86, 91, 99 Patient Compliance, 31, 91 Peptic, 91, 95, 96 Peptic Ulcer, 91, 95 Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage, 91, 95 Peptide, 74, 78, 92, 93 Perfusion, 33, 92 Peripheral Nervous System, 89, 90, 92, 96 Peritoneal, 76, 92 Peritoneal Cavity, 76, 92 Perivascular, 78, 92 Pharmacokinetic, 22, 92 Pharmacologic, 75, 85, 92, 98 Phenyl, 77, 92 Phospholipids, 84, 88, 92 Physiologic, 74, 85, 92, 94, 98 Physostigmine, 90, 92 Pilot study, 6, 28, 92 Plants, 82, 90, 92 Plasma, 5, 13, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 35, 37, 74, 75, 78, 79, 89, 92, 94, 95, 99, 100 Plasma protein, 74, 92, 100 Pneumonia, 81, 92 Pneumonitis, 25, 93 Portal Hypertension, 18, 37, 93 Portal Pressure, 22, 93 Posterior, 79, 82, 91, 93 Potassium, 20, 26, 41, 82, 86, 93, 94 Practice Guidelines, 58, 93 Prazosin, 5, 16, 22, 93 Procaine, 88, 93 Progression, 4, 93, 99 Progressive, 79, 89, 93 Prophylaxis, 24, 28, 30, 33, 93

105

Propranolol, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 36, 38, 49, 76, 93, 97 Prospective study, 7, 19, 93 Protein C, 74, 76, 88, 93 Protein S, 77, 93 Proteins, 27, 74, 75, 76, 80, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95 Psychiatric, 6, 29, 30, 93 Psychiatry, 6, 8, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 93, 99 Psychic, 88, 94 Psychoactive, 94, 100 Psychomotor, 90, 94 Public Policy, 57, 94 Pulmonary, 77, 83, 94, 99 Pulmonary Artery, 77, 94, 99 Q Quinidine, 73, 94 R Radiation, 75, 84, 94 Radioactive, 85, 86, 94 Randomized, 20, 27, 28, 38, 82, 94 Reabsorption, 86, 94 Reactive Oxygen Species, 29, 94 Receptor, 4, 13, 30, 33, 38, 75, 94 Rectum, 84, 94 Recurrence, 38, 94 Refer, 1, 80, 82, 90, 94 Reflux, 94, 96 Refractory, 19, 94 Regimen, 82, 91, 94 Remission, 94 Renal Circulation, 10, 94 Renin, 75, 78, 94, 95 Renin-Angiotensin System, 75, 78, 95 Respiratory Physiology, 95, 99 Retina, 95 Retinopathy, 29, 95 Risk factor, 49, 93, 95 S Saline, 5, 95 Schizoid, 95, 99 Schizophrenia, 29, 95, 99 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 81, 95, 99 Sclerotherapy, 28, 30, 95 Screening, 80, 95 Secretion, 43, 85, 95 Sensibility, 74, 95 Serous, 29, 95 Serum, 9, 14, 21, 27, 28, 34, 74, 80, 88, 95 Side effect, 34, 51, 73, 74, 76, 95, 98 Sleep Stages, 18, 95 Small intestine, 79, 82, 85, 87, 96

Smooth muscle, 78, 90, 95, 96 Social Support, 4, 96 Sodium, 82, 86, 94, 96 Somatic, 85, 92, 96 Sotalol, 6, 96 Specialist, 63, 96 Species, 7, 83, 94, 96 Sperm, 18, 96 Sperm Motility, 18, 96 Spermatozoon, 96 Stomach, 73, 76, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91, 92, 94, 96 Stress, 4, 44, 84, 89, 96 Stroke, 56, 78, 79, 96 Subspecies, 96 Substance P, 95, 96 Sucralfate, 20, 96 Suppression, 6, 96 Supraventricular, 19, 26, 32, 97 Sympathomimetic, 73, 83, 90, 97 Symptomatic, 6, 91, 97 Symptomatology, 30, 97 Synapse, 73, 97, 98 Syncope, 38, 97 Systemic, 18, 43, 52, 77, 83, 85, 87, 96, 97 Systolic, 85, 86, 97 T Tachycardia, 19, 26, 32, 33, 97 Teratogenic, 82, 97 Theophylline, 23, 97 Therapeutics, 9, 17, 18, 20, 26, 31, 52, 97 Threshold, 86, 97 Thrombosis, 93, 95, 96, 97 Thyroid, 31, 34, 78, 86, 97 Thyroid Gland, 86, 97 Thyroid Hormones, 31, 34, 97 Thyrotoxicosis, 5, 26, 29, 97 Timolol, 6, 35, 97 Tissue, 75, 77, 78, 82, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97 Tone, 85, 98 Topical, 6, 98 Toxic, iv, 82, 98 Toxicity, 82, 92, 96, 98 Toxicology, 58, 98 Trachea, 78, 97, 98 Transfection, 77, 98 Transmitter, 89, 90, 98 Trauma, 83, 85, 89, 91, 98 Tremor, 27, 30, 36, 87, 97, 98 Tubocurarine, 90, 98

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U Ulcer, 91, 96, 98 Uraemia, 91, 98 Urethra, 98 Urinary, 85, 93, 98 Urinary Retention, 93, 98 Urine, 14, 21, 77, 82, 98 V Varicose, 95, 98 Varicose vein, 95, 98 Vascular, 78, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 97, 99 Vasculitis, 91, 99 Vasoconstriction, 83, 99 Vasodilation, 75, 77, 99 Vasodilator, 75, 78, 85, 87, 90, 99 Vein, 13, 87, 93, 99 Venous, 85, 90, 93, 99 Venous Pressure, 93, 99

Ventilation, 32, 99 Ventricle, 76, 86, 94, 97, 99 Ventricular, 6, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 19, 33, 85, 99 Venules, 77, 89, 99 Verapamil, 6, 99 Veterinary Medicine, 57, 99 Viral, 4, 99 Viral Load, 4, 99 Virus, 99 Vitro, 99 Vivo, 99 W White blood cell, 87, 88, 99 Windpipe, 97, 99 Withdrawal, 12, 99 X Xipamide, 28, 100

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