Paternity Testing: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

PATERNITY TESTING A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Paternity Testing: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84155-1 1. Paternity Testing-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on paternity testing. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PATERNITY TESTING ................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Paternity Testing .......................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND PATERNITY TESTING ................................................. 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 23 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 24 General References ....................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON PATERNITY TESTING.............................................................................. 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Patents on Paternity Testing ....................................................................................................... 27 Patent Applications on Paternity Testing ................................................................................... 32 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON PATERNITY TESTING ................................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 37 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 37 Chapters on Paternity Testing..................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON PATERNITY TESTING ...................................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Bibliography: Multimedia on Paternity Testing.......................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PATERNITY TESTING ................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 41 Academic Periodicals covering Paternity Testing ....................................................................... 42 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 47 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 49 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 53 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 55 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 57 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 57 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 63 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 63 PATERNITY TESTING DICTIONARY ...................................................................................... 65 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 81

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with paternity testing is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about paternity testing, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to paternity testing, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on paternity testing. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to paternity testing, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on paternity testing. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PATERNITY TESTING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on paternity testing.

Federally Funded Research on Paternity Testing The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to paternity testing. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to paternity testing. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore paternity testing. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for paternity testing: •

Project Title: GENOTYPING WITH MINOR-GROOVE-BINDER-CONTAINING PROBES. Principal Investigator & Institution: Reed, Michael W.; Senior Scientist; Epoch Biosciences, Inc. 21720 23Rd Dr Se, #150 Bothell, Wa 98021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2003

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: APPLICANT'S DNA fingerprinting, or profiling, is widely used for paternity cases and criminal investigations (forensics). Current methodologies are cumbersome, expensive and often fail to produce interpretable results. A minor groove binder (MGB) has been developed that greatly enhances the ability of oligonucleotide probes to discriminate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5' nuclease (Taqman (registered), real time PCR, fluorescence quench release) assay. The goal is to develop a kit for rapid high throughput DNA fingerprinting using probes that contain MGB's and other proprietary modifications. The fingerprint is derived from a panel of 23 diallelic polymorphisms. The probability that two unrelated individuals would have matching fingerprints is approximately 1 in 10 (exp) 8. In the Phase I effort, PCR primers and probes for the 23 loci were optimized and their function was demonstrated in 5' nuclease assays using a set of known DNA samples. The goal of phase II is to develop a commercial prototype with increased throughput and reduced cost. Application of four spectrally separated reporter fluorophores and a novel quencher will enable multiplexed assays. Standard affordable instruments will replace expensive instruments specialized for 5' nuclease assays. The technologies developed herein can be readily applied to assays of any SNP's. Huge potential markets exist for these technologies in clinical diagnostics and pharmacogenomics. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The commercial prototype presented here is a kit for human identification in paternity testing. The technologies developed herein for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) screening could have wide market potentials in a variety of applications including clinical diagnostics and pharmacogenomics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HIGH-DENSITY DIGITAL MICROSPOTTING ARRAYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Venkatasubbarao, Srivatsa V.; Intelligent Optical Systems, Inc. 2520 W 237Th St Torrance, Ca 905055217 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 09-JUL-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2001 Summary: APPLICANT'S The progression of cancer and the experimental reversal of tumorigenicity are accompanied by complex changes in the patterns of gene expression. DNA micro-arrays make it possible to quickly generate large amounts of data for gene expression monitoring, target screening, and many other applications. Understanding the function of individual genes is a challenging objective. Bioanalytical microsystems, such as immunologic and hybridization assays in micro-array format, require using high-density spotting technology that can dispense tiny (nanoliter or picoliter) quantities of solutions containing sufficient biospecific probes onto a given solid support. To achieve this objective, Intelligent Optical Systems (lOS) will develop microspotting arrays that offer millions of features with consistent spot size and spot-tospot reproducibility, and will enable the rapid mass production of DNA chips. The proposed spotting arrays are extremely versatile. In Phase I, lOS will investigate the feasibility of MEMS-based spotting arrays by testing DNA samples and evaluating the consistency of spotted sample sizes, quantities, spot uniformity, spot density, deposition precision, minimal spot size, and the coefficient of spot-to-spot variation. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: MEMS-based spotting devices will be used in the fabrication of DNA chips in many industries, such as health care and agriculture, and for food and water testing, and forensic and paternity testing. The commercial potential of this technology is very large, since it will revolutionize the fabrication of biochips, and will find use in environments ranging from clinical laboratories to biotechnology research facilities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

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Project Title: IMPACT ON DNA-BASED PATERNITY TESTING ON FAMILIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bishai, David M.; Population & Family Hlth Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): As of 1999 there were 280,000 DNA-based paternity tests conducted annually in the US. This number is rapidly increasing both due to subsidies from the Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE). These tests are one of many ways that paternity is established for the purposes of establishing a child support order, but little is known about their direct effect on families. It is possible that a man's transition from uncertainty over paternity to certain inclusion or exclusion as the father of the child could dramatically alter both parents' behavior. Until more is known about the family context in which these paternity tests are obtained it will be difficult to isolate the behavioral effects triggered by the information contained in the test results from confounding background factors. How exogenous are the test results? This study will tabulate administrative data on 100,000 DNA-based paternity test subjects whose tests are performed by Orchid Gene Screen Inc. This company is by far, the leading vendor of paternity testing services to OCSE offices throughout the U.S. By assessing the race, age, region, referral source, and test result of these subjects we hope to better understand the descriptive demography of the U.S. population of OCSE paternity test subjects. To better understand the social and behavioral factors of test subjects we will conduct surveys from the mothers and alleged fathers receiving testing in 200 paternity cases from 4 Maryland counties. The survey will assess current level of contact with the child, pre-test expectations of test outcome, and SES independently for each adult. Test result data will be available for consenting subjects. We will alert all respondents of the potential for longitudinal follow up of child outcomes (funded by a subsequent R01). If social factors explain little of the variation in test results, then paternity test information could exogenously improve child outcomes. If better fathers are more likely to test positive in a paternity test then one may entertain skepticism that the test results actually change parental behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INTEGRATED PCR DIAGNOSTIC AND ANALYSIS INSTRUMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Gordon, Steven J.; President; Brooks-Pri Automation, Inc. 15 Elizabeth Dr Chelmsford, Ma 01824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2002 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): The power of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as an analytical tool has been widely tested. Recently, many clinical diagnostic procedures used especially for screening several types of cancer, a wide range of bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases, individual identification in paternity testing, forensic analysis, and tissue typing have started employing PCR technology. Despite the invention of PCR 14 years ago, most researchers and diagnostic labs conduct PCR analyses one step at a time, with manual transfers and dedicated, single-function instruments at each step. Furthermore, both extensive manual handling and the physical heat-transfer constraints in the thermal cycling step, can contribute to 1/2 to two day long PCR tests. Although there are some automated tools available to reduce the manual work at each step, there are currently no cost effective instruments that completely automate the PCR protocol in a flexible manner. This contrasts with many of the completely automated non-PCRbased diagnostic instruments in the modern clinical labs. We propose to apply several recent advances in small sample handling, fast thermal cycling and general sample

