Paranoia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N. P ARKER , M...

Author: ICON Health Publications

16 downloads 546 Views 665KB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Paranoia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84511-5 1. Paranoia-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on paranoia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.

Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PARANOIA ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Paranoia ........................................................................................ 8 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 14 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PARANOIA....................................................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Finding Nutrition Studies on Paranoia....................................................................................... 35 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 36 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON PARANOIA .................................................................................. 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Dissertations on Paranoia............................................................................................................ 39 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND PARANOIA ............................................................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Recent Trials on Paranoia............................................................................................................ 41 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 42 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON PARANOIA ............................................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Patents on Paranoia ..................................................................................................................... 45 Patent Applications on Paranoia ................................................................................................. 46 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON PARANOIA................................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 49 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 51 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 56 Chapters on Paranoia................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON PARANOIA ...................................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PARANOIA ................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 61 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 62 Academic Periodicals covering Paranoia ..................................................................................... 63 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 67 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 69 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 73 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 76 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 79

viii Contents

Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 79 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 79 ONLINE GLOSSARIES .................................................................................................................. 85 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 85 PARANOIA DICTIONARY........................................................................................................... 87 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 117

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with paranoia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about paranoia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to paranoia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on paranoia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to paranoia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on paranoia. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PARANOIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on paranoia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and paranoia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “paranoia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: ·

Endemic Behaviors in Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Techniques for HomemakerHome Health Aids Source: Caring. 8(8): 22-24. August 1989. Summary: Homemaker-home health aides may feel frightened, helpless, or insulted by psychotic-like behaviors exhibited by Alzheimer's disease patients with dementia. This journal article summarizes and discusses the characteristics and suggested ways to handle some of the more common behaviors associated with Alzheimer's disease, emphasizing that these behaviors may vary with each patient. The behaviors discussed are: paranoia; agitation; pacing; fidgeting; verbal abuse; and wandering. It is argued that the homemaker-home health aide who is trained to have knowledge about these behaviors and how to respond to them will enhance the benefit to the patient, the family, and the health care agency.

4

·

Paranoia

Alzheimer's Disease: Answering Questions Commonly Asked by Patients' Families Source: Geriatrics. 46(3): 38-40, 42, 47. March 1991. Summary: In this journal article, the author notes that once a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is made, the patient's family usually has a number of questions for the physician. These questions range from concerns about genetic aspects of the disease to specific caregiving issues. The primary care physician's role in treating Alzheimer's disease is focused on the family or caregiver and includes support and counseling. Providing answers to common questions is an important part of counseling. Questions examined in this journal article address heredity, psychotherapy, sleeping pills, the patient's ability to drive, power of attorney, appropriate activities for the patient, paranoia and accusations from the patient, stages of the disease, new drugs, alternatives to home care, weight loss, and caregiver distress and coping. 6 references. (AA-M).

·

Sex Differences in the Psychiatric Manifestations of Alzheimer's Disease Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 41(3): 229-232. March 1993. Summary: This article describes a study that examined possible gender differences in psychiatric symptoms and behavioral problems in 186 men and 328 women who were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and living in the community. Psychiatric signs and symptoms were recorded following a psychiatric interview, which included the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Results showed that about two-thirds of both men and women had psychiatric problems. Women, however, were significantly more likely to have multiple symptoms. This finding may be due to many factors, including sociodemographic influences, physician bias, and/or other differences between men and women. Agitation was the most common psychiatric problem in both men and women. When pairs of symptoms were analyzed, agitation was significantly associated with paranoia in men, while in women agitation was significantly associated with other psychiatric problems. 32 references.

·

Psychiatric Symptoms Associated With Alzheimer's Disease Source: Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2(1): 28-33. Winter 1990. Summary: This article discusses a retrospective chart review that was undertaken to assess the prevalence of specifically defined psychiatric symptoms in 217 outpatients with clinically probable Alzheimer's disease. A weak but significant correlation was found between Alzheimer's disease and suspiciousness and paranoia (reported by 35.5 percent of patients), delusion (30 percent), and formed visual hallucination (18.4 percent). Mild depressive symptoms, such as sad affect, hopelessness, and helplessness were reported by 40.6 percent of patients, anxiety and fearfulness by 30.9 percent, and aggressive acts by 24.9 percent. Psychotropic medications used to manage these symptoms included antipsychotics, in 11.5 percent of patients, anxiolytics, in 9.2 percent, and antidepressants, in 7.4 percent. 28 references. (AA).

·

Psychiatric Examination of the Demented Patient Source: Medical Clinics of North America. 78(4): 785-789. July 1994. Summary: This article examines the most common psychiatric problems that coexist with Alzheimer's disease: agitation, depression, sleep disturbance, hallucinations, paranoia, and other psychotic symptoms. It explores each psychological problem as to its prevalence, causes, presentations, and possible objective measurement during the psychiatric evaluation. The author advises that in making a psychiatric evaluation of a

Studies

5

patient, the psychiatrist needs to determine the existence of the signs of senility and dementia through observation of the symptoms and use of quantitative methods (scales, questionnaires), and describe and quantify the associated psychopathology using the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III Revised (DSM-III-R) criteria. These efforts should aid in the diagnosis and patient management process. 12 references. ·

Fear of Being Found Out: The Dilemma of Denial Source: Hearing Review. 7(3): 72, 74. March 2000. Contact: Available from Fladmark Publishing Company. P.O. Box 6004, Duluth, MN 55806-9851. (218) 723-9558. Fax (218) 723-9437. Summary: This article explores the issue of denial in hearing impaired individuals. The author contends that untold millions of Americans go to unbelievable lengths to avoid exposure of their hearing loss, even when that hearing loss is moderate or worse. The author discusses the concept of 'fight or flight', the role of spontaneity in human communication, and ways to avoid socially inappropriate behavior. The author then offers two case studies to illustrate the concepts under discussion and to show hearing care professionals how they can begin to address this untapped clientele population. In both case histories, the fear of being found out is a fear that brings seemingly irrational social fear, defensiveness, and personal insecurity. The article concludes with a brief discussion of other effects of uncorrected hearing loss, including paranoia and depression. The author concludes that only an intimate and exceptional knowledge of the forces that shape hearing impaired individuals' quality of life coupled with hearing instruments, cochlear implantation and or assistive devices will return the hearing impaired individual to greater fulfillment and enjoyment in life. 14 references.

·

Major Survey Documents Negative Impact of Untreated Hearing Loss on Quality of Life Source: Hearing Journal. 52(7): 32, 34, 36, 39-40. July 1999. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Customer Service, P.O. Box 1175, Lowell, MA 01853. Summary: This article reports on a nationwide survey of 2,304 hearing impaired persons age 50 and over, plus 2,090 of their significant others. The survey showed that hearing impaired people who do not use hearing aids report significantly higher rates of depression, anxiety, anger, paranoia, and other emotional and psychological distress than do those who are addressing their hearing loss with hearing aids. The survey also discovered that a large percentage of hearing aid wearers (and an even higher percentage of persons close to them) perceive that the use of hearing aids has improved many aspects of their life, including their feelings toward themselves, their relationships with others, their mental health, and their overall quality of life. The author presents an analysis of the study results by Dr. Sergei Kochkin, whose interpretation was offered in an address before the World of Hearing Conference (Brussels, March 1999). Topics include analysis by degree of hearing loss, the emotional effects of hearing loss, social effects, personality assessment, and a discussion of causality. The article concludes that the survey provides strong evidence for the value of hearing aids in improving the quality of life for people with every degree of hearing loss, from mild to severe. 6 figures. 2 tables.

6

·

Paranoia

J.J.R. Macleod and the Discovery of Insulin Source: Endocrinologist. 4(2): 85-91. March 1994. Summary: This article tells the story of J.J.R. Macleod and his role in the discovery of insulin. Although Macleod shared the 1923 Nobel Prize with Frederick Banting for this great discovery, his true role in the discovery of insulin has been clouded in controversy and confusion. The author provides background on Macleod's life and discusses his early research work, the search for the elusive pancreatic hormone, her research techniques and support of Banting, problems with rivalry and paranoia among the researchers, and the packaging and presentation of the discovery of insulin. 41 references.

·

Nursing Interventions for Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Source: Nursing Clinics of North America. 23(1): 95-125. March 1988. Summary: This extensive article offers suggestions for nursing interventions aimed at supporting the remaining assets of Alzheimer's patients and compensating for their deficits. It gives advice on unambiguous verbal communication, oral hygiene, nutrition, diurnal rhythms, and bowel and bladder function. It also discusses sexual behavior, anxiety, catastrophic reactions, and paranoia. A list of references is included.

·

Diagnostic Significance of Secondary Symptoms in Dementia Source: Research and Practice in Alzheimer's Disease. p. 349-362. 1998. Summary: This journal article describes a study designed to determine whether clinically observed differences in psychopathological symptoms could be used to differentiate Alzheimer's disease (AD) from vascular dementia (VAD). The participants were 75 patients with AD and 75 patients with VAD from the Memory Clinic Essen in Germany. The two groups were similar on sociodemographic variables and duration and severity of illness, but patients with VAD were older than those with AD. All patients were assessed by physicians using the Sandoz Clinical Assessment Scale and by a questionnaire completed by family members. Results indicated that patients with VAD were significantly more impaired in terms of reduced emotional control, paranoia and agitation, disturbed social behavior, and affect disturbance than were patients with AD. In discriminant analyses with the secondary symptoms of dementia, 96 percent of the patients were correctly classified. 2 figures, 5 tables, 23 references.

·

Surgery and the Patient With Alzheimer's Disease Source: Geriatric Nursing. 9(4): 227-229. July-August 1988. Summary: This journal article discusses preoperative precautions and education for patients with Alzheimer's disease. Memory loss may make medical history taking difficult, therefore, a family member or guardian should be consulted. Behavioral changes such as aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, agitation, insomnia, and paranoia, may necessitate the use of antipsychotics, tranquilizers or antidepressants. However, drugs should be administered with extreme caution and in reduced dosages since Alzheimer's disease patients are extremely sensitive to medications. Use of preoperative medication in patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease should only be used for analgesia or agitation. Preoperative education for both the patient and family is essential in reducing confusion and anxiety and providing understanding and support. Preoperative instructions should be written for reinforcement. Surgery for most patients with Alzheimer's disease is performed under general anesthesia. Since delayed recovery

Studies

7

from anesthesia is common, prolonged observation will be required in the recovery room and patient care unit. Nurses should instruct both patients and family members in any continued postoperative care to be followed at home, including drug therapy. As reinforcement, patients should receive concise, written instructions. With supportive assistance and an understanding of the behaviors associated with Alzheimer's disease, nurses can help patients through a surgical procedure. ·

New Alzheimer's Drug Expands Your Options in Symptom Management Source: Geriatrics. 48(8): 26-29, 33-36. August 1993. Summary: This journal article offers information to guide primary care physicians in the diagnosis and management of patients with Alzheimer's disease and in responding to questions about the recently approved drug tacrine. The first part describes typical clinical findings in persons with Alzheimer's disease and suggests laboratory tests to rule out other potential causes of dementia. This part also explains how to administer the clock drawing test, a simple, in-office screening tool for Alzheimer's disease. The second part discusses treatment planning for the patient and the family. The author focuses on the potential benefits and risks of tacrine as well as drug therapies for depression, anxiety and agitation, paranoia, and hallucinations. Also discussed are suggestions to help families locate community resources for education and support. 19 references.

·

Managing Aggression in Dementia: The Do's and Don'Ts Source: Geriatric Medicine. 19(4): 35-40. April 1989. Summary: This journal article provides guidelines for communicating with aggressive patients with Alzheimer's disease or another dementia, possibly preventing traumatic altercations. To reduce episodes of aggression, health professionals first should understand potential triggers of aggressive behavior, including a defensive reaction, a reaction to a feeling of incompetence or other frustration, an adaptive paranoia, or a means of manipulation or attention seeking. Aggression also can be provoked by a patient's misunderstanding of reality, such as misidentification of a known person as a stranger. Second, health professionals should understand the context in which aggression occurs. Toward this end, aggressive behavior should be monitored and recorded. Third, when aggressive behavior does occur, it can be managed so as to minimize problems. For example, staff should stay calm and listen to the aggressor's complaints. This article includes specific suggestions to avoid provoking aggression and how to handle it if it does occur.

·

Recognizing and Managing Cognitive Behavioral Problems Source: Geriatric Consultant. 12(1): 14-15, 19-20. July-August 1993. Summary: This paper discusses the identification and management of delirium in older patients to enable physicians to offer the most appropriate treatment at the earliest possible time. It examines delirium, noting that dementia and delirium can coexist; delirium management; and the importance of drug evaluation and caution prior to administration of a drug to a delirious patient. Nonpharmacological management strategies developed for patients with dementia often are useful in treating delirium. Setting measurable and reasonable treatment goals is considered an important approach in any treatment plan. Other issues discussed in treating and managing patient delirium include sensory deficits, inherent conditions of the environment, memory loss, simultaneous hallucination and paranoia, communication problems, and daily hygiene

8

Paranoia

and feeding. The paper then explores ways of addressing aggression or physical violence by patients. ·

Evaluation of the Demented Patient Source: Medical Clinics of North America. 78(4): 773-793. July 1994. Summary: This series of articles examines the evaluation/diagnostic approaches for dementia as described by a neurologist, geriatrician, psychiatrist, and psychologist. The first approach involves neurologic examination in older people and dementia as a seven-part process: mental status, cranial nerves, motor function, sensory function, cerebellar function, reflexes, and gait. The authors present findings of what people may expect in terms of cognitive function resulting from the aging process for each part of the process, and these findings are correlated with abnormalities indicative of disease. The next approach examines the medical evaluation process of a patient with dementia including the diagnosis of reversible dementia, medical comorbidity, and components of diagnostic evaluation. The third approach explores the following common psychiatric problems coexisting with Alzheimer's disease: agitation, depression, apathy, sleep disturbance, paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, and emotional instability. Each psychiatric problem is reviewed in terms of its causes, presentations, and possible objective measurement during the psychiatric evaluation. The final article involving neuropsychological assessment examines the current diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease and discusses developments in neuropsychology for the assessment of dementia. 1 table, 53 references.

