Nystatin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

NYSTATIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P...

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NYSTATIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Nystatin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84532-8 1. Nystatin-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on nystatin. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON NYSTATIN ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Nystatin ........................................................................................ 8 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 9 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND NYSTATIN ....................................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Finding Nutrition Studies on Nystatin....................................................................................... 41 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 43 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND NYSTATIN ................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 45 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 51 General References ....................................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND NYSTATIN .............................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Recent Trials on Nystatin............................................................................................................ 53 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 55 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON NYSTATIN .............................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Patents on Nystatin ..................................................................................................................... 57 Patent Applications on Nystatin ................................................................................................. 79 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON NYSTATIN.................................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Chapters on Nystatin................................................................................................................... 85 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON NYSTATIN .................................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 87 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 89 Academic Periodicals covering Nystatin ..................................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 91 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 92 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 95 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 97 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 99 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 101 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 105 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 107 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 107

Contents

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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 107 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 113 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 113 NYSTATIN DICTIONARY.......................................................................................................... 115 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 167

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with nystatin is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about nystatin, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to nystatin, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on nystatin. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to nystatin, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on nystatin. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON NYSTATIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on nystatin.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and nystatin, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “nystatin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Candidiasis: Pathogenesis, Clinical Characteristics, and Treatment Source: CDA Journal. Journal of the California Dental Association. 28(12): 942-948. December 2000. Contact: Available from California Dental Association (CDA). 1201 K Street, Sacramento, CA 95814. (916) 443-0505. Summary: Candida organisms live on the skin and mucous membranes of up to 75 percent of the population. They can live commensally without causing harm or can change to an aggressive form and invade tissue, causing both acute and chronic disease in the host. This article discusses the pathogenesis of candidiasis, the clinical characteristics of oral infection, local and systemic factors that predispose to infection, and treatment. Oropharyngeal candidiasis manifests clinically as acute

4

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pseudomembranous lesions, acute atrophic lesions, chronic atrophic lesions, chronic hypertrophic or hyperplastic lesions, and angular cheilitis. Systemic infection leading to candidemia can be devastating and cause up to a 60 percent mortality rate in medical or post surgical intensive care wards. Oral nystatin, clotrimazole, and fluconazole usually provide appropriate therapy, although resistance to medications is increasing, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. 8 figures. 1 table. 53 references. •

Antifungal Agents and Their Renal Implications in the Neonate Source: Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing. 8(1): 59-73. June 1994. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle, P.O. Box 990, Frederick, MD 21701-9782. (800) 638-8437. Fax (301) 695-7931. Summary: In this article, the authors discuss antifungal agents and their renal implications in the neonate. The authors note that the incidence of superficial or systemic fungal infections has been increasing in neonates. The cause of this increased susceptibility to fungal infections is due to the increased use of mechanical ventilation, indwelling catheters, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, parenteral nutrition, and steroid therapy. The authors discuss the etiology, signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the usual neonatal fungal infections. Each of the antifungal agents used to treat neonates is discussed with regard to its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, normal and renal functional impairment dosing, and adverse effects. Antifungal agents covered are amphotericin B, clotrimazole, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and nystatin. 2 tables. 25 references. (AA-M).

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Incidence of Oral Complications and Application of a Preventive Protocol in Children with Acute Leukemia Source: SCD. Special Care in Dentistry. 18(5): 189-193. September- October 1998. Contact: Available from Special Care Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2660. Fax (312) 440-2824. Summary: This article reports on a prospective, controlled study that was designed to assess the effectiveness of a preventive oral protocol in children receiving antineoplastic treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). During a 13 month period, 96 children from one to sixteen years of age with a diagnosis of ALL were evaluated. When the study was initiated, 60 patients already undergoing chemotherapy received palliative treatment for complications (Group 1). Thirty-six children (Group II) with newly diagnosed ALL received a daily preventive protocol consisting of elimination of bacterial plaque, application of a mouthwash with a nonalcoholic solution of chlorhexidine 0.12 percent, and topical application of iodopovidone, followed by 'swish and swallow' with nystatin 500,000 units. Children in both groups were examined every 7 to 14 days by the pediatric dentistry team. The authors found a significant improvement in oral hygiene and a significant decrease in the incidence of mucositis grade 2 and oral candidiasis in the Group II children. These findings show that the systematic application of a preventive protocol significantly reduces the incidence of oral complications. The results of the study identify a need to include a pediatric dentist in a multidisciplinary team which provides oral care for cancer patients. 5 tables. 33 references. (AA).

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Microwave Disinfection of Dentures for the Treatment of Oral Candidiasis Source: SCD. Special Care in Dentistry. 21(1): 4-8. January-February 2001.

Studies

5

Contact: Available from Special Care Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2660. Summary: This article reports on a study on the disinfection of dentures in which 34 institutionalized subjects (mean age, 81 years) with a positive test for Candida albicans pseudohyphae were randomly assigned to test (microwave) and control (soak) groups. All subjects received the same course of topical antifungal medication (Nystatin). Subjects in the microwave treatment group had their maxillary (upper jaw) denture scrubbed and then microwaved for one minute at 850 Watts. This procedure was repeated three times. For subjects receiving the standard denture soak treatment, the nursing staff was instructed to disinfect the maxillary dentures in 0.2 percent chlorhexidine digluconate solution overnight for 14 days, changing the solution every two days. Infestation of the tissue surface of the maxillary denture with C. albicans progressively took place over the three month period following treatment such that 8 (53 percent) of the microwaved dentures and 15 (84 percent) of the soaked dentures demonstrated pseudohyphae as determined by Gram stain. Infection of the soft tissues with the hyphal form of C. albicans also increased with time. After three months, one (8 percent) patient in the microwave group and 12 (63 percent) patients in the denture soak group demonstrated pseudohyphae on the cytological smears. Reinfestation of the denture surface and infection of the adjacent soft tissue were delayed dramatically in patients whose dentures were microwaved compared with those whose dentures were disinfected by being soaked in a chlorhexidine solution. The authors note that microwave treatment is not recommended for all dentures and should be used with caution. 2 tables. 29 references. •

Efficacious Oral Health Care Protocol for Immunocompromised Patients Source: SCD. Special Care in Dentistry. 15(6): 223-227. November-December 1995. Summary: This article reports on a study that established an efficacious oral health care protocol for immunocompromised patients. A twice-weekly oral and perioral examination was provided to 120 patients receiving antineoplastic therapy. Sixty patients were monitored while following the traditional hospital oral care protocol (chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, sodium bicarbonate, thymol glycol, benzocaine mouthrinse, and nystatin). The mouth care protocol regimen of the hospital unit was then changed to an experimental protocol of chlorhexidine, benzocaine lozenges, and amphotericin B lozenges. The patients were monitored until the sample size matched that of the standard hospital mouth care regime (n = 60). Results showed a significant reduction in oral complications upon introduction and maintenance of the experimental protocol. 6 tables. 29 references. (AA-M).

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Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Antifungal Drugs for the Prevention and Treatment of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in HIV-positive Patients Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 92(2): 170-179. August 2001. Contact: Available from Mosby, Inc. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. Summary: This article reports on a systematic review of randomized clinical trials (published between 1966 and 2000) that was undertaken to determine the strength of evidence for the effectiveness of antifungal drugs (nystatin, clotrimazole, amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole) to prevent and treat oral candidiasis (thrush, a fungal infection) in patients who are HIV positive. The automated database

6

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search identified 366 articles; six met inclusion and exclusion criteria with respect to prophylaxis (prevention), and 12 met criteria for treatment of oral candidiasis. The results showed that evidence for the prophylactic effectiveness of fluconazole is good, although insufficient to draw conclusions about the other antifungals. Evidence for treatment effectiveness is insufficient for amphotericin B but good for nystatin, clotrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole. The authors also offer suggestions for strengthening the evidence base: use of larger, more well defined groups; control for immunologic status; viral load; history of oral candidiasis; past exposure to antifungals; baseline oral Candida carriage; drug interactions; and antiretroviral therapy; and consistent use of compliance monitors, fungal speciation, and susceptibility testing. 3 tables. 33 references. •

Oral Candidosis Source: Quintessence International. 33(7): 521-532. July-August 2002. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. Summary: This article reviews clinical practice guidelines for oral candidosis, the most common opportunistic fungal infection encountered in dentistry. Normally a benign inhabitant of mucous membranes, the fungal organism Candida albicans, may present serious, even life-threatening infection in specific patient populations. As an opportunistic organism, C. albicans is extremely responsive to any process resulting in immunosuppression. The clinical manifestations of oral candidosis are variable, occasionally complicating the clinical diagnosis and management. Treatment is often initially rendered based on a provisional clinical diagnosis and supplemented with diagnostic laboratory tests. Specific treatments should be tailored to the individual patient, based on the current health status of the patient and the clinical presentation and severity of the infection. Appended to the article are five summaries of potential drug therapy for candidosis, covering the indications, contraindications, drug interactions, administration, efficacy, toxicity, length of treatment, cessation of treatment, and instructions to the patient for itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, and nystatin. 4 figures. 2 tables. 44 references.

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Fungal Infections Commonly Found in Individuals With HIV/AIDS Source: STEP Perspective; Vol. 4, No. 2. Contact: Seattle Treatment Education Project, 1123 E John St, Seattle, WA, 98102, (206) 329-4857, http://www.thebody.com/step/steppage.html. Summary: This article reviews fungal infections commonly found in symptomatic HIV infection, focusing on those caused by Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. The discussion on candidiasis examines the manifestations, diagnoses, and treatments for oropharyngeal candidiasis, or thrush, Candida esophagitis, and vaginal candidiasis. The use of topical agents such as nystatin and clotrimazole is suggested for treating thrush and vaginal candidiasis, in addition to miconazole for the latter. The systemic agents ketaconazole and fluconazole are recommended for severe cases of oropharyngeal and vaginal candidiasis, and Candida esophagitis. A section on cryptococcosis emphasizes cryptococcal meningitis, referring to the often-subtle symptoms, tests available for diagnoses, and aspects of treatment with fluconazole or Amphotericin-B.

Studies

•

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Review of Oral Fungal Infections and Appropriate Therapy Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 126(1): 63-72. January 1995. Summary: This article reviews oral fungal infections and the therapeutic options for each. The authors emphasize that dental health care providers must recognize oral fungal pathogens that often are markers for early signs of immune deterioration. Topics covered include localized fungal infections, including the various types of oral candidiasis; deep-seated fungal infections, including aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, geotrichosis, blastomycosis, and mucormycosis; diagnostic considerations for these deep-seated fungal infections; antifungal medications; polyene antibiotic antifungals, including amphotericin B and nystatin; azole antifungals, including clotrimazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole; and the cost of therapy. Throughout the article, the authors discuss the impact of these fungal infections on individuals with immunosuppressive diseases. 4 tables. 56 references. (AA-M).

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Superficial Fungal Infection of the Skin: Where and How It Appears Help Determine Therapy Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 109(1): 117-120,123-126,131-132. January 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the features, diagnosis, and management of tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea versicolor, tinea capitis, tinea faciei, tinea manuum, cutaneous candidiasis, and onychomycosis. Tinea pedis, the most common fungal infection of the skin, involves the plantar surface and interdigital spaces of the foot and can include inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions. Differential diagnosis of tinea pedis includes acrodermatitis continua, candidiasis, contact dermatitis, eczema, erythrasma, psoriasis, pustular bacterids, pyoderma, and secondary syphilis. Tinea pedis usually responds to topical agents such as econazole nitrate, ketoconazole, and terbinafine hydrochloride. Tinea corporis, commonly referred to as ringworm of the body, is dermatophytosis of the glabrous skin of the trunk and extremities. This condition typically develops after inappropriate topical corticosteroid therapy. Treatment involves topical therapy. Tinea cruris, or jock itch, is a dermatophytosis of the proximal medial thigh and buttock. Differential diagnosis includes mechanical intertrigo and candidiasis. Treatment involves topical therapy. Tinea versicolor, or pityriasis versicolor, is typically found in regions of the body that have sebaceous glands. The characteristic finding is skin depigmentation. Differential diagnosis includes vitiligo, tinea corporis, pityriasis rosea, pityriasis alba, and secondary syphilis. Topical therapies such as terbinafine, econazole, ketoconazole, and selenium sulfide lotion or shampoo are effective topical therapies. Tinea capitis, which is a dermatophytic infection of the head and scalp, can have a range of clinical presentations. Differential diagnosis includes seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, scalp psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and alopecia areata. An oral agent such as griseofulvin is usually needed to successfully treat this condition. Tinea faciei is dermatophytosis of the nonbearded areas of the face. This infection responds to topical therapy. Tinea manuum, an unusual dermatophytic infection of the interdigital and palmar surfaces, may coexist with other fungal infections. Differential diagnosis includes pompholyx, eczema, secondary syphilis, and callus formation. Although the condition responds to topical therapy, it may recur if untreated onychomycosis is present. Cutaneous candidiasis, a skin infection caused by Candida albicans and other species, often presents with erythema, cracking, or maceration. Topical agents commonly used to treat this condition include nystatin, ketoconazole, miconazole nitrate, and clotrimazole. Onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the nail unit, has a wide variety of clinical

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presentations. Differential diagnosis includes psoriasis, lichen planus, alopecia areata, subungual tumors and warts, and bacterial infections. Oral agents are more successful than topical agents. The article also discusses the topical and systemic agents used to treat cutaneous fungal infections. Topical agents include imidazoles, allylamines, and polyenes. Systemic agents include griseofulvin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine, and fluconazole. 16 figures, 2 tables, and 21 references.

Federally Funded Research on Nystatin The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to nystatin. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to nystatin. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore nystatin. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for nystatin: •

Project Title: ANTIFUNGAL CANDIDIASIS

DENTURE

ADHESIVE

FILM

FOR

ORAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Gerding, Thomas G.; Mikkur, Inc. 9 Industrial Park Dr Oxford, Ms 38655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The overall goal of this project is to investigate the feasibility of a novel technology to produce an "Antifungal Denture Adhesive Film" (ADA) System that will minimize or eliminate the current shortcomings of oral mucosal treatment modalities for candidiasis in denture patients. A recent study reported that over 75 percent of complete denture wearers exhibit dense C. albicans colonization in the sites covered by the upper or lower dentures. Approximately 65 million people in the U.S. are burdened with at least one fully edentulous arch and denture adhesive sales alone exceed $250 million annually. Current estimates for this subpopulation afflicted with this fungus number 10 to 25 million (U.S.). This health disparity is related not only to age of the subject, but other factors as well, such as low socioeconomic level and immunocompromised individuals. This study will test the hypothesis that novel denture adhesive films containing antifungal agents will improve treatment outcomes of oral candidiasis in denture patients. Our approach in Aim 1 is to formulate and produce preliminary ADA systems containing clotrimazole and nystatin. Previous studies will be used to direct the formulation and hot-melt extrusion of the preliminary formulations. Specific Aim 2 will utilize analytical, dissolution, bioadhesion and thermal tests to evaluate these 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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preliminary formulations and identify lead ADA systems. Aims 3 and 4 will produce and further investigate lead formulations by stability studies, in addition to testing these systems for in vitro activity against the Candida species in simulated oral cavity conditions. Aim 5 will evaluate and finalize two optimal bioadhesive drug delivery systems for each model antifungal drug. Successful completion of the project objectives will provide proof-of-concept for an appropriately designed, stable, Antifungal Denture Adhesive Film System that may be advanced to animal or human studies. An ADA system may be used for primary, prophylaxis or adjunct treatment of oral or pharyngeal candidiasis via controlled-release of the antifungal agent from the polymer matrix. In addition, the bioadhesive matrix serves as a denture adhesive for the subject for use in the interim while the fungal infection is being treated on the denture as well. This ADA system will reduce or eliminate the current shortcomings of systemic and currently available topical therapy for oral and pharyngeal candidiasis in a significant patient population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYNTHESIS

NEW

SILACYCLIC

PLATFORMS

FOR

COMPLEX

TARGET

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kozmin, Sergey A.; Chemistry; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): With the main emphasis on innovation, the primary objective of this program is to develop highly efficient, fully stereocontrolled, and practical synthetic strategies to complex bioactive targets utilizing readily available silacyclic platforms. Assembled via enantioselective desymmetrization, silacyclopentanes and silacyclohexanes provide new entries into a range of synthetically valuable building blocks found in many natural products of biomedical significance. In addition, appropriately functionalized silacyclic scaffolds will lead to new classes of asymmetric catalysts of broad synthetic utility. Within the proposed four-year grant period, we will concentrate on the following specific objectives: (a) development of new stereoselective transformations utilizing functionalized five- and six-membered silanes; (b) design of a highly convergent synthesis of nystatin A1; (c) development of a fully stereocontrolled synthesis of neodysiherbaine A; (d) development of expeditious route to PF1018; (e) rational design of chiral silicon-based Lewis acid catalysts. Supported by extensive preliminary results, this comprehensive research program is aimed at advancing the state-of-the-art of modern organic synthesis through innovative and efficient use of novel silacycles templates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

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Nystatin

unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “nystatin” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for nystatin in the PubMed Central database: •

ABSORPTION OF NYSTATIN BY MICROORGANISMS. by Lampen JO, Morgan ER, Slocum A, Arnow P.; 1959 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=290527

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Activity of liposomal nystatin against disseminated Aspergillus fumigatus infection in neutropenic mice. by Wallace TL, Paetznick V, Cossum PA, Lopez-Berestein G, Rex JH, Anaissie E.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164099

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Antibodies to nystatin demonstrate polyene sterol specificity and allow immunolabeling of sterols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Walker-Caprioglio HM, MacKenzie JM, Parks LW.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172827

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Biochemical and Genetic Aspects of Nystatin Resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Bard M.; 1972 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251336

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Comparison of In Vitro Activity of Liposomal Nystatin against Aspergillus Species with Those of Nystatin, Amphotericin B (AB) Deoxycholate, AB Colloidal Dispersion, Liposomal AB, AB Lipid Complex, and Itraconazole. by Oakley KL, Moore CB, Denning DW.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89255

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Comparison of In Vitro Antifungal Activities of Free and Liposome-Encapsulated Nystatin with Those of Four Amphotericin B Formulations. by Johnson EM, Ojwang JO, Szekely A, Wallace TL, Warnock DW.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105614

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Compartmental Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Multilamellar Liposomal Nystatin in Rabbits. by Groll AH, Mickiene D, Werner K, Petraitiene R, Petraitis V, Calendario M, Field-Ridley A, Crisp J, Piscitelli SC, Walsh TJ.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89797

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Differential Antifungal Activity of Isomeric Forms of Nystatin. by Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Bazemore S, Paetznick VL, Rodriguez JR, Chen E, Wallace T, Cossum P, Rex JH.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90731

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Dose Range Evaluation of Liposomal Nystatin and Comparisons with Amphotericin B and Amphotericin B Lipid Complex in Temporarily Neutropenic Mice Infected with an Isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus with Reduced Susceptibility to Amphotericin B. by Denning DW, Warn P.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89530

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The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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EFFECT OF MYCOSTATIN AND FUNGIZONE ON THE GROWTH OF HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM IN TISSUE CULTURE,. by Howard DH.; 1960 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=278705

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Effect of Nystatin on the Metabolism of Xylitol and Xylose by Pachysolen tannophilus. by Xu J, Taylor KB.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202236

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EFFECT OF NYSTATIN ON THE UTILIZATION OF SUBSTRATES BY YEAST AND OTHER FUNGI. by Lampen JO, Morgan ER, Slocum A.; 1957 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=314638

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Effects of amphotericin B, nystatin, and other polyene antibiotics on chitin synthase. by Rast DM, Bartnicki-Garcia S.; 1981 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=319982

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Formulation, toxicity, and antifungal activity in vitro of liposome-encapsulated nystatin as therapeutic agent for systemic candidiasis. by Mehta RT, Hopfer RL, Gunner LA, Juliano RL, Lopez-Berestein G.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=175823

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In Vitro Activities of Free and Lipid Formulations of Amphotericin B and Nystatin against Clinical Isolates of Coccidioides immitis at Various Saprobic Stages. by Gonzalez GM, Tijerina R, Sutton DA, Graybill JR, Rinaldi MG.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127125

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In Vitro Activity of Nystatin Compared with Those of Liposomal Nystatin, Amphotericin B, and Fluconazole against Clinical Candida Isolates. by Arikan S, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Lozano-Chiu M, Paetznick V, Gordon D, Wallace T, Rex JH.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140327

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In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Characteristics of Nystatin Including Time-Kill and Postantifungal Effect. by Gunderson SM, Hoffman H, Ernst EJ, Pfaller MA, Klepser ME.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90172

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In vivo and in vitro effects of rifampicin and streptolydigin on transcription of Kluyveromyces lactis in the presence of nystatin. by Plevani P, Badaracco G, Marmiroli N, Cassani G.; 1975 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=342829

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INHIBITION OF ALGAE BY NYSTATIN. by Lampen JO, Arnow P.; 1961 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=279150

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LOCATION AND ROLE OF STEROL AT NYSTATIN-BINDING SITES. by Lampen JO, Arnow PM, Borowska Z, Laskin AI.; 1962 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=278039

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NYSTATIN BINDING BY PROTOPLASTS AND A PARTICULATE FRACTION OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA, AND A BASIS FOR THE SELECTIVE TOXICITY OF POLYENE ANTIFUNGAL ANTIBIOTICS. by Kinsky SC.; 1962 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=220903

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Nystatin-Resistant Mutants of Yeast: Alterations in Sterol Content. by Woods RA.; 1971 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247033

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Physical characteristics and lipoprotein distribution of liposomal nystatin in human plasma. by Wasan KM, Ramaswamy M, Cassidy SM, Kazemi M, Strobel FW, Thies RL.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164027

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Plasma Lipoprotein Distribution of Liposomal Nystatin Is Influenced by Protein Content of High-Density Lipoproteins. by Cassidy SM, Strobel FW, Wasan KM.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105704

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Safety and Efficacy of Multilamellar Liposomal Nystatin against Disseminated Candidiasis in Persistently Neutropenic Rabbits. by Groll AH, Petraitis V, Petraitiene R, Field-Ridley A, Calendario M, Bacher J, Piscitelli SC, Walsh TJ.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89501

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Self-induced nystatin resistance in Dictyostelium discoideum. by Kasbekar DP, Madigan S, Katz ER.; 1985 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180201

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Species Differences in the Proportion of Plasma Lipoprotein Lipid Carried by HighDensity Lipoproteins Influence the Distribution of Free and Liposomal Nystatin in Human, Dog, and Rat Plasma. by Ramaswamy M, Wallace TL, Cossum PA, Wasan KM.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89290

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Toxicity and therapeutic effects in mice of liposome-encapsulated nystatin for systemic fungal infections. by Mehta RT, Hopfer RL, McQueen T, Juliano RL, LopezBerestein G.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=175824

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Use of Nystatin to Eliminate Spontaneous Revertants in Yeast. by Stromnaes O, Mortimer RK.; 1968 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251992

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with nystatin, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “nystatin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for nystatin (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparative clinical evaluation of econazole nitrate, miconazole, and nystatin in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Emele FE, Fadahunsi AA, Anyiwo CE, Ogunleye O. Source: West Afr J Med. 2000 January-March; 19(1): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10821079

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A comparative evaluation of Nystatin, Amphotericin-B and Miconazole in keratomycosis. Author(s): Reddy PR, Reddy PS, Reddy AR, Saboo NK. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1982 July; 30(4): 249-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7166397

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A comparative trial of clotrimazole troches and oral nystatin suspension in recipients of renal transplants. Use in prophylaxis of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Author(s): Gombert ME, duBouchet L, Aulicino TM, Butt KM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987 November 13; 258(18): 2553-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3312658

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A comparative trial of six day therapy with clotrimazole and nystatin in pregnant patients with vaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Tan CG, Good CS, Milne LJ, Loudon JD. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1974 July; 50 Suppl 1: 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4467158

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Nystatin

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A comparative trial of tobramycin vs gentamicin in combination with vancomycin and nystatin for alimentary tract suppression in leukemic patients. Author(s): Bender JF, Schimpff SC, Young VM, Fortner CL, Love LJ, Brouillet MD, Wiernik PH. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1979; 15 Suppl: 35-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=397060

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A comparison between the effects of nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole on vaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Eliot BW, Howat RC, Mack AE. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1979 July; 86(7): 572-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=476023

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A comparison of nystatin cream with nystatin/triamcinolone acetonide combination cream in the treatment of candidal inflammation of the flexures. Author(s): Beveridge GW, Fairburn E, Finn OA, Scott OL, Stewart TW, Summerly R. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1977; 4(8): 584-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=326494

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A comparison of step-gradient and sequential density ultracentrifugation and the use of lipoprotein deficient plasma controls in determining the plasma lipoprotein distribution of lipid-associated nystatin and cyclosporine. Author(s): Wasan KM, Cassidy SM, Ramaswamy M, Kennedy A, Strobel FW, Ng SP, Lee TY. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1999 January; 16(1): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9950297

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A comparison of the effects of chlorhexidine gluconate, amphotericin B and nystatin on the adherence of Candida species to denture acrylic. Author(s): McCourtie J, MacFarlane TW, Samaranayake LP. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1986 May; 17(5): 575-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3722033

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A comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus nystatin with gentamicin plus nystatin in the prevention of infections in acute leukemia. Author(s): Wade JC, Schimpff SC, Hargadon MT, Fortner CL, Young VM, Wiernik PH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1981 April 30; 304(18): 1057-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6782486

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A double blind trial of a polyene macrolide--nystatin--in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in man. Author(s): Bourke JB, Griffin JP, Theodorides P. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1974 August; 46(4): 463-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4137500