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processing to the PCR protocol in order to speed analysis and reduce costs and manual labor. A technician would simply load a plate of DNA templates and a plate of the required PCR primers, then start the instrument. The instrument would precisely aspirate the required volume of each sample, then perform the thermal cycling, postPCR cleanup, detection and results-tracking steps in a completely automated fashion, offering full automation. The instrument would reduce entire test costs (reagents, disposables and labor) by a factor of 20 or more. Considering the wide applications of PCR, we propose to make the instrument flexible (e.g., different types of detection protocols with few changes to the instrument hardware). The basis of the new instrument is to perform all functions: mixing, thermal cycling, clean up, detection and sterilization within the same set of nano-pipetter reaction vessels. In the Phase I, the target is on two PCR-based protocols: one for DNA diagnostics and one for SNP analysis. The key features of the proposed instrument, namely fast, small-volume PCR, fluorescent detection and reaction chamber cleaning will be developed and demonstrated within the Phase I project. Phase II will entail the development of a complete prototype instrument and demonstration of high-speed, low-volume processing of samples using selected protocols. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: This work will result in advanced-performance commercial PCR analysis instruments. These will allow researchers to more rapidly make important discoveries using high-throughput screening assays and be the basis for an efficient and cost effective system for genetic and infectious disease diagnosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RAPID CARRIER AND NEWBORN DIAGNOSTIC TESTING FOR MSUD Principal Investigator & Institution: Phillips, Charlotte L.; Associate Professor; Paternity Testing Corporation 3501 Berrywood Dr Columbia, Mo 65201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 25-SEP-2001; Project End 30-SEP-2003 Summary: Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is a recessive genetic disorder resulting from defects in the branched chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKAD). Infants with classic MSUD appear normal at birth, but can die within 2-3 weeks if untreated. Although generally rare (1:200,000 births), the incidence of MSUD in certain Mennonite communities is quite high (1:176 live births), and results from a specific defect (Y393N) in the BCKAD E1a subunit gene. Although early detection and treatment are critical to favorable prognosis for MSUD patients, there is no commercial or state DNA testing available. Newborn screening by serum amino acid analyses occurs in only 23 states, and requires that testing be delayed until branched chain amino acids accumulate, increasing an infant's risk of neurological damage. At the request of two Mennonite communities we developed a DNA-based test for carrier and newborn screening. Unfortunately, it is not feasible for an academic research laboratory to maintain this test, nor is the current test optimal for commercial use. We propose a collaborative effort with Paternity Testing Corporation to apply two novel approaches, denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and molecular beacons, to developing an improved rapid, sensitive and commercially applicable test for the Y393N E1a gene defect. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: A commercially available genetic test for MSUD would play a vital role in improving prognosis and outcomes for families affected by this orphan disease, especially in the Mennonite community. While not a highly profitable venture in itself, such a test fulfills an important need to the community, and will pave the way for developing analogous tests for other neglected orphan diseases.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with paternity testing, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “paternity testing” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for paternity testing (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of paternity testing influenced by the silent allele of Rh erythrocyte groups. Author(s): Ota M, Yonemura I, Fukushima H, Hasekura H, Ishimoto G, Mizutani Y, Yamada T. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1987 November; 32(6): 1806-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3123594&dopt=Abstract

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A note on the distribution of the number of exclusions to be expected in paternity testing. Author(s): Chakraborty R, Schull WJ. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1976 November; 28(6): 619-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=795297&dopt=Abstract

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A report of the 1995 and 1996 Paternity Testing Workshops of the English Speaking Working Group of the International Society for Forensic Haemogenetics. Author(s): Bjerre A, Court DS, Lincoln P, Morling N. Source: Forensic Science International. 1997 November 10; 90(1-2): 41-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438364&dopt=Abstract

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A report of the 1997, 1998 and 1999 Paternity Testing Workshops of the English Speaking Working Group of the International Society for Forensic Genetics. Author(s): Hallenberg C, Morling N. Source: Forensic Science International. 2001 February 1; 116(1): 23-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11118749&dopt=Abstract

3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A report of the 2000 and 2001 paternity testing workshops of the English speaking working group of the international society for forensic genetics. Author(s): Hallenberg C, Morling N. Source: Forensic Science International. 2002 September 10; 129(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230996&dopt=Abstract

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A simplified procedure for simultaneous detection of salivary proteins and its application in paternity testing. Author(s): Caeiro JL, Boan F, Carracedo A. Source: Forensic Science International. 1987 January; 33(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3469132&dopt=Abstract

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A validation study of four single locus probes (MS1, MS31, MS43 and g3) in a Korean population--further evaluation for paternity testing. Author(s): Lee KO, Lee KP. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1995 August; 10(4): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8593203&dopt=Abstract

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Application of DNA profiling to paternity testing during early pregnancy. Author(s): Mingjun L, Xin Z, Balazs I. Source: Human Heredity. 1993 November-December; 43(6): 357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7904585&dopt=Abstract

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Application of single-locus hypervariable region DNA probes to deficiency cases in paternity testing. Author(s): Yokoi T, Odaira T, Nata M, Aoki Y, Sagisaka K. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 1991 March; 104(2): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2054304&dopt=Abstract

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Automated fluorescent detection of a 10 loci multiplex for paternity testing. Author(s): Laszik A, Brinkmann B, Sotonyi P, Falus A. Source: Acta Biol Hung. 2000; 51(1): 99-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10866366&dopt=Abstract

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Bayesian interval estimation of genetic relationships: application to paternity testing. Author(s): Goldgar DE, Thompson EA. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1988 January; 42(1): 135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3422126&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of a DNA probe (pa3'HVR) when used for paternity testing. Author(s): Allen RW, Bliss B, Pearson A. Source: Transfusion. 1989 July-August; 29(6): 477-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2568706&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of four microsatellites in an Italian population and their application to paternity testing. Author(s): Sirchia SM, Garagiola I, De Andreis C, Gazzoli I, Gramegna M, Colucci G. Source: Molecular and Cellular Probes. 1996 April; 10(2): 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8737400&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of genetic variants of human serum transferrin by isoelectric focusing: comparison between conventional and immobilized pH gradients, and application to a protocol for paternity testing. Author(s): Pascali VL, Dobosz M, Destro-Bisol G, D'Aloja E. Source: Electrophoresis. 1988 August; 9(8): 411-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3234383&dopt=Abstract

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Chorionic villus sampling prior to pregnancy termination, a tool for forensic paternity testing. Author(s): Reshef A, Brauner P, Shpitzen M, Gallili N, Marbach A, Motro U, Shmueli E, Meiner V. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1999 September; 44(5): 1065-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10486960&dopt=Abstract

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Chromosome heteromorphisms and paternity testing. Author(s): Shiono H, Azumi J, Sakamoto Y, Fujiwara M, Morita M. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1985 September; 6(3): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3870670&dopt=Abstract

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Combination of DNA-based and conventional methods to detect human leukocyte antigen polymorphism and its use for paternity testing. Author(s): Kereszturya L, Rajczya K, Laszikb A, Gyodia E, Penzes M, Falus A, Petranyia GG. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2002 March; 23(1): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953497&dopt=Abstract

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Comments on in utero paternity testing. Author(s): Reisner EG. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1980 November; 32(6): 960-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7446532&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of paternity index with probability of exclusion and efficiency criteria of genetic markers for paternity testing. Author(s): Chakraborty R, Ferrell RE. Source: Forensic Science International. 1982 March-April; 19(2): 113-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6950921&dopt=Abstract