Federally Funded Research on Paranoia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to paranoia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to paranoia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore paranoia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for paranoia: ·

Project Title: COCAINE OPIOIDS AND DRUG ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kalivas, Peter W.; Professor and Chair; Physiology and Neuroscience; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

9

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1984; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (applicant's abstract): Repeated administration of cocaine produces enduring changes in behavior, including a progressive increase in cocaine-induced motor stimulation. The underlying neuroadaptations mediating motor sensitization in rodents have been proposed to contribute to behaviors associated with cocaine addiction, such as paranoia and craving. Knowledge that monoamine transporters constitute the molecular binding site for cocaine has focused investigation of the cellular underpinnings of behavioral sensitization on dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens. Although this research endeavor has revealed many long-lasting neuroadaptations in dopamine transmission that contribute to behavioral sensitization, it has become clear that the focus on neither dopamine nor the nucleus accumbens provides a complete profile of cocaine-induced neuroadaptations mediating addiction. To some extent exploration beyond dopamine is impelled by the realization that behavioral sensitization is potently regulated by learned associations made between the pharmacological actions of cocaine and environmental stimuli. Thus, glutamatergic cortical brain regions involved in learning and memory have become another focus in the search for substrates mediating behavioral sensitization to cocaine. This proposal will evaluate an overarching hypothesis that the enduring changes in pre- and postsynaptic glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens and adjacent circuitry mediate behavioral sensitization to cocaine. Three general experiments will be performed. 1) The mechanisms mediating cocaine-induced changes in vesicular- and transporter-mediated glutamate release will be examined. 2) The effect of repeated cocaine on proteins involved in glutamate receptor signaling will be examined and adenovirus gene transfer will be employed to evaluate the role of these proteins in behavioral sensitization. 3) The role that glutamate transmission plays in the conditioned motor responses associated with repeated cocaine administration will be examined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EVOKED POTENTIALS AND VULNERABILITY TO KETAMINE IN MICE. Principal Investigator & Institution: Siegel, Steven J.; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Studies in this Cutting-Edge Basic Research Award proposal would create a mouse model to assess genetic variability for in vivo physiological effects of NMDA antagonist drugs of abuse using auditory event related potentials (ERPs). Background: Abuse of NMDA receptor antagonists, such as ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP), has been recognized for many years. However, recent studies indicate that ketamine abuse has become more common among a subset of the population including people who frequent rave club parties, as well as military and medical personnel. The consequences of ketamine and PCP abuse include hallucinations, paranoia, disorganization and cognitive impairments. While many symptoms resolve within hours, others have been reported to last for many days. However, few studies have addressed genetic and other biological factors and that influence individual differences in ketamine and PCP sensitivity. Hypothesis: Animal studies with ketamine/PCP indicate that their behavioral effects and cellular toxicity are dependent on genetic background, suggesting differential vulnerability to their mechanism of action. Subanesthetic doses of ketamine/PCP have been proposed to exert their effect primarily by disrupting NMDA receptor-mediated glutamate

10

Paranoia

transmission on GABAergic interneurons. This supports a hypothesis that genetic background may influence disruption of NMDA-mediated transmission on GABAergic interneurons to modulate the acute presentation and long-term sequelae of PCP/ketamine abuse. Research Project: The PI has developed a method to assess auditory ERPs in non-anesthetized mice with preliminary data demonstrating differential effects of ketamine among three inbred mouse strains. Aim 1 would determine the dose response relationship for the effects of acute ketamine administration on auditory ERPs in three inbred mouse strains. Aim 2 would then determine the differential sensitivity to effects of chronic ketamine on auditory ERPs in these three strains. Lastly, Aim 3 would determine the sensitivity to long-term changes following acute and chronic exposure to ketamine. Environment: The Stanley Center for Experimental Therapeutics in Psychiatry is a basic science laboratory within the Division of Neuropsychiatry and is part of The Center for Neurobiology and Behavior at the University of Pennsylvania. This laboratory contains all of the necessary resources to conduct the proposed studies of ketamine modulation of auditory ERPs in mice. Future Directions: Development of this model would facilitate examination of environmental, genetic and pharmacological factors that modulate the in vivo effects of ketamine and PCP. Such studies would also contribute basic knowledge regarding the neurobiological mechanisms of action, predisposition to toxicity and development of interventions directed at prevention of long-term sequelae following ketamine and PCP exposure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACCURACY OF PERSONALITY JUDGEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Funder, David C.; Professor; Psychology; University of California Riverside 900 University Ave Riverside, Ca 92521 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1986; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Judgments of personality are inferences about traits that underlie consistent, coherent patterns of behavior across diverse situations. Such judgments are relevant to mental health from both the clinician's and client's perspective. From the clinician's perspective, a better understanding of the bases of accurate interpersonal judgment is relevant to improvements in clinical assessment, evaluation, diagnosis, and subsequent treatment. From the client's perspective, many problems in living and several of the major personality disorders are directly relevant to or even stem directly from deficiencies in the accuracy of social perception. Patterns of paranoia, hostility, fearfulness, shyness, narcissism and others are produced, exacerbated and sometimes fundamentally characterized by inaccurate social perception. Research on accurate personality judgment over the past decade has settled several important issues, and opened others. Some of the unsettled issues are addressed by the PI's Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM, Funder, 1995), which describes how accurate personality judgment is the result of a social psychological process by which relevant information becomes available to and then is detected and correctly utilized by a judge. RAM yields hypotheses concerning the effect of informational context and individual differences among judges on the accuracy of personality judgment. To test these hypotheses and address other issues, 144 undergraduate subjects of both sexes and varied ethnicity will interact in one of 4 1-hour experimental contexts, and another 4-hour context. These contexts are designed to vary in the kind and amount of personality-relevant information that becomes available in them. Afterwards, subjects will provide their judgments of each others' personalities. The accuracy of these judgments will be assessed against and correlated with a wide range of measures of personality and mental health derived from

Studies

11

self-reports, informants' reports, assessments by mental health professionals, and direct behavioral observations. Hypotheses predict differences in accuracy across experimental conditions as well as mediating individual differences in information pickup and judgmental ability within conditions. Data will be analyzed using profile analyses, item analyses, the social relations model, and structural equation modeling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: GABA A RECEPTOR MODULATORS IN THE DEVELOPING RAT FOREBRA Principal Investigator & Institution: Henderson, Leslie P.; Professor; Physiology; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's Description) Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that in recent years have become significant drugs of abuse among preteen and teenage children. AAS are known to elicit detrimental effects on neuroendocrine function, as well as increase psychiatric symptoms, including anxiety, paranoia, hostility, and aggression in adults. However, little is known as to the mechanism of action of these compounds in the central nervous system, and even less is known about how these compounds may act in the developing brain. Neural transmission mediated by GABAA receptor is the primary molecular target for a wide range of both therapeutic and abused drugs, including neurosteroids, benzodiazepines, and ethanol. The investigators have shown recently that AAS induce rapid, reversible, and region-specific modulation of GABAergic currents in the forebrain of prepubertal rats, and thus can be added to the list of substances that act as allosteric modulators of this channel. Both the ontogeny of GABAA receptor subunit gene expression and developmental changes in receptor pharmacology have been well described in the hippocampus and cerebellum during the first two weeks of postnatal development. In contrast, there is a dearth of information delineating developmental changes in receptor pharmacology for other forebrain regions or in the hypothalamus, and few studies have assessed changes in GABAA receptor expression associated with puberty. In particular, no experiments have been performed to determine if sensitivity to AAS is significantly different during the progression from puberty to adulthood. In this application, the investigators will use molecular biological and electrophysiological approaches to determine if, concomitant with puberty, there are significant changes in GABAA receptor subunit expression, as well as the ability of AAS to modulate GABAergic synaptic currents. In addition, the investigators will use electrophysiological and behavioral approaches to determine if chronic AAS exposure in peripubertal versus adult rats induces significant changes in the ability of benzodiazepines or neurosteroids, as well as the AAS, to modulate GABAA receptor currents and to elicit anxiolytic or sedative effects. Together, these studies will demonstrate if puberty is associated with significant changes in the acute or chronic actions of AAS at the GABAA receptor, and thus provide important new information to indicate if adolescents are at increased risk for abuse of AAS or other psychoactive drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

·

Project Title: GENETICS OF COCAINE INDUCED PSYCHOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cubells, Joseph F.; Associate Professor and Director; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004

12

Paranoia

Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract) Cocaine-induced paranoia and psychotic symptoms (CIPPS) are associated with violence and greater morbidity in cocaine users. Since the phenotype appears only after chronic cocaine use, CIPPS provides a direct human example of cocaine-induced sensitization, an understanding of which is critical to addiction science. Genetic factors are important in CIPPS. CIPPS symptoms comprise a relatively homogeneous phenotypic spectrum. Thus, users who develop CIPPS, and those who do not, each represent more homogeneous groups of cocaine users, in whom genetic investigations are more likely to be fruitful than in those merely meeting dependence criteria. To examine the genetics of CIPPS, this work will: (1) Collect DNA samples from unrelated cocaine-using subjects in whom the CIPPS phenotype has been thoroughly evaluated, and from family trios containing probands carefully assessed for CIPPS. (2) Replicate and extend previous findings from this laboratory on the relationship of allelic variation at genes expressed in catecholamine neurons and CIPPS. (3) Determine relationships between genotypes, biochemical phenotypes, and behavioral phenotypes in African- and European-Americans. (4) Use methods previously developed for idiopathic psychoses to evaluate psychotic realm experiences and related psychological phenomena in abstinent cocaine users. Important strengths of the proposed work are (1) Development of unique DNA resources Suitable for extensive future study, including a first-of-its-kind family collection. (2) A focus on candidate genes supported by previous positive results and neurobiological considerations. (3) Use of haplotypes as well as single genotypes in genetic analysis. (4) Application of well-validated measures of psychosis: the Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory, the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms, as well as the Cocaine Experience Questionnaire. (5) The use of a repeated measures design in phenotypic assessment. (5) Possible identification of phenotypes that do not depend on cocaine intoxication for expression. This program of research will improve our understanding of the genetics underlying human brain responses to chronic cocaine exposure, thus leading to better diagnosis and treatments for cocaine dependence and other addictive disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PARTY DRUG PREVENTION FOR YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Fearnow-Kenney, Melodie D.; Tanglewood Research, Inc. 7017 Albert Pick Rd, Ste D Greensboro, Nc 27409 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Teens are using Ecstasy (MDMA) and other "party drugs" such as Ketamine, Rohypnol, and GHB at younger ages and in contexts that extend beyond the rave or dance party venues. Polydrug use is the norm and consequences include damage to brain cells, physiological effects such as elevated blood pressure, mental health problems including paranoia and depression, and social health consequences such as sexual exploitation. Most young people are unaware of the risks associated with using these drugs. Prevention efforts to date include educational campaigns and harm reduction programs which are limited in scope and difficult to evaluate. This Phase I STTR project will develop and assess the feasibility and short term effectiveness of a prevention curriculum that will be socially valid and will have the potential to target and change mediating variables related to party drug use. The curriculum will follow the format of an existing high school drug prevention program, All Stars, Sr. and will be packaged as a component of that program and as a stand-alone curriculum. Student and teacher materials will be developed during Phase I. Additional

Studies

13

activities and an educational video will be produced during Phase II and a large-scale randomized field trial will be conducted. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: REDUCING YOUTH DRUG RELATED HIV/STD RISK IN THAILAND Principal Investigator & Institution: Celentano, David D.; Professor and Director; Epidemiology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Methamphetamine (MA), a central nervous system stimulant, has become the leading drug of abuse in Thailand over the past three years. The United Nations' Drug Control Program reported that the most significant increase of illicit drug use worldwide in the1990s was in the consumption of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS). The WHO estimates more than 35 million regular users of MA worldwide, making it the second most commonly used illicit drug after marijuana. With recent drought and subsequent reduced poppy production in Burma, the Burmese military junta in power has responded to declining foreign reserves by encouraging the production and shipment of massive quantities of methamphetamine into Thailand during the past two years. These mobile factories are very difficult to locate and the MA tablets are easily concealed and smuggled, resulting in easy access and low price in Thailand. There are a range of social and medical consequences of MA abuse: poor performance in schools among students; anxiety; convulsion; brain damage; MA psychosis, characterized by violent behavior, repetitive activity, memory loss and paranoia; and acquiring HIV and other blood-borne infections from administering MA by injection. In Thailand, youth are the leading age group initiating MA use. A recent Thai national survey estimated that 12.4 percent of students between 12 and 20 years used illicit drugs in 1999, of whom 57 percent reportedly have used MA. Thus, there is a compelling public health need to address the issue of MA abuse among adolescents and young adults in northern Thailand. Preventing escalation of drug use practices, particularly with respect to route of drug administration, may prove effective in preventing the spread of HIV among those who have not yet begun injecting; HIV prevalence among injectors in northern Thailand is currently over 30 percent. In response to this public health emergency, we are proposing a randomized, controlled peer-outreach intervention trial targeting methamphetamine users (n=258) and their drug and sexual networks (n=1032) in northern Thailand. We will adapt Latkin's intervention that has been demonstrated effective in the USA in reducing HIV-related risk behaviors among IDUs. The primary study endpoint would be reduction in transition to injection drug use among MA users who currently deny any history of injection. The primary objective of this RCT is to assess the efficacy of a peer educator intervention versus HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) on transition to injection drug use among MA users and their peer networks. The intervention addresses reduction of HIV risk behaviors. A series of behavioral measures for HIV risk, level of MA abuse (including overdose and psychiatric morbidity) and injection use among the index and network members will be used to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention. Secondary objectives include: (1) To compare the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (C trachomatis, N gonorrhea, and, for women, T vaginalis) and Hepatitis C Virus in each study condition; (2) To compare changes in HIV and sexual risk behaviors in each study condition for index participants and network members; and (3) To compare perceived changes in substance use network norms for drug and sexual risk practices in each study condition. This study builds on an active NIDA study (DA11133) of our Thai collaboration, is an appropriate extension of our work on HIV and drug use

14

Paranoia

epidemiology and is responsive to a public health problem of central concern to our host country. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “paranoia” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for paranoia in the PubMed Central database: ·

Orwellian paranoia in the neonatal ICU. by Stewart TJ.; 2002 Apr 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100865

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with paranoia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “paranoia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for paranoia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): ·

3 4

100 years of DSM-III paranoia. How stable a diagnosis over time? Author(s): Koehler K, Hornstein C. Source: Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 1986; 235(4): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3699077

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

15

·

A case of paranoia with severe consequences. From a historical approach to a multidimensional understanding of chronic delusional disorder. Author(s): Richartz E, Wormstall H. Source: Psychopathology. 2001 March-April; 34(2): 104-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11244383