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A double-blind comparison of clotrimazole and nystatin vaginal tablets in candida vaginitis. Author(s): Marks HJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1974 July; 50 Suppl 1: 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4619451

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A double-blind comparison of fluconazole and nystatin in the prevention of candidiasis in patients with leukaemia. Antifungal Prophylaxis Study Group. Author(s): Young GA, Bosly A, Gibbs DL, Durrant S. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1999 August; 35(8): 120813. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10615231

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A population-based case-control teratological study of oral nystatin treatment during pregnancy. Author(s): Czeizel AE, Kazy Z, Puho E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(11-12): 830-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14723358

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A prospective randomized control study of oral nystatin prophylaxis for Candida peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Lo WK, Chan CY, Cheng SW, Poon JF, Chan DT, Cheng IK. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1996 October; 28(4): 549-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8840945

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A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the effect of nystatin on the development of oral irritation in patients receiving high-dose intravenous interleukin-2. Author(s): Ohnmacht GA, Phan GQ, Mavroukakis SA, Steinberg SM, Shea YR, Witebsky FG, McIntyre LS, Goodwin RS, Muehlbauer PM, Morton KE, Rogers-Freezer LJ, Seipp CA, Rosenberg SA, Marincola FM. Source: Journal of Immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997). 2001 March-April; 24(2): 188-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11265777

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A randomized trial comparing ketoconazole and nystatin prophylactic therapy in neutropenic patients. Author(s): Vogler WR, Malcom LG, Winton EF. Source: Cancer Investigation. 1987; 5(4): 267-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3664330

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A randomized, double-blind trial of nystatin therapy for the candidiasis hypersensitivity syndrome. Author(s): Dismukes WE, Wade JS, Lee JY, Dockery BK, Hain JD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1990 December 20; 323(25): 1717-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2247104

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A reevaluation of nystatin in prophylaxis and treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Author(s): Alvarez Alvarez ME, Sanchez-Sousa A, Baquero F. Source: Revista Espanola De Quimioterapia : Publicacion Oficial De La Sociedad Espanola De Quimioterapia. 1998 December; 11(4): 295-315. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9990144

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A trial of clotrimazole and nystatin in vaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Higton BK. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1974 July; 50 Suppl 1: 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4619472

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A trial of clotrimazole and nystatin in vaginal moniliasis. Author(s): Higton BK. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1973 November; 80(11): 992-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4584828

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Acrodermatitis perstans. Generalization following therapy with nystatin. Author(s): Petrozzi JW, Witkowski JA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1971 April; 103(4): 442-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5091870

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Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis following oral nystatin therapy: a report of three cases. Author(s): Kuchler A, Hamm H, Weidenthaler-Barth B, Kampgen E, Brocker EB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 November; 137(5): 808-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9415247

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Adhesion of oral Candida species to human buccal epithelial cells following brief exposure to nystatin. Author(s): Ellepola AN, Panagoda GJ, Samaranayake LP. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 1999 December; 14(6): 358-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10895691

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Allergic contact dermatitis from nystatin. Author(s): Wasilewski C Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1971 October; 104(4): 437. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5114421

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Allergic contact dermatitis from nystatin. Author(s): Wasilewski C Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1970 August; 102(2): 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5430317

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Allergic pulmonary aspergillosis successfully treated with inhalations of nystatin. Report of a case. Author(s): Stark JE. Source: Dis Chest. 1967 January; 51(1): 96-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6017195

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An evaluation of a modified nystatin vaginal tablet in a multi-centre study. Author(s): Pigott PV. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1972; 1(3): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4589710

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An investigation of the efficacy of nystatin for the treatment of chronic atrophic candidosis (denture sore mouth). Author(s): Martin MV, Farrelly PJ, Hardy P. Source: British Dental Journal. 1986 March 22; 160(6): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3513806

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Aspergillus spp. as aural pathogens: some factors affecting their growth and sensitivity to nystatin. Author(s): English MP, Stanley VC. Source: Sabouraudia. 1966 June; 5(1): 30-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4960362

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Assessment of oral candidiasis in patients with respiratory disease and efficacy of a new nystatin formulation. Author(s): Thompson PJ, Wingfield HJ, Cosgrove RF, Hughes BO, Turner-Warwick ME. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 June 28; 292(6537): 1699700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3089361

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Bioassay for determination of nystatin in faeces after oral application. Author(s): Blaschke-Hellmessen R, Schwarze U. Source: Mycoses. 1990 March; 33(3): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2113608

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Candida infection with and without nystatin prophylaxis. A 11-year experience with patients with burn injury. Author(s): Desai MH, Rutan RL, Heggers JP, Herndon DN. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1992 February; 127(2): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1540092

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Candida infections in patients with acute leukemia: ineffectiveness of nystatin prophylaxis and relationship between oropharyngeal and systemic candidiasis. Author(s): DeGregorio MW, Lee WM, Ries CA. Source: Cancer. 1982 December 15; 50(12): 2780-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6958353

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Candida resistant to nystatin becomes sensitive upon culture with ergosterol. Author(s): Mas J, Pina E. Source: Arch Invest Med (Mex). 1985 April-June; 16(2): 145-55. English, Spanish. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3907567

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Clinical evaluation of a nystatin pastille for treatment of denture-related oral candidiasis. Author(s): Johnson GH, Taylor TD, Heid DW. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1989 June; 61(6): 699-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2657027

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Clinical experience in prevention of candidiasis by nystatin in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Author(s): Carpentieri U, Haggard ME, Lockhart LH, Gustavson LP, Box QT, West EF. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1978 April; 92(4): 593-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=273087

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Clinical study on the dose-effect relationship of a nifuratel-nystatin combination in the treatment of vulvo-vaginal infections. Author(s): Polatti F, Nappi RE, Brundu B, Fantuzzi M, Frisenda L. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2003; 53(10): 730-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14650366

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Clinical use of oral nystatin in the prevention of systemic candidosis in patients at particular risk. Author(s): Schafer-Korting M, Blechschmidt J, Korting HC. Source: Mycoses. 1996 September-October; 39(9-10): 329-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9009654

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Combination of pipemidic acid, colistin sodium methanesulfonate and nystatin may be less effective than nystatin alone for prevention of infection during chemotherapyinduced granulocytopenia in acute leukemia. Author(s): Sampi K, Sakurai M, Kumai R, Maseki N, Kaneko Y, Hattori M. Source: Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother. 1989; 6(4): 291-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2615532

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Combined allergy to tolnaftate and nystatin. Author(s): Lang E, Goos M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1985 March; 12(3): 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3995953

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Comparative effects of chloramphenicol alone and in combination with nystatin with special reference to C. albicans growth. Author(s): Sanghvi LM, Sharma SK, Goyal SL, Bhardwaj B. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1966 March 1; 46(5): 231-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5906160

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Comparative trial of ketoconazole and nystatin for prevention of fungal infection in neutropenic patients treated in a protective environment. Author(s): Shepp DH, Klosterman A, Siegel MS, Meyers JD. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1985 December; 152(6): 1257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3905986

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Comparative trial of oral clotrimazole and nystatin for oropharyngeal candidiasis prophylaxis in orthotopic liver transplant patients. Author(s): Ruskin JD, Wood RP, Bailey MR, Whitmore CK, Shaw BW. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992 November; 74(5): 567-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1437059

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Comparison of amphotericin B and nystatin pessaries in Candida infection of the vagina. Author(s): Csonka GW. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1967 September; 43(3): 210-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6050887

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Comparison of clotrimazole cream, Whitfield's ointment and Nystatin ointment for the topical treatment of ringworm infections, pityriasis versicolor, erythrasma and candidiasis. Author(s): Clayton YM, Connor BL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1973 September; 89(3): 297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4582719

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Comparison of clotrimazole with nystatin in preventing oral candidiasis in neutropaenic patients. Author(s): Charak BS, Parikh PM, Banavali SD, Modi A, Saikia TK, Gopal R, Advani SH. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1988 November; 88: 416-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3198184

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Comparison of fluconazole and nystatin oral suspensions for treatment of oral candidiasis in infants. Author(s): Goins RA, Ascher D, Waecker N, Arnold J, Moorefield E. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 December; 21(12): 1165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12506950

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Comparison of ketoconazole suspension and nystatin in the treatment of newborns and infants with oral candidosis. Author(s): Boon JM, Lafeber HN, Mannetje AH, van Olphen AH, Smeets HL, Toorman J, van der Vlist GJ. Source: Mycoses. 1989 June; 32(6): 312-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2779612

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Comparison of metronidazole/nystatin and nitrofuratel in the treatment of vaginitis. Author(s): Pathak UN, Sur SK, Farrand RJ. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1975 October; 29(10): 270-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1103923

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Comparison of nystatin ('Nystan') and hydrargaphen ('Penotrane') in the treatment of vaginal candidosis in pregnancy. Author(s): Milne LJ, Brown AD. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1973; 1(9): 524-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4591821

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Concentrations of nystatin in faeces after oral administration of various doses of nystatin. Author(s): Hofstra W, de Vries-Hospers HG, van der Waaij D. Source: Infection. 1979; 7(4): 166-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=511333

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Contact allergy to nystatin: an unusual allergen. Author(s): Cooper SM, Shaw S. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 August; 41(2): 120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10445710

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Contact dermatitis due to nystatin. Author(s): Chalmers D. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1971 October; 104(4): 437-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5114422

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Contact dermatitis due to nystatin. Author(s): Coskey RJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1971 February; 103(2): 228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5552354

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Contact sensitivity to nystatin in Timodine. Author(s): Hills RJ, Ive FA. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1993 January; 28(1): 48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8428456

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Diagnosis of gonorrhoea by culture on a selective medium containing vancomycin, colistin, nystatin and trimethoprim (VCNT). A comparison with Gram-staining and immunofluorescence. Author(s): Phillips I, Humphrey D, Middleton A, Nicol CS. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1972 August; 48(4): 287-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4117273

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Dielectric spectroscopy of human erythrocytes: investigations under the influence of nystatin. Author(s): Gimsa J, Schnelle T, Zechel G, Glaser R. Source: Biophysical Journal. 1994 April; 66(4): 1244-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8038395

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Does the addition of nystatin to 5% mafenide acetate and genitourinary irrigant solutions interfere with their antimicrobial activity? Assessment by two topical antimicrobial test assay systems. Author(s): Holder IA, Neely AN. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 2001 July-August; 22(4): 282-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11482688

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Double-blind comparison of clotrimazole with Whitfield's and nystatin ointments. Author(s): Comaish JS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1974 July; 50 Suppl 1: 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4619463

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Effect of nystatin and chlorhexidine digluconate on Candida albicans. Author(s): Barkvoll P, Attramadal A. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989 March; 67(3): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2648241

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Effect of nystatin in the treatment of denture stomatitis. Author(s): Bergendal T, Isacsson G. Source: Scand J Dent Res. 1980 October; 88(5): 446-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6936771

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Effect of prophylactic ketoconazole and nystatin on fungal flora. Author(s): Kauffman CA, Jones PG, Bergman AG, McAuliffe LS, Liepman MK. Source: Mykosen. 1984 April; 27(4): 165-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6328295

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Effectiveness of nystatin in polysymptomatic patients. A randomized, double-blind trial with nystatin versus placebo in general practice. Author(s): Santelmann H, Laerum E, Roennevig J, Fagertun HE. Source: Family Practice. 2001 June; 18(3): 258-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11356731

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Effects of nystatin on intracellular contents and membrane transport of alkali cations, and cell volume in HeLa cells. Author(s): Ikehara T, Yamaguchi H, Hosokawa K, Yonezu T, Miyamoto H. Source: The Journal of Membrane Biology. 1986; 90(3): 231-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3735403

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Efficacy of a new nystatin formulation in oral candidiasis. Author(s): Mason AB, Willoughby JM. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 August 30; 293(6546): 563-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3092921

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Efficacy of chlorhexidine and nystatin rinses in prevention of oral complications in leukemia and bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Epstein JB, Vickars L, Spinelli J, Reece D. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992 June; 73(6): 682-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1437036

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Efficacy of ketoconazole v nystatin in prevention of fungal infections in neutropenic patients. Author(s): Jones PG, Kauffman CA, McAuliffe LS, Liepman MK, Bergman AG. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1984 March; 144(3): 549-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6322710

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Efficacy of nystatin topical cream in the management of cutaneous candidiasis in infants. Author(s): Alban J. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1972 April; 14(4): 158-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4623594

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Equilibrium dialysis of ions in nystatin-treated red cells. Author(s): Cass A, Dalmark M. Source: Nat New Biol. 1973 July 11; 244(132): 47-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4515993

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Evaluation of a nystatin-containing mouth rinse for terminally ill patients in palliative care. Author(s): Butticaz G, Zulian GB, Preumont M, Budtz-Jorgensen E. Source: Journal of Palliative Care. 2003 Summer; 19(2): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12955925

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Evaluation of a polyene macrolide: nystatin. Author(s): Theodorides P, Bourke JB, Griffin JP. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1972 February; 65(2): 130-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4117438

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Evaluation of nystatin in prevention and elimination of oropharyngeal Candida in immunosuppressed patients. Author(s): Barrett AP. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984 August; 58(2): 148-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6592508

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Evolution of saliva and serum components in patients with oral candidosis topically treated with Ketoconazole and Nystatin. Author(s): Cornejo LS, Lopez de Blanc S, Femopase F, Azcurra A, Calamari S, Battellino LJ, Dorronsoro de Cattoni ST. Source: Acta Odontol Latinoam. 1998; 11(1): 15-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11885450

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Experimental evidences for a role of subinhibitory concentrations of rilopirox, nystatin and fluconazole on adherence of Candida spp. to vaginal epithelial cells. Author(s): Braga PC, Maci S, Dal Sasso M, Bohn M. Source: Chemotherapy. 1996 July-August; 42(4): 259-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8804793

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Fluconazole versus nystatin in the prevention of candida infections in children and adolescents undergoing remission induction or consolidation chemotherapy for cancer. Author(s): Groll AH, Just-Nuebling G, Kurz M, Mueller C, Nowak-Goettl U, Schwabe D, Shah PM, Kornhuber B. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1997 December; 40(6): 855-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9462438

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Fluconazole versus nystatin in the treatment of oral candidosis. Author(s): Blomgren J, Berggren U, Jontell M. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1998 August; 56(4): 202-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9765010

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Formulation, toxicity, and antifungal activity in vitro of liposome-encapsulated nystatin as therapeutic agent for systemic candidiasis. Author(s): Mehta RT, Hopfer RL, Gunner LA, Juliano RL, Lopez-Berestein G. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1987 December; 31(12): 1897-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3439798

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Freeze-fracture ultrastructural alterations induced by filipin, pimaricin, nystatin and amphotericin B in the plasmia membranes of Epidermophyton, Saccharomyces and red complex-induced membrane lesions. Author(s): Kitajima Y, Sekiya T, Nozawa Y. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1976 December 2; 455(2): 452-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=793632

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Fungal endocarditis complicating treatment of prosthetic valve bacterial endocarditis: value of prophylactic oral nystatin. Author(s): Gregg CR, McGee ZA, Bodner SJ, Killen DA, Friesinger GC. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1987 November; 80(11): 1407-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3686142

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Fungemia and colonization with nystatin-resistant Candida rugosa in a burn unit. Author(s): Dube MP, Heseltine PN, Rinaldi MG, Evans S, Zawacki B. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 January; 18(1): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8054438

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Generalized dermatitis due to oral nystatin. Author(s): Quirce S, Parra F, Lazaro M, Gomez MI, Sanchez Cano M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1991 September; 25(3): 197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1838322

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Gentian violet, ketoconazole and nystatin in oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in Zairian AIDS patients. Author(s): Nyst MJ, Perriens JH, Kimputu L, Lumbila M, Nelson AM, Piot P. Source: Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1992 March; 72(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1567268

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Haloprogin and nystatin therapy for cutaneous candidiasis. Comparison of the efficacy of haloprogin and nystatin therapy. Author(s): Carter VH, Olansky S. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1974 July; 110(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4608934

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In vitro activities of free and lipid formulations of amphotericin B and nystatin against clinical isolates of Coccidioides immitis at various saprobic stages. Author(s): Gonzalez GM, Tijerina R, Sutton DA, Graybill JR, Rinaldi MG. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 May; 46(5): 1583-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11959606

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In vitro activity of a new liposomal nystatin formulation against opportunistic fungal pathogens. Author(s): Quindos G, Carrillo-Munoz AJ, Ruesga MT, Alonso-Vargas R, Miranda Y, Tur-Tur C, Rubio M, Wallace TL, Cossum PA, Martin-Mazuelos E, Cisterna R, Ponton J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 August; 19(8): 645-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11014634

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In vitro activity of nystatin compared with those of liposomal nystatin, amphotericin B, and fluconazole against clinical Candida isolates. Author(s): Arikan S, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Lozano-Chiu M, Paetznick V, Gordon D, Wallace T, Rex JH. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 April; 40(4): 1406-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11923365

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Incidence of yeasts and influence of nystatin on their control in a group of burned children. Author(s): Smith RF, Dayton SL, Blasi D, Chipps DD. Source: Mycopathologia. 1975 April 30; 55(2): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1093035

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Induction of prostanoid synthesis in human platelets by the late complement components C5b-9 and channel forming antibiotic nystatin: inhibition of the reacylation of liberated arachidonic acid. Author(s): Hansch GM, Gemsa D, Resch K. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1985 August; 135(2): 1320-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2409145

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Inhibition of HIV-1 replication in H9 cells by nystatin-A compared with other antiviral agents. Author(s): Selvam MP, Blay RA, Geyer S, Buck SM, Pollock L, Mayner RE, Epstein JS. Source: Aids Research and Human Retroviruses. 1993 May; 9(5): 475-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7686387

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In-vitro antifungal activity of liposomal nystatin in comparison with nystatin, amphotericin B cholesteryl sulphate, liposomal amphotericin B, amphotericin B lipid complex, amphotericin B desoxycholate, fluconazole and itraconazole. Author(s): Carrillo-Munoz AJ, Quindos G, Tur C, Ruesga MT, Miranda Y, del Valle O, Cossum PA, Wallace TL. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 September; 44(3): 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10511410

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Ionic and osmotic equilibria of human red blood cells treated with nystatin. Author(s): Freedman JC, Hoffman JF. Source: The Journal of General Physiology. 1979 August; 74(2): 157-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=490141

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Itraconazole versus amphotericin B plus nystatin in the prophylaxis of fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Author(s): Boogaerts M, Maertens J, van Hoof A, de Bock R, Fillet G, Peetermans M, Selleslag D, Vandercam B, Vandewoude K, Zachee P, De Beule K. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 July; 48(1): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11418517

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Ketoconazole versus nystatin as prophylaxis against fungal infection for lymphoma patients receiving chemotherapy. Author(s): Turhan A, Connors JM, Klimo P. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1987 August; 10(4): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2441593

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Ketoconazole versus nystatin plus amphotericin B for fungal prophylaxis in severely immunocompromised patients. Author(s): Hann IM, Prentice HG, Corringham R, Blacklock HA, Keaney M, Shannon M, Noone P, Gascoigne E, Fox J, Boesen E, Szawatkowski M, Hoffbrand AV. Source: Lancet. 1982 April 10; 1(8276): 826-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6122057

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Leishmanicidal activity of Nystatin (mycostatin): a potent polyene compound. Author(s): Ali SA, Iqbal J, Nabeel, Khalil Y, Manzoor A, Bukhari I, Ahmad B, Yasinzai MM. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1997 October; 47(10): 246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9529849

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Letter: The efficacy of a nystatin-amoxycillin combination as an antifungal preparation. Author(s): Fuller DN. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1976 July 31; 50(33): 1274. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=959941

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Liposomal nystatin (L-NYS) in therapy of pulmonary aspergillosis refractory to conventional amphotericin B in cancer patients. Author(s): Krupova Y, Mistrik M, Bojtarova E, Sejnova D, Ilavska I, Krcmery V Jr. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2001 May; 9(3): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11401107

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Local treatment of aspergilloma of the lung with a paste containing nystatin or amphotericin B. Author(s): Krakowka P, Traczyk K, Walczak J, Halweg H, Elsner Z, Pawlicka L. Source: Tubercle. 1970 June; 51(2): 184-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5493745

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Metronidazole combined with nystatin (vagitories) in the prevention of bacterial vaginosis after initial treatment with oral metronidazole. Author(s): Pulkkinen P, Saranen M, Kaaja R. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1993; 36(3): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8244194

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Natamycin and nystatin for treatment of oral candidiasis during and after radiotherapy. Author(s): Holst E. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1984 February; 51(2): 226-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6607989

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No benefit in using nystatin prophylaxis against fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Author(s): Williams PF, Moncrieff N, Marriott J. Source: Perit Dial Int. 2000 May-June; 20(3): 352-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10898060

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Nystatin affects zinc uptake in human fibroblasts. Author(s): Grider A, Vazquez F. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1996 August; 54(2): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8886309

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Nystatin allergy. Petrolatum is not the optimal vehicle for patch testing. Author(s): de Groot AC, Conemans JM. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1990 January; 8(1): 153-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2302855

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Nystatin and amphotericin B in the treatment of denture-related candidiasis. Author(s): Nairn RI. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1975 July; 40(1): 68-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1097985

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Nystatin- and amphotericin B-induced structural alterations of the erythrocyte membrane: importance of reduced ionic strength. Author(s): Meyer HW, Richter W, Winkelmann H. Source: Exp Pathol. 1983; 24(2-3): 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6685655

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Nystatin and chlorhexidine in the treatment of denture stomatitis. Author(s): Suppipat N. Source: J Dent Assoc Thai. 1976 May-June; 26(3): 57-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1074934

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Nystatin cream may contain ethylenediamine. Author(s): Cage GW. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 February; 18(2 Pt 1): 378. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3346421

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Nystatin for treatment of acne vulgaris. Author(s): Newbold HL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 May; 20(5 Pt 1): 861. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2523910

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Nystatin in denture liners--an alternative treatment of denture stomatitis. Author(s): Douglas WH, Walker DM. Source: British Dental Journal. 1973 July 17; 135(2): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4517081

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Nystatin in the treatment of candidiasis. Author(s): Suprihatin SD, Kartanegara D, Pauntu A, Damayanti A. Source: Paediatr Indones. 1969 January-February; 9(1): 13-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5347470

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Nystatin LF (Aronex/Abbott). Author(s): Arikan S, Rex JH. Source: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2001 April; 2(4): 488-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11566004

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Nystatin pastilles and suspension in the treatment of oral candidosis. Author(s): Millns B, Martin MV. Source: British Dental Journal. 1996 September 21; 181(6): 209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8885454

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Nystatin prophylaxis and treatment in severely immunodepressed patients. Author(s): Gotzsche PC, Johansen HK. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd002033. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12519566

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Nystatin prophylaxis and treatment in severely immunodepressed patients. Author(s): Gotzsche PC, Johansen HK. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (2): Cd002033. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12076436

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Nystatin prophylaxis and treatment in severely immunodepressed patients. Author(s): Gotzsche PC, Johansen HK. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd002033. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10796846

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Nystatin prophylaxis in immunocompromised children. Author(s): Taylor TL. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1996 May; 30(5): 534-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8740337

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Nystatin prophylaxis in leukemia and lymphoma. Author(s): Pizzuto J, Conte G, Aviles A, Ambriz R, Morales M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 September 21; 299(12): 661-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=683243

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Nystatin prophylaxis in leukemia and lymphoma. Author(s): Williams CJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 April 13; 298(15): 853. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=634322

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Nystatin prophylaxis in leukemia and lymphoma. Author(s): Pizzuto J, Conte G, Ambriz R, Aviles A, Morales M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 February 2; 298(5): 279-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=619271

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Nystatin prophylaxis of fungal colonization and infection in granulocytopenic patients: correlation of colonization and clinical outcome. Author(s): Buchanan AG, Riben PD, Rayner EN, Parker SE, Ronald AR, Louie TJ. Source: Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale. 1985; 8(2): 139-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3879598

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Nystatin prophylaxis. Author(s): Dube MP, Heseltine PN, Rinaldi MG. Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1997 April; 10(2): 368. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105760

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Nystatin prophylaxis: its inability to prevent fungal peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Thodis E, Vas SI, Bargman JM, Singhal M, Chu M, Oreopoulos DG. Source: Perit Dial Int. 1998 November-December; 18(6): 583-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9932656

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Nystatin stimulates prostaglandin E synthesis and formation of diacylglycerol in human monocytes. Author(s): Wiegand R, Betz M, Hansch GM. Source: Agents Actions. 1988 July; 24(3-4): 343-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3140613

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Nystatin vaginal cream in monilial vaginitis. Author(s): Isaacs JH. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1973 March; 143(3): 240-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4405754

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Nystatin versus boric acid powder in vulvovaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Orley J. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 December 15; 144(8): 9923. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7148934

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Nystatin. Author(s): Witten VH, Katz SI. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1970 September; 54(5): 1329-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4919155

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Nystatin-induced fixed eruption. Author(s): Pareek SS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1980 December; 103(6): 679-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6450606

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Nystatin-resistance of candida albicans isolates from two cases of oral candidiasis. Author(s): Martin MV, Dinsdale RC. Source: Br J Oral Surg. 1982 December; 20(4): 294-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6760890

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Oral nystatin in the treatment of psoriasis. Author(s): Crutcher N, Rosenberg EW, Belew PW, Skinner RB Jr, Eaglstein NF, Baker SM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1984 April; 120(4): 435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6703746

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Oral nystatin. Author(s): Crook WG. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1985 March; 64(3): 155. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3979334

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Orally ingested nystatin powder in water for the stabilization of hearing in patients with fluctuating hearing loss. Author(s): Neely JG, Nelson RA. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1994 July; 111(1): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8028914