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Data on nine STR loci used for forensic and paternity testing in the Greek Cypriot population of Cyprus. Author(s): Bashiardes E, Manoli P, Budowle B, Cariolou MA. Source: Forensic Science International. 2001 December 1; 123(2-3): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728751&dopt=Abstract

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DNA-based paternity testing in Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Academy of Bialystok, Poland. Author(s): Skawronska M, Koc-Zorawska E, Pepinski W, Janica J, Niemcunowicz-Janica A. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 2002; 47: 287-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12533972&dopt=Abstract

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Double incompatibility at human alpha fibrinogen and penta E loci in paternity testing. Author(s): Nutini AL, Mariottini A, Giunti L, Torricelli F, Ricci U. Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 2003 June; 44(3): 342-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12808730&dopt=Abstract

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Forensic applications of molecular genetic analysis: an Italian collaborative study on paternity testing by the determination of variable number of tandem repeat DNA polymorphisms. Author(s): Gasparini P, Mandich P, Novelli G, Bellone E, Sangiuolo F, De Stefano F, Potenza L, Trabetti E, Marigo M, Pignatti PF, et al. Source: Human Heredity. 1991; 41(3): 174-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1937491&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic analysis of erythrocyte uridine monophosphate kinase and aminolevulinate dehydrase and its application to paternity testing. Author(s): Caeiro JL, Llano C, Garcia-Luengo S, Canabal O. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1989 September; 34(5): 1090-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2553853&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic stability of the D1Z2 region: implications for DNA genotyping and paternity testing. Author(s): Tynan KM, Parslow MI, Hoar DI. Source: Genome / National Research Council Canada = Genome / Conseil National De Recherches Canada. 1991 October; 34(5): 733-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1683329&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic variation in the Italian population at five tandem repeat loci amplified in vitro: use in paternity testing. Author(s): Trabetti E, Galavotti R, Pignatti PF. Source: Molecular and Cellular Probes. 1993 February; 7(1): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8455646&dopt=Abstract

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Haptoglobin subtype determination by isoelectric focusing in agarose gel: application to paternity testing and presentation of a new alpha 2-variant. Author(s): Thymann M, Svensmark O, Masumba G, Brokso H, Skibsby LB. Source: Electrophoresis. 1990 January; 11(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2318192&dopt=Abstract

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Highly polymorphic minisatellite DNA probes. Further evaluation for individual identification and paternity testing. Author(s): Smith JC, Newton CR, Alves A, Anwar R, Jenner D, Markham AF. Source: J Forensic Sci Soc. 1990 January-February; 30(1): 3-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2319228&dopt=Abstract

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HLA in paternity testing. Author(s): Terasaki PI. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1978 January; 128(1): 48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=625966&dopt=Abstract

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How to select a satisfying typing program for paternity testing. Author(s): Nijenhuis LE. Source: Forensic Science International. 1984 August; 25(4): 245-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6383977&dopt=Abstract

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In utero paternity testing following alleged sexual assault. A comparison of DNAbased methods. Author(s): Hammond HA, Redman JB, Caskey CT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995 June 14; 273(22): 1774-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7769772&dopt=Abstract

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In utero paternity testing utilizing fetal blood obtained by midtrimester fetoscopy. Author(s): Golbus MS, Stephens JD, Cann HM. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1980 January; 32(1): 88-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7189095&dopt=Abstract

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Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI): a useful genetic system in paternity testing. Evidence for polymorphic occurrence of ITI*3 and existence of a new allele, ITI*4. Author(s): Yuasa I, Suenaga K, Saneshige Y, Tamaki N, Ito K, Okada K. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 1991; 104(4): 197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1718393&dopt=Abstract

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International recommendations for paternity testing standards. Author(s): Morling N. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2003 February; 117(1): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675029&dopt=Abstract

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International recommendations for paternity testing standards. Author(s): Morling N, Carracedo A. Source: Forensic Science International. 2002 October 9; 129(3): 147. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372684&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction of a standardized “paternity index” for the statistical evaluation of blood group findings in paternity testing. Author(s): Martin W, Sachs V, Weise W. Source: Forensic Science International. 1983 January-February; 21(1): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6826122&dopt=Abstract

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Limitations of paternity testing calculations revisited. Author(s): Morris JW. Source: Transfusion. 1989 March-April; 29(3): 280. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2922797&dopt=Abstract

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Limitations of paternity testing calculations. Author(s): Lentz SL, Polesky HF. Source: Transfusion. 1988 March-April; 28(2): 196. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3162622&dopt=Abstract

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Limitations of paternity testing calculations. Author(s): Silver H, Schoppmann A. Source: Transfusion. 1987 May-June; 27(3): 288-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3109085&dopt=Abstract

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Medicolegal aspects of paternity testing. Author(s): Rose EF. Source: Am J Med Technol. 1979 February; 45(2): 152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=425989&dopt=Abstract

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Motherless case in paternity testing by Lee et al. Author(s): Clayton TM, Foreman LA, Carracedo A. Source: Forensic Science International. 2002 February 18; 125(2-3): 284. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11909677&dopt=Abstract

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Motherless case in paternity testing. Author(s): Lee HS, Lee JW, Han GR, Hwang JJ. Source: Forensic Science International. 2000 November 13; 114(2): 57-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10967247&dopt=Abstract

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Multilocus DNA fingerprinting: the independence problem in quantitative paternity testing. Author(s): Krawczak M. Source: Electrophoresis. 1994 February; 15(2): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8026429&dopt=Abstract

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Mutations at Y-STR loci: implications for paternity testing and forensic analysis. Author(s): Kayser M, Sajantila A. Source: Forensic Science International. 2001 May 15; 118(2-3): 116-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11311822&dopt=Abstract

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Non-fatherhood or mutation? A probabilistic approach to parental exclusion in paternity testing. Author(s): Dawid AP, Mortera J, Pascali VL. Source: Forensic Science International. 2001 December 15; 124(1): 55-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11741761&dopt=Abstract

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Oligonucleotide (CAC)5 fingerprinting: validity and reliability in paternity testing. Author(s): Papiha SS, Sertedaki A. Source: Electrophoresis. 1995 September; 16(9): 1624-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8582345&dopt=Abstract