·

A haplotype at the DBH locus, associated with low plasma dopamine betahydroxylase activity, also associates with cocaine-induced paranoia. Author(s): Cubells JF, Kranzler HR, McCance-Katz E, Anderson GM, Malison RT, Price LH, Gelernter J. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2000 January; 5(1): 56-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10673769

·

A high-profile abrasion. Where do you draw the line between precautions and paranoia? Author(s): Owens BA. Source: Emerg Med Serv. 1993 March; 22(3): 22, 24, 26. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10124408

·

A measure of pupillary oscillation as a marker of cocaine-induced paranoia. Author(s): Rosse RB, Johri SK, Hess AL, Kendrick K, Alim TN, Deutsch SI. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1996 Summer; 8(3): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8854309

·

A note on the possibility of a paranoia of everyday life. Author(s): Diamant L. Source: Psychoanalytic Review. 1990 Summer; 77(2): 201-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2118664

·

A questionnaire for the measurement of paranoia/suspiciousness. Author(s): Rawlings D, Freeman JL. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1996 September; 35 ( Pt 3): 451-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8889086

·

Abnormalities of self-representation and persecutory delusions: a test of a cognitive model of paranoia. Author(s): Bentall RP, Kaney S. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1996 November; 26(6): 1231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8931169

16

Paranoia

·

Adolescent paranoia: transference and countertransference issues. Author(s): Meissner WW. Source: Adolesc Psychiatry. 1985; 12: 478-508. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4003697

·

AIDS paranoia. Author(s): Alroe CJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1988 April 4; 148(7): 369. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3367844

·

AIDS precautions in the '90s: prudence or paranoia? Author(s): Alpert LI. Source: Mlo: Medical Laboratory Observer. 1992 April; 24(4): 51-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10118508

·

An analogue study of attributional complexity, theory of mind deficits and paranoia. Author(s): Taylor JL, Kinderman P. Source: The British Journal of Psychology. 2002 February; 93(Pt 1): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11839105

·

An evaluation of the validity of the Freudian theory of paranoia. Author(s): Chalus GA. Source: Journal of Homosexuality. 1977 Winter; 3(2): 171-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=612679

·

An overview of treatment in paranoia/delusional disorder. Author(s): Munro A, Mok H. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1995 December; 40(10): 616-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8681259

·

Anxiety and pupil reactivity in cocaine dependent subjects endorsing cocaineinduced paranoia: preliminary report. Author(s): Rosse RB, Alim TN, Johri SK, Hess AL, Deutsch SI. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 1995 July; 90(7): 981-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7663321

·

Associations among plasma prolactin levels, tardive dyskinesia, and paranoia in treated schizophrenics: relevance to supersensitivity psychosis. Author(s): Csernansky JG, Vinogradov S, Prosser E, Kaplan J, Berger PA, Hollister LE. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1986; 22(3): 897-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2879311

Studies

17

·

Brain disconnection, schizophrenia, and paranoia. Author(s): Magaro PA, Page J. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1983 March; 171(3): 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6827251

·

Can psychiatrists distinguish a computer simulation of paranoia from the real thing? The limitations of Turing-like test as measures of the adequacy of simulations. Author(s): Heiser JF, Colby KM, Faught WS, Parkison RC. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1979; 15(3): 149-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=541781

·

Cardiac Care. Cholesterol--(is it another word for paranoia) Author(s): Corday E. Source: Can Crit Care Nurs J. 1990 December-1991 January; 7(4): 15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2282557

·

Caring for elderly patients who have paranoia. Author(s): Davidhizar R, Bechtel G, Cramer C. Source: Radiol Technol. 1999 May-June; 70(5): 461-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10427590

·

Causal attributions in paranoia and depression: internal, personal, and situational attributions for negative events. Author(s): Kinderman P, Bentall RP. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1997 May; 106(2): 341-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9131855

·

Characterizing paranoia in the DSM-III borderline personality disorder. Author(s): Snyder S, Pitts WM. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1986 May; 73(5): 500-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2875608

·

Cimetidine toxicity manifested as paranoia and hallucinations. Author(s): Adler LE, Sadja L, Wilets G. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1980 September; 137(9): 1112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7425170

18

Paranoia

·

Clinical features of cocaine induced paranoia. Author(s): Satel SL, Southwick SM, Gawin FH. Source: Nida Res Monogr. 1991; 105: 371. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1876044

·

Clinical features of cocaine-induced paranoia. Author(s): Satel SL, Southwick SM, Gawin FH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 April; 148(4): 495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2006696

·

Cocaine-induced paranoia and psychosis proneness. Author(s): Satel SL, Edell WS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 December; 148(12): 1708-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1957934

·

Cognitive therapy for punishment paranoia: a single case experiment. Author(s): Chadwick P, Trower P. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1996 April; 34(4): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8871367

·

Commentary on Harper, 'the professional construction of paranoia and the discursive use of diagnostic criteria'. Author(s): Walkup J. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1994 June; 67 ( Pt 2): 147-50; Discussion 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7918210

·

Confluent paranoia in African American psychiatric patients: an empirical study of Ridley's typology. Author(s): Whaley AL. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2002 November; 111(4): 568-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12428770

·

Confusion and paranoia associated with oral tocainide. Author(s): Clarke CW, el-Mahdi EO. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1985 January; 61(711): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3921948

Studies

19

·

Construction of 'paranoia': does Harper enable voices other than his own to be heard? Author(s): Garety PA. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1994 June; 67 ( Pt 2): 145-6; Discussion 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7918209

·

Conversion, paranoia and brain dysfunction. Author(s): Miller L. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1986 April; 148: 481. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3730721

·

Cross-cultural perspective on paranoia: a focus on the black American experience. Author(s): Whaley AL. Source: The Psychiatric Quarterly. 1998 Winter; 69(4): 325-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9793110

·

Defining delusion and the serving of professional interests: the case of 'paranoia'. Author(s): Harper DJ. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1992 December; 65 ( Pt 4): 357-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1486057

·

Delusional diagnosis? The history of paranoia as a disease concept in the modern era. Author(s): Dowbiggin I. Source: History of Psychiatry. 2000; 11(41 Pt 1): 37-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11624609

·

Delusional disorder (paranoia). Author(s): Winokur G. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1977 November-December; 18(6): 511-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=923223

·

Delusional disorder: the recognition and management of paranoia. Author(s): Manschreck TC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996; 57 Suppl 3: 32-8; Discussion 49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8626368

·

Depression & paranoia: Is your patient at risk? Author(s): Mizsur GL. Source: Nursing. 1995 February; 25(2): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7885640

20

Paranoia

·

Depression vs. paranoia: why are there sex differences in mental illness? Author(s): Lewis HB. Source: Journal of Personality. 1985 June; 53(2): 150-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4045677

·

Differentiating paranoia and legitimate fears. Author(s): Menuck MN. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 January; 149(1): 140-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1728169

·

DSM-III: problems in diagnosis of paranoia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Ross CA, Siddiqui AR, Matas M. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1987 March; 32(2): 146-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3567822

·

Ethnic differences in subclinical paranoia: an expansion of norms of the paranoia scale. Author(s): Combs DR, Penn DL, Fenigstein A. Source: Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2002 August; 8(3): 248-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12143102

·

Ethnicity/race, paranoia, and hospitalization for mental health problems among men. Author(s): Whaley AL. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2004 January; 94(1): 78-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14713702

·

Evolving concepts in the treatment of heart failure: should new inotropic agents carry promise or paranoia? Author(s): Young JB. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1996 March-April; 16(2 Pt 2): 78S-84S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8668609

·

Examining the relationship between Machiavellianism and paranoia. Author(s): Christoffersen D, Stamp C. Source: Psychological Reports. 1995 February; 76(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7770595

Studies

21

·

Faith, paranoia, and trust in the psychoanalytic relationship. Author(s): Levin R. Source: The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 1998 Winter; 26(4): 553-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10096054

·

Family therapy in paranoia. Author(s): Anderson CN, Janosko RE. Source: Curr Psychiatr Ther. 1978; 18: 107-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=753578

·

Fears that a rise in genetic testing will rule out insurance are “paranoia”. Author(s): Watts G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 July 31; 319(7205): 273. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10426721

·

First person account: the onset of paranoia. Author(s): Bowden WD. Source: Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1993; 19(1): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8451610

·

Genesis of paranoia. Author(s): Smith CH. Source: Ala Med. 1987 August; 57(2): 18-21, 36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3661359

·

Genetic association between dopamine transporter protein alleles and cocaineinduced paranoia. Author(s): Gelernter J, Kranzler HR, Satel SL, Rao PA. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1994 November; 11(3): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7865100

·

Geriatric paranoia: case report illustrating behavioral management. Author(s): Brink TL. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1980 November; 28(11): 519-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7430526

·

Hedlund paranoia. Author(s): George JC. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1985 March; 41(2): 291-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3980755

22

Paranoia

·

Humane resources. In defense of hugs in an age of paranoia. Author(s): Saimons TL. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2001 June; 101(6): 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11441753

·

Hutterite belief in evil eye: beyond paranoia and towards a general theory of invidia. Author(s): Stephenson PH. Source: Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 1979 September; 3(3): 247-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=520019

·

Hypertension and paranoia. Author(s): VanValkenburg C, Winokur G. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 August; 141(8): 999-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6465380

·

Hypochondriasis and paranoia: similar delusional systems in an institutionalized geriatric population. Author(s): Brink TL, Capri D, DeNeeve V, Janakes C, Oliveira C. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1979 April; 167(4): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=438793

·

Induced hearing deficit generates experimental paranoia. Author(s): Zimbardo PG, Andersen SM, Kabat LG. Source: Science. 1981 June 26; 212(4502): 1529-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7233242

·

Institutional paranoia. Author(s): Kulenovic M. Source: Acta Med Croatica. 1995; 49(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7633175

·

Kraepelin and the diagnostic concept of paranoia. Author(s): Kendler KS. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1988 January-February; 29(1): 4-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3277769

·

Late-onset schizophrenia versus paranoid psychoses: a valid diagnostic distinction? Author(s): Riecher-Rossler A, Hafner H, Hafner-Ranabauer W, Loffler W, Reinhard I. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2003 November-December; 11(6): 595-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609799

Studies

23

·

Letter: Asthma and paranoia. Author(s): Kern S. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1974 May; 131(5): 607-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4819061

·

Letter: Deafness and paranoia. Author(s): Todd JM. Source: Lancet. 1974 November 9; 2(7889): 1150. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4139456

·

Malpractice lawsuits and paranoia. Author(s): DeWitt DE. Source: American Family Physician. 1992 July; 46(1): 45, 48, 54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1303625

·

Marijuana (cannabis) use is anecdotally said to precipitate anxiety symptoms in patients with panic disorder. Is there any research evidence to support this? Also, can marijuana use precipitate or expose paranoia in patients with an underlying bipolar disorder? Author(s): Seibyl JP, Krystal JH, Charney DS. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1990 February; 10(1): 78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2307743

·

Murder-suicide of the jealous paranoia type: a multicenter statistical pilot study. Author(s): Palermo GB, Smith MB, Jenzten JM, Henry TE, Konicek PJ, Peterson GF, Singh RP, Witeck MJ. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1997 December; 18(4): 374-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9430291

·

Neuroleptic reduction of cocaine-induced paranoia but not euphoria? Author(s): Gawin FH. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1986; 90(1): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2876452

·

On control, certitude, and the “paranoia” of surgeons. Author(s): Cassell J. Source: Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 1987 June; 11(2): 229-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3595171

24

Paranoia

·

Orwellian paranoia in the neonatal ICU. Author(s): Stewart TJ. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 April 16; 166(8): 1011-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12002971

·

Panic and paranoia. Author(s): Bermanzohn PC, Arlow PB, Pitch RJ, Siris SG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 July; 58(7): 325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9269257

·

Pap smears and paranoia. Author(s): Fisher E. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1988 April; 17(4): 231-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3365150

·

Paranoia about paranoid personality research. Author(s): Thompson-Pope SK, Turkat ID. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1989 August; 50(8): 310. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2760008

·

Paranoia and agitation associated with olanzapine treatment. Author(s): al Jeshi A. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1998 March; 43(2): 195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9533976

·

Paranoia and Armageddon. Author(s): Wortis J. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1986 September; 21(11): 987-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3741932

·

Paranoia and beating fantasy: an inquiry into the psychoanalytic theory of paranoia. Author(s): Blum HP. Source: J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1980; 28(2): 331-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7381170

·

Paranoia and dysmorphophobia. Author(s): Hay GG. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1983 March; 142: 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6860885

Studies

25

·

Paranoia and dysphoria: historical developments, current concepts. Author(s): Schanda H. Source: Psychopathology. 2000 July-August; 33(4): 204-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10867578

·

Paranoia and immigrants. Author(s): Eke N. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 January 17; 282(6259): 226. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6779965

·

Paranoia and narcissism in psychoanalytic theory. Contributions of self psychology to the theory and therapy of the paranoid disorders. Author(s): Aronson TA. Source: Psychoanalytic Review. 1989 Fall; 76(3): 329-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2508142

·

Paranoia and omnipotent symbiosis in borderline adolescents. Author(s): McCarthy JB. Source: The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 1996 Spring; 24(1): 4559. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8906712

·

Paranoia and platelet MAO in normals and nonschizophrenic psychiatric groups. Author(s): Haier RJ, Murphy DL, Buchsbaum MS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1979 March; 136(3): 308-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=420328

·

Paranoia and progress notes: a guide to forensically informed psychiatric recordkeeping. Author(s): Gutheil TG. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1980 July; 31(7): 479-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7380415

·

Paranoia and self-consciousness. Author(s): Fenigstein A, Vanable PA. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1992 January; 62(1): 129-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1538311

26

Paranoia

·

Paranoia and social reasoning: an attribution theory analysis. Author(s): Bentall RP, Kaney S, Dewey ME. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1991 February; 30 ( Pt 1): 13-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2021784

·

Paranoia and the accidental. Author(s): Goldwert M. Source: Psychological Reports. 1993 June; 72(3 Pt 1): 778. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8332681

·

Paranoia and the defensive attributional style: deluded and depressed patients' attributions about their own attributions. Author(s): Kinderman P, Kaney S, Morley S, Bentall RP. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1992 December; 65 ( Pt 4): 371-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1486058

·

Paranoia and the ego-ideal: death of a salesman's son. Author(s): Garfield DA. Source: The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 1988 January; 16(1): 29-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3338965

·

Paranoia and the structure of powerlessness. Author(s): Mirowsky J, Ross CE. Source: Am Sociol Rev. 1983 April; 48(2): 228-39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6859680