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Oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunocompromised children: a randomized, multicenter study of orally administered fluconazole suspension versus nystatin. The Multicenter Fluconazole Study Group. Author(s): Flynn PM, Cunningham CK, Kerkering T, San Jorge AR, Peters VB, Pitel PA, Harris J, Gilbert G, Castagnaro L, Robinson P. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 August; 127(2): 322-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7636666

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Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS: randomized comparison of fluconazole versus nystatin oral suspensions. Author(s): Pons V, Greenspan D, Lozada-Nur F, McPhail L, Gallant JE, Tunkel A, Johnson CC, McCarty J, Panzer H, Levenstein M, Barranco A, Green S. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 June; 24(6): 1204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9195083

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Oxytetracycline-nystatin in the prevention of candidal vaginitis. Author(s): Silverman M, Okun R. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1971 October 1; 111(3): 398-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4937726

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Perianal candidosis--a comparative study with mupirocin and nystatin. Author(s): de Wet PM, Rode H, van Dyk A, Millar AJ. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 August; 38(8): 618-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10487455

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Pharmacokinetics of liposomal nystatin in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Rios A, Rosenblum M, Crofoot G, Lenk RP, Hayman A, Lopez-Berestein G. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 July; 168(1): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8515125

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Physical and mechanical properties of nystatin-containing denture liners. Author(s): Douglas WH, Clarke DA. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1975 October; 34(4): 428-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1100810

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Physical characteristics and lipoprotein distribution of liposomal nystatin in human plasma. Author(s): Wasan KM, Ramaswamy M, Cassidy SM, Kazemi M, Strobel FW, Thies RL. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 September; 41(9): 1871-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9303376

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Plasma lipoprotein distribution of liposomal nystatin is influenced by protein content of high-density lipoproteins. Author(s): Cassidy SM, Strobel FW, Wasan KM. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 August; 42(8): 1878-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9687378

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Prevention of mycosis in granulocytopenic patients. A comparative study between nystatin and ketoconazole. Author(s): Aviles A, Ambriz R, Escobedo J, Sinco A, Pizzuto J, Macotela E. Source: Arch Invest Med (Mex). 1984 January-March; 15(1): 55-65. English, Spanish. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6089686

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Primary disseminated pulmonary aspergillosis with metastatic skin nodules. Successful treatment with inhalation nystatin therapy. Author(s): Vedder JS, Schorr WF. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1969 August 25; 209(8): 1191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5819669

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Prophylactic oral nystatin and fungal infections in very-low-birthweight infants. Author(s): Sims ME, Yoo Y, You H, Salminen C, Walther FJ. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1988 January; 5(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3276336

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Prophylaxis with nystatin pastilles for HIV-associated oral candidiasis. Author(s): MacPhail LA, Hilton JF, Dodd CL, Greenspan D. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology : Official Publication of the International Retrovirology Association. 1996 August 15; 12(5): 470-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8757423

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Protection by tetracyclines against ion transport disruption caused by nystatin in human airway epithelial cells. Author(s): Ito Y, Nakayama S, Son M, Kume H, Yamaki K. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2001 December 15; 177(3): 232-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11749122

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Randomized comparative study on the treatment of vaginal mycosis by single dose of isoconazole and multiple dose of nystatin. Author(s): Koetsawang A, Koetsawang S, Nukulkarn P, Jirojkul V. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1986 March; 69(3): 148-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3522796

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Randomized comparison of two nystatin oral gels with miconazole oral gel for treatment of oral thrush in infants. Antimycotics Study Group. Author(s): Hoppe JE, Hahn H. Source: Infection. 1996 March-April; 24(2): 136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8740106

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Randomized trial of fluconazole versus nystatin for the prophylaxis of Candida infection following liver transplantation. Author(s): Lumbreras C, Cuervas-Mons V, Jara P, del Palacio A, Turrion VS, Barrios C, Moreno E, Noriega AR, Paya CV. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 September; 174(3): 583-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8769617

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Rapid ADP-evoked currents in human platelets recorded with the nystatin permeabilized patch technique. Author(s): Mahaut-Smith MP, Sage SO, Rink TJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1992 February 15; 267(5): 3060-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1737761

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Recurrence of vulvovaginal candidosis during pregnancy. Comparison of miconazole vs nystatin treatment. Author(s): Wallenburg HC, Wladimiroff JW. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 October; 48(4): 491-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=787858

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Routine prophylactic antifungal agents (clotrimazole, ketoconazole, and nystatin) in nontransplant/nonburned critically ill surgical and trauma patients. Author(s): Savino JA, Agarwal N, Wry P, Policastro A, Cerabona T, Austria L. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1994 January; 36(1): 20-5; Discussion 25-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8295245

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Salivary nystatin concentrations after administration of an osmotic controlled release tablet and a pastille. Author(s): Encarnacion M, Chin I. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994; 46(6): 533-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7995321

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Selective bowel decontamination with quinolones and nystatin reduces gramnegative and fungal infections in orthotopic liver transplant recipients. Author(s): Gorensek MJ, Carey WD, Washington JA 2nd, Vogt DP, Broughan TA, Westveer MK. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1993 March-April; 60(2): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8383019

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Selective decontamination with nystatin for control of a Candida outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. Author(s): Damjanovic V, Connolly CM, van Saene HK, Cooke RW, Corkill JE, van Belkum A, van Velzen D. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1993 August; 24(4): 245-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8104984

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Severe vulvovaginitis associated with intravaginal nystatin therapy. Author(s): Dan M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 July; 185(1): 254-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11483943

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Species differences in the proportion of plasma lipoprotein lipid carried by highdensity lipoproteins influence the distribution of free and liposomal nystatin in human, dog, and rat plasma. Author(s): Ramaswamy M, Wallace TL, Cossum PA, Wasan KM. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1999 June; 43(6): 1424-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10348764

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with nystatin treatment. Author(s): Garty BZ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1991 May; 127(5): 741-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1827246

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Study on the dehydrating effect of the red cell Na+/K+-pump in nystatin-treated cells with varying Na+ and water contents. Author(s): Clark MR, Guatelli JC, White AT, Shohet SB. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1981 September 7; 646(3): 422-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7284370

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Successful treatment of chronic esophageal moniliasis with a viscous suspension of nystatin. Author(s): Kantrowitz PA, Fleischli DJ, Butler WT. Source: Gastroenterology. 1969 October; 57(4): 424-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5212385

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Successful treatment of rhinocerebral zygomycosis using liposomal nystatin. Author(s): Mileshkin L, Slavin M, Seymour JF, McKenzie A. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2001 September-October; 42(5): 1119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11697631

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Systemic reaction to nystatin. Author(s): Cooper SM, Reed J, Shaw S. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 December; 41(6): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10617220

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Tetracycline and nystatin. Author(s): Alexander JG. Source: British Medical Journal. 1969 April 26; 2(651): 251. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5780448

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The compination product Flagyl Comp (metranidatzol + nystatin) in the treatment of severe cases of colpitis. Author(s): Vartiainen E, Widholm O. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 1970; 2: Suppl 2: 913. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5283731

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The effect of nystatin on the growth of Candida albicans during short term tetracycline therapy. Author(s): Middleton RS. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1967 April; 21(4): 179-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6068650

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The effects of new nystatin and polyfungin derivatives as compared to original antibiotics on Candida strains isolated from patients with recurrent mycoses. Author(s): Kwasniewska J. Source: Mater Med Pol. 1988 October-December; 20(4): 233-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3249541

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The efficacy of nystatin combined with topical microbial agents in the treatment of burn wound sepsis. Author(s): Heggers JP, Robson MC, Herndon DN, Desai MH. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 1989 November-December; 10(6): 508-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2600098

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The in vitro adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells (BEC) from diabetic and non-diabetic individuals after in vivo and in vitro application of nystatin. Author(s): Darwazeh AM, MacFarlane TW, Lamey PJ. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1997 May; 26(5): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9178175

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The in vitro post-antifungal effect of nystatin on Candida species of oral origin. Author(s): Ellepola AN, Samaranayake LP. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1999 March; 28(3): 112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10069538

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The kinetics of colloid osmotic hemolysis. I. Nystatin-induced lysis. Author(s): Pooler JP. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1985 January 10; 812(1): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3967011

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The preparation and comparative in vitro biological properties of derivatives formed in the reaction of nystatin with N-glucuronamides. Author(s): Falkowski L, Troka E, Stefanska B. Source: Acta Pol Pharm. 1980; 37(6): 635-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7027742

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The significance of ethylenediamine hydrochloride dermatitis caused by a “generic” nystatin-triamcinolone II cream. Author(s): Fisher AA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1988 April; 41(4): 241. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2452718

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The use of nystatin to restore the flow properties of time-expired stored erythrocytes. Author(s): Turner S, Williams AR, Rees JM. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1987; 52(3): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3604175

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Topical nystatin powder in severe burns: a new treatment for angioinvasive fungal infections refractory to other topical and systemic agents. Author(s): Barret JP, Ramzy PI, Heggers JP, Villareal C, Herndon DN, Desai MH. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1999 September; 25(6): 505-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10498358

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Topical treatment of cutaneous candidiasis with 5-fluorocytosine compared with nystatin. Author(s): Gisslen H, Hersle K, Mobacken H. Source: Dermatologica. 1974; 148(6): 362-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4607694

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Treatment of candidal diaper dermatitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of topical nystatin with topical plus oral nystatin. Author(s): Munz D, Powell KR, Pai CH. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1982 December; 101(6): 1022-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6754898

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Treatment of cutaneous candidosis in guinea pigs: effect of zinc oxide on the antifungal efficacy of nystatin. Author(s): Auger P, Colin P, Joly J, Poirier S, Colin D. Source: Mycoses. 1989 September; 32(9): 455-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2608092

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Treatment of oral candidiasis: a study to determine the clinical response of sodium benzoate compared with nystatin suspension. Author(s): Moshi AH, Jorgensen AF, Pallangyo K. Source: Aids (London, England). 1998 November 12; 12(16): 2237-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9833873

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Treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunocompetent infants: a randomized multicenter study of miconazole gel vs. nystatin suspension. The Antifungals Study Group. Author(s): Hoppe JE. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 March; 16(3): 288-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9076817

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Treatment of vaginal candidosis with econazole nitrate and nystatin. A comparative study. Author(s): Bingham JS, Steele CE. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1981 June; 57(3): 204-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7237085

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Type IV hypersensitivity to oral nystatin. Author(s): Barranco R, Tornero P, de Barrio M, de Frutos C, Rodriguez A, Rubio M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 July; 45(1): 60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422284

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Unnecessary addition of ethylenediamine hydrochloride to “generic” nystatin creams. Author(s): Fisher AA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 January; 20(1): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2464012

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Use of a new assay technique for quantification of antifungal activity of nystatin incorporated in denture liners. Author(s): Truhlar MR, Shay K, Sohnle P. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1994 May; 71(5): 517-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8006850

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Use of vancomycin, colistimethate, nystatin medium to transport gonococcal specimens. Author(s): Robinson MH, Hicks C, Davidson G. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1970 May; 85(5): 390-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4191775

•

Vaccine and Mycostatin in treatment of cryptococcosis of the respiratory tract. Author(s): Bemmer AM, Davidson W, Kuttin ES, Zydon Y, Pinto M. Source: Sabouraudia. 1976 July; 14(2): 171-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=785628

•

Voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx in the epithelial cell line HT29: simultaneous use of intracellular Ca2+ measurements and nystatin perforated patch-clamp technique. Author(s): Leipziger J, Fischer KG, Greger R. Source: Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology. 1994 March; 426(5): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8015891

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•

Who is going to benefit from nystatin prophylaxis for fungal peritonitis complicating CAPD? Author(s): Lo WK, Cheng IK. Source: Perit Dial Int. 1999 March-April; 19(2): 185. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10357198

•

Yeast vaginitis. Nystatin vs monistat in treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Cameron WJ. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1978 July; 79(7): 322, 344. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=670781

41

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND NYSTATIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and nystatin.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Nystatin The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “nystatin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “nystatin” (or a synonym): •

A note on the cellular effects of nystatin in single myoballs. Author(s): Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. Source: Hurnak, O Zachar, J Gen-Physiol-Biophys. 1995 August; 14(4): 359-66 0231-5882

•

Altered prestarvation response in a nystatin resistant Dictyostelium discoideum mutant. Author(s): Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. Source: Colosimo, M E Katz, E R Differentiation. 2001 February; 67(1-2): 1-11 0301-4681

•

Characterization of nystatin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and preparation of sterol intermediates using the mutants. Source: Nakanishi, S Nishino, T Nagai, J Katsuki, H J-Biochem-(Tokyo). 1987 February; 101(2): 535-44 0021-924X

•

Effects of pisatin on Dictyostelium discoideum: its relationship to inducible resistance to nystatin and extension to other isoflavonoid phytoalexins. Author(s): Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India. Source: Prasanna, T B Vairamani, M Kasbekar, D P Arch-Microbiol. 1998 October; 170(4): 309-12 0302-8933

•

Effects of sterol alterations on nystatin sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695. Source: Richman Boytas, C M Parks, L W Microbios. 1989; 59(239): 101-11 0026-2633

•

Kinetics of growth and accumulation of aflatoxin B1 by Aspergillus parasiticus in the presence of butylated hydroxyanisole, isoprothiolane, and nystatin [Antioxidants, pesticides, antibiotics]. Source: Yousef, A.E. Marth, E.H. Biotechnol-Bioeng. New York, N.Y. : John Wiley & Sons. January 1984. volume 26 (1) page 6-11. 0006-3592

•

Nystatin/ergosterol method for reconstituting ion channels into planar lipid bilayers. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA. Source: Woodbury, D J Methods-Enzymol. 1999; 294319-39 0076-6879

•

Possible nystatin-protein interaction in yeast plasma membrane vesicles in the presence of ergosterol. A Forster energy transfer study. Author(s): Insitute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic. [email protected] Source: Opekarova, M Urbanova, P Konopasek, I Kvasnicka, P Strzalka, K Sigler, K Amler, E FEBS-Lett. 1996 May 20; 386(2-3): 181-4 0014-5793

•

Role of the sterol superlattice in the partitioning of the antifungal drug nystatin into lipid membranes. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA. Source: Wang, M M Sugar, I P Chong, P L Biochemistry. 1998 August 25; 37(34): 11797805 0006-2960

•

Stability of nystatin in mouthrinses; effect of pH temperature, concentration and colloidal silver addition, studied using an in vitro antifungal activity. Author(s): Pharmacy Service, Jean Verdier Hospital AP-HP, Bondy, France.

Nutrition

43

Source: Vermerie, N Malbrunot, C Azar, M Arnaud, P Pharm-World-Sci. 1997 August; 19(4): 197-201 0928-1231 •

The influence of carbon sources and morphology on nystatin production by Streptomyces noursei. Author(s): Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway. [email protected] Source: Jonsbu, Einar McIntyre, Mhairi Nielsen, Jens J-Biotechnol. 2002 May 9; 95(2): 133-44 0168-1656

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to nystatin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Nystatin Oral Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nystatin Topical Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

45

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND NYSTATIN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to nystatin. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to nystatin and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “nystatin” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to nystatin: •

5-HT potentiation of the GABA(A) response in the rat sacral dorsal commissural neurones. Author(s): Xu TL, Pang ZP, Li JS, Akaike N. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1998 June; 124(4): 779-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9690871

•

A new family of yeast genes implicated in ergosterol synthesis is related to the human oxysterol binding protein. Author(s): Jiang B, Brown JL, Sheraton J, Fortin N, Bussey H. Source: Yeast (Chichester, England). 1994 March; 10(3): 341-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8017104

•

A nystatin-resistant mutant of Rhodotorula gracilis. Transport properties and sterol content. Author(s): Hofer M, Thiele OW, Huh H, Hunneman DH, Mracek M.

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Source: Archives of Microbiology. 1982 October; 132(4): 313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6891206 •

A possible role of tyrosine kinases in the regulation of muscarinic receptor-activated cation channels in guinea pig ileum. Author(s): Inoue R, Waniishi Y, Yamada K, Ito Y. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1994 September 30; 203(3): 1392-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7524483

•

A screening method for antifungal substances using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains resistant to polyene macrolides. Author(s): Etienne G, Armau E, Tiraby G. Source: J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1990 February; 43(2): 199-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2179187

•

Accumulation and storage of Zn2+ by Candida utilis. Author(s): Failla ML, Benedict CD, Weinberg ED. Source: J Gen Microbiol. 1976 May; 94(1): 23-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6625

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Acquisition of iron bound to low molecular weight chelates by human monocytederived macrophages. Author(s): Olakanmi O, Stokes JB, Britigan BE. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1994 September 15; 153(6): 2691703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8077675

•

Activation of potassium conductance by ophiopogonin-D in acutely dissociated rat paratracheal neurones. Author(s): Ishibashi H, Mochidome T, Okai J, Ichiki H, Shimada H, Takahama K. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 January; 132(2): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11159695

•

Activators of protein kinase C inhibit sodium transport in A6 epithelia. Author(s): Yanase M, Handler JS. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1986 March; 250(3 Pt 1): C517-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2420202

•

Alternative therapies for major aphthous ulcers in AIDS patients. Author(s): Glick M, Muzyka BC.

Alternative Medicine 47

Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1992 July; 123(7): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1619168 •

An inducible, nondegradative phytoalexin resistance mechanism in Dictyostelium discoideum is suppressed by mutations that alter membrane sterol composition. Author(s): Kasbekar DP, Papavinasasundaram KG. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1992 June; 58(6): 2071-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1622285

•

Antibacterial polyphenol from Erodium glaucophyllum. Author(s): Gohar AA, Lahloub ME, Niwa M. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 2003 September-October; 58(9-10): 670-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14577629

•

Anticandidal activity of plants used for the treatment of vaginitis in Guatemala and clinical trial of a Solanum nigrescens preparation. Author(s): Giron LM, Aguilar GA, Caceres A, Arroyo GL. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1988 April; 22(3): 307-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3292844

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Anti-inflammatory activity of Dalbergia sissoo leaves. Author(s): Hajare SW, Chandra S, Sharma J, Tandan SK, Lal J, Telang AG. Source: Fitoterapia. 2001 February; 72(2): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11223222

•

Calcium, sequestering agents and nystatin--interactions on cell wall morphology and fungistasis of Candida albicans. Author(s): Pugh D, Cawson RA. Source: Sabouraudia. 1980 June; 18(2): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6775378

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Candida resistant to nystatin becomes sensitive upon culture with ergosterol. Author(s): Mas J, Pina E. Source: Arch Invest Med (Mex). 1985 April-June; 16(2): 145-55. English, Spanish. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3907567

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Cctionic selectivity of bimolecular membranes in the presence of nystatin and amphotericin B. Author(s): Kasumov KM, Liberman EA, Nenashev VA, Iurkov IS.

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Source: Biofizika. 1975 January-February; 20(1): 62-5. Russian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=234257 •

Characterization of nystatin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and preparation of sterol intermediates using the mutants. Author(s): Nakanishi S, Nishino T, Nagai J, Katsuki H. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 1987 February; 101(2): 535-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3294819

•

Detection of the ergosterol and episterol isomers lichesterol and fecosterol in nystatin-resistant mutants of Neurospora crassa. Author(s): Morris DC, Safe S, Subden RE. Source: Biochemical Genetics. 1974 December; 12(6): 459-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4282021

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Disappearance of nystatin resistance in Candida mediated by ergosterol. Author(s): Mas J, Pina E. Source: J Gen Microbiol. 1980 March; 117(1): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6993624

•

Effects of pisatin on Dictyostelium discoideum: its relationship to inducible resistance to nystatin and extension to other isoflavonoid phytoalexins. Author(s): Prasanna TB, Vairamani M, Kasbekar DP. Source: Archives of Microbiology. 1998 October; 170(4): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9732446

•

Effects of sterol alterations on nystatin sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Author(s): Richman-Boytas CM, Parks LW. Source: Microbios. 1989; 59(239): 101-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2682140

•

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of liposomal nystatin in plasma and tissues for pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies. Author(s): Groll AH, Mickiene D, Werner K, Piscitelli SC, Walsh TJ. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 November 26; 735(1): 51-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10630890

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Interaction of nystatin with nystatin-resistant Candida tropicalis. Author(s): Alonso A, Martinez E, Struzinsky R, Michaljanicova D, Kotyk A. Source: Folia Microbiol (Praha). 1983; 28(3): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6873771

Alternative Medicine 49

•

Investigations on the influence of cyclophosphamide, gold sodium thiomalate and Dpenicillamine on nystatin oedema and adjuvant arthritis. Author(s): Arrigoni-Martelld E, Bramm E. Source: Agents Actions. 1975 August; 5(3): 264-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=829840

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Ketoconazole versus nystatin as prophylaxis against fungal infection for lymphoma patients receiving chemotherapy. Author(s): Turhan A, Connors JM, Klimo P. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1987 August; 10(4): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2441593

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Nystatin/ergosterol method for reconstituting ion channels into planar lipid bilayers. Author(s): Woodbury DJ. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1999; 294: 319-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9916236

•

Pores formed in lipid bilayer membranes by nystatin, Differences in its one-sided and two-sided action. Author(s): Marty A, Finkelstein A. Source: The Journal of General Physiology. 1975 April; 65(4): 515-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1151324

•

Possible nystatin-protein interaction in yeast plasma membrane vesicles in the presence of ergosterol. A Forster energy transfer study. Author(s): Opekarova M, Urbanova P, Konopasek I, Kvasnicka P, Strzalka K, Sigler K, Amler E. Source: Febs Letters. 1996 May 20; 386(2-3): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8647277

•

Protoplast fusion hybrids of Candida albicans sterol mutants differing in nystatin resistance. Author(s): Pesti M, Ferenczy L. Source: J Gen Microbiol. 1982 January; 128 (Pt 1): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7045281

•

Retardation of wound healing by silver sulfadiazine is reversed by Aloe vera and nystatin. Author(s): Muller MJ, Hollyoak MA, Moaveni Z, Brown TL, Herndon DN, Heggers JP.

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Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2003 December; 29(8): 834-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14636760 •

Role of the sterol superlattice in the partitioning of the antifungal drug nystatin into lipid membranes. Author(s): Wang MM, Sugar IP, Chong PL. Source: Biochemistry. 1998 August 25; 37(34): 11797-805. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9718302

•

Stability of nystatin in mouthrinses; effect of pH temperature, concentration and colloidal silver addition, studied using an in vitro antifungal activity. Author(s): Vermerie N, Malbrunot C, Azar M, Arnaud P. Source: Pharmacy World & Science : Pws. 1997 August; 19(4): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9297733

•

Sterol biosynthesis in antibiotic-resistant yeast: nystatin. Author(s): Fryberg M, Oehlschlager AC, Unrau AM. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1974 January; 160(1): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4597559

•

Sterol content and enzyme defects of nystatin-resistant mutants of Neurospora crassa. Author(s): Grindle M, Farrow R. Source: Molecular & General Genetics : Mgg. 1978 October 24; 165(3): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=154056

•

Sterol replacement in saccharomyces cerevisiae. Effect on cellular permeability and sensitivity to nystatin. Author(s): Karst F, Jund R. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1976 July 26; 71(2): 53543. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=786288

•

The effects of the polyene antibiotics nystatin and amphotericin B on thin lipid membranes. Author(s): Holz RW. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1974 May 10; 235(0): 469-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4528030

Alternative Medicine 51

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to nystatin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Chronic Candidiasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Antifungal Agents Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mycolog II Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

53

CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND NYSTATIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning nystatin.