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Paternal mutation of YNH24 (D2S44), a probe frequently used in paternity testing. Author(s): Vandenberghe A, Van Den Broeck M, Peeters I. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1993 January; 52(1): 206-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8434588&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing 3: exclusion probabilities. Author(s): Brown CM, Seber GA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1987 January; 26(1): 157-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3812556&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing after pregnancy termination using laser microdissection of chorionic villi. Author(s): Bauer M, Thalheimer A, Patzelt D. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2002 February; 116(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11924707&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing by PCR-based STR analysis. Author(s): Rerkamnuaychoke B, Chantratita W, Jomsawat U, Thanakitgosate J, Rojanasunan P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2000 March; 83 Suppl 1: S55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10865408&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing by the detection of D1S80 VNTR using fluorescence image analyzer (Dualcolour system). Author(s): Chiba S, Oshida S, Okano K, Kambara H, Esumi M. Source: Forensic Science International. 1996 December 2; 83(2): 87-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9022271&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing by using erythrocyte enzyme esterase D. Author(s): Dykes DD, Polesky HF. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1977 January; 22(1): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=299458&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity Testing Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics. Recommendations on genetic investigations in paternity cases. Author(s): Morling N, Allen R, Carracedo A, Geada H, Guidet F, Hallenberg C, Martin W, Mayr WR, Olaisen B, Pascali V, Schneider PM; Paternity Testing Commission, International Society of Forensic Genetics. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2003 February; 117(1): 51-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675030&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity Testing Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics: recommendations on genetic investigations in paternity cases. Author(s): Morling N, Allen RW, Carracedo A, Geada H, Guidet F, Hallenberg C, Martin W, Mayr WR, Olaisen B, Pascali VL, Schneider PM; Paternity Testing Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics. Source: Forensic Science International. 2002 October 9; 129(3): 148-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372685&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing in a kidnapping case. Author(s): Noppinger K, Ginsberg L. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1987 March; 32(2): 561-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3572348&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing in case of brother-sister incest. Author(s): Macan M, Uvodic P, Botica V. Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 2003 June; 44(3): 347-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12808731&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing in the DNA era. Author(s): Pena SD, Chakraborty R. Source: Trends in Genetics : Tig. 1994 June; 10(6): 204-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8073534&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing using Y-STR haplotypes: assigning a probability for paternity in cases of mutations. Author(s): Rolf B, Keil W, Brinkmann B, Roewer L, Fimmers R. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2001 August; 115(1): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11599763&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing with an absent mother. The probability of exclusion of red cell surface antigen, Gm, Hp, and HLA systems in North American whites and blacks. Author(s): Walker RH, Pohl BA. Source: Transfusion. 1989 January; 29(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2911863&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing with genetic markers: are Y-linked genes more efficient than autosomal ones? Author(s): Chakraborty R. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1985 June; 21(2): 297-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3860007&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing with oligonucleotide multilocus probe (CAC)5/(GTG)5: a multicenter study. Author(s): Krawczak M, Bohm I, Nurnberg P, Hampe J, Hundrieser J, Poche H, Peters C, Slomski R, Kwiatkowska J, Nagy M, et al. Source: Forensic Science International. 1993 May; 59(2): 101-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8330804&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing with the F10 multilocus DNA fingerprinting probe. Author(s): Pena SD, Santos PC, Campos MC, Macedo AM. Source: Exs. 1993; 67: 237-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8400693&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing with VNTR DNA systems. I. Matching criteria and population frequencies of the VNTR systems D2S44, D5S43, D7S21, D7S22, and D12S11 in Danes. Author(s): Morling N, Hansen HE. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 1993; 105(4): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8094294&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing with VNTR DNA systems. II. Evaluation of 271 cases of disputed paternity with the VNTR systems D2S44, D5S43, D7S21, D7S22, and D12S11. Author(s): Hansen HE, Morling N. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 1993; 105(4): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8094295&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing. Author(s): Silver H. Source: Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 1989; 27(5): 391-408. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2572239&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing. Author(s): Usher A. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 August 20; 2(6085): 520. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=890389&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing. 2: Likelihood ratio tests. Author(s): Kaiser L, Seber GA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1985 February; 20(2): 209-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3976716&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing: analysis of six blood groups and HLA markers, with particular reference to comparison of races. Author(s): Singh G, Johns MM, Paul G. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1982 November; 78(5): 748-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6814239&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing: blood group systems and DNA analysis by variable number of tandem repeat markers. Author(s): Akane A, Matsubara K, Shiono H, Yuasa I, Yokota S, Yamada M, Nakagome Y. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1990 September; 35(5): 1217-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1977840&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing: current status and review. Author(s): Bryant NJ. Source: Transfus Med Rev. 1988 March; 2(1): 29-39. Review. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Transfus Med Rev 1988 June; 2(2): Following 128. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2908780&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing: experience with limited resources in Nigeria. Author(s): Kulkarni AG, Oduloju M, Ibazebo RO. Source: East Afr Med J. 1986 May; 63(5): 359-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3091356&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing: I. Calculation of paternity indexes. Author(s): Kaiser L, Seber GA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1983 June; 15(2): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6881203&dopt=Abstract

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Paternity testing--quo vadis? Author(s): Mayr WR, Brinkmann B, Rand S. Source: Blood Reviews. 1991 March; 5(1): 51-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2032028&dopt=Abstract

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Pitfalls in paternity testing. Author(s): King JW, Cylar GE, Bartley MJ. Source: Ohio State Med J. 1974 December; 70(12): 724-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4431592&dopt=Abstract

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Pitfalls of paternity testing based solely on PCR typing of minisatellites and microsatellites. Author(s): Pena SD. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1995 June; 56(6): 1503-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7762576&dopt=Abstract

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Polymerase chain reaction and allele-specific oligonucleotides in paternity testing of the deceased. Author(s): Howard PL, Collins CC, Heintz NH. Source: Transfusion. 1991 June; 31(5): 441-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1675501&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphism of the human phosphoglycolate phosphatase in NorthrhineWestphalia (F.R.G.) and its application to paternity testing. Author(s): Henke J, Basler M, Baur MP. Source: Forensic Science International. 1983 August-September; 22(2-3): 137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6315552&dopt=Abstract

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Possibility of paternity testing using RFLP analysis on a very small amount of material. Author(s): Yamada Y, Kobayashi M, Takatori T, Nagao M, Ohira H, Yamamoto I, Ohtani S. Source: J Forensic Odontostomatol. 2001 June; 19(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11494675&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal paternity testing by DNA analysis. Author(s): Lobbiani A, Nocco A, Vedrietti P, Brambati B, Colucci G. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1991 May; 11(5): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1896422&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal paternity testing with deoxyribonucleic acid techniques. Author(s): Strom CM, Rechitsky S, Ginsberg N, Verlinsky O, Verlinsky Y. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 June; 174(6): 1849-53; Discussion 1853-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8678150&dopt=Abstract

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Prenatal paternity testing with DNA analyses. Author(s): Nata M, Nagae M, Aoki Y, Sagisaka K, Uehara S. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 1993; 106(3): 160-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8117596&dopt=Abstract

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Probability and paternity testing. Author(s): Elston RC. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1986 July; 39(1): 112-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3752078&dopt=Abstract

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Probability of paternity in paternity testing using the DNA fingerprint procedure. Author(s): Honma M, Ishiyama I. Source: Human Heredity. 1989; 39(3): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2591980&dopt=Abstract

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Problems arising from the use of the HLA system in paternity testing. Author(s): Reisner EG, MacQueen JM. Source: Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 1981; 3(2): 113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6788434&dopt=Abstract

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Problems in paternity testing. Subtypes of AB. Author(s): Perkins HA, Morel PA. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1980 February; 73(2): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7355865&dopt=Abstract

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Production and characterization of HLA antisera for paternity testing. Author(s): Wegener S, Wegener R, Falk U, During R. Source: Acta Med Leg Soc (Liege). 1985; 35(2): 271-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2979327&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous phenotyping of genetic markers for paternity testing. Author(s): Tamaki Y, Nishimukai H, Kishida T, Fukuda M. Source: Z Rechtsmed. 1987; 99(2): 135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3480666&dopt=Abstract