·

Paranoia as a behavior of alienation. Author(s): Aaronson LS. Source: Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 1977 January-March; 15(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=586555

·

Paranoia as a cultural phenomenon: treatment of an Indian physician. Author(s): Waynik M. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1985 October; 39(4): 587-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4083376

Studies

27

·

Paranoia erotica (Clerambault syndrome) successfully treated with risperidone. Author(s): Garcia-Fernandez L, Alcantara Lapaz AG, Martinez Herrera MJ. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 December; 36(12): 1972-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12452765

·

Paranoia in a nonclinical population of college students. Author(s): Ellett L, Lopes B, Chadwick P. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2003 July; 191(7): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12891088

·

Paranoia in a polypharmacy setting. Author(s): Cobbs LW. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1992 August 15; 27(8): 165-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1644871

·

Paranoia in plants. Author(s): Nasir J. Source: Clinical Genetics. 2001 May; 59(5): 302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11359458

·

Paranoia or reality? Author(s): Kaiser GC. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1998 May; 65(5): 1201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9594838

·

Paranoia revisited. Author(s): Munro A. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1982 October; 141: 344-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7171909

·

Paranoia, homicidal behavior, and seizures associated with phenylpropanolamine. Author(s): Cornelius JR, Soloff PH, Reynolds CF 3rd. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 January; 141(1): 120-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6691429

·

Paranoia. Author(s): Grimaldi D, Cousins A. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1985 July-August; 11(4): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3894744

28

Paranoia

·

Paranoia: a part of most analyses. Author(s): Cooper AM. Source: J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1993; 41(2): 423-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8478516

·

Paranoia--an unusual presentation of hydrocephalus. Author(s): Bloom KK, Kraft WA. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 1998 March-April; 77(2): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9558018

·

Paranoiac psychoses: a follow-up. Author(s): Refsum HE, Zivanovic S, Astrup C. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1983; 10(2-3): 75-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6674829

·

Paranoia--prognosis and treatment: a review. Author(s): Ritzler BA. Source: Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1981; 7(4): 710-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7034193

·

Pavlov's conceptualization of paranoia within the theory of higher nervous activity. Author(s): Windholz G. Source: History of Psychiatry. 1996 March; 7(25): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11609211

·

Peanuts or paranoia? Author(s): Dzendrowskyj P, Ward S. Source: Anaesthesia. 2000 January; 55(1): 102-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10594463

·

Pedigrees, propaganda, and paranoia: family studies in a historical context. Author(s): Lombardo PA. Source: The Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions. 2001 Fall; 21(4): 247-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11803769

·

Polyurethane paranoia flexible friend or deadly foe? Author(s): Williams D. Source: Medical Device Technology. 1995 April; 6(3): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10155381

Studies

29

·

Possible associations among plasma prolactin levels, tardive dyskinesia, and paranoia in treated male schizophrenics. Author(s): Csernansky JG, Prosser E, Kaplan J, Mahler E, Berger PA, Hollister LE. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1986 June; 21(7): 632-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2871874

·

Prejudice and paranoia. Author(s): Pagett N. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1997 November 12-18; 12(8): 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9418458

·

Prolapse paranoia. Author(s): Kessler KM. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1988 January; 11(1): 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3335705

·

Psychiatric disorders among nursing home residents. Depression, anxiety, and paranoia. Author(s): Phan TT, Reifler BV. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 1988 August; 4(3): 601-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3044560

·

Querulent paranoia and the vexatious complainant. Author(s): Freckelton I. Source: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 1988; 11(2): 127-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3403114

·

Querulent paranoia: a follow-up. Author(s): Astrup C. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1984; 11(3): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6472601

·

Querulous paranoia in Chinese patients: a cultural paradox. Author(s): Pang AH, Ungvari GS, Lum F, Lai K, Leung CM. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 August; 30(4): 4636. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8887695

30

Paranoia

·

Querulous paranoia: diagnosis and dissent. Author(s): Stalstrom OW. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1980 June; 14(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6932870

·

Real-life basis for a patient's paranoia. Author(s): Mayerhoff D, Pelta E, Valentino C, Chakos M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 May; 148(5): 682-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2018174

·

Relationship of auditory hallucinations and paranoia to platelet MAO activity in schizophrenics: sex and race interactions. Author(s): Meltzer HY, Zureick JL. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1987 October; 22(2): 99-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3685225

·

Relationship of panic attacks to paranoia. Author(s): Bermanzohn PC, Arlow PB, Albert C, Siris SG. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 September; 156(9): 1469. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10484965

·

Roald Amundsen: a study in rivalry, masochism and paranoia. Author(s): Anthi PR. Source: The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 1999 October; 80 ( Pt 5): 995-1010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10643576

·

Sadism and paranoia. Cruelty as collective and individual response. Author(s): Storr A. Source: Book Suppl J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 1978; (1): 1-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=670340

·

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, paranoia, and the ventral basal ganglia. Author(s): Lauterbach EC. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1991 December; 14(6): 547-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1837756

·

Severe paranoia with concomitant tocainide and propranolol therapy. Author(s): Rubino M, Jackson E. Source: Clin Pharm. 1982 March-April; 1(2): 177-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6821034

Studies

31

·

Somatization, paranoia, and language. Author(s): Oxman TE, Rosenberg SD, Schnurr PP, Tucker GJ. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 1988 February; 21(1): 33-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3343385

·

Somatopsychic aspects of paranoia. Author(s): Tolle R. Source: Psychopathology. 1993; 26(3-4): 127-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8234625

·

Stark realities: coping with federal and state self-referral paranoia. Author(s): Katayama AC, Lyons LA. Source: Wis Med J. 1994 December; 93(12): 631-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7863679

·

Stoicism and paranoia. Author(s): Malkin EE. Source: Psychiatry. 1975 May; 38(2): 186-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1096201

·

Successful treatment of litigious paranoia with pimozide. Author(s): Ungvari GS, Hollokoi RI. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1993 February; 38(1): 4-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8448720

·

Successful treatment of paranoia with trazodone. Author(s): Sheehy M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 July; 140(7): 945. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6859323

·

Tension headaches: relation between MMPI paranoia score and pain and between MMPI hypochondriasis score and frontalis EMG. Author(s): Collet L, Cottraux J, Juenet C. Source: Headache. 1986 July; 26(7): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3744813

·

The demonstration of a behavioral intervention for late life paranoia. Author(s): Carstensen LL, Fremouw WJ. Source: The Gerontologist. 1981 June; 21(3): 329-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7239262

32

Paranoia

·

The development of the influencing apparatus. A study of Freud's article “A Case of Paranoia Running Counter to the Psycho-Analytic Theory of the Disease”. Author(s): Katan M. Source: Psychoanal Study Child. 1974; 29: 473-510. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4614303

·

The dexamethasone suppression test as a diagnostic aid in late onset paranoia. Author(s): Ward NG, Strauss MM, Ries R. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1982 April; 170(4): 248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7062013

·

The effect of malpractice paranoia on medical practice. Author(s): Stern RC. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 September; 136(3): 789. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3631750

·

The fear of healthy eating: understanding the paranoia. Author(s): Bidlack WR, Taylor S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1992 November-December; 6(6): 355-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1491319

·

The language of paranoia. Author(s): Oxman TE, Rosenberg SD, Tucker GJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 March; 139(3): 275-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7058939

·

The language of paranoia--meeting place of mental events and verbal constructs. Author(s): Lorenz M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 March; 139(3): 319-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7058945

·

The nosologic validity of paranoia (simple delusional disorder). A review. Author(s): Kendler KS. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1980 June; 37(6): 699-706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7387341

·

The origin of the concept of paranoia. Author(s): Schifferdecker M, Peters UH. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1995 June; 18(2): 231-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7659596

Studies

33

·

The prediction of paranoid behavior: comparative validities of obvious vs. subtle MMPI Paranoia (Pa) items. Author(s): Hovanitz CA, Gynther MD, Marks PA. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1983 May; 39(3): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6874974

·

The pre-psychotic phase and its reconstruction in schizophrenic and paranoiac psychoses. Author(s): Freeman T. Source: The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 1981; 62(Pt 4): 447-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7319694

·

The professional construction of 'paranoia' and the discursive use of diagnostic criteria. Author(s): Harper DJ. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1994 June; 67 ( Pt 2): 131-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7918208

·

The relationship between cocaine-induced paranoia and compulsive foraging: a preliminary report. Author(s): Rosse RB, Fay-McCarthy M, Collins JP Jr, Alim TN, Deutsch SI. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 1994 September; 89(9): 1097-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7987186

·

The return of the projected: some thoughts on paranoia and a recent trend in horror films. Author(s): Benton RJ. Source: Psychoanalytic Review. 1995 December; 82(6): 903-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8657824

·

The study of paranoia and suspiciousness. Author(s): Kirkpatrick B, Amador XF. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1995 October 15; 38(8): 496-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8562660

·

Theology and paranoia: the search for meaning. Author(s): Goldwert M. Source: Psychological Reports. 1993 February; 72(1): 326. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8451368

34

Paranoia

·

Theory of mind, causal attribution and paranoia in Asperger syndrome. Author(s): Blackshaw AJ, Kinderman P, Hare DJ, Hatton C. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2001 June; 5(2): 14763. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11706863

·

Thinking in paranoia: a comparative study of conceptual models. Author(s): Fried Y. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1973 December; 46(4): 347-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4764281

·

Transient paranoia and the 'gift' in terminal illness. Author(s): Moss D. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1980 June; 53(2): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7387911

·

Urinary phenylethylamine correlates positively with hypomania, and negatively with depression, paranoia, and social introversion on the MMPI. Author(s): Moises HW, Waldmeier P, Beckmann H. Source: Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 1986; 236(2): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3792411

·

Views on paranoia. Author(s): Smith CH. Source: Ala Med. 1986 May; 55(11): 44-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3716953

·

When paranoia makes sense. Author(s): Kramer RM. Source: Harvard Business Review. 2002 July; 80(7): 62-9, 124. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12140855

35

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PARANOIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and paranoia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Paranoia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “paranoia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

36

Paranoia

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “paranoia” (or a synonym): ·

Animal production and food: problems and paranoia. Source: Blaxter, K.L. Anim-Prod. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant. December 1991. volume 53 (pt.3) page 261-269. 0003-3561

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

·

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

·

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

·

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

·

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

·

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

·

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

·

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

·

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

·

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

·

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

·

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

·

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

·

WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

Nutrition

·

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

37

39

CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON PARANOIA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to paranoia. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “paranoia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on paranoia, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Paranoia ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to paranoia. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: ·

Madness, Masculinity and the Modern Individual: Paranoia and Gender in MidTwentieth-Century Narrative (Raymond Chandler, Sigmund Freud) by Paradis, Kenneth Gordon; PhD from McMaster University (Canada), 2000, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ72354

·

Paranoia and Spanish American Narrative: After the Besieged Self by Guevara-Geer, Geoffrey W.; PhD from The Pennsylvania State University, 1999, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9960590

·

Paranoia in the Modern American Film. by Krikes, Peter Arthur, PhD from University of Southern California, 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1518694

·

Paranoia, Politics, and the Popular Imagination: Conspiracy in Contemporary American Literature by Walker Fields, Ingrid, PhD from University of California, Santa Cruz, 1992, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9312428

40

Paranoia

·

Paranoid Nation: Paranoia and Narrative in American Literature (Don Delillo, Thomas Dixon, Jr., Sutton Griggs, Thomas Pynchon) by Ruiz-Velasco, Christopher Lorenz; PhD from University of California, Riverside, 2001, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3021401

·

Paranoid Poetics: Paranoia and the Dystopian Literary Imagination (George Orwell, William Morris, H. G. Wells, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Russia) by Rosenfeld, Aaron S.; PhD from New York University, 2000, 260 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9970930

·

Reading the Text That Isn't There: Paranoia in the Nineteenth-Century American Novel (Charles Brockden Brown, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Mark Twain) by Davis, Mike Lee; PhD from Princeton University, 2002, 223 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3033011

·

Regarding Strategies: Salvador Dali, Modernism and Paranoid Vision (Spain) by Glass, Angela G.; PhD from City University of New York, 2001, 309 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3024790

·

Religious Fundamentalism, Paranoia and Homicide: A Further Exploration of the Gastil-Hackney Southern Subculture of Violence Thesis by Tekippe, Charles John, PhD from The University of Texas at Austin, 1984, 264 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8513309

·

The Paranoid Text: Thought, Narration, and Technologies of Communication by Crane, David Wade, PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 1999, 368 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9926935

·

The Politics of Exclusion and Paranoia: the Know Nothing Party As a Case Study in Frustration-Aggression Analysis by Weintz, Elton W.; MA from Western Michigan University, 2003, 75 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1414494

·

Towards Conspiracy Theory: Revolution, Terrorism and Paranoia from Victorian Fiction to the Modern Novel by Wisnicki, Adrian Stanislaw Feliks; PhD from City University of New York, 2003, 435 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083720

·

Wired: Power, Paranoia and Representation in the Novels of Don Delillo (Post Modernism) by Mullen, Bill V., PhD from City University of New York, 1990, 309 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9108153

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

41

CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND PARANOIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning paranoia.