Recent Trials on Nystatin The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to nystatin.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

A Study of Nystatin in the Prevention of Fungal Infections of the Mouth in Patients with AIDS or AIDS-Related Syndromes Condition(s): Candidiasis, Oral; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Purpose - Excerpt: To determine a safe, effective, and convenient dosing schedule for nystatin pastilles in the prophylaxis of oral candidiasis in patients with AIDS or AIDS related syndromes (group III or IV, CDC classification) Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002293

•

Nystatin Pastilles for the Prevention of Oral Candidiasis in Patients With AIDS or ARC Condition(s): Candidiasis, Oral; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Purpose - Excerpt: To determine a safe, effective, and convenient dosing schedule for nystatin pastilles in the prevention of oral candidiasis in patients with AIDS or AIDS related complex (ARC) (group III or IV, CDC classification). Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002057 •

A Phase I/II Clinical Study of Nystatin I.V. (Intravenous) in Patients With HIV Infection. Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Argus Pharmaceuticals Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the clinical toxicity, safety, and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of intravenous nystatin in patients with HIV infection. To evaluate the potential anti-HIV activity and clinical pharmacology of intravenous nystatin. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002097

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A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial Evaluating the Impact of Nystatin on the Development of Oral Irritation in Patients Receiving High Dose Intravenous Interleukin-2 Condition(s): Candidiasis, Oral; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Stomatitis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: In patients who are receiving intravenous high dose Interleukin-2, patients will be randomized into two groups: group one will receive nystatin swish and swallow immediately before initiation of IL-2, and the second group will receive a placebo. The patients in each group will be monitored and evaluated for differences in the rate and severity of development of oral irritation during treatment. They will also be studied for differences between the two groups in the number of doses of IL-2 taken. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001812

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A Study of Nystatin in HIV-Infected Patients Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Argus Pharmaceuticals Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the clinical toxicity, safety, and potential anti-HIV activity of intravenous nystatin in patients with HIV infection who have completed

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protocol FDA 103C. To evaluate the safety and potential antiviral activity of intravenous nystatin and oral didanosine (ddI) administered in an alternating regimen in this patient population. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002313 •

Comparative Randomized Study of the Efficacy, Safety, and Toleration of Fluconazole Oral Suspension or Nystatin Oral Suspension in the Treatment of Patients With Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Association With the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Condition(s): Candidiasis, Oral; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Pfizer Purpose - Excerpt: To compare the efficacy, safety, and toleration of fluconazole as a single daily oral suspension for 14 days versus nystatin oral suspension 4 times daily for 14 days in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS or HIV infection. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002112

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Pharmacokinetics of Nystatin LF I.V. in Patients With Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome-Related Complex (ARC) Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Argus Pharmaceuticals Purpose - Excerpt: To define the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Nystatin LF IV (intravenous) in human subjects with AIDS-related complex (ARC) after administration of a single IV dose at each of 4 dose levels. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001998

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United

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States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “nystatin” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON NYSTATIN Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “nystatin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on nystatin, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Nystatin By performing a patent search focusing on nystatin, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on nystatin: •

Antifungal combination therapy Inventor(s): Abruzzo; George K. (Clark, NJ), Bartizal; Kenneth F. (Somerset, NJ), Flattery; Amy M. (Sayreville, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (rahway, Nj) Patent Number: 6,069,126 Date filed: February 24, 1999 Abstract: There is described antifungal combination therapy comprising the use of known antifungal agents such as the azoles or polyenes in combination with a pneumocandin derivative antifungal agent. More particularly, the invention relates to antifungal combination therapy comprising the use of azoles such as fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, ER 30346, SCH 56592; polyenes such as amphotericin B, nystatin or liposomal and lipid forms thereof such as Abelcet, AmBisome and Amphocil; purine or pyrimidine nucleotide inhibitors such as flucytosine; or polyoxins such as nikkomycins, in particular nikkomycin Z or other chitin inhibitors, elongation factor inhibitors such as sordarin and analogs thereof, mannan inhibitors such as predamycin, bactericidal/permeability-inducing (BPI) protein products such as XMP.97 or XMP.127 or complex carbohydrate antifungal agents such as CAN-296 in combination with a pneumocandin derivative as described herein. Excerpt(s): These combination therapies have been shown to be useful against such opportunistic pathogens as Cryptococcus spp., Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Histoplasma spp., Coccidioides spp., Paracoccidioides spp. Blastomyces spp., Fusarium spp., Sporothrix spp., Trichosporon spp., Rhizopus spp., Pseudallescheria spp., dermatophytes, Paeciliomyces spp., Alternaria spp., Curvularia spp., Exophiala spp., Wangiella spp., Penicillium spp., Saccharomyces spp., Dematiaceous fungi and Pneumocystis carinii. There is an increasing need for agents which are effective against opportunistic mycotic infections by such agents as Cryptococcus spp., Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Histoplasma spp., Coccidioides spp., Paracoccidioides spp. Blastomyces spp., Fusarium spp., Sporothrix spp., Trichosporon spp., Rhizopus spp., Pseudallescheria spp., dermatophytes, Paeciliomyces spp., Alternaria spp., Curvularia spp., Exophiala spp., Wangiella spp., Penicillium spp., Saccharomyces spp., Dematiaceous fungi and Pneumocystis carinii. The present treatments, i.e., polyenes, such as amphotericin B, cause severe side effects and azoles, such as fluconazole, are only fungistatic. The pneumocandins, which are related to the echinocandins, are cyclic hexapeptides which inhibit cell wall 1,3.beta.-D-glucan synthesis. The pneumocandins have shown potent in vivo activity against Candida spp., Pneumocystis carinii, Aspergillus spp., as well as the other fungal pathogens listed above. However, the pneumocandins, by themselves, have weak activity against Cryptococcus spp. Combination therapy with antifungal drugs may provide additional options for treating Cryptococcus and other fungal pathogens. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06069126__

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Antifungal pastille formulation and method Inventor(s): Ridgway; Frank (Merseyside, GB2), Ward; Michael D. (Merseyside, GB2) Assignee(s): E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (princeton, Nj) Patent Number: 4,725,440 Date filed: May 24, 1984 Abstract: An antifungal pastille formulation, preferably containing nystatin as the antifungal agent, is provided which is soft and smooth in texture and when dissolved slowly in the mouth does not cause irritation of and will not adhere to oral mucosa and yet distributes nystatin in sufficiently high saliva concentrations, throughout the oral cavity, for long enough periods of time so as to be particularly effective in the treatment of candidiasis in the oral cavity and esophagus. A method for treating candidiasis in the oral cavity and esophagus employing the antifungal pastille and a method for preparing a nystatin pastille formulation are also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to smooth velvety soft antifungal pastilles or troches which are free of rough edges so that they may even be tolerated by patients suffering from candidiasis in the oral cavity and esophagus and therefore are particularly effective in the treatment thereof. Oral candidiasis is an extremely virulent, painful, and life-threatening disease for the aged and debilitated and is especially prevalent in care centers for the aged with chronic debilitating ailments, cancer hospitals and transplantation centers. Most patients suffering from oral candidiasis find it practically impossible to tolerate solid foods and even solid medicines since the pain caused by contact of solids with infected areas is unbearable. Therefore, such patients can only ingest liquids. The medical problems of these patients are compounded by the fact that the patients are usually already in a debilitated state brought on by an underlying disease such as cancer, diabetes, emphesema or serious bacterial, viral or other fungal infections even before contracting oral candidiasis. The inability of the patient to ingest solids most often results in a further weakening and debilitation which, added to the effects of the underlying illness, usually results in the death of the patient. The treatment generally indicated for combatting oral candidiasis is the use of antifungal agents such as nystatin in topical form, such as oral suspension or tablets. In order to be optimally effective, the nystatin must be supplied to the infected areas and maintained at a constant effective saliva level over a sustained period of time. Unfortunately, in the case of many patients, especially those with buccal ulcers, the nystatin suspension will not remain in contact with infected areas for sufficiently long periods to effectively combat the infection. The nystatin suspension is too easily washed away from infected areas. Thus, the effectiveness of such nystatin treatment is drastically curtailed since the suspension will not usually remain in contact with infected areas for sufficiently long periods to combat the infection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04725440__

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Anti-microbial sensitivity test and testing stratum Inventor(s): Korol; Bernard (Highland Beach, FL), Nathan; Paul (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): Enguay Pharmaceutical Associates (boca Raton, Fl) Patent Number: 4,820,292 Date filed: May 27, 1988

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Abstract: An anti-microbial sensitivity test and testing stratum is disclosed for evaluating the sensitivity of different anti-microbial agents relative to identifiable microbial contaminants. The test stratum comprises a polymer such as poly(2hydroxyethylmethacrylate) referred to as PHEMA, an organic solvent, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), a hydrogen binding plasticizer, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), an an anti-microbial agent such as silver sulfadiazine, mafenide, nystatin, nitrofurazone, silver nitrate, bacitracin, gentamicin, amphotericin B, cesium nitrate, or other anti-microbial agents. The test includes positioning testing stratum of the type described, each having a different anti-microbial agent therein, on a sterile plate or on an agar substrate and spaced in fixed relationship to one another. The testing stratum are self adhering and remain fixed on a sterile plate, or on an applicator, even when the sterile plate, is inverted. The testing stratum further provide a sustained release of the anti-microbial agent incorporated therein. The testing stratum are then subjected to samples from the wound site, often containing microbial contaminants, and after a predetermined period of incubation, evaluation indicative of microbial contamination can then be made and examination of the zones of inhibition over and around each of the anti-microbial testing stratum will determine effectiveness of each anti-microbial agent contained in the test system. Excerpt(s): This invention relates principally to an anti-microbial sensitivity test and testing stratum, for determining the effectiveness/ineffectiveness of a variety of antimicrobial agents, or bactericides, any of which may be used in conjunction with the treatment of a particular skin surface or wound infection, and which infection may contain no identified, or an unidentified, microbial type of contaminant. A variety of prior art is available in this particular field, for disclosing various diagnostic type of packages or means that are used for aiding the medical practitioner in the identification of the type of bacteria to be treated. But, initially, it must be commented herein that a coinventor of this particular development, as can be seen from the cross reference to related application, is also the holder of U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,184, which identifies the base synthetic resin wound dressing and method of treatment using same, disclosing the type of polymer that is even used in conjunction with this current invention, whereas, in the identified patent, it has been used as a means for functioning as a wound dressing, and which may have incorporated therein various medicines, for treatment of burns, or other forms of wounds. In addition, the particular polymer disclosed in the earlier patent is related to, but obviously of different patentable structure, to the form of polymer that is shown in the earlier patent to Moro, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,272,518. In that particular patent, the polymer is applied as a paste, and when it sets up, forms a more hardened coating, for application to a wound, or other treatment area, without having the pliability, flexibility and adhesiveness of the synthetic resin disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,184. Thus, when functioning in that manner, it is questioned whether the Moro style of resin could be used in conjunction with the current invention, since it is necessary to have some flexibility, and adhesiveness as well as drug release characteristics, in order to control microbial contaminants in the manner of this current invention. The earlier patent to Forg, U.S. Pat. No. 2,904,474, describes a process and means for carrying out bacteriological operations. As can be seen, the device is used for taking samples for detecting certain types of bacteria in liquids, by utilizing a sterile flatlike structure made of an absorbent material, for absorbing bacteria, and for their immersion into a liquid for testing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04820292__

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Combination preparations containing chloramphenicol, gentamicin and nystatin as active ingredients for the topical treatment of inflammatory skin disorders Inventor(s): Abdulla; Souhail (Rhauderwieke 1, D-2953 Rhauderfehn, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,104,657 Date filed: December 3, 1990 Abstract: The invention relates to combination preparations containing chloramphenicol, gentamicin, nystatin and optionally a cortisone as active ingredients for the topical treatment of inflammatory skin disorders. The preparations are present preferably in the form of an ointment and have proved to be surprisingly effective particularly in the case of the treatment of skin disorders which are difficult to heal such as chronic eczema, inflammations in the anal and genital region, and of ulcus cruris and similar disorders. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to combination preparations for the topical treatment of inflammatory skin disorders, and in particular skin disorders which are difficult to heal such as chronic eczema, eczematous inflammations in the anal and genital region and secondary wounds and abscesses such as ulcus cruris, decubitus and furuncles. The preparation according to the invention can, moreover, be used for the topical treatment of skin burns, intertrigo and impetigo and of chronic non-specific sores in the region of the corner of the mouth. The above-mentioned skin disorders and secondary inflammations have already been treated hitherto with antibiotics of many different types and with cortisones. In many cases, however, a complete and permanent closure of the wounds cannot be achieved with conventional agents. This is true in particular of the various manifestations of ulcus cruris and in the case of proctological complaints such as eczemas and fissures in the anal region. Experience has shown that such wounds heal very poorly and the skin which is only superficially closed reopens quickly when stressed. Thus anal fissures for example can be remedied in severe cases only by surgery or by scab formation. Such a treatment can, however, lead to serious delayed consequences such as stenoses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05104657__

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Composition and method for treating diaper rash Inventor(s): Ashley; Eline (3639 Beckwith La., Crete, IL 60417-1260) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,762,945 Date filed: April 5, 1996 Abstract: A topical composition for the treatment of the symptoms of diaper rash is disclosed comprising the combination of equal rations of nystatin powder, zinc oxide, and AQUAPHOR (.TM.), and mixed with a larger volume of U.S.P. cold cream. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to topical compositions used in the treatment of a skin condition commonly known as "diaper rash" and, more particularly, to a topical composition containing nystatin power as an active ingredient in the killing of yeast and bacteria. The present invention also relates to a method for treating diaper rash by the topical use of a composition containing nystatin powder as an active ingredient. A skin condition commonly known as "diaper rash" is prevalent among

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infants everywhere. Generally associated as a result of increased bacteria and yeast activity, many methods of topically alleviating the irritation caused by such rashes are generally known. Currently, the most popular over-the-counter remedies attempt to block irritations by repelling moisture by forming a greasy barrier, but fail to provide any active yeast or bacterial killing abilities. Such an example is also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,238, issued in the name of Matravers. Another commonly used active ingredient includes zinc oxide. Typical of such a product is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,193, issued in the name of Enjolras et al. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05762945__ •

Diagnostic methods Inventor(s): Darougar; Sohrab (Croydon, GB2) Assignee(s): Animal House, Inc. (portland, Me) Patent Number: 5,137,030 Date filed: October 2, 1989 Abstract: A probe is provided for collecting mucous tissue samples in vivo particularly from the conjunctiva, the urethra and the cervix. The probe comprises a handle portion and a body portion, which is slotted for scraping tissue into the slots.The tissue sample may then be introduced into an aqueous transport medium comprising sucrose, potassium phosphates, foetal bovine serum, streptomycin, vancomycin and nystatin. The sample may be smeared from the transport medium, with the cells still intact onto a slide, using a cytocentrifuge; and then the smear is assayed for disease, for example disease due to adenovirus, herpes simplex virus or chlamydia.The assay step may include single or multiple immunofluorescent staining. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with improvements in or relating to the diagnosis of disease particularly, but not exclusively infectious diseases caused by intracellular micro-organisms; as well as being practised on humans in appropriate cases these methods may be practised on animals. For example, conjunctivitis and keratitis are common eye diseases and may be for example viral, bacterial or chlamydial in causation. The serious eye disease Trachoma is a chlamydial kerato-conjunctivitis. The viruses are commonly adenoviruses or herpes simplex virus. In the diagnosis of these diseases it is important to have a rapid and reliable method of distinguishing between the chlamydial, adenoviruses and herpes simplex virus infections. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05137030__

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Dispersion preparation Inventor(s): Seki; Junzo (Hyogo, JP), Yamamoto; Hirofumi (Kyoto, JP) Assignee(s): Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd. (jp) Patent Number: 5,776,904 Date filed: June 3, 1993 Abstract: Liquid dispersions are produced wherein amphotericin B, the methyl ester thereof, nystatin, trichomycin, primaricin and the like having a particle size of 10.mu.m or less are dispersed in a suitable solvent such as physiologically acceptable saline. The dispersions are particularly useful for parenteral administration.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a dispersion preparation containing amphotericin B. Even today, about 30 years after its development, amphotericin B is widely used as an important antifungal agent which may be administered to the entire body and which exhibits reliable effects. However, this substance has a drawback in that it causes serious side effects due to its hemolytic toxicity and nephrotoxicity. In order to alleviate these side effects, amphotericin B has been administered in the form of a liposome preparation containing phospholipids, a lipid complex preparation, or a fatty emulsion preparation prepared by emulsifying soybean oil with a small amount of a phospholipid (Szoka, P. C. Jr, et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 31, 421429, 1987, hereunder referred to as "Document 1"; Kirsh, R., et al., Journal of Infectious Diseases, 158, 1065-1070, 1988, hereunder referred to as "Document 2"; and Japanese Patent Application Disclosure SHO 63-66123, hereunder referred to as "Document 3", etc.). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05776904__ •

Frozen oral medication delivery system and method Inventor(s): Harvey; Bryce M. (1049 Merrywood Dr., Pike Rd., AL 36064), Knight; Philip M. (1820 Alderpoint Dr., Montgomery, AL 36106) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,431,915 Date filed: December 20, 1993 Abstract: An oral medication delivery system and method for pharmaceutically active agents having local and/or systemic effect is provided. The system provides three embodiments of containers in which medication is stably stored, either in liquid suspension or in dry powder form with a delivery liquid, until dispensed for use by a patient. The medication is mixed as required and frozen in the storage container until hard, when it is administered to the patient in the form of a frozen popsicle. One embodiment of the system includes a flexible plastic container which contains the pharmaceutically active agent mixed with a delivery liquid. In other embodiments the medication in powder form and a delivery liquid are stored in a chambered container separated by a rupturable membrane which is ruptured to mix the container contents prior to freezing. The oral medication delivery system of the present invention is particularly well suited for delivering Nystatin to oral candidiasis lesions, particularly to the very young, the elderly and those unable to take medications by traditional administration methods. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed generally to a medication delivery system and specifically to an oral medication delivery system and method. Many persons who are ill find it difficult to take medications that are recommended for oral administration. These include both oral medications intended to be effective locally and systemic medications taken by the oral route. The very young and the elderly, in particular, often experience difficulties swallowing orally administered systemic medications. In addition, it is also often very difficult for persons in these groups to retain pastilles, troches or lozenges in their mouths long enough for all of the medication to dissolve and produce the desired local effect. Patients whose general condition has been weakened by a debilitating disease, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or other condition may require the administration of oral medication to treat the fungus or other infections which often accompany such conditions. One extremely common oral infection encountered in such patients is candidiasis, also known as thrush. This disease, which produces very painful

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lesions in the oral mucosa, can be quite virulent and even fatal, especially in the very young and elderly. The severe pain associated with oral candidiasis usually limits such patients to the ingestion of only liquids, since solid foods and medications can produce intolerable pain. The currently available forms of medication for this condition are often not well tolerated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05431915__ •

Liposomal-polyene preliposomal powder and method for its preparation Inventor(s): Lenk; Robert P. (New Waverly, TX), Lopez-Berestein; Gabriel (Houston, TX), Mehta; Reeta (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): The Board of Regents, the University of Texas System (austin, Tx) Patent Number: 5,178,875 Date filed: January 14, 1991 Abstract: A method is disclosed for preparing a stable preliposomal powder which, when reconstituted with water or saline solution, forms a suspension of liposomes containing a polyene drug, such as nystatin. The method involves the steps of combining at least one phospholipid with a first organic solvent to form a first solution, adding a clarifying amount of water to the first solution, combining a polyene with a second organic solvent to form a second solution, combining the first and second solutions to produce a substantially clear combined solution, and then removing the organic solvents, leaving a powder. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of preparing a freeze-dried powder, which can be used to quickly and conveniently generate a liposomal formulation of a polyene such as nystatin. Nystatin is a tetraene-diene polyene antibiotic, first isolated from Streptomyces noursei, which is used in the treatment of various fungal infections. Unfortunately, nystatin, as well as other polyenes, is not generally useful for parenteral administration, because of its high toxicity and insolubility in water. A formulation of a polyene, such as nystatin, which could be administered parenterally would substantially enhance the drug's therapeutic usefulness. Some of the inventors of this patent previously discovered that these problems could be overcome by formulating nystatin in phospholipid vesicles, or liposomes. Such a liposomal formulation is considerably less toxic to the animal to which it is administered, but is still effective against fungal infection, and therefore is suitable for systemic use. U.S. Pat. No. 4,812,312 discloses that invention, and is incorporated here by reference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05178875__

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Liposome-incorporated nystatin Inventor(s): Hopfer; Roy L. (Houston, TX), Juliano; Rudolph L. (Houston, TX), LopezBerestein; Gabriel (Houston, TX), Mehta; Reeta (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents of the University of Texas System (austin, Tx) Patent Number: 4,812,312 Date filed: March 3, 1987

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Abstract: The present invention involves a liposomal agent for treating disseminated fungal infection in an animal. This liposomal agent comprises the polyene antifungal compound nystatin. The nystatin is encapsulated within a liposome. The liposome in which the nystatin is incorporated is preferably a stable multilamellar vesicle. The liposome broadly comprises one or more lipids one or more of phosphomonoglyceride, phosphatidic acid and sphingolipid. The lipids are preferably one or more of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin or phosphatidic acid. The lipids are most preferably one or more of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. The liposome of the present invention may comprise a sterol most preferably cholesterol. An important aspect of the present invention involves a method for treating disseminated fungal infection in an animal. This method comprises administering to an animal subject to disseminated fungal infection a fungicidally effective amount of nystatin encapsulated within a liposome. The liposome is composed as described above. The administering is preferably parenteral in most instances but may be oral or topical if specific colonies of fungus are thereby more directly reached. This treatment method is most useful when the animal is a human suffering from disseminated fungal infection. The method of treatment involves a fungicidally effective amount of liposome-incorporated nystatin of between about 1 mg nystatin/kg body weight and about 6 mg nystatin/kg body weight. In a most preferred embodiment the treatment method comprises liposomes consisting essentially of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol in a ratio of about 7:3. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment of systemic fungal infections by administration of liposome-incorporated nystatin. Clinical observations and animal experimental studies have added to the understanding of host-fungal interactions. It is becoming recognized that host defense against fungal disease is multifactorial and may vary, depending on the etiologic agent. The mechanisms of resistance are not well defined in most instances, but various innate barriers and cell-mediated immune responses seem to be of primary importance. At this time, the role of antibody in resistance is uncertain. Clearly, debilitation of innate defenses and of cell-mediated immune responses can increase an individual's susceptibility to severe fungal disease from opportunistic agents such as Cryptococcus neoformans and species of Candida and Aspergillus, as well as from fungal pathogens such as Histoplasma capsulatum and Coccidioides immitis. The difficulty in gaining a complete understanding of the critical host defenses has been further complicated by many studies that show fungi may affect various host immune functions adversely. Although it is too early to evaluate the clinical importance of many of these experimental findings, investigators have demonstrated that fungi impair neutrophil function, induce IgE responses, and cause suppression of cell-mediated immune responses. Host changes likely to be associated with increased susceptibility may be accidentally induced, as in traumatic injuries (such as burns or puncture wounds); self-induced, as in chronic alcoholism; naturally occurring, as in diabetes mellitus, various congenital immune deficiencies, collagen diseases, lymphoreticular neoplastic disease, and other types of tumors; or iatrogenically induced by instrumentation (such as catheterization), surgical procedures (such as open heart surgery), or by use of cytotoxic drugs (as in an attempt to prevent graft rejection and to treat neoplastic disease), corticosteroid therapy, and long-term use of broad-spectrum antibodies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04812312__

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Liquid suspensions of polyene antibiotics and use thereof for slime control in industrial waters Inventor(s): Anderson; Douglas G. (Lakeville, MN), Pedersen; Daniel E. (Cottage Grove, MN) Assignee(s): Ecolab Inc. (st. Paul, Mn) Patent Number: 4,826,822 Date filed: April 22, 1986 Abstract: A process and composition for controlling slime in industrial waters by the control of slime-forming fungi in the waters. The process comprises the step of adding an effective amount of a polyene antibiotic, such as nystatin, to the waters. The composition is a polyene antibiotic suspension comprising (i) a polyene antibiotic such as nystatin, (ii) a suspension medium such as a glycol, (iii) a sufficient amount of a pH buffer such as an alkali metal phosphate to achieve and maintain the suspension at a pH of about 6-8, (iv) a viscosity modifier such as a heteropolysaccharide, and optionally (v) a surfactant. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the control of slime through the inhibition of the growth of or the destruction of slime-forming fungi in the industrial waters. More particularly, slime formation is controlled by the intentional addition to industrial waters (e.g. white water in pulp and paper mills) of a fungi controlling amount of a polyene antibiotic, and in particular the addition of the polyene antibiotic nystatin. The formation of slime in industrial waters is a major industrial problem since slime, which is a fungal by-product, can contaminate the end product and can cause equipment malfunction and corrosion. The term "slime" is a broad one covering a wide range of viscous, mucous, and leathery materials found in industrial waters and on surfaces exposed to these waters. Slimes can be broadly classified as chemical or biological depending upon their cause of formation. Chemical slimes are often the result of an overabundance of a process material, usually an organic polymer, which accumulates both in water and on surfaces. Particulate matter in the water can then adhere to the polymer and may actually form the bulk of the slime mass. This invention relates to biological slimes in which microorganisms bind to surfaces and to each other. Biological slime is the result of the growth of microorganisms. In the paper industry, for example, raw materials and equipment are not sterile and water used in conjunction with such equipment is continuously being contaminated with a wide variety of microorganisms from such sources as wood pulp, chemicals, air, make-up water, and the like. The existing conditions such as temperature and pH permit the growth of microorganisms which can form slime deposits. These slime deposits are typically heterogeneous in composition and routinely contain a significant quantity of microbial cell mass and a variety of particulate material such as wood fiber, clay, pitch and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04826822__

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Long-lasting adhesive antifungal suppositories Inventor(s): Jackson; Ivan (Wirral, GB2), Ridgway; Frank (Birkenhead, GB2), Ward; Michael D. (Merseyside, GB2) Assignee(s): E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (princeton, Nj) Patent Number: 4,542,020 Date filed: August 17, 1984

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Abstract: Antifungal suppositories are provided which preferably include nystatin as the antifungal agent, together with a hydrocolloid, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and a low melting suppository base. The antifungal suppositories of the invention function by melting at body temperature to release the hydrocolloid and antifungal agent which adhere to the vaginal membrane so that a uniform distribution of antifungal agent is retained at the site of infection. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to antifungal vaginal suppositories, which preferably contain nystatin as the antifungal agent, and which contain a water-soluble polymer to further adherence and retention of the antifungal agent at the site of infection. It is of great advantage to both the patient and the clinician that medication be formulated so that the active drug therein be released over extended periods of time thereby resulting in reduced dosage frequency. The literature is replete with various dosage forms from which the drug may be released for an extended period of time including oral tablets, osmotic pressure devices, and dispensers utilizing semipermeable membranes. In recent years, polymers, such as hydrophilic polymers, examples of which include hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and other cellulose ethers, have been developed for use in sustained release compositions as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,389,393 to Schor et al, 4,357,469 to Schor, 3,870,790 to Lowey et al, 4,369,172 to Schor et al and 4,226,849 to Schor et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,312,594 to Cyr et al discloses a long-lasting troche which contains a medicament and equal portions of pectin, gelatin and carboxymethylcellulose; the troche interacts with saliva to dissolve in the mouth to form an adhesive composition which secures and retains the medicament to the oral mucosa. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04542020__ •