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STR typing of buccal swabs for paternity testing with reference to Japanese population data on the D20S85, D14S118, and D14S543 loci. Author(s): Okazaki K, Kishida T, Wang W, Nakamura M, Tamaki Y. Source: Nippon Hoigaku Zasshi. 1996 December; 50(6): 404-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8997085&dopt=Abstract

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Technical and theoretical considerations in the HLA typing of amniotic fluid cells for prenatal diagnosis and paternity testing. Author(s): Pollack MS, Heagney SD, Braun D Jr, O'Neill GJ. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1981 July; 1(3): 183-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6981107&dopt=Abstract

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The distribution of MNSs blood groups in Sri Lanka and their significance in paternity testing. Author(s): de Zoysa NS. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1991 March; 36(1): 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1893478&dopt=Abstract

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The DNA paternity test: legislating the future paternity action. Author(s): Shapiro ED, Reifler S, Psome CL. Source: Leg Med. 1993; : 233-82. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7907160&dopt=Abstract

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The scope of blood genetic marker investigations in paternity testing in Chinese and Malays. Author(s): Hawkins BR. Source: Singapore Med J. 1974 June; 15(2): 128-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4416484&dopt=Abstract

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The use of synthetic oligonucleotide primers for amplification of a variable number of tandem repeats loci for paternity testing. Author(s): Nosikov VV, Ovchinnikov IV, Gavrilov DK, Chelnokova MV. Source: Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 1991; (24): 219. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1841290&dopt=Abstract

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The usefulness of serum protein and erythrocyte enzyme polymorphisms in paternity testing. Author(s): Dykes DD, Polesky HF. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1976 June; 65(6): 982-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=937253&dopt=Abstract

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The usefulness of various polymorphisms in paternity testing. Experience with three southern African populations. Author(s): Dunn DS, Testa T, Morgan C, Bartleet SC, Jenkins T, Bartlett RG, Joffe M. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1989 October 7; 76(7): 303-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2678537&dopt=Abstract

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The utility of red cell acid phosphatase in paternity testing. Author(s): Wyslouchowa B. Source: Acta Med Pol. 1969; 10(1): 69-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5784096&dopt=Abstract

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The Y chromosome in forensic analysis and paternity testing. Author(s): Jobling MA, Pandya A, Tyler-Smith C. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 1997; 110(3): 118-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228562&dopt=Abstract

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Transcobalamin II polymorphism in the Swiss population--its application in paternity testing. Author(s): Scherz R, Frater-Schroder M, Steinegger L, Pflugshaupt R, Butler R. Source: Human Heredity. 1982; 32(4): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7129461&dopt=Abstract

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Two-dimensional electrophoresis of human lymphocyte proteins: two-dimensional polymorphisms and paternity testing. Author(s): Waldinger D, Cleve H. Source: Electrophoresis. 1988 August; 9(8): 375-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3234378&dopt=Abstract

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Use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprints for identity determination: comparison with traditional paternity testing methods--Part I. Author(s): Tonelli LA, Markowicz KR, Anderson MB, Green DJ, Herrin GL, Cotton RW, Dykes DD, Garner DD. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1990 November; 35(6): 1265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2262765&dopt=Abstract

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Use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprints for identity determination: comparison with traditional paternity testing methods--Part II. Author(s): Markowicz KR, Tonelli LA, Anderson MB, Green DJ, Herrin GL, Cotton RW, Gottschall JL, Garner DD. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1990 November; 35(6): 1270-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2124609&dopt=Abstract

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Use of DNA probes in paternity testing. Author(s): Rosner GL. Source: Clin Lab Sci. 1991 November-December; 4(6): 336-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10150130&dopt=Abstract

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Use of microplate methods in paternity testing. Author(s): Lapinski FJ, Crowley KM, Merritt CA, Henry JB. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1978 November; 70(5): 766-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=717281&dopt=Abstract

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Use of odds of paternity computations in determining the reliability of single exclusions in paternity testing. Author(s): Chakraborty R, Ryman N. Source: Human Heredity. 1981; 31(6): 363-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6949859&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of conventional blood groups, DNA-minisatellites, and short tandem repeat polymorphisms in paternity testing: a comparison. Author(s): Henke L, Fimmers R, Josephi E, Cleef S, Dulmer M, Henke J. Source: Forensic Science International. 1999 July 26; 103(2): 133-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10481266&dopt=Abstract

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User-friendly programs for easy calculations in paternity testing and kinship determinations. Author(s): Fung WK. Source: Forensic Science International. 2003 September 9; 136(1-3): 22-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12969617&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND PATERNITY TESTING Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to paternity testing. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to paternity testing and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “paternity testing” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to paternity testing: •

A validation study of four single locus probes (MS1, MS31, MS43 and g3) in a Korean population--further evaluation for paternity testing. Author(s): Lee KO, Lee KP. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1995 August; 10(4): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8593203&dopt=Abstract

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An investigation of the relationship between psychoprophylaxis in childbirth and changes in self-concept of the participant husband and his concept of his wife. Author(s): Hott J. Source: Image (In). 1972; 5(2): 11-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4483836&dopt=Abstract

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Coagulation factor XIII: a useful polymorphic genetic marker. Author(s): Graham JB, Edgell CJ, Fleming H, Namboodiri KK, Keats BJ, Elston RC. Source: Human Genetics. 1984; 67(2): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6430782&dopt=Abstract

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Reference database of hypervariable genetic markers of Argentina: application for molecular anthropology and forensic casework. Author(s): Sala A, Penacino G, Carnese R, Corach D. Source: Electrophoresis. 1999 June; 20(8): 1733-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10435440&dopt=Abstract

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Sleeping foetus?--Medicolegal consideration of an incredibly prolonged gestational period. Author(s): Benomran FA. Source: Med Sci Law. 1995 January; 35(1): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7877479&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON PATERNITY TESTING Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.4 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “paternity testing” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on paternity testing, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Paternity Testing By performing a patent search focusing on paternity testing, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 4Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on paternity testing: •

Detection of mismatches by cleavage of nucleic acid heteroduplexes Inventor(s): Kolodner; Richard (Jamaica Plain, MA), Mashal; Robert (Brookline, MA), Sklar; Jeffrey (Chestnut Hill, MA) Assignee(s): Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 5,824,471 Date filed: June 5, 1995 Abstract: Novel methods and kits for detecting mismatches in nucleic acids using one or more resolvase enzymes. These methods can be used in medical procedures or research, veterinary procedures or research, agricultural applications, forensics, and paternity testing. For example, in forensics and paternity testing, methods of the invention can replace or complement RFLP mapping. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the detection of mismatches in nucleic acids, e.g., the detection of mutations in DNA. Work described herein was supported by grants K11 CA01556 and P20 CA58203 from NIH. The government has certain rights in the invention. Efficient detection of mutations in genomic DNA is a matter of recurring interest in genetics and oncology. Many procedures have been applied to this problem with varying degrees of success. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05824471__