Recent Trials on Paranoia The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to paranoia.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. ·

Inpatient Evaluation of Adults with Schizophrenia Condition(s): Psychotic Disorder; Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective; Paranoia; Psychosis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to understand the biologic basis of schizophrenia and to determine which symptoms are related to the illness itself and which are related to medications used to treat the illness. Schizophrenia and related psychoses are chronic brain disorders whose prognosis is often poor and whose pathophysiology remains obscure. Brain imaging technologies such s positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer opportunities to study the pathophsyiology of psychotic disorders by evaluating brain function. However, the use of anti-psychotic drugs may interfere with the results of such studies. In this study, psychotropic medication will be discontinued in patients for a short period of time to distinguish the effects of the illness on the brain without the interference of the medication's effects on the brain. Given that there is a risk that the patient's symptoms will increase, they are asked to stay on an inpatient unit where the NIMH clinical staff is available to help them 24 hours a day. This study will be conducted in three phases. In Phase 1, participants will be admitted to the Clinical Center while continuing to take their medication and will undergo diagnostic interviews, physical and laboratory assessments, physiological monitoring, and neuropsychological testing. Behavioral ratings will also be performed and blood

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

42

Paranoia

and urine samples will be collected. During Phase 2, participants will continue taking medications in a blinded fashion for 8 to 12 weeks. The active medications will be replaced with a placebo (an inactive pill) part of that time. PET, fMRI, and MRI scans will be used to monitor how the continuation or lack of medication affects the brain. Psychological tests will also be given to measure changes in cognition. In Phase 3, participants will have the opportunity for clinical stabilization. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001247

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “paranoia” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: ·

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

·

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

·

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

·

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

·

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

·

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

·

For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

·

For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

·

For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

Clinical Trials 43

·

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

·

For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

·

For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

·

For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

·

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

·

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

45

CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON PARANOIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “paranoia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on paranoia, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Paranoia By performing a patent search focusing on paranoia, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

46

Paranoia

will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on paranoia: ·

2-(substituted piperazinylalkyl).beta.-carbolines useful in treatment of psychological disorders Inventor(s): Abou-Gharbia; Magid A. (Wilmington, DE) Assignee(s): American Home Products Corporation (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 4,663,456 Date filed: September 16, 1985 Abstract: The.beta.-carbolines N-substituted in 2-position with a piperidinyl alkyl group are antipsychotic agents and anxiolytic agents with minimal extrapyramidal side effects, useful in the treatment of psychological disorders such as paranoia and schizophrania as well as general states of anxiety. Excerpt(s): Beta-carbolines possessing central nervous system activity are known. Japanese Patent No. 22,853 discloses such compounds as sedatives and as possessing antihypertensive activity. Derwent 20,387 abstracts Japanese Pat. No. 2,713, which indicates that beta-carbolin-1-one derivatives act as central nervous system depressants as well as possessing antihistaminic activity. In accordance with this invention there is provided a group of beta-carboline derivatives characterized by 2-piperazinyl-alkyl substitution of the beta-carboline nucleus. These compounds are antipsychotic agents and anxiolytic agents with minimal extrapyramidal side effects, useful in the treatment of psychological disorders such as paranoia and schizophrenia as well as general states of anxiety. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04663456__

Patent Applications on Paranoia As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to paranoia: ·

Serotonergic agents with long-acting in vivo effects Inventor(s): Childers, Wayne E.; (New Hope, PA), Kelly, Michael G.; (Thousand Oaks, CA), Rosenzweig-Lipson, Sharon J.; (E. Brunswick, NJ), Schechter, Lee E.; (Toms River, NJ) Correspondence: Wyeth; Patent Law Group; Five Giralda Farms; Madison; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20030191135 Date filed: April 2, 2002 Abstract: Compounds of the formula 1have a long duration of action and are useful for the treatment of chronic diseases resulting from the dysfunction of the serotonergic 5-

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 47

HT.sub.1A system, such as schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders such as paranoia and mano-depressive illness. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from co-pending provisional application serial No. 60/281,542, filed on Apr. 4, 2001, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates to serotonergic agents with long-acting in vivo effects, to processes for preparing them, methods of treatment using them and pharmaceutical compositions containing them. Treatment of disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease and other chronic CNS conditions are problematic in that strict compliance is important and often requires the aid of a caretaker. Ways of increasing compliance which would aid the patient and caretakers and are greatly desirable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with paranoia, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “paranoia” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on paranoia. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning paranoia. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

49

CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON PARANOIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to paranoia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on paranoia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “paranoia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on paranoia: ·

What's Wrong With Grandma? A Family Experience With Alzheimer's Source: Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. 1996. 62 p. Contact: Available from Prometheus Books. 59 John Glenn Drive, Amherst, NY 142282197. (800) 421-0351; (716) 691-0133. PRICE: $14.95. ISBN: 1573921076. Summary: This book for young children tells the story of a family's struggle with Alzheimer's disease; and it is told by the family's youngest child, Ellen. Along with the rest of her family, Ellen tries to figure out what is happening to her beloved and once independent grandmother. Ellen chronicles her Grandmother's episodes of wandering, memory loss, and paranoia; and her inability to complete her functions of daily life. The book describes the physical, mental, and emotional consequences these changes have on the family. After hearing the formal diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, Ellen and the rest of the family are better able to cope with the grandmother's behavior as well as their own feelings of sadness, frustration, and grief.

50

·

Paranoia

Geropsychiatric Nursing. Second Edition Source: St. Louis, MO: Mosby. 1995. 420 p. Contact: Available from Mosby. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 426-4545; FAX: (800) 535-9935. Internet: http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $37.95. ISBN: 0801678110. Summary: This book is designed to teach nurses about the care of older people with mental health and emotional problems. Chapters address the following topics: overview of mental health and older adults; promotion of mental health in older adults; government, financial, and human resources; assessment; psychotropic drugs; depression, suicide, and bereavement; delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders; schizophrenia, paranoia, anxiety, and somatoform disorders; substancerelated disorders; inpatient geropsychiatric nursing in a general hospital; mental and behavioral problems in the nursing home; care of the mentally ill older person in the home; and community programs. Chapter seven includes information on the diagnosis of dementia, potentially reversible causes of dementia, Alzheimer's disease and other irreversible dementias, and vascular dementia. The book has a bibliography and eight appendices.

·

Alzheimer's Disease: A Guide to Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management Source: Westport CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1995. 195 p. Contact: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 88 Post Road West, PO Box 5007, Westport, CT 06881-15007. (800) 225-5800; (203) 226-3571; FAX (203) 222-1502. PRICE: $55.00. ISBN: 0275954609. Summary: This book is intended to help diagnosticians, clinicians, graduate students, health care professionals, and family members understand the diagnosis, treatment, and management of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It describes the epidemiology of AD, other types of dementia affecting older adults, the normal aging process, and the biological basis of dementia. It reviews special considerations in the diagnosis of AD; and discusses the role of the mental status examination, the clinical interview, the family interview, psychological assessment, neuropsychological testing, and functional evaluation. This book also discusses various aspects of the treatment and management of people with AD, including the use of psychotropic drugs, psychological treatment, communication, general principles of care, specific management problems and solutions, the effect of AD on the family, coping strategies for the family, use of community resources, selection of a long-term care facility, and ethical and legal issues. It also discusses paranoia, anxiety, depression, and personality disorders that may occur concurrently in older people with dementia and complicate their diagnosis and management.

·

Diminished Mind: One Family's Extraordinary Battle With Alzheimer's Source: Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TAB Books, Inc. 1991. 253 p. Contact: Available from Reader Inquiry Branch. TAB Books. 113311 Monterey Avenue, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17294. (800) 233-1128 or (717) 794-2191. PRICE: $16.95. ISBN: 0830634657. Summary: This book tells the story of the Tyler family's struggle to stay together in the face of overwhelming odds. Manley Tyler, a school principal, was only 42 years old when he first showed symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Jean Tyler relates the anguish

Books

51

of her husband's steady decline, describing the progressive disintegration of memory and judgment that made it impossible for him to perform even the simplest tasks and made him increasingly prone to hostile behavior and paranoia. Manley's story is special because of his age and his ability to fight the disease for 15 years, but the experiences of his wife and children are relevant to anyone who must learn to cope with a loved one who has Alzheimer's disease. ·

He's Doing This to Spite Me: Emotional Conflicts in Dementia Care Source: Chicago, IL: Terra Nova Films. 2000. Contact: Available from Terra Nova Films. 9848 South Winchester Avenue, Chicago, IL 60643. (800) 779-8491, (773) 881-8491; FAX: (773) 881- 3368. Internet: http://www.terranova.org. PRICE: $179.00 plus $9.00 shipping. Summary: This video and accompanying workbook discuss how to cope when the caregiver is upset with the behavior of a family member with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The video features interviews with primary caregivers discussing their experiences. Scenes include caregivers arguing or trying to reason with their family member. The caregivers discuss their feelings of anger, sadness, guilt, frustration, and resentment. Daniel Kuhn, educational director at the Maher Institute on Aging, is also interviewed. He explains that patients are not responsible for the disease, or resulting behaviors. He recommends that caregivers identify their feelings, talk with others about those feelings, accept the disease and the patient's disabilities, and encourage the patient to use remaining abilities. The workbook defines dementia, its stages, and warning signs. It offers practical suggestions for coping with agitation, paranoia, repetitive behaviors, hygiene, wandering, depression, and incontinence. The workbook concludes with a list of resources.

·

Facts About Alzheimer's Disease Source: New York, NY: Crestwood House. 1990. 48 p. Contact: This publication may be available from your local medical library. Call for information. ISBN: 0896864898. Summary: Written in direct, clear language and presented in large print, this book describes the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, explains who is at risk, and dispels common myths. The material in the book is largely based on the author's experience with her grandmother. The book begins by describing Dr. Alois Alzheimer's discovery of the disease in 1906. Symptoms of the disease such as forgetting, confusion, paranoia, and depression are then explained within the context of the author's experience. Attention is also given to the impacts on family members, to behavioral management and care options, and to Alzheimer's disease research. Includes color photographs, a glossary, and an index.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in PrintÒ). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical

52

Paranoia

books. When searching for “paranoia” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “paranoia” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “paranoia” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): ·

"Paranoia" Sourcebook; ISBN: 0874311632; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874311632/icongroupinterna

·

Architects of Fear: Conspiracy Theories and Paranoia in American Politics by George Johnson; ISBN: 0874772753; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874772753/icongroupinterna

·

Are We Scaring Ourselves to Death? : How Pessismism, Paranoia, and a Misguided Media are Leading Us Toward Disaster by H. Aaron Cohl (Author); ISBN: 0312150563; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312150563/icongroupinterna

·

Artificial paranoia; a computer simulation of paranoid processes by Kenneth Mark Colby; ISBN: 0080181627; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080181627/icongroupinterna

·

Borderline: A Psychological Study of Paranoia and Delusional Thinking by Peter K. Chadwick; ISBN: 0415071518; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415071518/icongroupinterna

·

Building Paranoia: The Proliferation of Interdictory Space and the Erosion of Spatial Justice (Forum Publication, No. 11) by Steven Flusty; ISBN: 9994990756; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9994990756/icongroupinterna

·

Celtic's Paranoia - All in the Mind? by Tom Campbell; ISBN: 0953657639; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0953657639/icongroupinterna

·

Clyde Hopkins: Vodka & Stiff Breeze and Paranoia by Sacha Craddock; ISBN: 1870540514; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1870540514/icongroupinterna

·

Cognition in Schizophrenia and Paranoia: The Integration of Cognitive Processes by Peter A. Magaro; ISBN: 0898590280; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898590280/icongroupinterna

·

Conspiracy and Paranoia in Contemporary American Fiction: The Works of Don Delillo and Joseph McElroy (European University Studies:Anglo-Saxon Language and Literature) by Steffen Hantke; ISBN: 3631476418; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3631476418/icongroupinterna

·

Conspiracy Files : Real-life Stories of Paranoia, Secrecy, and Intrigue by DAVID SOUTHWELL (Author), SEAN TWIST (Author); ISBN: 0517224461; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517224461/icongroupinterna

·

Don't Take Your Laser To Town (Paranoia RPG) by Malcolm Mouvis (Author), Vern G. Hargett (Author); ISBN: 0874311047; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874311047/icongroupinterna

·

Double Paranoia (Paranoia - the Roleplaying Game) by John M. Ford, et al; ISBN: 1869893034; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1869893034/icongroupinterna

·

Freud's Paranoid Quest: Psychoanalysis and Modern Suspicion by John Farrell; ISBN: 081472650X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081472650X/icongroupinterna

Books

53

·

Grand Street 60: Paranoia (Spring 1997) by Jean Stein (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1885490119; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885490119/icongroupinterna

·

Illuminoids: Secret Societies and Political Paranoia by Neal Wilgus, Robert Anton Wilson (Designer); ISBN: 0895400456; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895400456/icongroupinterna

·

Latent Destinies: Cultural Paranoia and Contemporary U.S. Narrative (New Americanists) by Patrick O'Donnell; ISBN: 082232587X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082232587X/icongroupinterna

·

Love in an Age of Paranoia by Paul R. Neureiter; ISBN: 1560021926; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560021926/icongroupinterna

·

Lustige Paranoia by Liesl Ujvary; ISBN: 3854151497; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3854151497/icongroupinterna

·

Motivation and intentionality in a computer simulation model of paranoia by William S. Faught; ISBN: 3764310340; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3764310340/icongroupinterna

·

Nationalism As Political Paranoia in Burma: An Essay on the Historical Practice of Power (Nias Reports, 11) by Mikael Gravers; ISBN: 0700709819; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0700709819/icongroupinterna

·

Northern Paranoia and Southern Comforts by C.A. De Lomellini; ISBN: 0946980942; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0946980942/icongroupinterna

·

Nuclear Paranoia (Pocket Essentials) by Chas Newkey-Burden; ISBN: 1904048226; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1904048226/icongroupinterna

·

On Paranoia (Eranos Lectures Series, 8) by James Hillman; ISBN: 0882144081; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882144081/icongroupinterna

·

Panorama: 50 Years of Pride & Paranoia by Richard Lindley; ISBN: 1842750461; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842750461/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia by David Bell; ISBN: 1840463775; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840463775/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia by Yehuda Fried; ISBN: 9027707057; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9027707057/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia; ISBN: 0874310636; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874310636/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia (Paranoia - the RPG) by D. Gelber; ISBN: 1869893018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1869893018/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia : A Guide for the Caretaker, the Paranoiac and the Victim by Martin Kantor (Author); ISBN: 0275981525; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275981525/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia : Roman by John Ege; ISBN: 8205163782; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8205163782/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia Book; ISBN: 0685553868; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0685553868/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia Excessory Pack; ISBN: 0874310644; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874310644/icongroupinterna

54

Paranoia

·

Paranoia in the Launderette by Bruce Robinson; ISBN: 0747542430; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0747542430/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia Within Reason: A Casebook on Conspiracy As Explanation (Late Editions, Cultural Studies for the End of the Century) by George E. Marcus (Editor); ISBN: 0226504581; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0226504581/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia, hostility, and defiance : General Sani Abacha and the "new" Nigeria foreign policy by W. Alade Fawole; ISBN: 9781361182; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9781361182/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia, the Bomb, and 1950s Science Fiction Films by Cyndy Hendershot (Editor), Cynthia Hendershot; ISBN: 0879727993; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879727993/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia, the Bomb, and 1950s Science Fiction Films by Cynthia Hendershot; ISBN: 0879728000; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879728000/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia: A Study in Diagnosis (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science) by Yehuda Fried; ISBN: 9027707049; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9027707049/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia: New Psychoanalytic Perspectives by John M. Oldham (Editor), Stanley Bone (Editor); ISBN: 0823639851; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823639851/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoia: The Psychology of Persecutory Delusions (Maudsley Monographs, No. 46) by Daniel Freeman, Philippa A. Garety; ISBN: 184169522X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/184169522X/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoid Process by W. Meissner; ISBN: 0876682123; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876682123/icongroupinterna