Method for purifying water-insoluble polyene antibiotics Inventor(s): Tang; William W. (Mercerville, NJ) Assignee(s): E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (princeton, Nj) Patent Number: 4,308,375 Date filed: October 6, 1980 Abstract: A method for purifying water-insoluble polyene antibiotics, such as amphotericin and nystatin, is provided which method includes the step of passing a mixture of the polyene antibiotic dispersed in methanol through an ion exchange column whereby gram positive and gram negative bacteria are removed from the antibiotic. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for purifying antibiotics, such as amphotericin B or nystatin, by passing the antibiotic through an ion exchange column. In the manufacture of polyene antibiotics, such as amphotercin B and nystatin, broth containing the antibiotic is filtered to remove the antibiotic solids, the solids are extracted with acidified methanol, the pH of the antibiotic rich methanol is raised to a convenient level, and the antibiotic is crystallized from the methanol. The crystals may then be formulated to produce topical creams and ointments. In accordance with the present invention, the above-described purification procedure is improved and enhanced by passing the antibiotic rich methanol through an ion exchange resin whereby gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria are substantially completely removed from the antibiotic rich methanol.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04308375__ •

Method for treating fungal infections using cell lytic enzymes Inventor(s): Davies; David Allen Lewis (High Wycombe, EN) Assignee(s): G. D. Searle & Co. Ltd. (high Wycombe, En) Patent Number: 4,062,941 Date filed: May 24, 1976 Abstract: The present invention encompasses a method for treating fungal infections in animals comprising administering to animals in need of antifungal treatment an effective amount of fungal cell lytic enzymes extracted from Coprinus, Lycoperdon, or Bolbitius in conjunction with conventional antimycotic agents such as amphotericin B or Nystatin. The fungal cell lytic enzymes are extracted from Coprinus, Lycoperdon, and Bolbitius by conventional enzyme isolation techniques. These fungal cell lytic enzymes retain their activity in vivo, are relatively non toxic and destroy fungi by degrading fungal cell walls and weakening the fungal cell walls so that conventional antimycotic agents are far more effective. The method of the present invention is particularly useful in treating infections by opportunistic fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. Excerpt(s): The present invention encompasses a method for treating fungal infections in animals comprising administering to animals in need of antifungal treatment an effective amount of fungal cell lytic anzymes extracted from Coprinus, Lycoperdon, or Bolbitius in conjunction with conventional antimycotic agents such as amphotericin B or Nystatin. The fungal cell lytic enzymes are extracted from Coprinus, Lycoperdon, and Bolbitius by conventional enzyme isolation techniques. The fungal cell lytic enzymes retain their activity in vivo, are relatively non toxic and destroy fungi by degrading fungal cell walls and weakening the fungal cell walls so that conventional antimy cotic agents are far more effective. The method of the present invention is particularly useful in treating infections by apportunistic fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. The method of the present invention is also useful for treating Trichophyton mentagrophytes infections. Fungal cell lytic enzymes are available from Lycoperdon, Coprinus, and Bolbitius. Lycoperdon depressum, Lycoperdon gigantea, and Lycoperdon pyriforme are preferred sources of fungal cell lytic anzymes. The specimens are collected in the field or cultured on solid or in liquid media. Fresh, frozen or lyophilized whole specimens of Lycoperdon such as L. pyriforme, etc. are homogenized in water, saline, buffer or other suitable diluent. The homogenate is expressed through cloth and the resultant liquid centrifuged or filtered. The supernatant contains a crude enzyme mixture containing chitinase and various other enzymes. The crude extract is either stored at 4.degree. C, lyophilized or purified as detailed below. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04062941__

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Nystatin formulation having reduced toxicity Inventor(s): Kwon; Glen S. (Waunakee, WI), Yoo; Bong K. (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (madison, Wi) Patent Number: 6,413,537 Date filed: March 10, 2000

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Abstract: The present invention provides a novel formulation of nystatin for parenteral administration to treat systemic fungal infections. The formulation avoids the toxicity and solubility problems of prior art nystatin formulations. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. The present invention relates to the antifungal drug nystatin, and, in particular, a novel parenteral formulation of nystatin which avoids the side adverse effects associated with parenteral administration of known nystatin formulations. Nystatin is an intracellular product first isolated from Streptomyces noursei. Nystatin is a polyene antibiotic, having a large, conjugated double bond ring system linked to a mycosamine (a 3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-D-manno-pyranose) moiety, an epoxy group, and an all-trans tetraene system. Its structure is similar to erythromycin and amphotericin B, other macrocyclic lactones. Its empirical formula is C.sub.47 H.sub.75 NO.sub.17 and molecular weight is 926.13. Nystatin is only slightly soluble in water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06413537__ •

Nystatin-resistant Aspergillus terreus CLS 247-13, KCTC 0673BP for preparing triol heptanoic acid employing the same Inventor(s): Choi; Byoung-Taek (Seoul, KR), Hong; Chung-II (Chicago, IL), Kim; Byoung Kook (Kyunggi-do, KR), Kim; Kyung-Hwan (Seoul, KR), Park; Jang Woo (Kyunggi-do, KR), Sung; Nak Kyu (Kyunggi-do, KR) Assignee(s): Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corp. (seoul, Kr) Patent Number: 6,426,202 Date filed: June 26, 2001 Abstract: A nystatin-resistant mutant microorganism belonging to Aspegillus genus is provided for preparing triol heptanoic acid, a precursor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylCoA reductase inhibitor. A mutant Aspergillus terreus CLS247-13, KCTC 0673 BP is prepared by treating Aspergillus terreus CLS216-7, KCTC 0359 BP with ultraviolet ray or chemical mutagens. The mutant provides high productivity (at least 11.5 g/L, 95/6% of the total product) of triol heptanoic acid, while reducing (less than 0.53 g/L, 4.4% of total product) productivity of triol heptanoic acid analogues. Since the nystatin-resistant mutant strain CLS347-13 has a capability of producing triol heptanioc acid with a high yield in a short period of culture time compared with known triol heptanoic acid producing strains, it can be widely used in industrial applications. Excerpt(s): This is the U.S. National Phase under 35 U.S.C.sctn.371 of International Application PCT/KR00/01236, filed Oct. 30, 2000, which clams priority of Korean Application No. 1999/47379, filed Oct. 29, 1999. The present invention relates to a novel nystatin-resistant microorganism belonging to Aspergillus genus and a process for preparing triol heptanoic acid, a precursor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A ("HMG-CoA") reductase inhibitor by employing the said microorganism, more specifically, to a novel nystatin-resistant mutant which provides a high productivity of triol heptanoic acid with minimal productivity of analogues therefrom, produced by introducing mutations into a protoplast fusion mutant strain Aspergillus terreus CLS216-7 producing mevinolinic acid with a high yield and a process for preparing triol hedtanoic acid by aerobic submerged culture of the novel mutant strain in a nutrient medium. Hyperlipidemia is known as one of the major factors for development of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death. The substances developed for treatment of hyperlipidemia are mostly inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase involved in

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the cholesterol biosynthesis, and are useful for treatment of hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia in human body. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06426202__ •

Oral osmotic device for delivery of nystatin with hydrogel driving member Inventor(s): Barclay; Brian L. (Sunnyvale, CA), Childers; Jerry D. (Sunnyvale, CA), Place; Virgil A. (Kawaihae, HI), Wong; Patrick S.-L. (Palo Alto, CA), Wright; Jeri (Dublin, CA) Assignee(s): Alza Corporation (palo Alto, Ca) Patent Number: 5,776,493 Date filed: December 22, 1993 Abstract: An osmotic device (10) for delivering a beneficial drug, such as an anti-fungal, into the mouth of a human patient is disclosed. The device (10) has a size and shape adapting it to be comfortably retained in the mouth for extended periods of time. The device (10) comprises a wall (12) surrounding a compartment (13) housing a layer of an agent (14) that is insoluble to very soluble in aqueous biological fluids, e.g., saliva, and a layer (16) of a fluid swellable, hydrophilic polymer. A passageway (17) in the wall (12) connects the agent (14) with the exterior of the device (10). The wall (12) is permeable to the passage of aqueous biological fluid but substantially impermeable to the passage of the hydrophilic polymer (16). In one embodiment the beneficial agent (14) has a different color than the hydrophilic polymer (16). The wall (12) is sufficiently translucent to permit the patient to see the amount of drug/beneficial agent (14) remaining to be delivered. Marking lines (19) may be provided on the wall (12) indicating the amount of drug/agent (14) which has been delivered and/or the amount remaining to be delivered. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to an osmotic device for delivering a beneficial agent into the oral cavity of a patient. More particularly, the invention relates to an osmotic device comprising a shaped semipermeable wall surrounding a compartment containing a beneficial agent that is insoluble to very soluble in an aqueous fluid, and a layer of a water-swellable hydrophilic polymer driving member. A passageway through the wall connects the exterior of the device with an agent for delivering the agent from the device into the oral cavity. Means are provided for displaying the amount of agent remaining to be delivered. Osmotic devices for delivering beneficial agents to environments of use are known to the prior art in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770 and 3,916,899 issued to Theeuwes et al. The osmotic devices disclosed in those patents comprise a semipermeable wall that surrounds a compartment containing an agent. The wall is permeable to the passage of an external fluid, and substantially impermeable to the passage of agent. There is a passageway through the wall for delivering the agent from the device. These devices release agent by fluid being imbibed through the wall into the compartment at a rate determined by the permeability of the wall and the osmotic pressure gradient across the wall to produce an aqueous solution containing agent that is dispensed through the passageway from the device. These devices are extraordinarily effective for delivering an agent that is soluble in the fluid and exhibits an osmotic pressure gradient across the wall against the fluid, and for delivering an agent that has limited solubility in the fluid and is admixed with an osmotically effective compound that is soluble in the fluid and exhibits an osmotic pressure gradient across the wall against the fluid. Devices of this type are typically designed to be swallowed or implanted to deliver a drug or other beneficial agent to the body. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,202, the delivery kinetics of the device are enhanced by manufacturing the device

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with an agent compartment and an osmagent compartment separated by a film, which film is movable from a rested to an expanded state. The device delivers agent by fluid being imbibed through the wall into the osmagent compartment producing a solution that causes the compartment to increase in volume and act as a driving force that is applied against the film. This force urges the film to expand against the agent compartment and correspondingly diminish the volume of this compartment, whereby agent is dispensed through the passageway from the device. While this device operates successfully for its intended use, and while it can deliver numerous difficult to deliver agents, its use is somewhat limited because of the manufacturing steps needed for fabricating and placing the movable film in the device. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05776493__ •

Pharmacological preparation Inventor(s): Jayapathy; Balakrishnan (9 Souris Ct., Minot, ND 58701) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,235,722 Date filed: September 24, 1999 Abstract: A topical preparation comprising nystatin and hydrocortisone to satisfactory treat fungus infections of the skin in the ear canal. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a pharmacological preparation which has proven to be unusually successful for the treatment of the fungus infections of the skin of the ear canal. Control of the fungus infections is important for many patients. Nystatin, Mycostatin.RTM. is commercially available as an oral suspension, topical powder, cream, ointment, and pastille for treatment of yeast and some fungal infections involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract and vagina. Mix the two ingredients, Nystatin and a cortiocosteroid agent such as hydrocortisone in a liquid vehicle. Each ml of the preparation contains a fine suspension of 100,000 units of Nystatin and 10 mg of hydrocortisone in a liquid vehicle with preservatives. The operable range of Nystatin may vary from 25,000 units to 200,000 units. The hydrocortisone may vary from 5 to 20 mg per ml. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06235722__

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Preparation of Pichia methanolica auxotrophic mutants Inventor(s): Raymond; Christopher K. (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): Zymogenetics, Inc. (seattle, Wa) Patent Number: 5,736,383 Date filed: August 26, 1996 Abstract: Methods for preparing Pichia methanolica cells having auxotrophic mutations are disclosed. The methods comprise the steps of (a) exposing P. methanolica cells to mutagenizing conditions, (b) culturing the cells from step (a) in a rich medium to allow mutations to become established and replicated in at least a portion of the cells, (c) culturing the cells from step (b) in a culture medium deficient in assimilable nitrogen to deplete cellular nitrogen stores, (d) culturing the cells from step (c) in a defined culture medium comprising an inorganic nitrogen source and an amount of nystatin sufficient

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to kill growing P. methanolica cells to select for cells having a deficiency in a nutritional gene; and (e) culturing the selected cells from step (d) in a rich culture medium. Excerpt(s): Methylotrophic yeasts are those yeasts that are able to utilize methanol as a sole source of carbon and energy. Species of yeasts that have the biochemical pathways necessary for methanol utilization are classified in four genera, Hansenula, Pichia, Candida, and Torulopsis. These genera are somewhat artificial, having been based on cell morphology and growth characteristics, and do not reflect close genetic relationships (Billon-Grand, Mycotaxon 35:201-204, 1989; Kurtzman, Mycologia 84:72-76, 1992). Furthermore, not all species within these genera are capable of utilizing methanol as a source of carbon and energy. As a consequence of this classification, there are great differences in physiology and metabolism between individual species of a genus. Methylotrophic yeasts are attractive candidates for use in recombinant protein production systems. Some methylotrophic yeasts have been shown to grow rapidly to high biomass on minimal defined media. Certain genes of methylotrophic yeasts are tightly regulated and highly expressed under induced or de-repressed conditions, suggesting that promoters of these genes might be useful for producing polypeptides of commercial value. See, for example, Faber et al., Yeast 11:1331, 1995; Romanos et al., Yeast 8:423, 1992; and Cregg et al., Bio/Technology 11:905, 1993. Development of methylotrophic yeasts as hosts for use in recombinant production systems has been slow, due in part to a lack of suitable materials (e.g., promoters, selectable markers, and mutant host cells) and methods (e.g., transformation techniques). The most highly developed methylotrophic host systems utilize Pichia pastoris and Hansenula polymorpha (Faber et al., Curr. Genet. 25:305-310, 1994; Cregg et al., ibid.; Romanos et al., ibid.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,855,242; 4,857,467; 4,879,231; and 4,929,555). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05736383__ •

Preparation small unilamellar vesicles including polyene antifungal antibiotics Inventor(s): Adler-Moore; Jill (Altadena, CA), Gamble; Ronald C. (Altadena, CA), Proffitt; Richard T. (Arcadia, CA) Assignee(s): Vestar Research, Inc. (pasadena, Ca) Patent Number: 5,043,107 Date filed: October 27, 1989 Abstract: Formulations consisting of phospholipid small unilamellar particles encapsulating polyene antifungal antibiotics and methods for using such compositions to treat systemic fungal infections are described. In a preferred embodiment, the particles are in the form of vesicles which comprise a polyene antifungal antibiotic, preferably amphotericin B and/or nystatin, egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, preferably in the molar ratio of about 0.2 (AMB):2(PL):1(CHOL). These vesicles may also have an amine modified surface. The vesicles are suspended in a low ionic strength saccharide/tris solution at a pH of from about 6.0 to about 8.0 and may be administered to deliver the anti-fungal antibiotic to treat systemic fungal infections. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improved compositions consisting of phospholipid encapsulated polyene antifungal antibiotics. In another aspect it relates to the use of such compositions for the treatment of systemic fungal infections. Systemic fungal infections occur most often in individuals with compromised immune systems. The causative agents of such infections are often fungi normally found in the human body or in the environment, but which are rendered noninvasive by a competent immune

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system. Such fungi are included in the genera Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma and Coccidioides. The patients most susceptible to these types of infections include those individuals with cancer, diabetes, alcoholism, drug addiction, extensive burns, organ transplants, immune deficiency diseases, and pregnancy. When these patients are on either chemotherapeutic, immunosuppressive and/or anti-bacterial regimens, the likelihood of contracting fungal infections is further increased. See Rippon, in Medical Mycology: The Pathogenic Fungi and the Pathogenic Actinomycetes, Saunders, (1979). Treatment of systemic fungal infections is primarily limited to two groups of drugs: the polyene antibiotics such as amphotericin B and nystatin, and the imidazoles, such as ketaconazole and miconazole. Structurally, the polyene antibiotics contain three to seven conjugated double bonds. The double bonds are incorporated into a large ring (26 to 44 carbon atoms) lactone. On the opposite side of the macrocycle from the double bonds, the ring is substituted with from 6 to 12 hydroxyl groups mainly in 1,3 relationships but also in 1,2 and 1,4 relationships. Amphotericin B and nystatin possess both an attached aminosugar and a carboxylic acid group. The opposing effects of the lipophilic polyene region and the lipophobic polyol region render polyenes poorly soluble in water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05043107__ •

Purification of nystatin in an aqueous system Inventor(s): Metzger; Julio (Humacao, PR) Assignee(s): E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (princeton, Nj) Patent Number: 4,185,092 Date filed: October 3, 1977 Abstract: Crude, partially purified or contaminated nystatin is purified by suspending the nystatin starting material in water; extracting its activity with sodium lauryl sulfate; adding a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent; and adding an acid-addition salt of an amine to yield an amorphous precipitate of the nystatin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the antibiotic nystatin (referred to in the older literature as fungicidin), and more specifically to a process for the purification of crude, partially purified or contaminated nystatin. Nystatin and its method of preparation from Streptomyces noursei are disclosed by Hazen et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 2,797,183. Reference may also be made to Hazen and Brown, "Fungicidin, An Antibiotic Produced by a Soil Actinomycete," Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 76:93 (1950) and Brown, Hazen and Mason, "Effect of Fungicidin (nystatin) in Mice Injected with Lethal Mixtures of Aureomycin and Candida albicans," Science 117:609 (1953). The antibiotic is hereinafter referred to by the single term "nystatin". Several methods for isolating nystatin from the fermentation media are known to the prior art. Examples of such processes are Hazen et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,797,183; Vandeputte et al., 2,786,781; Vandeputte et al., 3,332,844; and Renella, 3,517,100. The nystatin isolated by known processes is not a highly purified, uniformly crystalline product. A method for obtaining nystatin in such a form is of course highly desirable, and several methods for achieving this result have been suggested by the prior art. For examples of such processes, reference may be made to Vandeputte, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,832,719; Dutcher et al., 2,865,807; Mendelsohn, 3,509,255; Esse, 3,517,101; Keseleski et al., 3,911,113; and Metzger, 4,006,222. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04185092__

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Salts of N-glycosyl derivatives of polyene macrolides, especially N-methylglucamine salts as well as the method of their preparation Inventor(s): Borowski; Edward (Gdansk, PL), Bylec; Elzbieta (Gdansk, PL), Dahlig; Halina (Warsaw, PL), Falkowski; Leonard (Gdansk, PL), Golik; Jerzy (Sopot, PL), Jakobs; Ewa (Sopot, PL), Kolodziejczyk; Pawel (Gdansk, PL), Kowszyk-Gindifer; Zuzanna (Warsaw, PL), Pawlak; Jan (Sopot, PL), Plociennik; Zofia (Warsaw, PL), RoslikKaminska; Danuta (Warsaw, PL), Wagner; Wladyslawa (Warsaw, PL), Zielinski; Jan (Gdansk, PL) Assignee(s): Instytut Przemyslu Farmaceutycznego (warsaw, Pl), Politechnika Gdanska (gdansk, Pl) Patent Number: 4,195,172 Date filed: May 10, 1978 Abstract: The new compounds, N-methylglucamine salts of N-glycosyl derivatives of polyene macrolides particularly N-methylglucamine salts of N-glycosyl derivatives of amphotericin B, polifungin and nystatin are described herein. These compounds exhibit high pharamacological activity in some topical and sistemic fungal infections. The product is prepared by reaction of an amino group containing polyene macrolide with an aldose or ketose mono- or oligosaccharide, in an organic solvent medium or in the mixture of solvents characterized in that the formed N-glycosyl derivatives is precipitated from the reaction medium by water or with an aqueous solution of inorganic salt, preferably ammonium sulphate, and after crystallization from a higher alkanol of C.sub.3-6 atoms, preferably n-butanol transformed into a salt, preferably an N-methylglucamine salt and then crystallized from higher alkanol, preferably n-butanol. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the new N-methylglucamine salts of N-glycosyl derivatives of polyene macrolides, especially amphotericin B, polifungin, and nystatin of very high water solubility, as well as to the simplified method of their preparation. The said compounds, similarly as polyene macrolides and their N-glycosyl derivatives, exhibit antifungal activity, especially against yeast-like fungi. There should be stressed their high activity against microorganisms of the genus Candida, Torula, Geotrichum as well as Cryptococcus. From the literature and patents there have been known esters and salts of methyl esters of polyene macrolides, complex of amphotericin B and sodium deoxycholate i.e. Fungizone/Bartner E. et al: Studies on a new solubolized preparation of amphotericin B, Antib. Ann. 1957/1958, 53-58, 1958/, N-methylglucamine salts of polyene macrolides as well as sodium, tris and imidazole salts of N-glycosyl derivatives of polyene macrolides. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04195172__

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Selective media for recovery and enumeration of campylobacters Inventor(s): Garrish; Johnna Kennedy (Hull, GA), Glassmoyer Pearson; Kirsten Elizabeth (Athens, GA), Line; John Eric (Watkinsville, GA) Assignee(s): The United States of America, AS Represented by the Secretary of (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 6,368,847 Date filed: June 1, 2000

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Abstract: A composition for recovery and enumeration of Campylobacter species that includes a selective Campylobacter medium plus an indicator, 2,3,5triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Improved selective media including the indicator, contains a nutrient medium with an energy source, agar, a reducing agent, and selective agents. The selective agents are a mixture of agents selected from cycloheximide, cefoperazone, vancomycin, trimethoprim, polymyxin B; rifampicin, amphotericin, cefoperazone, vancomycin, trimethoprim, and nystatin. The salts of these agents are also useful. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to media containing an indicator, 2,3,5triphenyltetrazolium chloride, and a selective agent composition; and methods for the recovery and enumeration of Campylobacter species. Campylobacter species have been recognized as important causative agents of foodborne illness. There is a strong association of foods of animal origin in the transmission of disease to humans. Poultry is one such food with high carriage rates of Campylobacter contamination. Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli and C. lari are known to cause an estimated 2.2 million cases of foodborne gastroenteritis per year in the United States alone (Tauxe et al., American J. Public Health, Volume 77, 1219-1221, 1987). The vast majority of these cases are associated with the consumption of improperly prepared or handled foods. Although the origin of this disease in humans is primarily linked to poultry, the food microbiology and poultry communities have been slow in directing substantive attention toward the organism. This has been due, in part, to the unique physiological requirements of these organisms, impairing their culture and identification from foods and clinical specimens. A variety of enrichment and culture media have been proposed for the isolation of Campylobacter species (Park et al., Campylobacter, In: Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, second ed., M. L. Speck (ed.), Am. Pub. Hlth. Assoc., Wash., D.C., 386-404, 1984--the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference). Because Campylobacter can be overgrown by other organisms present in sources, the use of selective media, incorporating antibiotics and/or antimicrobial agents, is essential for their isolation. Ideally, any culture medium selected should also be differential, allowing the characterization of the Campylobacter by distinctive colonial appearances in culture. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06368847__ •

Topical antifungal treatment Inventor(s): Ayon-Covarrubias; Blas (P.O. Box 39, Nyarit, MX) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,080,744 Date filed: February 10, 1999 Abstract: A topical mycological treatment composition for medical, veterinarian, or dental use contains as active ingredients clotrimazole, ketoconazole, micanazole, nystatin, tolnaftate, propionic acid, sodium propionate, undecelynic acid, and zinc undecelynate. These ingredients are contained in a natural cream base, and the base may also contain an anti-inflammatory agent and an antibacterial agent. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition for the treatment of mycotic infections, and to methods of treating such infections. The invention is more specifically concerned with a novel treatment composition that comprises a blend of active antimycotic ingredients in a natural, soothing base, in which the composition is capable of defeating a wide range of fungi and can clear topical fungal infections rather speedily.