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DNA typing by mass spectrometry with polymorphic DNA repeat markers Inventor(s): Becker; Christopher H. (Palo Alto, CA), Butler; John M. (Menlo Park, CA), Li; Jia (Union City, CA), Monforte; Joseph A. (Berkeley, CA) Assignee(s): Genetrace Systems, Inc. (Alameda, CA) Patent Number: 6,090,558 Date filed: September 18, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is related to the fields of genetic mapping and genetic identity detection, including forensic identification and paternity testing. This invention is more specifically directed to the use of mass spectrometry to detect length variation in DNA nucleotide sequence repeats (including variants of common alleles), such as microsatellites and short tandem repeats, and to DNA sequences provided as primers for the analysis of DNA tandem nucleotide repeat polymorphisms at specific loci on specific chromosomes. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally directed to the field of genetic identity detection including forensic identification and paternity testing as well as genetic mapping. The present invention is more specifically directed to the use of mass spectrometry to detect length variations in DNA nucleotide sequence repeats, often referred to as short tandem repeats ("STR"), microsatellite repeats or simple sequence repeats ("SSR"). The invention is also directed to DNA sequences provided for the analysis of STR polymorphisms at specific loci on specific chromosomes. Polymorphic DNA tandem repeat loci are useful DNA markers for paternity testing, human

Patents 29

identification, and genetic mapping. Higher organisms, including plants, animals and humans, contain segments of DNA sequence with variable sequence repeats. Commonly sized repeats include dinucleotides, trinucleotides, tetranucleotides and larger. The number of repeats occurring at a particular genetic locus vary depending on the locus and the individual from a few to hundreds. The sequence and base composition of repeats can vary significantly, not even remaining constant within a particular nucleotide repeat locus. DNA nucleotide repeats are known by several different names including microsatellite repeats, simple sequence repeats, short tandem repeats and variable nucleotide tandem repeats. As used herein, the term "DNA tandem nucleotide repeat" ("DTNR") refers to all types of tandem repeat sequences. Thousands of DTNR loci have been identified in the human genome and have been predicted to occur as frequently as once every 15 kb. Population studies have been undertaken on dozens of these STR markers as well as extensive validation studies in forensic laboratories. Specific primer sequences located in the regions flanking the DNA tandem repeat region have been used to amplify alleles from DTNR loci via the polymerase chain reaction ("PCR.TM."). Thus, the PCR.TM. products include the polymorphic repeat regions, which vary in length depending on the number of repeats or partial repeats, and the flanking regions, which are typically of constant length and sequence between samples. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06090558__ •

Glassified restriction enzymes Inventor(s): Chirikjian; Jack G. (Potomac, MD), Huang; Caecilia J. (New Berlin, WI), Jolly; James F. (Glendale, WI) Assignee(s): Pharmacia P-L Biochemicals Inc. (Milwaukee, WI) Patent Number: 5,250,429 Date filed: September 20, 1991 Abstract: A room temperature stable restriction enzyme in a glassified carbohydrate stabilizer is disclosed. A restriction enzyme reaction buffer containing Mg.sup.+2 is dispersed in the stabilizer. One cleaves DNA merely by adding water and DNA to the composition. The composition can reduce glycerol-caused star activity by avoiding the need for glycerol. The composition also reduces star activity caused by high concentrations of enzymes. Another method is provided of comparing cleaved DNA samples in connection with forensic and paternity testing applications. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improved techniques for the storage of restriction enzymes. In particular, it relates to the stable storage of restriction enzymes with reaction buffers in a glassified state. There are two main types of restriction endonucleases ("restriction enzymes"), type I and type II. Both types cleave doublestranded DNA molecules. Type I restriction enzymes recognize a specific DNA sequence, but cleave the DNA molecule at varied sites removed from that sequence. In contrast, type II restriction enzymes recognize a specific DNA sequence and cleave DNA molecules at or adjacent specific sequences (a "restriction site"). Type II restriction enzymes are therefore particularly useful in biological techniques such as molecular cloning, genetic mapping and DNA sequence analysis. See generally Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook et al. (2nd Ed. 1989). However, type II restriction enzymes may be quite unstable, especially in the presence of Mg.sup.+2, which is a cofactor for some proteases. If activated, proteases can degrade a restriction enzyme. Mg.sup.+2 is also a nutrient source for some bacteria that can contaminate and inactivate an enzyme preparation. Also, conformational and other changes to restriction

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enzymes can occur during improper storage. Thus, methods have been developed to reduce storage problems associated with restriction enzymes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05250429__ •

Method for HLA DP typing Inventor(s): Begovich; Ann B. (El Cerrito, CA), Bugawan; Teodorica (San Leandro, CA), Erlich; Henry A. (Oakland, CA), Horn; Glenn T. (Framingham, MA) Assignee(s): Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. (Nutley, NJ) Patent Number: 5,310,893 Date filed: May 4, 1989 Abstract: A process for determining the genotype of an individual with respect to the alleles at the HLA DP locus involves obtaining a sample of nucleic acid from the individual, and hybridizing the nucleic acids with a panel of probes specific for variant segments of DPalpha and DPbeta genes. Because the variation between DPbeta alleles is highly dispersed throughout the second exon of the DPbeta gene, the discovery of many different DPbeta alleles makes the process far more discriminating and informative than cellular, RFLP, or serological methods. The process can also be carried out on amplified nucleic acid produced by the polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for the second exon of the DPalpha and DPbeta genes. HLA DP DNA typing methods are useful in the prevention of graft rejection and host versus graft disease, in determining susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, in providing evidence concerning the derivation from an individual of forensic samples, and in paternity testing. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and compositions for determining the HLA DP genotype of an individual. In a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to using gene amplification methodology disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202 and the dot-blot and allele-specific oligonucleotide probe technology as disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,194. The methods and probes of the invention specifically relate to the detection of the polymorphic class II HLA DP genes. The invention relates to the fields of molecular biology, diagnostic medicine, and forensics. The class II loci of the human major histocompatibility complex encode the HLA D cell surface glycoproteins which are expressed on B lymphocytes, activated T lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. These proteins, which are individually designated DR, DQ, and DP, are composed of an alpha and a highly polymorphic beta subunit and are responsible for the presentation of antigen to T cells. The variability in the highly polymorphic beta subunit is localized to the amino-terminal extracellular domain, which is thought to interact with the T cell receptor and antigen peptide fragments. The genes encoding the class II HLA proteins are located on the short arm of chromosome six in humans. The genes encoding the HLA DPalpha and DPbeta chains are clustered at the centromeric end of this region and, perhaps due to low levels of expression, were the last of the HLA D genes to be discovered and are, therefore, the least well characterized. The structures, sequences, and polymorphisms in the HLA D region have been reviewed in Trowsdale et al., 1985, Immunol. Rev. 85:5-43, incorporated herein by reference. The polymorphism of the HLA D region gene products has, in general, been defined by serologic typing reagents and by the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction in which T cell proliferation in response to homozygous typing cells (HTC) is measured in culture. The HLA DP antigens were originally defined by their ability to stimulate a strong secondary response in specifically primed T cells, a method known as primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) and

Patents 31

described by Mawas et al., 1981, Tissue Antigens 15:458-466; Wank et al., 1978, Immunogenetics 6:107-115; and Shaw et al., 1980, J. Exp. Med. 152:565-580. The HLA DP antigens elicit only a weak response in a primary MLC, and unlike the studies of HLA DR and HLA DQ polymorphism, the analysis of allelic variation in the HLA DP region has been complicated by the lack of availability of serologic reagents and of typing cells. In addition, the specific cell lines used in the PLT assay are difficult to generate, and the typing assay is slow and somewhat variable from laboratory to laboratory. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05310893__ •