·

Paranoid's Guide to Them by Doug Stoyevsky, Jerzy Kolacz; ISBN: 0020406908; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0020406908/icongroupinterna

·

Parathink: The Paranoia of Everyday Life by Steven Starker; ISBN: 088282063X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088282063X/icongroupinterna

·

Plots and Paranoia; ISBN: 0044452586; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0044452586/icongroupinterna

·

Plots and Paranoia: A History of Political Espionage in Britain, 1790-1988 by Bernard Porter; ISBN: 0415079004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415079004/icongroupinterna

·

Popular Paranoia: A Steamshovel Press Anthology by Kenn Thomas (Editor); ISBN: 1931882061; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931882061/icongroupinterna

·

Power and Paranoia; ISBN: 0231062846; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0231062846/icongroupinterna

·

Power and Paranoia: History, Narrative, and the American Cinema, 1940-1950 by Dana B. Polan; ISBN: 0231062850; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0231062850/icongroupinterna

Books

55

·

Producing a National Curriculum: Plans and Paranoia by Colin Marsh; ISBN: 1863737413; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1863737413/icongroupinterna

·

Psychotherapy and the Paranoid Process by W.W Meissner; ISBN: 0876687524; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876687524/icongroupinterna

·

Puritanism, paranoia, and the remissive by John Carroll; ISBN: 0858160498; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0858160498/icongroupinterna

·

Pynchon: Creative Paranoia in "Gravity's Rainbow" by Mark Richard Siegel; ISBN: 0804692130; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0804692130/icongroupinterna

·

Shattered--Married to an Ill Person: How Mental Illness and Paranoia Schizophrenia Ruined my Marriage: A Memoir [DOWNLOAD: MICROSOFT READER] by John Moreland; ISBN: B00006JMCV; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006JMCV/icongroupinterna

·

Steins Paranoia : Roman by Peter Henisch; ISBN: 3701705232; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3701705232/icongroupinterna

·

Suicides in schizophrenia and paranoid psychoses by Matti Virkkunen; ISBN: 8716017579; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8716017579/icongroupinterna

·

Suspicious Minds : The Triumph of Paranoia in Everyday Life by Ian Dowbiggin (Author); ISBN: 1551990350; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1551990350/icongroupinterna

·

Text/Countertext: Postmodern Paranoia in Samuel Beckett, Doris Lessing, and Philip Roth (Studies in Literary Criticism and Theory, Vol. 3) by Marie A. Danziger; ISBN: 082042871X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082042871X/icongroupinterna

·

The Apocryphal Subject: Masochism, Identification, and Paranoia in Salvador Dali's Autobiographical Writings (Catalan Studies: Translations and Criticism, Vol 17) by David Vilaseca; ISBN: 0820425818; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0820425818/icongroupinterna

·

The fall of spydom : memoir of a case of espionage, with reflections and digressions upon catastrophism, pandemic paranoia, computers, war games, mythology, and Swiss savoir-vivre by Alfred De Grazia; ISBN: 0940268264; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0940268264/icongroupinterna

·

The Honey and the Hemlock: Democracy and Paranoia in Ancient Athens and Modern America by Eli Sagan; ISBN: 0465030580; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465030580/icongroupinterna

·

The Paranoid by David W., Swanson; ISBN: 0316824755; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316824755/icongroupinterna

·

The Paranoid: In and Out of Prison (American Series in Behavioral Science and Law, No 1093) by George B. Palermo, Edward M. Scott; ISBN: 0398067279; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398067279/icongroupinterna

·

The Paranoid's Handbook by Christopher Hyde; ISBN: 1550134639; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1550134639/icongroupinterna

56

Paranoia

·

The Schreber Case: Psychoanalytic Profile of a Paranoid Personality by William G. Niederland; ISBN: 088163025X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088163025X/icongroupinterna

·

The Slightly Larger Book of Paranoia by Arnie Claggerhaus; ISBN: 1903247020; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1903247020/icongroupinterna

·

Treason in Tudor England: Politics and Paranoia by Lacey Baldwin Smith; ISBN: 0224028057; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0224028057/icongroupinterna

·

Understanding Paranoia (Thorsons Health Series) by Peter Chadwick; ISBN: 0722530234; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722530234/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “paranoia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 ·

Borderline: a psychological study of paranoia and delusional thinking. Author: Peter K. Chadwick; Year: 1992

·

Paranoia hypochondriaca. Author: Erik Bjerg Hansen; Year: 1976

·

Schizophrenia and aging: schizophrenia, paranoia, and schizophreniform disorders in later life. Author: edited by Nancy E. Miller, Gene D. Cohen; Year: 1987

·

Studies in paranoia. Author: translated and edited by Smith Ely Jelliffe; Year: 1908

Chapters on Paranoia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to paranoia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and paranoia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “paranoia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on paranoia:

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

·

57

Cognitive Perceptual Processes Source: in Eliopoulos, C. Manual of Gerontological Nursing. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 1999. p. 316-361. Contact: Available from Mosby, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 426-4545. Internet: http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $34.95. ISBN: 0323001777. Summary: This book chapter addresses cognitive and perceptual processes, and how aging and disease can cause changes in them. It discusses clinical manifestations, assessment considerations, nursing interventions, and evaluation criteria for dementia, delerium, paranoia, and other cognitive and perceptual disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is identified as the most common form of dementia, and general information is given about AD and other types of dementia. Sidebar topics include Sundowner's syndrome, reality orientation, and antipsychotic drugs. A list of suggested readings concludes the chapter.

·

Alzheimer's Disease and the Family: A Challenge of the New Millennium Source: in Zandi, T.; Ham, R.J., eds. New Directions in Understanding Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. New York, NY: Plenum Press. 1990. p. 3-20. Contact: Available from Plenum Press. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. (800) 221-9369 or (212) 620-8000. PRICE: $59.50. Summary: This chapter examines various aspects of Alzheimer's disease including its diagnosis, symptoms and behaviors, legal and ethical issues, medications, and the importance of caring for the caregiver. The author stresses the importance of early recognition of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in order to provide appropriate treatment. Mental status testing can be helpful as a screening tool for progressive cognitive loss. However, a diagnosis of dementia or Alzheimer's disease must be made carefully and only after progression of symptoms is evidenced to avoid inappropriate diagnosis. Several tables list diagnostic criteria for dementia. Symptoms and behaviors discussed by the author include memory loss, indecisiveness and problems of judgment, disorientation or unadaptability, personality change or disinhibition, lost daily living skills, dysmobility, aggressiveness or catastrophic reaction, insomnia or 'sundowning' (confusion or agitation in the evening), demanding or repetitive behaviors, wandering, and delusions, illusions, hallucinations, or paranoia. A brief section on the importance of legal and ethical issues and anticipatory planning for the patient and family is included. The importance of caring for the caregiver is stressed, with a summary of advice from the author to the caregiver and family. An example of the Mini-Mental State Examination (Folstein, 1975) is provided at the end of the chapter. 21 references.

·

Social and Psychological Effects of Hearing Loss in Adulthood. A Literature Review Source: in Orlans, H., ed. Adjustment to Adult Hearing Loss. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1991. p. 35-57. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1879105470. Summary: This chapter, from a textbook about adjustment to adult hearing loss, presents a literature review on the social and psychological effects of hearing loss in

58

Paranoia

adulthood. The author first reviews the characteristics of adult hearing loss that most affect the individual's responses, including age at onset, severity of loss, rapidity of loss, and residual hearing. Next the psychological consequences of hearing loss are considered, as are the personality traits that affect them. These include paranoia, depression, withdrawal, isolation, irritability, fatigue, and nervousness. Finally, the author discusses some social consequences and social factors, including personal and group identity, work and career, family life, social interaction and stigma. A separate section deals with hearing loss in elderly persons. 72 references. ·

Dementia Source: in Conn, D.K. Practical Psychiatry in the Nursing Home: A Handbook for Staff. Kirkland, WA: Hogrefe and Huber. 1992. p. 43-62. Contact: Available from Hogrefe and Huber Publishers. P.O. Box 2487, Kirkland, Washington 98083. (206) 820-1500. (800) 228-3749. PRICE: $34.50 plus $3.50 shipping and handling. ISBN: 0880370427. Summary: Written to help nursing home staff in caring for residents with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, this book chapter presents overview information followed by specific management suggestions. Initial sections discuss: diagnostic criteria for dementia; Alzheimer's disease; other dementias; and behavioral disturbances in dementia, including mood disturbances, psychomotor disturbances, agitation, psychosis, and sexual disturbances. Case studies are used to show the importance of communication, consistency, structure, and maximization of residents' functional capacities. Cases are also presented demonstrating the management of specific behavioral problems, including agitation, aggression, wandering, shouting, sundowning, depression, and paranoia. 4 references.

59

CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON PARANOIA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on paranoia. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on paranoia is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “paranoia” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “paranoia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on paranoia: ·

Paranoia, Suspiciousness, and Accusations Source: Baltimore, MD: University of Maryland Video Press. 1993. Contact: Availabile from the University of Maryland Video Press. 100 North Greene Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 328-7450 or (410) 706-5497 or FAX (410) 7065497. PRICE: $150.00. Also available as part of AZAV07855, a 7-video set (price for set: $950.00). Summary: This videotape, narrated by Dr. Peter Rabins, coauthor of the '36-Hour Day,' is intended to educate nursing home staff about causes, effects, and management strategies for behaviors such as paranoia, suspiciousness, and accusations. These behaviors are common in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hallucinations and delusions may lead to paranoid, suspicious, or accusatory behavior, which is upsetting to both residents and staff. Dr. Rabins explains how to recognize patients suffering from these symptoms, and offers strategies for intervention. Medication should only be used when other intervention strategies have proved ineffective.

61

CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PARANOIA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover paranoia.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on paranoia is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.

PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “paranoia” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.

Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to paranoia. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “paranoia” (or synonyms).

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date

62

Paranoia

at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “paranoia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “paranoia” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to paranoia, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “paranoia” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “paranoia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on paranoia:

Periodicals and News

·

63

Hallucinations, Paranoia: Practical Suggestions for Understanding Problem Behaviors Source: Caring and Sharing. [Newsletter] 9(4): 7-8. Winter 1990. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Association, South Central Kansas Chapter. P.O. Box 2763, Wichita, KS 67201. (316) 261-9099. PRICE: Call for price information. Summary: This second of 2 articles on the topic 'Understanding Difficult Behaviors,' discusses the definition and possible causes of paranoia, delusions, and hallucinations, which are sometimes seen in Alzheimer's disease patients. Paranoia is defined as unrealistic, blaming beliefs. Paranoia results from damage to the part of the brain that makes judgments and separates facts from fiction. Delusions are beliefs that are contrary to fact and remain fixed or persistent despite all evidence to the contrary. Hallucinations are sensory experiences that cannot be verified by anyone other than the person experiencing them. Possible physiological or medical causes for these disorders include sensory deficits, medications, brain damage due to Alzheimer's disease progression, or trauma. Environmental causes include unfamiliar environment or caregivers, or disruption in routines. Coping strategies include having vision and hearing tested, seeking medical evaluation, medications, seeking psychiatric evaluation, and employing approaches with the patient that instill trust, understanding, and empathy. Caregivers must not take accusations personally and must recognize that the person cannot control these behaviors.

Academic Periodicals covering Paranoia Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to paranoia. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering paranoia that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

65

APPENDICES

67

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: ·

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

·

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

·

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

·

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

·

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

·

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

·

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

·

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

68

Paranoia

·

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

·

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

·

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

·

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

·

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

·

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

·

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

·

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

·

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

·

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

·

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

·

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

·

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

·

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

·

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

·

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

·

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

·

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

69

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 ·

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

·

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

·

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

·

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

·

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

·

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

·

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

·

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

·

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

·

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

·

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

70

Paranoia

·

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

·

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “paranoia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3709 125 731 10 52 4627

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “paranoia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

71

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

·

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

20 Adapted from 21

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

73

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on paranoia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to paranoia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.

The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.

Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to paranoia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “paranoia”:

74

Paranoia

Amphetamine Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amphetamineabuse.html Anabolic Steroids http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anabolicsteroids.html Bipolar Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder.html Health Fraud http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthfraud.html Schizophrenia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/schizophrenia.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on paranoia. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: ·

Hunter/Brookdale Training Workshops on Caring for the Mentally Impaired Elderly Source: New York, NY: Brookdale Center on Aging of Hunter College. 1987. 2 p. Contact: Available from Training Division, Brookdale Center on Aging of Hunter College. 425 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010. (212) 481-4350. Summary: This brochure outlines the need, rationale, goals, and characteristics of a workshop series for staff members and administrators at residential health care facilities concerning the care of mentally impaired elderly patients. Information is included on training themes, the workshop structure, and how the workshops can help solve a number of challenging problems of resident patients and professional staff alike. The workshop structure is organized into two components: the first is a curriculum component (6 modules, covering behavioral problems, communication, team-building, coping with chronic illness and institutionalization, understanding and working with depression and dementia, understanding late-life psychosis and paranoia, and skilldevelopment workshops for communicating with language-impaired residents and the therapeutic use of reminiscence). The second component is a train-the-trainer component, in which trainers explain and model proven instructional and group management techniques and provide opportunities for trainees to practice these skills in a supportive setting.

Patient Resources

·

75

Hallucinations and False Ideas in Dementia Source: NSW, Australia: Alzheimer's Association NSW. 1996. 3 p. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Association NSW. PO Box 6042, North Ryde, NSW, 1670 Australia. Internet: http://www.alznsw.asn.au. PRICE: Download free from Internet. Summary: This fact sheet explains conditions such as paranoia, hallucinations and delusions which may affect people with dementia. Dementia may cause the person to lose the ability to recognize people or things correctly. Factors which can create or exacerbate these conditions include medications, sensory defects, psychiatric illnesses, and environmental factors. The fact sheet concludes with ways to manage these behaviors such as avoiding confrontations, redirection, testing vision and hearing, increasing lighting, and not taking accusations personally.

·

Fact Sheet: Behavior Management Strategies (Dementia) Source: San Francisco, CA: Family Caregiver Alliance. 1996. 7 p. Contact: Available from Family Caregiver Alliance. 690 Market Street, Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94104. (415) 434-3388, FAX: (415) 434-3508. Internet: http://www.caregiver.org. PRICE: Free through website, $1.00 when ordered through mail. Summary: This fact sheet offers practical suggestions for dealing with the common behavior problems of dementia. It includes strategies for problems with communication, incontinence, angry or agitated behavior, paranoia, travel, bathing, appetite, dressing, sleep disturbances, and hallucinations. It also has a recommended reading list and list of resources for additional information and assistance. (See AZDC08012 for a Spanish version of this document.).