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A number of anti-fungal creams are now in use, and employed for a variety of dermatological and other mycotic infections, i.e., tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea capitis, etc. However. many types of such fungal infections have proven to be persistent and defeat any attempts to control or cure them. In addition, many of the fungi involved can spread from one person to another, and this is especially the case in geographical regions where cleansing and sanitation are difficult to carry out. Furthermore, many fungal infections that commence as topical infections, if left unchecked, can invade the body and cause grave illness or death. Many of the health problems associated with various fungal infections, as well as bacterial and viral infections, are discussed in Friedman U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,399. It is clearly recognized that fungal infections are a major health risk, and affect not only the skin, but also the oral cavity and other places on the body. Friedman is of interest for its discussion of various fungi that have been identified with human infection, such as Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. stellatoidea, C. pseudotropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. stellatoidea, C. guillieromondii, C. krusei, C. vixwanathii, T orulopsis glabrata, Geotrichium candidum, Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatides, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenkii, Rhinosporidium seeberi, Histoplasma capsulatum, Histoplasma duboisii, Coccidiodes immities, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, and T. violaceum. Aspergillus fumigatus is another fungus that can invade the human skin and other tissues, including the eyes. Friedman is also valuable for its extensive bibliographical list of references on this and related topics. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06080744__ •

Treatment of canine otitis and composition therefor Inventor(s): Beyer; Detlef (Fredensborg, DK), Linnet; Anton Pedersen (Ballerup, DK), Thomsen; Gerhard (Farum, DK) Assignee(s): Leo Pharmaceutical Products Ltd., A/s (ballerup, Dk) Patent Number: 4,025,620 Date filed: October 22, 1975 Abstract: A liquid veterinary composition for treating canine otitis externa containing diethanolamine fusidate and an anti-fungal antibiotic such as nystatin. The composition additionally contains a broad spectrum antibiotic such as neomycin B sulphate, an antiinflammatory agent such as prednisolone, and a vegetable oil as the suspending medium. The method of combating canine otitis externa by instilling said liquid composition in the dog's ear canal is also described and claimed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a liquid composition, useful in the form of ear drops, for treating canine otitis externa and to the method of treating dogs to cure this disease. More particularly, the invention pertains to a liquid composition containing as essential ingredients diethanolamine fusidate and a veterinary-suitable fungicide. Additional components include a broad spectrum antibiotic and an anti-inflammatory agent. These active ingredients are suspended in a bland oil such as a vegetable oil. Otitis externa is known to be one of the most common diseases in dogs. Although there have been a considerable number of publications dealing with this disease, some disagreement exists as to its etiology. Most investigators agree however that there is greater susceptibility to otitis externa in long-haired, pendulous-eared breeds of dogs rather than in dogs or other animals with erect ears, the latter type of ear being better ventilated. It has also been recognized that a very great proportion of ears with clinical signs of otitis externa are found with bacteria or yeasts; and whether or not these

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organisms are the causal agents, their elimination is usually followed by full or partial recovery. Certain antibiotic preparations previously have been proposed for the treatment of otitis externa in the dog. One such commercial product is a neutral ointment containing sodium fusidate and sold under the tradename Funcidin Ointment. Panolog Ointment Veterinary and Toptic Ointment are other commercial products used for this purpose. Panolog Ointment Veterinary contains nystatin, neomycin sulphate, thiostrepton, and triamcinolone acetonide. Toptic Ointment contains cephalonium, polymyxin B sulphate, iodochlorhydroxyquin, piperocaine hydrochloride, and flumethasone. However, it was found that ointments are not always effective for treating canine otitis externa; probably because ointments, such as those described above, are non-melting and tend to stick in the outer portion of the ear or to remain in the upper portion of the auditory canal and therefore do not reach the infection site which may be somewhat deeper in the canal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04025620__ •

Water-soluble guanidine derivatives of polyene macrolides and the esters thereof, and process for preparation thereof Inventor(s): Witzke; Niels (New Brunswick, NJ) Assignee(s): A/s Dumex (dumex Ltd.) (copenhagen S, Dk) Patent Number: 4,396,610 Date filed: December 23, 1980 Abstract: New guanidine derivatives of polyene macrolides having at least one free amino group and at least one free carboxy group (e.g. nystatin, pimaricin, amphotericin B, candicidin and trichomycin) are prepared by reacting the macrolide with a carbodiimide of the formula:R.sup.1 --N.dbd.C.dbd.N--R.sup.2wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl or aroylalkyl. Esters and salts of the derivatives can also be formed. The new derivatives are watersoluble and can be used as anti-mycotic agents. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to new guanidine derivatives of polyene macrolides, for example nystatin, pimaricin, amphotericin B, candicidin and trichomycin and the esters thereof, and a process for preparing these derivatives. (wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, which may be the same or different, each represents a substituted or unsubstituted straight chain or branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, aralkyl, aryl or aroylalkyl group) or, where appropriate, with a salt thereof. (wherein R represents a straight chain or branched alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom or by a heterocyclic or functional group; a cycloalkyl group, an aralkyl group or an aryl group). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04396610__

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Water-Soluble polyene conjugate Inventor(s): Benita; Shimon (Jerusalem, IL), Domb; Abraham J. (Efrat, IL), Linden; Galina (Rishon LeZion, IL), Polacheck; Itzhack (Jerusalem, IL) Assignee(s): Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (jerusalem, Il) Patent Number: 5,567,685 Date filed: August 16, 1994 Abstract: A method for producing a substantially stable water-soluble polysaccharide conjugate of a polyene antibiotic is described. The method comprises the following steps: (a) activating the polysaccharide to a dialdehyde by periodate oxidation; (b) purifying the dialdehyde from interfering anions and by-products; (c) coupling the polyene to the purified dialdehyde by Schiff base formation to form the conjugate; and (d) purifying the conjugate. In a preferred embodiment, the conjugate of step (c) is reduced to an amine conjugate by a reducing agent prior to purification. Also described are imine and amine polysaccaride conjugates of the polyene Nystatin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preparing water-soluble polysaccharide conjugates of polyene antibiotics and, more particularly, to conjugates of the antifungal polyenes nystatin and amphotericin B. The invention also relates to conjugates prepared by the method and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them. The treatment of fungal infections remains a major problem in spite of the availability of effective antifungal drugs such as polyenes. The clinical use of these commercial drugs is continuously growing as a result of the increasing incidence of life-threatening fungal infections, particularly in immunocompromised hosts such as cancer patients, patients after transplantation and AIDS patients. However, most of the available polyene antibiotics are toxic and cause side effects that limit their clinical application. The most widely-used polyene antibiotics are amphotericin B (Amph B) and nystatin (Nys)--the drugs of choice for the treatment of mycotic infections caused by a wide range of fungi. The first exists as a parenteral drug in a solubilized form, Fungizone.RTM., and in the more recently developed, less toxic liposomal form, Ambisome.RTM. However, major technical difficulties associated with the physical stability of liposomes and liposome batch-to-batch reproducibility still need to be overcome in order to allow for a more realistic development of liposomal pharmaceutical intravenous forms of antifungals.sup.(1,2). Although Fungizone.RTM. does not contain liposomes, its therapeutic dose is very close to its maximal tolerated dose (MTD), so that it is usually prescribed only in life-threatening situations. With respect to Nys, the problem of the development of new effective parenteral antifungal drug forms still remains. Although liposomal forms of Nys have been described in the literature.sup.(3), these suffer from problems of drug leakage from liposomes and maintenance of drug chemical integrity, in addition to the problems mentioned above with respect to Amph B. The usage of Nys is therefore currently limited to oral or topical forms, and no parenteral formulations have as yet been developed for this potent drug.sup.(4). Water soluble, oxidized polysaccharides such as, for example, dextrans are considered to be one of the most attractive drug carrier candidates.sup.(5). Dialdehydedextran (DAD), the main product of the oxidation reaction of periodate with dextran, has been proposed as a stabilizer for enzymes (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,446,316) and drugs, including antibiotics.sup.(6-10). However, no conjugates of polyene antibiotics applicable for parenteral administration have been reported. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05567685__

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Patent Applications on Nystatin As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to nystatin: •

ANTIFUNGAL COMPOSITIONS Inventor(s): BEUDEKER, ROBERT FRANCISCUS; (DEN HOORN, NL) Correspondence: Morrison & Foerster; 3811 Valley Centre Drive; Suite 500; San Diego; CA; 92130-2332; US Patent Application Number: 20020031504 Date filed: December 7, 1998 Abstract: The invention provides synergistic combinations of fungicides and enzymes breaking down cell walls of yeasts and filamentous fungi. The fungicides are polyene macrolides, preferably nystatin and/or natamycin. The cell wall degrading enzymes are preferably used in combinations. They include cellulases, chitinases, mannanases, proteases and the like. The use of compositions according to the invention in the field of crop protection, especially for protection of flower bulbs, is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions for combatting (or killing) yeasts and filamentous fungi, herein referred to as fungicides or fungicidal compositions. Fungicides are often used in crop protection, disinfection, cleaning and even cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In many of these uses the fungicides place an undesirable burden on the environment. However, fungus related diseases result in reductions of crop yields and present a health hazard for animals and humans due to the production of mycotoxins which may enter the food chain. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR TRAPPING AND INACTIVATING PATHOGENIC MICROBES AND SPERMATOZOA Inventor(s): Anderson, Robert Anthony JR.; (Chicago, IL), Garg, Sanjay; (Punjab, IN), Waller, Donald Paul; (Oak Brook, IL), Zaneveld, Lourens Jan Dirk; (Chicago, IL) Correspondence: Fitch Even Tabin And Flannery; 120 South LA Salle Street; Suite 1600; Chicago; IL; 60603-3406; US Patent Application Number: 20040009223 Date filed: March 6, 2001 Abstract: Antimicrobial and contraceptive compositions and methods which prevent and/or reduce the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases through sexual activity as well as prevent and/or reduce the risk of pregnancy are provided. The compositions contain (1) a matrix-forming agent, (2) a bio-adhesive agent, (3) a buffering agent, (4) optionally a humectant, (5) optionally a preservative, and (6) water; wherein the composition is suitable for application within the vagina; wherein the compositions

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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forms a semisolid matrix on contact with ejaculate (thereby trapping ejaculated microbes and spermatozoa); wherein the composition causes hardening of cervical mucus (thereby decreasing the probability of sperm entry); wherein the composition forms a bio-adhesive layer over vaginal surfaces (thereby preventing or reducing the risk of contact of STD-causing microbes with the vaginal surfaces); wherein the composition maintains an acidic vaginal pH of less than about 5 in the presence of semen ejaculated from the male; and wherein the composition does not significantly impair the natural microbiological balance within the vagina. The antimicrobial and contraceptive compositions may also contain additional antimicrobial and/or contraceptive agents (e.g., nonoxynol-9, octoxynol-9, benzalkonium chloride, phosphorylated hesperidins, sulfonated hesperidins, polystyrene sulfonates, substituted benzenesulfonic acid formaldehyde co-polymers, H.sub.2SO.sub.4-modified mandelic acids, povidone iodine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, metronidazole, clotrimazole, fluconazole, teraconazole, miconazole, tinidazole, iconazole, chloramphenicol, nystatin, cyclopiroxolamine, and the like). Excerpt(s): This application is based on, and claims benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/187,574, filed on Mar. 7, 2000. This invention generally relates to compositions and methods for preventing the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and/or reducing the rate of transmission of such sexually transmitted diseases in sexually active individuals. This invention also generally relates to compositions and methods for preventing conception and/or reducing the risk of conception in sexually active females. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the compositions of the present invention, when used within the vagina during sexual intercourse, tend to physically trap and inactivate pathogenic microbes associated with STDs as well as spermatozoa contained in ejaculate that may be deposited within the vagina. The present compositions and methods are especially effective for preventing, or reducing the likelihood of, conception in sexually active females and reducing the risk of being infected by, or of transmitting, sexually transmitted diseases during male/female sexual intercourse. It can, however, be used by heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual individuals to reduce the risk of being infected by, or of transmitting, a sexually transmitted disease through sexual contact. The present method of this invention is especially effective when used in conjunction with so-called "safe sex" techniques. The method of this invention generally comprises application of an effective amount of the trapping gel within the vagina. Although an applicator can be used to apply the trapping gel within the vagina, such an applicator would be removed before the sexual activity. Preferably, the trapping gel is applied before sexual activity. Although perhaps not as effective, it can also be applied after sexual activity; such delayed application should take place as soon as possible after the sexual activity. Increased protection can be obtained by application of the trapping gel both just before and just after the sexual activity. Although the present trapping gel is designed to provide anti-STD activity during heterosexual activity, it may also provide protection against STDs during other sexual activity (e.g., heterosexual or homosexual anal sex); throughout this specification, a reference to heterosexual intercourse is intended to include other forms of sexual activity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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•

Liposomal nystatin treatment of fungal infection Inventor(s): Walsh, Thomas; (Bethesda, MD) Correspondence: Thomas M. Saunders; Lorusso & Loud; 440 Commercial Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20020127273 Date filed: September 11, 2001 Abstract: A method of treating a urinary tract fungal infection in a human comprising systemically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a liposomal polyene including nystatin and amphotericin wherein the fungal infection is selected from the group consisting of aspergillosis, candidiasis (e.g., C. parapsilosis, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae), zygomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cladosporiosis, fusariosis, Bipolaris hawaiiensis, Dactylaria gallopava, torulopsosis, Acremonium kiliense, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Excerpt(s): The polyene macrolide antibiotics are secondary metabolites produced by various species of Streptomyces. Several common features of these compounds are useful in classifying the more than 80 different polyenes that have been isolated. All are characterized by a macrolide ring, composed of 26-38 carbon atoms and containing a series of unsaturated carbon atoms and hydroxyl groups. These features of the molecule contribute to the polyenes' amphipathic properties (those relating to molecules containing groups with different properties, for example, hydrophilic and hydrophobic). The ring structure is closed by the formation of an internal ester or lactone bond. The number of conjugated double bonds vary with each polyene, and the compounds are generally classified according to the degree of unsaturation. Toxic effects of polyene macrolides appear to be dependent on binding to cell membrane sterols. Thus, they bind to membranes of fungus cells as well as to those of other eukaryotic cells (human, plant, and protozoa), but not to bacterial cell membranes, which do not contain membrane sterols. The interaction of polyene macrolides with mammalian and fungal membrane sterols results in transmembrane channels that allow the leakage of intracellular components leading to cell deaths. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Method for treatment of malignant neoplasms and a complex preparation having antimalignant activity Inventor(s): Nikonov, Sergei Danilovich; (Novosibirsk, RU), Ogirenko, Anatoli Pavlovich; (Novosibirsk, RU), Pak, Natalia Anatolievna; (Novosibirsk, RU), Pak, Vladimir Nikolaevich; (Novosibirsk, RU), Stepanovich, Sergei; (Novosibirsk, RU) Correspondence: Jenkens & Gilchrist, PC; 1445 Ross Avenue; Suite 3200; Dallas; TX; 75202; US Patent Application Number: 20020051778 Date filed: June 20, 2001 Abstract: Use: medicine, oncology in particular.Technical object: simplification of the known method, lowering of the doses of injectable medicines and reducing the costs of treatment.Essence of the inventionDepending on the character and seriousness of the disease, to a patient, together with the basic infusion-detoxication therapy, the complex

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preparation, comprising AFP in an amount of 0.07-0.15 mg, a polyene antibiotic, mainly amphotericin B or nystatin, in an amount of 4.2-7.0 mg and a filler, is parenterally injected once within twenty-four hours at an interval of three days in a course of 10 infusions.The complex preparation having antineoplastic activity comprises the following components, in mg: 1 AFP 0.07-0.15 a polyene antibiotic 4.2-7.0 a filler 3.55.0As a filler polysaccharide from the group of rheopolyglykine, polyglykine, or sugar, e.g. glucose is mainly used.Positive effect: Simplification of the method, lowering of the doses of injectable medicines and reducing the costs of treatment. The complex preparation distinguishes by high efficiency of antineoplastic activity, a small number of components, simplicity of preparation and a long term of storage. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of medicine, oncology in particular, and can be used for chemotherapeutical treatment of oncological patients, suffering from different kinds of malignant neoplasms. Methods of treatment of cancer by means of chemical preparations are known. According to mechanism of action chemical preparations are subdivided into alkylating agents, antimetabolites, alkaloids, antibiotics, hormones, immunomodulators and some others. In the course of treatment by different chemical preparations, the advantages and disadvantages thereof have been revealed. Owing to comparatively small working concentrations, the chemical preparations affecting DNA are widely used. Alkylation of the vital DNA molecule leads to incapability of normal fission of cells and to their subsequent elimination. However, at the same time, DNA of normal non-cancerous cells is also subjected to alkylation. In order to reduce toxicity in relation to normal cells, when such preparations are applied, the methods for targeted delivery of preparations to cancerous cells by means of specific ligands, for example alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), are used. AFP is a transport protein, capable of delivering the substance bounded thereto to the cells having corresponding receptors. Such receptors abound on actively proliferating cancerous cells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nanoparticulate nystatin formulations Inventor(s): Cunningham, James; (Malvern, PA), Liversidge, Elaine; (West Chester, PA) Correspondence: Foley And Lardner; Suite 500; 3000 K Street NW; Washington; DC; 20007; US Patent Application Number: 20040018242 Date filed: May 5, 2003 Abstract: The present invention is directed to nanoparticulate compositions comprising nystatin. The nystatin particles of the composition have an effective average particle size of less than about 2000 nm. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nanoparticulate composition comprising nystatin and at least one surface stabilizer associated with or adsorbed to the surface of the drug. The nanoparticulate nystatin particles have an effective average particle size of less than about 2000 nm. Nanoparticulate compositions, first described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,684 ("the '684 patent"), are particles consisting of a poorly soluble therapeutic or diagnostic agent having associated with or adsorbed to the surface thereof a noncrosslinked surface stabilizer. The '684 patent does not describe nanoparticulate compositions of nystatin. Nanoparticulate compositions are also described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,262 for "Use of Ionic Cloud Point Modifiers to Prevent Particle

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Aggregation During Sterilization;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,401 for "Method to Reduce Particle Size Growth During Lyophilization;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,767 for "X-Ray Contrast Compositions Useful in Medical Inaging;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,326,552 for "Novel Formulation For Nanoparticulate X-Ray Blood Pool Contrast Agents Using High Molecular Weight Non-ionic Surfactants;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,404 for "Method of X-Ray Imaging Using Iodinated Aromatic Propanedioates;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,507 for "Use of Charged Phospholipids to Reduce Nanoparticle Aggregation;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,564 for "Formulations Comprising Olin 10-G to Prevent Particle Aggregation and Increase Stability;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,346,702 for "Use of Non-Ionic Cloud Point Modifiers to Minimize Nanoparticulate Aggregation During Sterilization;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,957 for "Preparation and Magnetic Properties of Very Small Magnetic-Dextran Particles;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,459 for "Use of Purified Surface Modifiers to Prevent Particle Aggregation During Sterilization;" U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,399,363 and 5,494,683, both for "Surface Modified Anticancer Nanoparticles;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,401,492 for "Water Insoluble Non-Magnetic Manganese Particles as Magnetic Resonance Enhancement Agents;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,824 for "Use of Tyloxapol as a Nanoparticulate Stabilizer;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,710 for "Method for Making Nanoparticulate X-Ray Blood Pool Contrast Agents Using High Molecular Weight Non-ionic Surfactants;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,393 for "X-Ray Contrast Compositions Useful in Medical Imaging;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,440 for "Formulations of Oral Gastrointestinal Diagnostic X-Ray Contrast Agents in Combination with Pharmaceutically Acceptable Clays;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,583 for "Method of Preparing Nanoparticle Compositions Containing Charged Phospholipids to Reduce Aggregation;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,683 for "Nanoparticulate Diagnostic Mixed Carbamic Anhydrides as X-Ray Contrast Agents for Blood Pool and Lymphatic System Imaging;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,204 for "Nanoparticulate Diagnostic Dimers as X-Ray Contrast Agents for Blood Pool and Lymphatic System Imaging;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,738 for "Nanoparticulate NSAID Formulations;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,218 for "Nanoparticulate Iododipamide Derivatives for Use as X-Ray Contrast Agents;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,328 for "Nanoparticulate Diagnostic Diatrizoxy Ester X-Ray Contrast Agents for Blood Pool and Lymphatic System Imaging;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,133 for "Process of Preparing X-Ray Contrast Compositions Containing Nanoparticles;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,160 for "Surface Modified NSAID Nanoparticles;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,560,931 for "Formulations of Compounds as Nanoparticulate Dispersions in Digestible Oils or Fatty Acids;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,188 for "Polyalkylene Block Copolymers as Surface Modifiers for Nanoparticles;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,448 for "Sulfated Non-ionic Block Copolymer Surfactant as Stabilizer Coatings for Nanoparticle Compositions;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,536 for "Formulations of Compounds as Nanoparticulate Dispersions in Digestible Oils or Fatty Acids;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,749 for "Nanoparticulate Diagnostic Mixed Carboxylic Anydrides as X-Ray Contrast Agents for Blood Pool and Lymphatic System Imaging;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,750 for "Diagnostic Imaging X-Ray Contrast Agents;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,783 for "Redispersible Nanoparticulate Film Matrices With Protective Overcoats;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,579 for "Site-specific Adhesion Within the GI Tract Using Nanoparticles Stabilized by High Molecular Weight, Linear Poly(ethylene Oxide) Polymers;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,108 for "Formulations of Oral Gastrointestinal Therapeutic Agents in Combination with Pharmaceutically Acceptable Clays;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,143 for "Butylene Oxide-Ethylene Oxide Block Copolymers Surfactants as Stabilizer Coatings for Nanoparticulate Compositions;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,456 for "Milled Naproxen with Hydroxypropyl Cellulose as Dispersion Stabilizer;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,657 for "Novel Barium Salt Formulations Stabilized by Non-ionic and Anionic Stabilizers;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,938 for "Sugar Based Surfactant for Nanocrystals;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,981 for "Improved Formulations of Oral Gastrointestinal Diagnostic X-Ray Contrast Agents and Oral Gastrointestinal Therapeutic Agents;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,552

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for "Nanoparticulate Diagnostic Mixed Carbonic Anhydrides as X-Ray Contrast Agents for Blood Pool and Lymphatic System Imaging;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,718,388 for "Continuous Method of Grinding Pharmaceutical Substances;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,718,919 for "Nanoparticles Containing the R(-)Enantiomer of Ibuprofen;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,001 for "Aerosols Containing Beclomethasone Nanoparticle Dispersions;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,025 for "Reduction of Intravenously Administered Nanoparticulate Formulation Induced Adverse Physiological Reactions;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,829 "Nanocrystalline Formulations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Protease Inhibitors Using Cellulosic Surface Stabilizers;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,068,858 for "Methods of Making Nanocrystalline Formulations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Protease Inhibitors Using Cellulosic Surface Stabilizers;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,225 for "Injectable Formulations of Nanoparticulate Naproxen;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,506 for "New Solid Dose Form of Nanoparticulate Naproxen;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,400 for "Methods of Treating Mammals Using Nanocrystalline Formulations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Protease Inhibitors;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,922 for "Nebulized Aerosols Containing Nanoparticle Dispersions;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,989 for "Methods for Preventing Crystal Growth and Particle Aggregation in Nanoparticle Compositions;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,806 for "Use of PEG-Derivatized Lipids as Surface Stabilizers for Nanoparticulate Compositions;" and U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,029 for "Rapidly Disintegrating Solid Oral Dosage Form," all of which are specifically incorporated by reference. In addition, U.S. Patent Application No. 20020012675 A1, published on Jan. 31, 2002, for "Controlled Release Nanoparticulate Compositions," describes nanoparticulate compositions, and is specifically incorporated by reference. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with nystatin, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “nystatin” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on nystatin. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning nystatin. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON NYSTATIN Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to nystatin. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on nystatin include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Nystatin In order to find chapters that specifically relate to nystatin, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and nystatin using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “nystatin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on nystatin: •

Candidiasis (Thrush) Source: in Sutton, A.L. Dental Care and Oral Health Sourcebook. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. 2003. p. 489-490. Contact: Available from Omnigraphics. 615 Griswold Street, Detroit, MI 48226. (313) 961-1340. Fax: (313) 961-1383. E-mail: [email protected]. www.omnigraphics.com. PRICE: $78.00; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 780806344. Summary: Candidiasis of the mouth and throat (thrush) is a fungal infection that occurs when there is an overgrowth of fungus called Candida. This chapter on candidiasis is from a book that provides information about dental care and oral health at all stages of life. The chapter describes oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), the symptoms of OPC, transmission, diagnostic tests used to confirm OPC, treatment options, and resistance of OPC to treatment. Prescription treatments such as oral fluconazole, clotrimazole troches, or nystatin suspension usually provide effective treatment for OPC. Candida is normally found on skin or mucous membranes. However, if the environment inside the

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mouth or throat becomes imbalanced, Candida can multiply and symptoms of thrush can appear. •

Topical and Systemic Antifungal and Antiviral Agents Source: in Newman, M.G. and van Winkelhoff, A.J., eds. Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Use in Dental Practice. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2001. p. 6988. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $32.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153970. Summary: This chapter on topical and systemic antifungal and antiviral agents is from a textbook that integrates basic facts and principles of antibiotic therapy with recentlyemerged concepts of care. The author notes that the last decade has seen an increase in the number of agents available for the treatment of fungi and viruses, in part due to research in treatments for people with HIV. The chapter covers only drugs already released or soon to be released by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Antifungals discussed are polyenes, including amphotericin B and nystatin; azoles, including ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole nitrate, clotrimazole, and topical azoles; allylamines and benzylamines; and miscellaneous antifungal drugs, including flucytosine, griseofulvin, potassium iodide, and topical agents. Antiviral agents discussed are nucleoside and nucleotide analogues, including acyclovir, valacyclovir hydrochloride, penciclovir, famciclovir, cidofovir, vidarabine, trifluridine, and idoxuridine, and ribavirin; pyrophosphate analogue, notably foscarnet sodium; carbon ring amines, including amantadine and rimantadine; neuraminidase inhibitors, including zanamivir and oseltamivir; recombinant protein; antisense oligonucleotide (fomivirsen); and a monoclonal antibody (palivizumab). For each drug, the author reviews indications, distribution in the body, adverse effects, the spectrum of efficacy, and drug variations (form and use). The chapter concludes with a review of the treatment of common oral fungal and viral infections. Important principles, key facts, and clinical insights are highlighted and the chapter concludes with a list of references. 2 figures. 5 tables. 17 references.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON NYSTATIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover nystatin.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on nystatin is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “nystatin” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to nystatin. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “nystatin” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for nystatin: •

FDA approves antifungal Nystatin Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 03, 2000

•

Liposomal nystatin: good antifungal activity in vitro Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 29, 1999

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•

Fluconazole Superior To Nystatin For HIV-Related Oral Candidiasis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 18, 1997

•

Aronex Pharmaceuticals Initiates Phase II Clinical Studies Of Nystatin Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 25, 1996

•

Fluconazole Superior To Nystatin For the Treatment Of Children With Thrush Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 25, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “nystatin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “nystatin” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to nystatin, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

Periodicals and News

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “nystatin” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “nystatin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on nystatin: •

Problems Associated with the Dry and Sore Mouth of Sjogren's Syndrome: Recognition and Management of Yeast Infections Source: Moisture Seekers Newsletter. 12(7-8): 1,3-5. July-August 1994. Contact: Available from Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation, Inc. 8120 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 530, Bethesda MD 20814-1437. (301) 718-0300 or (800) 475-6473. Fax (301) 718-0322. Website: www.sjogrens.org. Summary: This article discusses the problems associated with the dry and sore mouth of Sjogren's syndrome, particularly the recognition and management of yeast infections. Topics include the definition of xerostomia (dry mouth); the oscillating character of Sjogren's; presenting symptoms; the etiology of oral mucositis and soreness in Sjogren's patients; treatment recommendations; Candida infections (yeast); fissuring of the tongue; antibiotic treatments; burning mouth syndrome; risk factors for yeast infections; specific drugs used to treat yeast infections, including nystatin and clotrimazole; the use of mouthrinses; yeast infections and dentures; problems with angular cheilitis; the use of Benadryl; medication side effects; and self-care considerations. The author provides a brief list of suggested readings. 7 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Nystatin Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to nystatin. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering nystatin that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical

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periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for nystatin. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with nystatin. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to nystatin: Nystatin •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Mycostatin; Nilstat; Nystex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202417.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Mycostatin; Nilstat; Nystex; Nystop; Pedi-Dri http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202418.html

Nystatin and Triamcinolone •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Dermacomb; Mykacet; Mytrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202420.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “nystatin” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3615 10 213 37 5 3880

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “nystatin” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on nystatin can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to nystatin. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to nystatin. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “nystatin”:

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Other guides AIDS and Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aidsandinfections.html Cancer Chemotherapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancerchemotherapy.html Candidiasis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/candidiasis.html Heart Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearttransplantation.html Infant and Newborn Care http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandnewborncare.html Lung Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lungtransplantation.html Mouth Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mouthdisorders.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on nystatin. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Keeping Your New Liver Healthy: Facts About Transplant Medications Source: Mount Laurel, NJ: American Society of Transplantation. 200x. 25 p. Contact: Available from American Society of Transplantation, Ptient Care and Education. 17000 Commerce Parkway, Suite C, Mount Laurel, NJ 08054. (856) 439-9986. Fax (856) 439-9982. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://www.a-s-t.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This booklet offers detailed information about medications for people who have just received a liver transplant. The booklet introduction reminds readers how important transplant medications are (in order to retain the transplanted liver) and cautions readers that many transplant medications have side effects, even side effects that can be difficult enough to warrant taking other medications to cope with those side effects. The booklet also reminds readers that their medications will be changed often and they must work in close tandem with their health care providers. The booklet then

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discusses medicines for infections, medicines that help to control side effects, the importance of taking medications the right way (timing, dosage, with or without meals, etc.), financial considerations, and specific medications. The booklet categorizes individual drugs and offers fact sheets on each drug or drug group, including: steroids, cyclosporine, azathioprine, sirolimus and rapamycin, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, acyclovir, ganciclovir, nystatin or clotrimazole, medicines for ulcers, diuretics ('water pills'), vitamins and minerals, and blood pressure medications. The fact sheets cover how each drug works, common side effects, dosages, and how to store the drug. Final sections discuss which medications are safe to take together and new research (clinical studies) on drugs for transplant patients. 1 table. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “nystatin” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

2002 national guideline on the management of balanitis Source: Association for Genitourinary Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 August (revised 2002); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3051&nbr=2277&a mp;string=nystatin

•

2002 national guideline on the management of vulvovaginal candidiasis Source: Association for Genitourinary Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 August (revised 2002); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3033&nbr=2259&a mp;string=nystatin

•

ASHP therapeutic guidelines for nonsurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis Source: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists - Professional Association; 1999 June 15; 50 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1959&nbr=1185&a mp;string=nystatin

•

Diseases characterized by vaginal discharge. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1993 (revised 2002 May 10); 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3237&nbr=2463&a mp;string=nystatin

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Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients Source: American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation - Professional Association; 2000 October 20; 126 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2573&nbr=1799&a mp;string=nystatin

•

Oral hygiene care for functionally dependent and cognitively impaired older adults Source: University of Iowa Gerontological Nursing Interventions Research Center, Research Dissemination Core - Academic Institution; 2002 November; 48 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3611&nbr=2837&a mp;string=nystatin

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Palliative treatment of cancer Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2001 December 27 (revised 2003 May 30); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4374&nbr=3296&a mp;string=nystatin

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Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis Source: Infectious Diseases Society of America - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 April; 17 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2670&nbr=1896&a mp;string=nystatin The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to nystatin. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to nystatin. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with nystatin. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about nystatin. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “nystatin” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit

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your search to “Organizations” and “nystatin”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “nystatin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “nystatin” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 111

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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NYSTATIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acrodermatitis: Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is

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present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-fetoprotein: AFP. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and

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herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amantadine: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of Influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anal Fissure: A small tear in the anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and

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stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antifungal Agents: Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from fungicides, industrial because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU]

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Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous fluid: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Aural: Pertaining to or perceived by the ear, as an aural stimulus. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the

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coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Balanitis: Inflammation of the glans penis. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and at nerve endings. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Benzylamines: Toluenes in which one hydrogen of the methyl group is substituted by an amino group. Permitted are any substituents on the benzene ring or the amino group. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the

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embryonic disc. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burning Mouth Syndrome: A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Butylated Hydroxyanisole: Mixture of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenols that is used as an antioxidant in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the

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alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Candicidin: Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component. [NIH] Candida albicans: A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing candidiasis (moniliasis). [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxymethylcellulose: It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabilizer for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons

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in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed especially against Pseudomonas infections. [NIH]

Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH]

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Chitin Synthase: An enzyme that converts UDP glucosamine into chitin and UDP. EC 2.4.1.16. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cidofovir: A drug used to treat infection caused by viruses. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clotrimazole: An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes.

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Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete

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response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consolidation: The healing process of a bone fracture. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraceptive Agents: Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD

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results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with

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Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Denture Liners: Material applied to the tissue side of a denture to provide a soft lining to the parts of a denture coming in contact with soft tissue. It cushions contact of the denture with the tissues. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatomycoses: Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi. [NIH] Dermatophytosis: Any superficial fungal infection caused by a dermatophyte and involving the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, and nails. The term broadly comprises onychophytosis and the various form of tinea (ringworm), sometimes being used specifically to designate tinea pedis (athlete's foot). Called also epidermomycosis. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dextrans: A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly

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used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite. [NIH] Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to didanosine (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine: A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Disparity: Failure of the two retinal images of an object to fall on corresponding retinal points. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used

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to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Delivery Systems: Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier, route, and target. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Econazole: A broad spectrum antimycotic with some action against gram-positive bacteria. It is used topically in dermatomycoses also orally and parenterally. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU]

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Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermomycosis: An infection caused by dermatophytes. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi

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and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrasma: A chronic bacterial infection of major folds of the skin, caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum. [NIH] Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH]

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Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetoprotein: Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac with a view to detecting increases of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal blood during pregnancy, as this is an important indicator of open neural tube defects in the fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important. [NIH]

Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent. [NIH] Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice. [NIH] Foetal: Of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Food Chain: The sequence of transfers of matter and energy from organism to organism in the form of food. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a larger animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter. [NIH] Food Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept. [NIH] Foodborne Illness: An acute gastrointestinal infection caused by food that contains harmful bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and chills. Also called food poisoning. [NIH]

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Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Freeze-dried: A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungicides, Industrial: Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc. [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes

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are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Geotrichosis: Infection due to the fungus Geotrichum. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Gold Sodium Thiomalate: A variable mixture of the mono- and disodium salts of gold thiomalic acid used mainly for its anti-inflammatory action in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is most effective in active progressive rheumatoid arthritis and of little or no value in the presence of extensive deformities or in the treatment of other forms of arthritis. [NIH]

Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to

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produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulocytopenia: A deficiency in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH]

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Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] High-density lipoproteins: Lipoproteins that contain a small amount of cholesterol and carry cholesterol away from body cells and tissues to the liver for excretion from the body. Low-level HDL increases the risk of heart disease, so the higher the HDL level, the better. The HDL component normally contains 20 to 30 percent of total cholesterol, and HDL levels are inversely correlated with coronary heart disease risk. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homogenate: A suspension of animal tissue that is ground in the all-glass "homogenizer" described by Potter and Elvehjem in 1936. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH]

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Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Idoxuridine: An analog of DEOXYURIDINE that inhibits viral DNA synthesis. The drug is used as an antiviral agent, particularly in the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and

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disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized,

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subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Intertrigo: A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic

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symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Kerato: Prefix indicating relationship to the cornea. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes.

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[NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Bilayers: Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH]

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Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Maceration: The softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the degenerative changes with discoloration and softening of tissues, and eventual disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death. [EU] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Maculopapular: Both macular and papular, as an eruption consisting of both macules and papules; sometimes erroneously used to designate a papule that is only slightly elevated. [EU]

Mafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and is used as topical anti-infective, especially in burn therapy. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mandelic Acids: Analogs or derivatives of mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid). [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH]

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Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maximum Tolerated Dose: The highest dose level eliciting signs of toxicity without having major effects on survival relative to the test in which it is used. [NIH] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH]

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Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing. [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mycological: Relating to mycology, that is the science and study of fungi. [EU] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing

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graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycostatin: A drug that treats infections caused by fungi. [NIH] Mycotic: Pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi. [EU] Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Natamycin: Amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Nebramycin: A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. [NIH]

Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neomycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Neuraminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.18. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light

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hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nifuratel: Local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally. It is used for vaginal candidiasis and trichomoniasis. [NIH] Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and grampositive bacteria. It is used for superficial wounds, burns, ulcers, and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of trypanosomiasis. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Staff: Personnel who provide nursing service to patients in an organized facility, institution, or agency. [NIH] Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Octoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Octoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide. [NIH]

Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH]

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Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Onychomycosis: Mycosis of the nails, possibly due to some extent to humidity. [NIH] Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to

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therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatric Dentistry: The practice of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of children, proper maintenance, and treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists. [NIH] Pendulous: A condition in which the anterior part of the abdominal wall is so relaxed that it hangs down over the pubic region. [NIH] Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perioral: Situated or occurring around the mouth. [EU] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is

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used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pityriasis: A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. [EU] Pityriasis Rosea: A mild exanthematous inflammation of unknown etiology. It is characterized by the presence of salmon-colored maculopapular lesions. The most striking feature is the arrangement of the lesions such that the long axis is parallel to the lines of cleavage. The eruptions are usually generalized, affecting chiefly the trunk, and the course is often self-limiting. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid

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and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymyxin: Basic polypeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of

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the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Povidone: A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU]

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Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH]

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Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively.

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At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Remission Induction: Therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribavirin: 1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU]

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Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Saccharomyces: A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order saccharomycetales. [NIH] Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus Saccharomyces, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement. [NIH] Saccharomycetales: An order of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota that multiply by budding. They include the telomorphic ascomycetous yeasts which are found in a very wide range of habitats. [NIH] Safe Sex: Sex behavior that prevents or decreases the spread of sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH]

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Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silanes: Compounds similar to hydrocarbons in which a tetravalent silicon atom replaces the carbon atom. They are very reactive, ignite in air, and form useful derivatives. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Silver Sulfadiazine: Antibacterial used topically in burn therapy. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of benzoic acid. It is used as an antifungal preservative

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in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function. [NIH]

Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU]

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Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Subungual: Beneath a nail. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH]

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Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Tetravalent: Pertaining to a group of 4 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thiostrepton: Polypeptide-containing antibiotic isolated from a species of Streptomyces in New Mexican soil. It appears to be highly active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, thiostrepton has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They

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are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole antitrichomonal agent effective against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia infections. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the Pseudomonas species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species. [NIH] Tolnaftate: A synthetic antifungal agent. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH]

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Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of triamcinolone. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions. [NIH]

Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcus cruris: Ulcer of the foot [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in

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which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal Discharge: A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vaginosis: A condition caused by the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (e. g., Gardnerella vaginalis), resulting in vaginal irritation and discharge. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vidarabine: A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus. It has some

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antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against DNA viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the vaccinia virus and varicella zoster virus. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voriconazole: A drug that treats infections caused by fungi. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Vulvovaginitis: Inflammation of the vulva and vagina, or of the vulvovaginal glands. [EU] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Wetting Agents: A surfactant that renders a surface wettable by water or enhances the spreading of water over the surface; used in foods and cosmetics; important in contrast media; also with contact lenses, dentures, and some prostheses. Synonyms: humectants; hydrating agents. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 115, 121, 140, 142, 149, 159 Abdominal, 115, 133, 134, 148, 149 Abdominal Pain, 115, 133, 134, 149 Abscess, 115, 136 Acceptor, 115, 148 Acne, 29, 115 Acne Vulgaris, 29, 115 Acrodermatitis, 7, 16, 115 Acute leukemia, 14, 18, 19, 115 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 4, 115 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 18, 115 Acute renal, 115, 137 Acyclovir, 86, 103, 115, 134 Adaptability, 115, 123 Adenovirus, 62, 115 Adjuvant, 49, 115, 134 Adrenal Cortex, 115, 127, 137, 152 Adverse Effect, 4, 69, 86, 115, 157 Aerobic, 69, 115 Aerosol, 116, 160 Affinity, 116, 142, 157 Agar, 60, 75, 116, 127, 139, 151 Airway, 34, 116 Algorithms, 116, 120 Alimentary, 14, 116, 148 Alkylating Agents, 82, 116 Alkylation, 82, 116 Allergen, 21, 116 Allogeneic, 116, 136 Allylamine, 116, 117 Alopecia, 7, 116, 127 Alpha Particles, 116, 154 Alpha-fetoprotein, 82, 116, 133 Alternative medicine, 88, 116 Amantadine, 86, 117 Amber, 117, 139 Amebiasis, 117, 144 Amine, 72, 73, 78, 117 Amino Acid Sequence, 117, 118 Amino Acids, 117, 132, 151, 153, 162 Ammonia, 117 Anaerobic, 117, 158, 163 Anal, 61, 80, 117 Anal Fissure, 61, 117 Analog, 115, 117, 133, 134, 138 Anaphylatoxins, 117, 125 Anaplasia, 117

Anatomical, 117, 139, 156 Androgens, 115, 117, 127 Anesthesia, 116, 118 Anions, 78, 118, 141 Anode, 118 Anorexia, 118, 134 Antiallergic, 118, 127 Antibacterial, 47, 75, 118, 129, 157, 158, 163 Antibodies, 10, 65, 118, 137, 139, 151, 154 Antibody, 65, 86, 116, 118, 125, 139, 144, 145, 154, 158 Anticoagulant, 118, 153 Antifungal Agents, 4, 8, 34, 51, 58, 59, 118 Antigen, 116, 118, 125, 138, 139, 144 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 118, 125 Anti-infective, 118, 124, 138, 141, 143, 147 Anti-inflammatory, 47, 75, 76, 118, 127, 133, 135, 162 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 118, 127 Antimetabolite, 115, 118, 155 Antimicrobial, 14, 21, 24, 25, 26, 33, 35, 63, 75, 79, 86, 103, 118, 128, 150 Antimycotic, 68, 75, 119, 124, 130 Antineoplastic, 4, 5, 82, 116, 119, 127, 164 Antineoplastic Agents, 116, 119 Antioxidant, 119, 121 Antiseptic, 119, 165 Antiviral, 26, 55, 86, 115, 117, 119, 138, 155, 156, 164 Antiviral Agents, 26, 86, 119 Anus, 117, 119, 121 Apolipoproteins, 119, 142 Aqueous, 62, 70, 73, 74, 119, 120, 124, 128, 131, 138, 141, 142 Aqueous fluid, 70, 119 Arachidonic Acid, 26, 119, 142, 152 Arteries, 119, 121, 126, 143, 144, 161 Articular, 119, 162 Ascites, 119, 147 Aspergillosis, 7, 17, 27, 33, 81, 119, 141 Assay, 21, 39, 62, 119, 156 Astringent, 119, 165 Asymptomatic, 117, 119, 135 Atopic, 7, 119 Auditory, 77, 119, 156 Aural, 17, 119

Nystatin

B Bacterial Infections, 8, 119 Bactericidal, 58, 119, 132 Bacteriophage, 119, 151, 164 Bacteriostatic, 120, 132 Bacterium, 120, 137 Balanitis, 103, 120 Base, 6, 60, 67, 75, 78, 120, 128, 136, 141, 150 Benign, 6, 14, 120, 146, 154, 164 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 14, 120 Benzene, 120 Benzocaine, 5, 120 Benzoic Acid, 120, 157 Benzylamines, 86, 120 Bile, 120, 134, 142, 150, 159 Biliary, 120, 150 Biochemical, 10, 46, 48, 50, 72, 118, 120 Biomass, 72, 120 Biosynthesis, 50, 70, 119, 120, 124 Biotechnology, 9, 13, 43, 88, 97, 120 Bladder, 120, 153, 162 Blastocyst, 120, 126 Blastomycosis, 7, 81, 121, 141 Blennorrhoea, 121, 136 Blood pressure, 103, 121, 122, 138, 157 Blood vessel, 121, 122, 123, 137, 149, 158, 159, 160, 163 Blood Volume, 121, 152 Body Fluids, 121, 130, 157 Bone Marrow, 22, 115, 120, 121, 127, 136, 143 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 22, 121 Bowel, 35, 117, 121, 129, 140, 141, 149 Bowel Movement, 121, 129 Brachytherapy, 121, 140, 154 Branch, 111, 121, 149, 158, 160 Broad-spectrum, 4, 65, 121, 123, 161 Buccal, 16, 37, 59, 121, 143, 159 Burning Mouth Syndrome, 89, 121 Burns, 38, 50, 60, 61, 65, 73, 121, 147 Burns, Electric, 121 Butylated Hydroxyanisole, 42, 121 C Calcium, 47, 121, 125 Callus, 7, 122 Candicidin, 77, 122 Candida albicans, 5, 6, 7, 22, 31, 36, 37, 47, 49, 68, 73, 76, 122 Candidiasis, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28,

168

29, 31, 32, 33, 38, 40, 51, 53, 54, 55, 59, 63, 81, 85, 88, 102, 103, 104, 122, 133, 147 Candidosis, 6, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 29, 32, 34, 38, 39, 122 Capsules, 122, 130, 133, 134 Carbohydrate, 58, 122, 127, 135, 151 Carboxy, 77, 122 Carboxymethylcellulose, 67, 122 Carcinogen, 122, 144 Carcinogenic, 116, 120, 122, 140, 159 Cardiac, 116, 122, 131, 132, 146, 159 Cardiovascular, 69, 122, 142 Cardiovascular disease, 69, 122 Catheterization, 65, 122, 140 Catheters, 4, 122, 139, 140 Cathode, 118, 122, 123, 131 Cations, 22, 123, 141 Causal, 77, 123, 137 Cause of Death, 69, 123 Cefoperazone, 75, 123 Cell, 22, 35, 39, 47, 58, 65, 66, 68, 72, 79, 81, 104, 116, 117, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 131, 132, 134, 136, 140, 141, 145, 146, 150, 151, 152, 155, 160, 162, 163, 164 Cell Death, 81, 123, 146 Cell Division, 119, 123, 150 Cell membrane, 81, 123, 124, 141, 150, 151 Cellobiose, 123 Cellulose, 67, 83, 123, 134, 150 Cerebrovascular, 122, 123 Cervical, 80, 123 Cervix, 62, 123 Cesium, 60, 123 Character, 81, 89, 123, 128 Cheilitis, 4, 89, 123 Chemical Warfare, 123, 128 Chemical Warfare Agents, 123, 128 Chemotactic Factors, 123, 125 Chemotherapy, 4, 14, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 33, 35, 49, 63, 102, 123 Chitin Synthase, 11, 124 Chlamydia, 62, 124 Chlorhexidine, 4, 5, 14, 22, 28, 124 Chlorophyll, 124, 134 Cholesterol, 65, 70, 72, 120, 124, 126, 137, 138, 142, 143, 159 Cholesterol Esters, 124, 142 Chromatin, 124, 158 Chronic, 3, 17, 36, 51, 59, 61, 65, 115, 117, 121, 124, 125, 129, 132, 140, 142, 153, 159 Chronic Disease, 3, 124, 125, 142

169

Chylomicrons, 124, 142 Cidofovir, 86, 124 Ciliary, 119, 124 Ciliary processes, 119, 124 Clamp, 39, 124 Clinical Medicine, 124, 152 Clinical trial, 8, 47, 53, 56, 97, 124, 126, 127, 145, 153, 154 Cloning, 120, 124 Clotrimazole, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 22, 34, 75, 80, 85, 86, 89, 103, 124 Cod Liver Oil, 124, 131 Coenzyme, 69, 124 Colistin, 19, 21, 124 Collagen, 65, 125, 133, 134, 137, 152 Collagen disease, 65, 125, 137 Colloidal, 10, 42, 50, 125, 132, 149, 160 Combination Therapy, 58, 125 Complement, 26, 117, 125 Complementary and alternative medicine, 45, 52, 125 Complementary medicine, 45, 125 Complete remission, 125, 155 Computational Biology, 97, 126 Conception, 80, 126, 133, 158 Cone, 126, 159 Congestion, 126, 132 Conjugated, 69, 73, 81, 120, 126 Conjunctiva, 62, 126, 140 Conjunctivitis, 62, 126 Connective Tissue, 121, 125, 126, 134, 143 Consolidation, 24, 126 Constipation, 126, 149 Consumption, 75, 126, 134, 155 Contact dermatitis, 7, 17, 21, 126 Contamination, 60, 75, 126 Contraceptive, 79, 126 Contraceptive Agents, 80, 126 Contraindications, ii, 6, 126 Controlled study, 4, 126 Cornea, 119, 126, 141, 156, 165 Corneum, 126, 128, 131 Coronary, 122, 126, 127, 137, 144 Coronary heart disease, 122, 126, 137 Coronary Thrombosis, 127, 144 Corpuscle, 127, 132 Corrosion, 66, 127 Corticosteroid, 7, 65, 127, 152, 159 Cortisone, 61, 127 Crowns, 127, 128 Cryptococcosis, 6, 7, 39, 81, 127 Crystallization, 74, 127

Culture Media, 75, 116, 127 Curative, 127, 160 Cutaneous, 7, 23, 25, 37, 38, 121, 122, 126, 127, 136, 143, 163 Cyclic, 58, 124, 127, 152 Cycloheximide, 75, 127 Cyclophosphamide, 49, 127 Cyclosporine, 14, 103, 127 Cytomegalovirus, 127, 128, 134 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 128, 134 Cytoplasm, 123, 128, 131, 136 Cytosine, 128, 133 Cytotoxic, 65, 128, 154 D Databases, Bibliographic, 97, 128 Decontamination, 35, 128 Decubitus, 61, 128 Degenerative, 128, 143 Density, 12, 14, 128, 142, 148, 151 Dental Abutments, 128 Dental Care, 85, 128, 149 Denture Liners, 29, 33, 39, 128 Dentures, 4, 5, 8, 89, 128, 164 Depigmentation, 7, 128, 164 Dermal, 128, 142 Dermatitis, 7, 19, 21, 25, 36, 37, 38, 39, 128, 129, 130, 140 Dermatomycoses, 128, 130 Dermatophytosis, 7, 128 Detergents, 124, 128, 147 Deuterium, 128, 138 Dextrans, 78, 128 Diabetes Mellitus, 65, 129, 135, 137 Diagnostic procedure, 57, 88, 129 Diaper Rash, 61, 129 Diarrhea, 117, 129, 133 Diarrhoea, 129, 134 Didanosine, 55, 129 Dideoxyadenosine, 129 Diffusion, 129, 139, 141 Digestion, 116, 120, 121, 129, 140, 142, 159 Digestive system, 56, 129, 145 Dihydrotestosterone, 129, 155 Dilatation, 129, 152 Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, 65, 129 Diploid, 129, 151 Direct, iii, 8, 91, 124, 129, 130, 135, 155 Disease Progression, 129, 164 Disinfection, 4, 5, 79, 129 Disparity, 8, 129 Distal, 129, 153 Domesticated, 130, 136

Nystatin

Dopamine, 117, 130, 150 Dorsal, 45, 130, 151 Dorsum, 130 Dosage Forms, 67, 130 Drive, ii, vi, 5, 6, 41, 86, 130, 141 Drug Delivery Systems, 9, 130 Drug Interactions, 6, 92, 130 Duct, 122, 130, 156 Dura mater, 130, 144, 148 E Econazole, 7, 13, 39, 130 Eczema, 7, 61, 130 Edema, 126, 130, 147 Effector, 125, 130 Efficacy, 6, 12, 17, 22, 23, 25, 27, 37, 38, 55, 86, 130, 162 Ejaculation, 130, 157 Elastin, 125, 130 Elective, 35, 130 Electrolysis, 118, 123, 131 Electrolyte, 127, 131, 145, 151, 157, 158 Electrons, 119, 120, 122, 131, 141, 148, 154 Emollient, 131, 135, 147 Empirical, 69, 131 Emulsion, 63, 131 Encapsulated, 10, 11, 12, 24, 65, 72, 131, 142 Endocarditis, 24, 122, 131, 136 Endocardium, 131 Endocrine Glands, 131 Endotoxins, 125, 131 Environmental Health, 96, 98, 131 Enzymatic, 122, 125, 129, 131, 155 Enzyme, 50, 68, 124, 130, 131, 133, 135, 143, 146, 151, 153, 155, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165 Epidermal, 131, 142, 164 Epidermis, 126, 131, 142, 154 Epidermomycosis, 128, 131 Epinephrine, 130, 131, 162 Epithelial, 16, 24, 34, 37, 39, 132 Epithelial Cells, 16, 24, 34, 37, 132 Erythema, 7, 126, 132, 140 Erythrasma, 7, 20, 132 Erythrocyte Membrane, 28, 132 Erythrocytes, 21, 38, 121, 132, 137, 155 Erythromycin, 69, 132 Esophageal, 25, 36, 132 Esophagitis, 6, 132 Esophagus, 59, 129, 132, 159 Ethanol, 132, 133 Eukaryotic Cells, 81, 132