Methods for determining nature of repeat units in DNA Inventor(s): Sosnowski; Ronald G. (Coronado, CA), Tu; Eugene (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Nanogen, Inc. (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 6,207,373 Date filed: February 25, 1998 Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for the analysis and determination of the nature of repeat units in a genetic target. In one method of this invention, the nature of the repeat units in the genetic target is determined by the steps of providing a plurality of hybridization complex assays arrayed on a plurality of test sites, where the hybridization complex assay includes at least a nucleic acid target containing a simple repetitive DNA sequence, a capture probe having a first unique flanking sequence and n repeat units, where n=0,1,2. , or fractions thereof, being complementary to the target sequence, and a reporter probe having a selected sequence complementary to the same target sequence strand wherein the selected sequence of the reporter includes a second unique flanking sequence and m repeat units, where m=0,1,2. , or fractions thereof, but where the sum of repeat units in the capture probe plus reporter probe is greater than 0 (n+m>0). Concordance and discordance among the hybridization complex assays at the test sites is determined at least in part by hybridization stability. Electronic stringency control may be utilized. Applications include paternity testing, forensic use, and disease diagnostics, such as for the identification of the existence of a clonal tumor. Excerpt(s): The methods and apparatus of these inventions relate to systems for genetic identification for disease state identification. More particularly, the methods and apparatus relate to systems for the detection of repeat unit states, such as the number of short tandem repeat units for the identification of individuals such as in a forensic or paternity sense, or for determination of disease states, such as for clonal tumor detection. Molecular biology comprises a wide variety of techniques for the analysis of nucleic acid and protein. Many of these techniques and procedures form the basis of clinical diagnostic assays and tests. These techniques include nucleic acid hybridization analysis, restriction enzyme analysis, genetic sequence analysis, and the separation and purification of nucleic acids and proteins (See, e.g., J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2 Ed., Cold spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). Most of these techniques involve carrying out numerous operations (e.g., pipetting, centrifugation, electrophoresis)on a large number of samples. They are often complex and time consuming, and generally require a high degree of accuracy. Many a technique is limited in its application by a lack of sensitivity, specificity, or reproducibility. For example, these problems have limited many diagnostic applications of nucleic acid hybridization analysis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06207373__

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Polymorphisms in the glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase locus Inventor(s): Chee; Mark (Palo Alto, CA), Fan; Jian-Bing (Palo Alto, CA) Assignee(s): Affymetrix, Inc. (Santa Clara, CA) Patent Number: 5,856,104 Date filed: March 7, 1997 Abstract: The invention provides nucleic acid segments of the glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase locus of the human genome including polymorphic sites. Allele-specific primers and probes hybridizing to regions flanking these sites are also provided. The nucleic acids, primers and probes are used in applications such as forensics, paternity testing, medicine and genetic analysis. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority from provisional application 60/029,374, filed Oct. 28, 1996, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. The genomes of all organisms undergo spontaneous mutation in the course of their continuing evolution generating variant forms of progenitor sequences (Gusella, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 55, 831-854 (1986)). The variant form may confer an evolutionary advantage or disadvantage relative to a progenitor form or may be neutral. In some instances, a variant form confers a lethal disadvantage and is not transmitted to subsequent generations of the organism. In other instances, a variant form confers an evolutionary advantage to the species and is eventually incorporated into the DNA of many or most members of the species and effectively becomes the progenitor form. In many instances, both progenitor and variant form(s) survive and co-exist in a species population. The coexistence of multiple forms of a sequence gives rise to polymorphisms. Several different types of polymorphism have been reported. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) means a variation in DNA sequence that alters the length of a restriction fragment as described in Botstein et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 32, 314-331 (1980). The restriction fragment length polymorphism may create or delete a restriction site, thus changing the length of the restriction fragment. RFLPs have been widely used in human and animal genetic analyses (see WO 90/13668; WO90/11369; Donis-Keller, Cell 51, 319-337 (1987); Lander et al., Genetics 121, 85-99 (1989)). When a heritable trait can be linked to a particular RFLP, the presence of the RFLP in an individual can be used to predict the likelihood that the animal will also exhibit the trait. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05856104__

Patent Applications on Paternity Testing As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.5 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to paternity testing:

5

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 33

•

Human single nucleotide polymorphisms Inventor(s): Cargill, Michele; (Gaithersburg, MD), Ireland, James S.; (Gaithersburg, MD), Lander, Eric S.; (Cambridge, MA) Correspondence: Hamilton Brook Smith And Reynolds, P.C.; Two Militia DR; Lexington; MA; 02421-4799; US Patent Application Number: 20020032319 Date filed: March 7, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides nucleic acid segments of the human genome, particularly nucleic acid segments from genes including polymorphic sites. Allelespecific primers and probes hybridizing to regions flanking or containing these sites are also provided. The nucleic acids, primers and probes are used in applications such as phenotype correlations, forensics, paternity testing, medicine and genetic analysis. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/187,510, filed on Mar. 7, 2000, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/206,129 filed on May 22, 2000, the entire teachings of both of which are incorporated herein by reference. The genomes of all organisms undergo spontaneous mutation in the course of their continuing evolution, generating variant forms of progenitor nucleic acid sequences (Gusella, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 55, 831-854 (1986)). The variant form may confer an evolutionary advantage or disadvantage relative to a progenitor form, or may be neutral. In some instances, a variant form confers a lethal disadvantage and is not transmitted to subsequent generations of the organism. In other instances, a variant form confers an evolutionary advantage to the species and is eventually incorporated into the DNA of many or most members of the species and effectively becomes the progenitor form. In many instances, both progenitor and variant form(s) survive and coexist in a species population. The coexistence of multiple forms of a sequence gives rise to polymorphisms. Several different types of polymorphism have been reported. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a variation in DNA sequence that alters the length of a restriction fragment (Botstein et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 32, 314-331 (1980)). The restriction fragment length polymorphism may create or delete a restriction site, thus changing the length of the restriction fragment. RFLPs have been widely used in human and animal genetic analyses (see WO 90/13668; W)90/11369; Donis-Keller, Cell 51, 319-337 (1987); Lander et al., Genetics 121, 85-99 (1989)). When a heritable trait can be linked to a particular RFLP, the presence of the RFLP in an individual can be used to predict the likelihood that the animal will also exhibit the trait. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for determining genetic affiliation, substructure and gene flow within human populations Inventor(s): Oefner, Peter J.; (Redwood City, CA), Underhill, Peter A.; (Palo Alto, CA) Correspondence: Kathleen S. Hall; Bozicevic, Field And Francis Llp; Suite 200; 200 Middlefield Road; Menlo Park; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030134285 Date filed: November 1, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides novel polymorphisms on the Y chromosome and methods of using these polymorphisms as well as known polymorphisms on the Y