·

Later Years: Practical Information and Advice for Adults With Aging Parents Source: Providence, RI: Manisses Communications Group Inc. 1999. 54 p. Contact: Available from Manisses Communications Group Inc. 208 Governor Street, Providence, RI 02906. (401) 831-6020; FAX: (401) 861-6370. Internet: http://www.manisses.com. PRICE: $39.00. Summary: This series is designed to provide practical information and advice to adults with aging parents. Each bulletin addresses a single topic, some of which pertain to aging parents with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias. Topics include ways to make the admission process less stressful for everyone, possible reasons for behavioral problems, caring for caregivers, dealing with death, reasons why older people may resist assistance with dressing, how to talk to someone who is forgetful, planning for the future, delusions and paranoia in AD, role reversal, and balancing independence with safety for a person with AD.

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to paranoia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not

76

Paranoia

organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

·

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

·

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

·

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

·

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

·

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

·

WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to paranoia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with paranoia.

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about paranoia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/.

Patient Resources

77

Simply type in “paranoia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.

The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “paranoia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “paranoia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “paranoia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

79

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

80

Paranoia

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: ·

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

·

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

·

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

·

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

·

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

·

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

·

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

·

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

·

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

·

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

·

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

·

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

·

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

·

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

·

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

·

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

·

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

·

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 81

·

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

·

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

·

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

·

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

·

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

·

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

·

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

·

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

·

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

·

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

·

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

·

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

·

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

·

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

·

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

·

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

·

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

·

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

·

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

·

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

82

Paranoia

·

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

·

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

·

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

·

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

·

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

·

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

·

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

·

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

·

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

·

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

·

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

·

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

·

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

·

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

·

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

·

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

·

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

·

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

·

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 83

·

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

·

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

·

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

·

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

·

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

·

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

·

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

·

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

·

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

·

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

·

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

·

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

·

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

·

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

·

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

·

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

·

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

·

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

·

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

·

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

84

Paranoia

·

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

·

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

·

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

·

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

85

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

·

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

·

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

·

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

·

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

·

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

·

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

·

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

·

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

·

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

87

PARANOIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alienation: Disruption of feeling of belonging to a larger group such as, for example, the

88

Paranoia

deepening of the generation gap or increasing of a gulf separating social groups from one another. In a more limited sense breaking down of a close relationship. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or

Dictionary 89

anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidepressive Agents: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (antidepressive agents, secondgeneration) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipsychotic Agents: Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in schizophrenia, senile dementia, transient psychosis following surgery or myocardial

90

Paranoia

infarction, etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH]

Dictionary 91

Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Carbolines: A group of pyridoindole compounds. Allowed are any points of fusion of pyridine with the five-membered ring of indole and any derivatives of these compounds. [NIH]

Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH]

92

Paranoia

Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Causality: The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Depressants: A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents). [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA

Dictionary 93

molecules. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Implantation: Surgical insertion of an electronic device implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement

94

Paranoia

activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compulsions: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsion: A violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles. [EU] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by

Dictionary 95

rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusion: A false belief, not susceptible to argument or reason, and determined, pathologically, by some form of mental disorder. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH]

96

Paranoia

Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Evaluation: Any process by which toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, preferred route of administration, safe dosage range, etc., for a drug or group of drugs is determined through clinical assessment in humans or veterinary animals. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphoria: Disquiet; restlessness; malaise. [EU] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ego: The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]

Dictionary 97

Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Euphoria: An exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being not consonant with apparent stimuli or events; usually of psychologic origin, but also seen in organic brain disease and toxic states. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and

98

Paranoia

(2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]

Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used

Dictionary 99

therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hallucination: A sense perception without a source in the external world; a perception of an external stimulus object in the absence of such an object. [EU] Hallucinogen: A hallucination-producing drug, a category of drugs producing this effect. The user of a hallucinogenic drug is almost invariably aware that what he is seeing are hallucinations. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Hearing aid: A miniature, portable sound amplifier for persons with impaired hearing, consisting of a microphone, audio amplifier, earphone, and battery. [NIH] Hearing Impaired Persons: Persons with any degree of loss of hearing that has an impact on their activities of daily living or that requires special assistance or intervention. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH]

100

Paranoia

Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypnotics and Sedatives: Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety. [NIH] Hypochondriasis: (DSM III-R) a mental disorder characterized by a preoccupation with bodily functions and the interpretation of normal sensations (such as heart beats, sweating, peristaltic action, and bowel movements) or minor abnormalities (such as a runny nose, minor aches and pains, or slightly swollen lymph nodes) as indications of highly disturbing problems needing medical attention. Negative results of diagnostic evaluations and reassurance by physicians only increase the patient's anxious concern about his health, and the patient continues to seek medical attention. Called also hypochondriacal neurosis. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypomania: An abnormality of mood resembling mania (persistent elevated or expansive mood, hyperactivity, inflated self-esteem, etc.) but of lesser intensity. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Illusions: The misinterpretation of a real external, sensory experience. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH]

Dictionary 101

Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Institutionalization: The caring for individuals in institutions and their adaptation to routines characteristic of the institutional environment, and/or their loss of adaptation to life outside the institution. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interneurons: Most generally any neurons which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. [NIH] Interview, Psychological: A directed conversation aimed at eliciting information for psychiatric diagnosis, evaluation, treatment planning, etc. The interview may be conducted by a social worker or psychologist. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

102

Paranoia

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Jealousy: An irrational reaction compounded of grief, loss of self-esteem, enmity against the rival and self criticism. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into

Dictionary 103

computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Masochism: Pleasure derived from being physically or psychologically abused, whether inflicted by oneself or by others. Masochism includes sexual masochism. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to dextroamphetamine. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis

104

Paranoia

and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Motivations: The most compelling inner determinants of human behavior; also called drives, urges, impulses, needs, wants, tensions, and willful cravings. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcissism: A psychoanalytic term meaning self-love. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Nervousness: Excessive excitability and irritability, with mental and physical unrest. [EU]

Dictionary 105

Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are

106

Paranoia

experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Orderly: A male hospital attendant. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paranoia: A psychotic disorder marked by persistent delusions of persecution or delusional jealousy and behaviour like that of the paranoid personality, such as suspiciousness, mistrust, and combativeness. It differs from paranoid schizophrenia, in which hallucinations or formal thought disorder are present, in that the delusions are logically consistent and that there are no other psychotic features. The designation in DSM III-R is delusional (paranoid) disorders, with five types : persecutory, jealous, erotomanic, somatic, and grandiose. [EU] Paranoid Disorders: Chronic mental disorders in which there has been an insidious development of a permanent and unshakeable delusional system (persecutory delusions or delusions of jealousy), accompanied by preservation of clear and orderly thinking. Emotional responses and behavior are consistent with the delusional state. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH]

Dictionary 107

Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perceptual Disorders: Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body. [NIH] Personality Assessment: The determination and evaluation of personality attributes by interviews, observations, tests, or scales. Articles concerning personality measurement are considered to be within scope of this term. [NIH] Personality Development: Growth of habitual patterns of behavior in childhood and adolescence. [NIH] Personality Disorders: A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to ketamine in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (receptors, N-methyl-Daspartate). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of norepinephrine but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH]

108

Paranoia

Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitating Factors: Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Proneness: Susceptibility to accidents due to human factors. [NIH]

Dictionary 109

Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychoanalytic Theory: Conceptual system developed by Freud and his followers in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]

Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens,

110

Paranoia

and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents). [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Punishment: The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Pyramidal Tracts: Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Reassurance: A procedure in psychotherapy that seeks to give the client confidence in a favorable outcome. It makes use of suggestion, of the prestige of the therapist. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recovery Room: Hospital unit providing continuous monitoring of the patient following anesthesia. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH]

Dictionary 111

Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Psychology: Psychoanalytic theory focusing on interpretation of behavior in reference to self. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Terms, 1994) This elaboration of the psychoanalytic concepts of narcissism and the self, was developed by Heinz Kohut, and

112

Paranoia

stresses the importance of the self-awareness of excessive needs for approval and selfgratification. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Senility: Old age; the physical and mental deterioration associated with old age. [EU] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shyness: Discomfort and partial inhibition of the usual forms of behavior when in the presence of others. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Perception: The perceiving of attributes, characteristics, and behaviors of one's associates or social groups. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH]

Dictionary 113

Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Superego: The component of the personality associated with ethics, standards, and selfcriticism - the "conscience". It is derived mainly from identification with parents and parent substitutes. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH]

114

Paranoia

Symbiosis: The living together of organisms of different species. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of sodium channels. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH]

Dictionary 115

Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH]

116

Paranoia

Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

117

INDEX A Abdominal, 87, 106 Abrasion, 15, 87 Activities of Daily Living, 87, 99 Adaptation, 87, 101 Adenovirus, 9, 87 Adjustment, 57, 87 Adrenal Medulla, 87, 91, 97, 105 Adrenergic, 87, 89, 96, 97, 107, 109, 114 Adverse Effect, 87, 112 Afferent, 87, 94 Aggressiveness, 6, 57, 87 Agonist, 87, 96, 107 Akathisia, 87, 89 Algorithms, 87, 91 Alienation, 26, 87 Alkaloid, 88, 93 Alleles, 21, 88 Allergen, 88, 112 Alternative medicine, 62, 88 Ambulatory Care, 88 Amino acid, 88, 90, 107, 109, 112, 115 Amphetamine, 13, 74, 88, 95 Androgenic, 11, 88 Anesthesia, 6, 88, 89, 102, 110 Anesthetics, 88, 92, 97 Angina, 88, 109 Angina Pectoris, 88, 109 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 88, 110, 115 Antiarrhythmic, 89, 114 Antibacterial, 89, 113 Antibiotic, 89, 113 Antibody, 89, 93, 99, 101, 112 Antidepressive Agents, 89, 109 Antiemetic, 89 Antigen, 89, 93, 99, 100, 101, 104, 112 Antihypertensive, 46, 89 Anti-inflammatory, 89, 95, 98 Antipsychotic, 46, 57, 89, 105, 111, 115 Antipsychotic Agents, 46, 89, 115 Anxiety, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 16, 23, 29, 46, 50, 87, 88, 90, 100, 105, 106, 109 Anxiety Disorders, 90, 106 Anxiolytic, 11, 46, 90 Apathy, 8, 90, 105 Aperture, 90, 110 Arterial, 90, 100, 109 Arteries, 90, 91, 94, 103, 104

Aspartate, 90, 102, 107 Astrocytes, 90, 103, 104 Atypical, 90, 111 Auditory, 9, 30, 90, 107 Autonomic, 89, 90, 94, 105 Axons, 90, 95, 101 B Bacteria, 89, 90, 97, 103, 113 Bactericidal, 90, 97 Basal Ganglia, 30, 89, 90, 92, 105 Base, 90, 95, 102, 114 Benzene, 90 Benzodiazepines, 11, 90 Bereavement, 50, 90 Biochemical, 12, 88, 91, 112 Biotechnology, 14, 56, 62, 69, 91 Bipolar Disorder, 23, 74, 91 Bladder, 6, 91, 94, 101, 115 Blood pressure, 12, 89, 91, 92, 100, 104, 112 Blood vessel, 91, 92, 102, 113, 114, 115 Blood-Brain Barrier, 91, 114 Bone scan, 91, 111 Bowel, 6, 91, 95, 100, 101, 113 Bowel Movement, 91, 95, 100, 113 Brain Stem, 91, 92, 93 Branch, 50, 83, 91, 96, 105, 110, 113 C Cannabis, 23, 91 Carbolines, 46, 91 Cardioselective, 91, 109 Cardiovascular, 88, 91, 112 Case report, 21, 91 Catecholamine, 12, 89, 91, 96 Caudal, 91, 95, 100, 105, 108 Caudate Nucleus, 91, 105 Causal, 17, 34, 92 Causality, 5, 92 Cell, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115 Cell Division, 90, 92, 103, 107, 109 Cellulose, 92, 107 Central Nervous System, 11, 13, 46, 88, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 103, 104, 112, 114 Central Nervous System Depressants, 46, 92 Cerebellar, 8, 92 Cerebellum, 11, 92 Cerebral, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97, 109, 110, 114

118

Paranoia

Chemoreceptor, 89, 92 Chin, 92, 103 Cholinergic, 89, 92 Chorea, 89, 92 Chronic, 10, 11, 12, 15, 41, 46, 47, 74, 92, 96, 101, 102, 106 Chronic Disease, 46, 92 Clinical trial, 8, 41, 42, 69, 92, 110 Cloning, 91, 92 Coca, 93 Cocaine, 9, 12, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 33, 93 Cochlea, 93 Cochlear, 5, 93 Cochlear Implantation, 5, 93 Cochlear Nerve, 93 Cofactor, 93, 109 Cognition, 42, 52, 93, 105 Comorbidity, 8, 93 Complement, 93, 103, 112 Compliance, 47, 94 Compulsions, 94, 105 Computational Biology, 69, 94 Computed tomography, 94, 111 Computer Simulation, 17, 52, 53, 94 Concomitant, 11, 30, 94 Congestion, 89, 94 Consciousness, 25, 88, 94, 95, 109 Constipation, 89, 94 Consumption, 13, 94, 111 Contraindications, ii, 94 Convulsion, 13, 94 Coordination, 92, 94 Coronary, 88, 94, 103, 104 Coronary Thrombosis, 94, 103, 104 Cortex, 94, 97, 108, 110 Cortical, 9, 94, 111 Cortisone, 94, 95 Cranial, 8, 92, 93, 94 Cranial Nerves, 8, 94 D Delirium, 7, 50, 89, 94 Delusion, 4, 19, 95 Dementia, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 50, 51, 57, 58, 74, 75, 89, 95 Dendrites, 95, 105 Dentate Gyrus, 95, 99 Depersonalization, 95, 106, 111 Derealization, 95, 106 Dexamethasone, 32, 95 Dextroamphetamine, 88, 95, 103 Diagnostic procedure, 45, 62, 95 Diencephalon, 95, 100, 114