170

Exogenous, 130, 132, 153 Expander, 132, 152 Extensor, 132, 153, 164 External-beam radiation, 132, 154 Extracellular, 126, 132, 133, 157 Extracellular Matrix, 126, 132, 133 Extrapyramidal, 117, 130, 132 Eye Infections, 115, 132 F Family Planning, 97, 133 Fat, 119, 121, 126, 127, 133, 142, 156, 158, 160 Fatty acids, 133, 135, 152, 161 Feces, 126, 129, 133 Fermentation, 73, 133 Fetoprotein, 133 Fetus, 116, 133, 143, 163 Fibrin, 133, 149, 160 Fibroblasts, 28, 133 Filipin, 24, 133 Filler, 82, 133 Flexor, 132, 133, 142 Fluconazole, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 15, 20, 24, 25, 26, 32, 34, 55, 58, 80, 85, 86, 88, 133 Flucytosine, 4, 58, 86, 133 Flumethasone, 77, 133 Foetal, 62, 133 Fold, 133, 140 Food Chain, 79, 133 Food Microbiology, 75, 133 Foodborne Illness, 75, 133 Forearm, 121, 134 Freeze-dried, 64, 134 Friction, 134, 140 Fungi, 58, 65, 66, 68, 72, 74, 75, 78, 79, 86, 118, 119, 128, 132, 133, 134, 144, 145, 146, 156, 164 Fungicide, 76, 134 Fungicides, Industrial, 118, 134 Fungistatic, 58, 120, 134 Fungus, 8, 63, 65, 71, 76, 79, 81, 85, 122, 127, 134, 135, 146 G Gallbladder, 115, 120, 129, 134 Gamma Rays, 134, 145, 154 Ganciclovir, 103, 134 Gas, 117, 129, 134, 138, 145, 147, 160, 163 Gastric, 130, 134 Gastroenteritis, 75, 134 Gastrointestinal, 54, 71, 83, 131, 132, 133, 134, 142, 150, 159 Gastrointestinal tract, 71, 132, 134, 142

171

Gelatin, 67, 127, 134, 159 Gels, 34, 134 Gene, 72, 115, 120, 134 Genital, 61, 135, 162, 163, 164 Genitourinary, 21, 103, 135, 162 Geotrichosis, 7, 135 Germ Cells, 135, 158 Giardiasis, 135, 144 Gland, 115, 127, 135, 143, 144, 148, 150, 153, 156, 157, 159, 161 Glucocorticoid, 133, 135, 137, 152, 162 Glucose, 82, 123, 128, 129, 135, 137, 156 Glucose Intolerance, 129, 135 Glutathione Peroxidase, 135, 157 Glycerol, 135, 150 Glycerophospholipids, 135, 150 Glycogen, 124, 135 Glycosidic, 123, 135, 146, 148 Gold Sodium Thiomalate, 49, 135 Gonadal, 135, 159 Gonorrhoea, 21, 135 Governing Board, 136, 152 Grade, 4, 136 Graft, 65, 136, 137, 146 Graft Rejection, 65, 136 Graft-versus-host disease, 136, 146 Gram-negative, 35, 124, 136, 147, 150, 160, 161 Gram-positive, 130, 136, 145, 147, 150, 158, 159, 160 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 130, 136, 147, 150, 160 Granulocytes, 136, 141, 164 Granulocytopenia, 19, 136 Guanidine, 77, 136 Guinea Pigs, 38, 136 H Habitual, 123, 136 Haploid, 136, 150 Health Status, 6, 136 Heart attack, 122, 136 Heart failure, 136, 147 Hemoglobin, 132, 137 Hemolysis, 37, 132, 137 Hemolytic, 63, 137, 139 Hemorrhage, 137, 159 Hereditary, 115, 137 Heredity, 115, 134, 137 Herpes, 62, 115, 137, 138, 164 Herpes virus, 137, 164 Herpes Zoster, 137 Heterotrophic, 134, 137

High-density lipoproteins, 33, 35, 137 Histology, 137, 143 Homogenate, 68, 137 Hormonal, 127, 137 Hormone, 127, 131, 137, 141, 152, 155, 160, 161 Host, 3, 65, 72, 119, 122, 133, 137, 142, 164 Humoral, 136, 137 Hydrocortisone, 71, 137 Hydrogel, 70, 138 Hydrogen, 5, 60, 115, 117, 120, 122, 128, 129, 135, 138, 145, 147, 148, 153 Hydrogen Peroxide, 5, 135, 138 Hydrolysis, 123, 138, 141, 146, 151, 153 Hydrophilic, 67, 70, 81, 128, 138 Hydrophobic, 81, 128, 135, 138, 142 Hydroxylysine, 125, 138 Hydroxyproline, 125, 138 Hyperaemia, 126, 138 Hypercholesterolemia, 70, 138 Hyperlipidemia, 69, 138 Hyperplasia, 138, 142 Hypersensitivity, 16, 39, 116, 138, 142, 155 Hypertension, 122, 138, 161 Hypertrophy, 120, 138 I Id, 43, 51, 103, 104, 110, 112, 138 Idiopathic, 115, 138 Idoxuridine, 86, 138 Ileum, 46, 138 Imidazole, 74, 124, 138, 144 Immersion, 60, 138 Immune function, 65, 138 Immune response, 65, 115, 118, 127, 136, 138, 139, 159, 164 Immune system, 72, 138, 139, 142, 163, 164 Immunocompromised, 4, 5, 8, 27, 30, 32, 78, 139 Immunocompromised Host, 4, 78, 139 Immunodeficiency, 32, 55, 84, 139 Immunodiffusion, 116, 139 Immunoelectrophoresis, 116, 139 Immunofluorescence, 21, 139 Immunoglobulin, 118, 139, 145 Immunologic, 6, 123, 139, 154 Immunology, 16, 26, 46, 115, 116, 139 Immunosuppressant, 116, 139 Immunosuppressive, 7, 73, 127, 135, 139, 160 Impairment, 4, 132, 139, 144 Impetigo, 61, 139 Implant radiation, 139, 140, 154

Nystatin

Implantation, 126, 139 In vitro, 9, 11, 24, 25, 37, 42, 50, 87, 139, 156, 160 In vivo, 11, 37, 58, 62, 68, 129, 139, 160, 161 Incubation, 60, 139 Indicative, 60, 139, 149, 163 Infantile, 115, 139 Infarction, 127, 139, 144 Influenza, 117, 140, 156 Infusion, 81, 140, 144 Ingestion, 64, 140, 144, 151 Inhalation, 33, 116, 140, 151 Initiation, 54, 140, 159 Inner ear, 140, 163 Inorganic, 71, 74, 140, 145, 150 Insecticides, 140, 149 Intensive Care, 4, 35, 140 Interleukin-2, 15, 54, 140 Intermittent, 140, 149 Internal radiation, 140, 154 Intertrigo, 7, 61, 140 Intestine, 121, 140, 141, 159 Intracellular, 22, 39, 62, 69, 81, 139, 140, 151, 152, 157 Intramuscular, 140, 148, 162 Intravenous, 15, 54, 55, 78, 140, 144, 148 Intubation, 122, 140 Iodine, 80, 140 Ion Channels, 42, 49, 141 Ion Exchange, 67, 123, 141 Ion Transport, 34, 141, 145 Ionizing, 116, 141, 154 Ions, 23, 120, 131, 136, 138, 141 Itraconazole, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 26, 58, 80, 86, 141 K Kb, 96, 141 Keratitis, 62, 138, 141 Kerato, 62, 141 Ketoconazole, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27, 33, 34, 49, 58, 75, 80, 86, 141 Kinetics, 37, 42, 70, 141 L Labile, 125, 141 Large Intestine, 129, 140, 141, 155, 157 Laxative, 116, 122, 141 Lens, 119, 141 Lesion, 121, 141, 161 Lethal, 73, 119, 141 Leucocyte, 141, 142, 143 Leukaemia, 15, 142 Leukemia, 4, 22, 30, 36, 142

172

Leukocytes, 121, 123, 136, 142 Leukotrienes, 119, 142 Library Services, 110, 142 Lichen Planus, 8, 142 Life cycle, 134, 142 Ligands, 82, 142 Linkages, 129, 137, 142, 146 Lipid, 10, 11, 12, 14, 25, 26, 35, 42, 49, 50, 58, 63, 119, 129, 135, 142 Lipid Bilayers, 42, 49, 129, 142 Lipophilic, 73, 142 Lipopolysaccharide, 136, 142 Lipoprotein, 12, 14, 33, 35, 136, 142, 143 Liposomal, 10, 11, 12, 25, 26, 27, 32, 33, 35, 36, 48, 58, 64, 65, 78, 81, 87, 142 Liposome, 10, 11, 12, 24, 63, 64, 65, 78, 142 Liver, 19, 34, 35, 102, 115, 116, 119, 120, 127, 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 137, 142, 143, 158 Liver cancer, 116, 143 Liver Transplantation, 34, 143 Localized, 7, 115, 129, 131, 139, 142, 143, 147, 150, 151 Locomotion, 143, 150 Low-density lipoprotein, 142, 143 Lupus, 125, 143 Lymph, 123, 127, 143 Lymph node, 123, 143 Lymphatic, 83, 140, 143, 147 Lymphoblastic, 143 Lymphoblasts, 115, 143 Lymphocytic, 143 Lymphoid, 118, 141, 143 Lymphoma, 27, 30, 36, 49, 143 Lytic, 68, 143, 164 M Maceration, 7, 140, 143 Macrolides, 46, 74, 77, 79, 81, 122, 143 Maculopapular, 143, 150 Mafenide, 21, 60, 143 Malignant, 81, 82, 119, 143, 146, 154 Mandelic Acids, 80, 143 Mannans, 134, 143 Mastitis, 144, 160 Maxillary, 5, 144 Maximum Tolerated Dose, 54, 144 Mechanical ventilation, 4, 144 Medial, 7, 144 Mediator, 140, 144 Medicament, 67, 144, 159 MEDLINE, 97, 144 Melanin, 128, 144, 150, 162

173

Meninges, 130, 144 Meningitis, 6, 133, 136, 141, 144 Mental Disorders, 56, 144 Metabolite, 129, 144 Metastasis, 144 Metastatic, 33, 144 Methanol, 67, 72, 144 Metronidazole, 20, 28, 80, 144 MI, 25, 85, 113, 144 Miconazole, 4, 6, 7, 13, 14, 34, 38, 58, 73, 80, 86, 144 Microbe, 144, 161 Microbiological, 75, 80, 145 Microbiology, 16, 25, 30, 42, 46, 47, 48, 145 Microorganism, 69, 145, 149, 164 Micro-organism, 62, 145 Mineralocorticoids, 115, 127, 145 Modification, 129, 145 Molecular, 42, 46, 50, 69, 83, 97, 99, 117, 120, 126, 132, 145, 152 Molecule, 81, 82, 118, 120, 124, 125, 130, 135, 138, 145, 148, 154, 155, 161 Monoclonal, 86, 145, 154 Monocyte, 46, 145 Morphological, 134, 145 Morphology, 43, 47, 72, 145 Mucins, 145, 156 Mucosa, 59, 64, 67, 140, 143, 145, 159 Mucositis, 4, 89, 145 Mucus, 80, 121, 145 Multicenter study, 32, 38, 145 Mupirocin, 32, 145 Mutagen, 145 Mutagenic, 116, 145 Myasthenia, 136, 145 Mycological, 75, 145 Mycophenolate mofetil, 103, 145 Mycosis, 33, 34, 146, 148 Mycostatin, 27, 39, 71, 92, 146 Mycotic, 58, 75, 77, 78, 146 Mycotoxins, 79, 146 Myocardium, 144, 146 N Natamycin, 28, 79, 146 Nausea, 130, 134, 146 NCI, 1, 54, 56, 95, 146 Nebramycin, 146, 161 Necrosis, 139, 144, 146 Need, 3, 4, 58, 68, 78, 85, 89, 105, 115, 135, 146 Neomycin, 76, 77, 146 Neonatal, 4, 35, 135, 146

Neoplasia, 146 Neoplasm, 146 Neoplastic, 65, 117, 137, 143, 146 Nerve, 118, 120, 127, 144, 146, 148, 156, 159, 161, 162, 165 Nerve Endings, 120, 146 Nerve Fibers, 120, 146 Neuraminidase, 86, 146 Neuromuscular, 146, 151 Neutrons, 116, 146, 154 Neutrophil, 65, 147 Nifuratel, 18, 147 Nitrofurazone, 60, 147 Nitrogen, 71, 117, 127, 147, 162 Nonoxynol, 80, 147 Nuclear, 131, 132, 134, 146, 147 Nucleic acid, 128, 129, 147, 155 Nucleus, 124, 127, 128, 132, 134, 147, 153 Nursing Staff, 5, 147 O Obstetrics, 14, 31, 32, 34, 35, 143, 147 Octoxynol, 80, 147 Oedema, 49, 147 Ointments, 22, 67, 77, 130, 147, 165 Oligosaccharides, 146, 148 Oncology, 27, 49, 81, 82, 148 Onychomycosis, 7, 148 Oophoritis, 136, 148 Opacity, 128, 148 Opportunistic Infections, 104, 148 Oral Health, 5, 85, 148 Oral Hygiene, 4, 148 Osmosis, 148 Osmotic, 26, 35, 37, 67, 70, 148 Otitis, 76, 148 Oxidation, 78, 115, 119, 135, 148 P Pachymeningitis, 144, 148 Palate, 148, 159 Palliative, 4, 23, 104, 148, 160 Pancreas, 115, 129, 148 Parasite, 133, 148, 162 Parenteral, 4, 62, 64, 65, 69, 78, 148 Parenteral Nutrition, 4, 148 Partial remission, 148, 155 Particle, 62, 82, 142, 149 Patch, 28, 34, 39, 149 Pathogen, 139, 149 Pathogenesis, 3, 149 Pathologic, 122, 126, 138, 149, 153 Patient Education, 102, 108, 110, 113, 149 Pediatric Dentistry, 4, 149

Nystatin

Pendulous, 76, 149 Penicillamine, 49, 149 Penicillin, 149, 163 Penis, 120, 130, 149 Perfusion, 149, 161 Perioral, 5, 149 Peritoneal, 15, 28, 30, 119, 147, 149 Peritoneal Cavity, 119, 147, 149 Peritoneal Dialysis, 15, 28, 30, 149 Peritoneum, 149 Peritonitis, 15, 28, 30, 40, 136, 149 Pesticides, 42, 140, 149 Petrolatum, 28, 131, 149 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 123, 132, 134, 150, 158 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 130, 150 Pharmacokinetic, 48, 55, 150 Pharmacologic, 118, 150, 161 Phenolphthalein, 131, 150 Phenylalanine, 150, 162 Phosphates, 62, 150 Phospholipids, 63, 83, 133, 142, 150 Phosphorylated, 80, 124, 150 Physiologic, 120, 150, 152, 155 Physiology, 26, 39, 42, 46, 49, 72, 150, 163 Pigment, 128, 150 Pipemidic Acid, 19, 150 Pitch, 66, 150 Pituitary Gland, 127, 150 Pityriasis, 7, 20, 150 Pityriasis Rosea, 7, 150 Plants, 47, 133, 135, 145, 150, 156, 161, 163 Plaque, 4, 124, 151 Plasma cells, 118, 151 Plasma Volume, 121, 128, 145, 151 Platelets, 26, 34, 151, 160 Pleural, 147, 151 Pleural cavity, 147, 151 Poisoning, 133, 134, 146, 151 Polyethylene, 60, 151 Polymerase, 119, 151 Polymers, 67, 80, 83, 128, 151, 153 Polymyxin, 75, 77, 125, 151 Polypeptide, 117, 124, 125, 151, 160, 165 Polysaccharide, 78, 82, 118, 123, 151 Posterior, 117, 130, 148, 151, 156 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 117, 151 Potassium, 46, 62, 86, 145, 151 Potentiation, 45, 151 Povidone, 80, 152 Practicability, 152, 162 Practice Guidelines, 6, 98, 103, 152

174

Precursor, 69, 119, 127, 130, 131, 150, 152, 162, 163 Prednisolone, 76, 152 Probe, 62, 136, 152 Progesterone, 152, 159 Progressive, 135, 136, 146, 152 Proline, 125, 138, 152 Prophylaxis, 6, 9, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 40, 49, 53, 103, 119, 152, 156 Prostaglandin, 31, 152, 161 Prostaglandins A, 152, 153 Prostate, 120, 153 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 153 Protease, 84, 125, 153 Protein Binding, 153, 161 Protein C, 12, 33, 117, 119, 142, 153 Protein S, 119, 120, 127, 132, 146, 153, 159, 160 Proteins, 117, 118, 119, 123, 124, 125, 132, 139, 145, 147, 151, 153, 157, 161 Proteolytic, 125, 153 Protocol, 4, 5, 55, 153 Protons, 116, 138, 141, 153, 154 Protozoa, 81, 145, 153, 162 Proximal, 7, 129, 153 Pruritic, 130, 142, 153, 161 Psoriasis, 7, 31, 153 Public Policy, 97, 153 Publishing, 6, 10, 86, 154 Pulmonary, 17, 27, 33, 121, 126, 142, 154, 160, 163 Pulmonary Artery, 121, 154 Purifying, 67, 78, 128, 154 Purulent, 135, 154, 163 Pustular, 7, 115, 139, 154 Pyoderma, 7, 154 Q Quiescent, 154, 164 Quinolones, 35, 154 R Radiation, 63, 132, 134, 139, 140, 141, 144, 154, 164 Radiation therapy, 63, 132, 140, 154 Radioactive, 128, 138, 139, 140, 147, 154 Radioimmunotherapy, 154 Radiolabeled, 154 Radiotherapy, 28, 121, 154 Randomized, 5, 15, 16, 22, 32, 34, 38, 54, 55, 130, 154 Randomized clinical trial, 5, 154 Receptor, 46, 118, 126, 130, 155

175

Recombinant, 72, 86, 155 Rectum, 119, 121, 129, 134, 141, 153, 155, 159 Recur, 7, 155 Red blood cells, 26, 132, 137, 155, 156 Reductase, 69, 155 Refer, 1, 121, 125, 134, 137, 143, 147, 154, 155 Refraction, 155, 158 Refractory, 27, 38, 155 Regimen, 5, 55, 130, 155 Remission, 24, 155 Remission Induction, 24, 155 Respiration, 133, 155 Respirator, 144, 155, 163 Retinal, 126, 129, 155 Rheumatoid, 125, 135, 155 Rheumatoid arthritis, 125, 135, 155 Ribavirin, 86, 155 Rigidity, 150, 155 Rimantadine, 86, 156 Risk factor, 89, 156 Ristocetin, 156, 163 Rod, 120, 124, 156 Rodenticides, 149, 156 S Saccharomyces, 10, 24, 42, 46, 48, 50, 58, 156, 164 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 10, 42, 46, 48, 50, 156, 164 Saccharomycetales, 156 Safe Sex, 80, 156 Saline, 62, 64, 68, 156 Saliva, 23, 59, 67, 70, 156 Salivary, 35, 127, 128, 129, 156, 164 Salivary glands, 127, 128, 129, 156 Salpingitis, 136, 156 Sanitation, 76, 156 Saponins, 156, 159 Sclera, 126, 156 Sclerosis, 125, 156 Screening, 46, 124, 156 Sebaceous, 7, 156 Sebaceous gland, 7, 156 Sebum, 115, 156 Secretion, 115, 127, 145, 157 Selenium, 7, 157 Semen, 80, 130, 153, 157 Seminiferous tubule, 157, 158 Sepsis, 37, 157 Serum, 23, 62, 117, 125, 143, 145, 149, 157

Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 79, 80, 156, 157 Shock, 137, 157, 162 Side effect, 58, 63, 78, 89, 91, 102, 115, 127, 129, 157, 161 Signs and Symptoms, 155, 157 Silanes, 9, 157 Silicon, 9, 157 Silicon Dioxide, 157 Silver Sulfadiazine, 49, 60, 157 Skeletal, 118, 124, 157 Skeleton, 152, 157 Small intestine, 124, 135, 137, 138, 140, 157 Sodium, 5, 19, 38, 46, 67, 73, 74, 75, 77, 86, 145, 157, 158 Sodium Benzoate, 38, 157 Sodium Bicarbonate, 5, 158 Soft tissue, 5, 121, 128, 157, 158 Solvent, 60, 62, 64, 73, 74, 120, 132, 135, 144, 148, 150, 158 Soybean Oil, 63, 158 Specialist, 105, 158 Specificity, 10, 116, 158, 161 Spectrum, 76, 86, 124, 130, 141, 158, 164 Sperm, 80, 117, 157, 158 Spermatozoa, 80, 157, 158 Spinal cord, 124, 130, 144, 148, 158 Spirochete, 158, 160 Stabilization, 32, 158 Stabilizer, 78, 82, 122, 158 Staphylococcus, 134, 139, 158 Staphylococcus aureus, 134, 139, 158 Steel, 124, 158 Sterile, 60, 66, 158 Sterility, 127, 158 Steroid, 4, 127, 156, 159 Steroid therapy, 4, 159 Stimulus, 119, 130, 141, 159 Stomach, 115, 129, 132, 134, 137, 146, 149, 157, 159 Stomatitis, 22, 28, 29, 54, 159 Streptococci, 139, 145, 159 Streptomycin, 62, 127, 159 Stress, 134, 146, 155, 159 Stroke, 56, 96, 122, 159 Subacute, 140, 159 Subclinical, 140, 159 Subcutaneous, 130, 147, 148, 159 Subspecies, 158, 159, 163 Substance P, 132, 144, 156, 157, 159 Substrate, 60, 146, 159 Subungual, 8, 159

Nystatin

Suppositories, 66, 67, 134, 159 Suppression, 14, 65, 127, 159 Suppurative, 136, 159 Surfactant, 66, 83, 147, 160, 164 Suspensions, 20, 32, 66, 160 Symptomatic, 6, 117, 160 Symptomatic treatment, 117, 160 Synergistic, 79, 160 Syphilis, 7, 160 T Tacrolimus, 103, 160 Teratogenic, 116, 160 Terminator, 129, 160 Testosterone, 155, 160 Tetracycline, 36, 160 Tetravalent, 157, 160 Therapeutics, 92, 160 Thermal, 8, 147, 160 Thigh, 7, 160 Thiostrepton, 77, 160 Thrombin, 133, 153, 160 Thrombocytes, 151, 160 Thrombomodulin, 153, 160 Thrombosis, 153, 159, 160 Thromboxanes, 119, 160 Thyroid, 141, 161, 162 Tinea Pedis, 7, 76, 128, 161 Tinidazole, 80, 161 Tinnitus, 148, 161 Tissue Distribution, 10, 48, 161 Tobramycin, 14, 161 Tolnaftate, 19, 75, 161 Tonicity, 137, 161 Toxic, iv, 64, 68, 78, 81, 116, 120, 125, 144, 157, 161, 163 Toxicity, 6, 11, 12, 24, 54, 63, 64, 68, 69, 82, 130, 144, 156, 161 Toxicology, 34, 98, 161 Toxins, 118, 131, 139, 146, 154, 161 Trace element, 157, 161 Traction, 124, 161 Transcriptase, 129, 161 Transfection, 120, 162 Translation, 132, 146, 162 Translocation, 132, 162 Transmitter, 130, 141, 144, 162 Transplantation, 59, 78, 102, 104, 162 Trauma, 34, 132, 146, 161, 162, 164 Treatment Outcome, 8, 162 Triamcinolone Acetonide, 14, 77, 162 Trichomoniasis, 144, 147, 162

176

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 14, 103, 162 Trypanosomiasis, 147, 162 Tryptophan, 125, 162 Tuberculosis, 126, 143, 162 Tyrosine, 46, 130, 162 U Ulcus cruris, 61, 162 Unconscious, 138, 162 Ureters, 162 Urethra, 62, 120, 149, 153, 162 Urethritis, 135, 162 Urinary, 81, 135, 150, 162 Urinary tract, 81, 162 Urine, 120, 129, 136, 150, 162 Urogenital, 135, 162 Uterus, 123, 143, 152, 162, 163 V Vaccine, 39, 115, 153, 163 Vaccinia, 163, 164 Vaccinia Virus, 163, 164 Vagina, 19, 71, 79, 80, 122, 123, 163, 164 Vaginal, 6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 31, 34, 39, 40, 67, 80, 103, 147, 163, 164 Vaginal Discharge, 103, 163 Vaginitis, 15, 20, 31, 32, 40, 47, 122, 163 Vaginosis, 28, 163 Valine, 149, 163 Vancomycin, 14, 21, 39, 62, 75, 163 Varicella, 163, 164 Vascular, 116, 139, 140, 147, 163 Vegetative, 120, 163 Vein, 140, 147, 163 Venereal, 160, 163 Venous, 147, 153, 163 Ventilation, 163 Ventilator, 144, 155, 163 Vertigo, 148, 163 Veterinary Medicine, 97, 160, 163 Vidarabine, 86, 163 Viral, 6, 59, 62, 76, 86, 119, 129, 138, 140, 164 Viral Load, 6, 164 Virulence, 161, 164 Virulent, 59, 64, 164 Virus, 32, 62, 84, 119, 151, 163, 164, 165 Virus Diseases, 119, 164 Viscosity, 66, 164 Vitiligo, 7, 164 Vitro, 10, 11, 26, 37, 164 Vivo, 164 Voriconazole, 58, 164

177

Vulva, 164 Vulvovaginitis, 35, 164 W War, 4, 123, 164 Warts, 8, 164 Wetting Agents, 147, 164 White blood cell, 115, 118, 136, 142, 143, 145, 147, 151, 164 Wound Healing, 49, 145, 164 Wound Infection, 60, 164

X Xerostomia, 89, 164 X-ray, 123, 134, 145, 147, 154, 158, 164 Y Yeasts, 26, 72, 76, 79, 122, 134, 156, 164 Z Zinc Oxide, 38, 61, 62, 165 Zoster, 164, 165 Zygote, 126, 165 Zymogen, 153, 165

Nystatin

178

179

Nystatin

180

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