Digestion, 91, 95, 101, 102, 113 Digestive system, 43, 95 Diploid, 96, 107 Direct, iii, 11, 12, 51, 96, 100, 107, 110, 114 Disease Progression, 63, 96 Disinfectant, 96, 97 Disorientation, 57, 95, 96 Diurnal, 6, 96 Dizziness, 96, 106 Dopamine, 9, 15, 21, 88, 89, 93, 95, 96, 104, 105, 111 Drive, ii, vi, 4, 35, 49, 50, 57, 96 Drug Evaluation, 7, 96 Dyskinesia, 16, 29, 89, 96 Dysphoria, 25, 96 Dyspnea, 96, 106 Dystonia, 89, 96 E Efferent, 94, 96 Efficacy, 13, 96 Ego, 26, 96, 110 Electrolyte, 95, 96, 112 Electrophysiological, 11, 96 Emesis, 90, 96 Empirical, 18, 97 Endocrine System, 97, 105 Endogenous, 96, 97 Entorhinal Cortex, 97, 99 Environmental Health, 68, 70, 97 Epinephrine, 87, 96, 97, 105, 115 Erythrocytes, 97, 112 Escalation, 13, 97 Esophagus, 95, 97, 113 Estrogen, 97, 108 Ethanol, 11, 97 Euphoria, 23, 97 Excitability, 97, 104 Extrapyramidal, 46, 87, 89, 96, 97 Eye Infections, 87, 97 F Family Planning, 69, 97 Fatigue, 58, 97, 99 Fixation, 97, 112 Forearm, 91, 98 Fossa, 92, 98 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 41, 98 G Gait, 8, 98 Gallbladder, 87, 95, 98 Gastrin, 98, 99 Gastrointestinal, 97, 98, 112

Index 119

Gastrointestinal tract, 97, 98, 112 Gene, 9, 11, 56, 87, 88, 91, 98 Gene Expression, 11, 98 Gene Therapy, 87, 98 Genetic testing, 21, 98 Genetics, 12, 27, 98 Genotype, 98, 107 Glucocorticoid, 95, 98 Glucose, 92, 98, 100, 101 Glutamate, 9, 99 Gonorrhea, 13, 99 Governing Board, 99, 108 Graft, 99 Growth, 89, 99, 104, 107 H Hallucination, 4, 7, 99 Hallucinogen, 99, 107 Haploid, 99, 107 Haplotypes, 12, 99 Hearing aid, 5, 99 Hearing Impaired Persons, 5, 99 Heart failure, 20, 99 Hemorrhage, 99, 113 Hepatic, 95, 99 Heredity, 4, 98, 99 Hippocampus, 11, 95, 99, 113 Histamine, 89, 99 Homogeneous, 12, 99 Homologous, 88, 98, 99, 112, 114 Hormone, 6, 94, 97, 98, 99, 101, 108, 114 Host, 14, 99, 100, 116 Hydrogenation, 90, 100 Hypersensitivity, 88, 100, 112 Hypertension, 22, 100, 109 Hyperthyroidism, 100, 109 Hypnotics and Sedatives, 92, 100 Hypochondriasis, 22, 31, 100 Hypoglycaemia, 95, 100 Hypomania, 34, 100 Hypotension, 89, 100 Hypothalamus, 11, 95, 100, 114 Hypoxia, 95, 100 I Id, 36, 76, 82, 84, 96, 100 Idiopathic, 12, 100 Illusions, 57, 100, 111 Immune response, 89, 94, 100, 103, 112 Immune system, 100 Immunization, 100, 112 Impairment, 95, 96, 97, 100, 103, 109 In vitro, 98, 100 In vivo, 9, 46, 47, 98, 100

Incompetence, 7, 101 Incontinence, 51, 75, 101 Indicative, 8, 52, 101, 115 Induction, 89, 101, 102, 108 Infarction, 101 Infection, 95, 97, 101, 102, 113 Inflammation, 89, 97, 101, 108, 113 Inotropic, 20, 96, 101 Insomnia, 6, 57, 101 Institutionalization, 74, 101 Insulin, 6, 101 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 101 Intermittent, 101, 102 Interneurons, 10, 101 Interview, Psychological, 50, 101 Intestine, 91, 101, 102 Intoxication, 12, 95, 101, 116 Invasive, 101, 102 Involuntary, 92, 94, 102, 104 Iris, 102, 110 J Jealousy, 102, 106 K Kb, 68, 102 Ketamine, 9, 12, 102, 107 L Lactation, 102, 108 Large Intestine, 95, 101, 102, 110, 112 Latent, 53, 102, 108 Library Services, 82, 102 Lipid, 101, 102 Lithium, 89, 102 Liver, 87, 95, 98, 99, 102, 111 Liver scan, 102, 111 Localized, 98, 101, 102, 107 Locomotion, 102, 107 Long-Term Care, 50, 102 Lutein Cells, 102, 108 Lymph, 100, 102 Lymph node, 100, 102 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 41, 102, 111 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 99, 103 Malaise, 96, 103 Mania, 100, 103 Manic, 89, 91, 102, 103, 109 Manic-depressive psychosis, 103, 109 Masochism, 30, 55, 103 Mediate, 9, 93, 96, 103 MEDLINE, 69, 103 Meiosis, 103, 114

120

Paranoia

Membrane, 87, 90, 93, 97, 103, 104, 113 Memory, 6, 7, 9, 13, 49, 51, 57, 95, 103 Meninges, 92, 103 Menopause, 103, 109 Mental Disorders, 5, 43, 103, 106, 109 Mental Health, iv, 5, 8, 10, 12, 20, 41, 43, 50, 68, 70, 103, 110 Mesolimbic, 89, 103 Methamphetamine, 13, 103 MI, 85, 103 Microbe, 103, 115 Microglia, 90, 103, 104 Modeling, 11, 104 Modification, 88, 104, 110 Molecular, 9, 11, 15, 69, 71, 91, 94, 95, 104, 108 Molecule, 89, 90, 93, 104, 110 Monitor, 42, 104, 105 Monoamine, 9, 88, 89, 95, 104 Motivations, 104, 109 Movement Disorders, 89, 104 Mucosa, 104, 108 Myocardial infarction, 90, 94, 103, 104, 109 Myocardium, 88, 103, 104 N Narcissism, 10, 25, 104, 111 Nausea, 89, 90, 104, 106 NCI, 1, 42, 67, 104 Need, 3, 13, 49, 56, 59, 62, 74, 77, 104 Neonatal, 14, 24, 104 Nerve, 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 104, 105, 108, 113, 115 Nervous System, 87, 88, 92, 104, 105, 114 Nervousness, 58, 104 Networks, 13, 105 Neuroendocrine, 11, 105 Neuroleptic, 23, 87, 89, 105 Neurologic, 8, 88, 105 Neurologist, 8, 105 Neurons, 12, 93, 95, 101, 105, 114 Neuropsychology, 8, 105 Neurosis, 100, 105 Neurotransmitter, 88, 96, 99, 105 Nonverbal Communication, 105, 109 Norepinephrine, 87, 96, 105, 107 Nuclear, 53, 90, 105 Nuclei, 93, 98, 102, 105, 108 Nucleus, 9, 46, 93, 103, 105, 109 Nucleus Accumbens, 9, 105 O Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 20, 105 Optic Chiasm, 100, 106

Oral Health, 106 Oral Hygiene, 6, 106 Orderly, 106 Orthostatic, 89, 106 Outpatient, 106 Overdose, 13, 106 Ovum, 106, 108 P Pancreas, 87, 95, 101, 106 Pancreatic, 6, 106 Panic, 23, 24, 30, 106 Panic Disorder, 23, 106 Paranoid Disorders, 25, 106 Paresthesias, 106 Parkinsonism, 89, 107 Parturition, 107, 108 Pathophysiology, 41, 107 Patient Education, 74, 80, 82, 85, 107 Peptide, 88, 107, 109 Perception, 10, 95, 99, 107, 111 Perceptual Disorders, 57, 107 Personality Assessment, 5, 107 Personality Development, 107, 109 Personality Disorders, 10, 50, 107 Pharmacologic, 88, 107, 115 Phencyclidine, 9, 107 Phenotype, 12, 107 Phenylpropanolamine, 27, 107 Physiologic, 87, 107, 110 Physiology, 8, 11, 87, 96, 107 Pilot study, 23, 107 Plants, 27, 88, 93, 98, 105, 107 Plasma, 15, 16, 29, 107 Pleomorphic, 105, 108 Pneumonia, 94, 108 Poisoning, 95, 101, 104, 108 Posterior, 92, 102, 106, 108 Postnatal, 11, 108 Postoperative, 7, 108 Post-synaptic, 9, 108 Practice Guidelines, 70, 108 Precipitating Factors, 92, 108 Precursor, 96, 105, 108, 115 Predisposition, 10, 108 Preoperative, 6, 108 Prevalence, 4, 13, 108 Progesterone, 108 Progression, 11, 57, 108 Progressive, 9, 51, 57, 95, 97, 99, 108, 111 Projection, 101, 105, 108 Prolactin, 16, 29, 108 Prone, 51, 108

Index 121

Proneness, 18, 108 Prophase, 109, 114 Propranolol, 30, 109 Protein S, 56, 91, 109 Proteins, 9, 88, 89, 93, 104, 107, 109 Pruritus, 90, 109 Psychiatric, 4, 8, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 25, 26, 29, 32, 63, 75, 101, 103, 109 Psychiatry, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 58, 97, 109 Psychic, 103, 105, 109, 111 Psychoactive, 11, 109, 116 Psychoanalytic Theory, 24, 25, 98, 109 Psychology, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 33, 34, 54, 94, 105, 109 Psychomotor, 58, 95, 105, 109 Psychopathology, 5, 15, 25, 31, 109 Psychophysiology, 105, 109 Psychosis, 12, 13, 16, 18, 41, 58, 74, 89, 109 Psychotherapy, 4, 26, 55, 109, 110 Psychotomimetic, 88, 95, 109 Psychotropic, 4, 41, 50, 109 Psychotropic Drugs, 50, 109 Puberty, 11, 110 Public Health, 13, 20, 70, 110 Public Policy, 69, 110 Pulmonary, 91, 94, 110, 115 Pulmonary Artery, 91, 110, 115 Pulse, 104, 110 Punishment, 18, 110 Pupil, 16, 110 Pyramidal Tracts, 97, 110 Q Quality of Life, 5, 110 R Race, 20, 30, 110 Radiation, 88, 110, 111, 116 Radioactive, 91, 102, 105, 110, 111 Randomized, 13, 96, 110 Reality Testing, 12, 109, 110 Reassurance, 100, 110 Receptor, 9, 11, 87, 89, 92, 96, 110, 112 Recovery Room, 7, 110 Rectum, 91, 95, 101, 102, 110 Recurrence, 91, 103, 110 Refer, 1, 93, 96, 98, 101, 102, 105, 109, 110 Refraction, 110, 113 Regimen, 96, 111 Remission, 91, 103, 110, 111 Renal failure, 95, 111 Respiration, 92, 104, 111

Retrospective, 4, 111 Rigidity, 107, 111 Risperidone, 27, 111 S Salivary, 95, 111 Salivary glands, 95, 111 Scans, 42, 111 Schizoid, 111, 116 Schizophrenia, 17, 21, 22, 28, 41, 46, 47, 50, 52, 55, 56, 74, 89, 106, 111, 116 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 95, 111, 116 Screening, 7, 57, 92, 111 Sedative, 11, 111 Seizures, 27, 95, 111 Self Psychology, 25, 111 Senile, 89, 112 Senility, 5, 112 Sensitization, 9, 12, 112 Serotonin, 30, 89, 105, 111, 112 Sex Characteristics, 110, 112, 114 Shock, 112, 115 Shyness, 10, 112 Side effect, 46, 87, 89, 90, 112, 115 Signs and Symptoms, 4, 111, 112 Small intestine, 99, 101, 112 Social Behavior, 6, 112 Social Environment, 110, 112 Social Perception, 10, 112 Social Work, 101, 112 Sodium, 112, 113, 114 Sodium Channels, 113, 114 Solvent, 90, 97, 113 Somatic, 94, 103, 106, 113 Specialist, 76, 113 Species, 97, 103, 110, 112, 113, 114, 116 Spectrum, 12, 104, 113 Spinal cord, 90, 91, 92, 103, 104, 110, 113 Stabilization, 42, 113 Staging, 111, 113 Steroids, 11, 74, 98, 113 Stimulant, 13, 88, 95, 99, 103, 113, 114 Stimulus, 96, 99, 106, 110, 113 Stomach, 87, 95, 97, 98, 99, 104, 112, 113 Stool, 101, 102, 113 Stress, 91, 104, 108, 113 Striatum, 105, 113 Stroke, 43, 68, 113 Subclinical, 20, 101, 111, 113 Subiculum, 99, 113 Superego, 96, 113 Suppression, 32, 113

122

Paranoia

Symbiosis, 25, 114 Sympathomimetic, 88, 95, 96, 97, 103, 105, 107, 114 Synapse, 87, 114, 115 Synapsis, 114 Synaptic, 11, 105, 114 Synergistic, 108, 114 Systemic, 91, 95, 97, 101, 114 T Tacrine, 7, 114 Tardive, 16, 29, 89, 114 Telencephalon, 90, 114 Temporal, 99, 114 Testosterone, 11, 114 Third Ventricle, 100, 114 Thrombosis, 109, 113, 114 Tissue, 89, 91, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 111, 112, 113, 114 Tocainide, 18, 30, 114 Tomography, 41, 94, 111, 114 Tone, 106, 114 Topical, 97, 114 Toxic, iv, 90, 97, 115 Toxicity, 9, 17, 96, 115 Toxicology, 70, 115 Tranquilizing Agents, 92, 110, 115 Transfection, 91, 98, 115 Transmitter, 90, 96, 105, 115 Trauma, 63, 95, 115 Trigger zone, 89, 115

Tubercle, 105, 115 Tyrosine, 96, 115 U Unconscious, 88, 100, 109, 115 Urethra, 115 Urinary, 34, 101, 115 Urine, 42, 91, 101, 115 Urogenital, 99, 115 V Vascular, 6, 50, 101, 115 Vasodilator, 96, 99, 115 Venous, 109, 115 Venter, 115 Ventral, 30, 100, 105, 115 Ventricle, 91, 99, 105, 110, 114, 115 Vesicular, 9, 115 Veterinary Medicine, 69, 115 Virulence, 115, 116 Viruses, 87, 97, 116 Visceral, 94, 116 Vivo, 10, 116 W Wakefulness, 95, 116 War, 55, 116 Withdrawal, 58, 95, 116 X X-ray, 94, 105, 111, 116 Y Yeasts, 107, 116

Index 123

124

Paranoia

Paranoia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Paranoia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Recommend Documents