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chromosome as indicators of evolutionary heritage. The polymorphisms of the present invention are clustered to specific regions of the Y chromosome, and polymorphisms of particular use to the present methods are found in the non-recombining region of the human Y chromosome (NRY). These polymorphisms, including SNPs, insertions, and deletions, may be useful for numerous applications, including forensics, paternity testing, diagnosis and the like. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 06/245,355, filed Nov. 1, 2000, which application is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to nucleic acid polymorphisms and their methods of use in, for example, determination of paternity and forensics. Tile science of genetics has taken a keen interest in the identification of human individuals and genetic relationships between individuals. The genome of an individual is unique to that individual, and can be used for identification purposes, e.g., testing for paternity and/or forensic testing (e.g. to identify an individual in the context of post-mortem identification or in the criminal justice system). Procedures have been developed which are based on identification and characterization of changes in an individual's DNA, referred to as DNA polymorphisms, where such changes are due to nucleotide substitution, insertion, or deletion within the chains of DNAs. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods and apparatus for detecting variants utilizing base stacking Inventor(s): Sosnowski, Ronald G.; (Coronado, CA), Tu, Eugene; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Lyon & Lyon Llp; 633 West Fifth Street; Suite 4700; Los Angeles; CA; 90071; US Patent Application Number: 20020115098 Date filed: March 25, 2002 Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for the analysis and determination of the nature of repeat units in a genetic target. In one method of this invention, the nature of the repeat units in the genetic target is determined by the steps of providing a plurality of hybridization complex assays arrayed on a plurality of test sites, where the hybridization complex assay includes at least a nucleic acid target containing a simple repetitive DNA sequence, a capture probe having a first unique flanking sequence and n repeat units, where n=0,1,2. , or fractions thereof, being complementary to the target sequence, and a reporter probe having a selected sequence complementary to the same target sequence strand wherein the selected sequence of the reporter includes a second unique flanking sequence and m repeat units, where m=0,1,2. , or fractions thereof, but where the sum of repeat units in the capture probe plus reporter probe is greater than 0 (n+m>0). Concordance and discordance among the hybridization complex assays at the test sites is determined at least in part by hybridization stability. Electronic stringency control may be utilized. Applications include paternity testing, forensic use, and disease diagnostics, such as for the identification of the existence of a clonal tumor. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/645,757, filed Aug. 24, 2000, entitled "METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS IN DNA", now allowed, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/030,156, filed Feb. 25, 1998, entitled "METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS IN DNA", now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,363. Further, this application is related to Application Ser. No. 08/986,065,

Patents 35

filed Dec. 5, 1997, entitled "METHODS AND PARAMETERS FOR ELECTRONIC BIOLOGICAL DEVICES", now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,380, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/534,454, filed Sep. 27, 1995, entitled "APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR ACTIVE PROGRAMMABLE MATRIX DEVICES", now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,486, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/304,657, filed Sep. 9, 1994, entitled "AUTOMATED MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM," now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,632,957, which is a continuationin-part of application Ser. No. 08/271,882, filed Jul. 7, 1994, entitled "METHODS FOR ELECTRONIC STRINGENCY CONTROL FOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSTICS," now aissued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,696, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/146,504, filed Nov. 1, 1993, entitled "ACTIVE PROGRAMMABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICES FOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSTICS", now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,662, all incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein. The methods and apparatus of these inventions relate to systems for genetic identification for disease state identification. More particularly, the methods and apparatus relate to systems for the detection of repeat unit states, such as the number of short tandem repeat units for the identification of individuals such as in a forensic or paternity sense, or for determination of disease states, such as for clonal tumor detection. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with paternity testing, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “paternity testing” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on paternity testing. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning paternity testing. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

37

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON PATERNITY TESTING Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to paternity testing. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on paternity testing include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “paternity testing” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “paternity testing” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “paternity testing” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Paternity Testing; ISBN: 0914404415; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914404415/icongroupinterna

•

Probability of Inclusion in Paternity Testing by Herbert Silver (Editor); ISBN: 0914404776; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914404776/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search

38

Paternity Testing

area, simply type “paternity testing” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:6 •

Paternity testing by blood grouping Author: Sussman, Leon N.; Year: 1976; Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, c1976; ISBN: 0398035237 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398035237/icongroupinterna

•

Paternity testing. Author: Polesky, Herbert F., Year: 1975; Chicago, Published by the Division of Educational Media Services in cooperation with the Council on Immunohematology of the Commission on Continuing Education, American Society of Clinical Pathologists, 1975

Chapters on Paternity Testing In order to find chapters that specifically relate to paternity testing, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and paternity testing using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “paternity testing” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

6

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

39

CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON PATERNITY TESTING Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on paternity testing. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Paternity Testing The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in paternity testing (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on paternity testing: •

DNA analysis and paternity testing; DNA technology and the legal system of the United States [videorecording] Source: presented by Laboratory Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation; Year: 1988; Format: Videorecording; Quantico, Va.: Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, [1988]

41

CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PATERNITY TESTING Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover paternity testing.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on paternity testing is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “paternity testing” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to paternity testing. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “paternity testing” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for paternity testing: •

Paternity Tests Can Be Performed In The First Trimester Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 23, 1996

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “paternity testing” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “paternity testing” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to paternity testing, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “paternity testing” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Paternity Testing Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to paternity testing. In addition

Periodicals and News

43

to these sources, you can search for articles covering paternity testing that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

45

APPENDICES

47

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

49

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “paternity testing” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2126 99 44 1 1 2271

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “paternity testing” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

51

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

53

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on paternity testing can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to paternity testing. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to paternity testing. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “paternity testing”:

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•

Other guides Adoption http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adoption.html Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastcancer.html Genetic Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticdisorders.html Genetic Testing/Counseling http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/genetictestingcounseling.html Infertility http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infertility.html Phenylketonuria http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/phenylketonuria.html Prenatal Testing http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prenataltesting.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to paternity testing. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

Patient Resources

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

55

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to paternity testing. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with paternity testing. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about paternity testing. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “paternity testing” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “paternity testing”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For

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publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “paternity testing” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “paternity testing” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

57

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

59

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

61

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

63

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

65

PATERNITY TESTING DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH]

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Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anthropology: The science devoted to the comparative study of man. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspirate: Fluid withdrawn from a lump, often a cyst, or a nipple. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or

Dictionary 67

bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Composition: The relative amounts of the purines and pyrimidines in a nucleic acid. [NIH]

Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Blood Groups: The classification systems (or schemes) of the different antigens located on erythrocytes.The antigens are the phenotypic expression of the genetic differences characteristic of specific blood groups. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]

Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH]

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Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chorion: The outermost extraembryonic membrane. [NIH] Chorionic Villi: The threadlike, vascular projections of the chorion which enter into the formation of the placenta. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix

Dictionary 69

'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Demography: Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes.

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[NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dinucleotide Repeats: The most common of the microsatellite tandem repeats (microsatellite repeats) dispersed in the euchromatic arms of chromosomes. They consist of two nucleotides repeated in tandem; guanine and thymine, (GT)n, is the most frequently seen. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Endonucleases: Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons

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alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fetal Blood: Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the placenta. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery. [NIH] Fetoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the fetus and amniotic cavity through abdominal or uterine entry. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Amplification: A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH]

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Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]

Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of

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water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incest: Sexual intercourse between persons so closely related that they are forbidden by law to marry. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH] Isoelectric Focusing: Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point. [NIH] Isoelectric Point: The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH]

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Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microsatellite Repeats: A variety of simple di- (dinucleotide repeats), tri- (trinucleotide repeats), tetra-, and pentanucleotide tandem repeats (usually less than 100 bases long). They are dispersed in the euchromatic arms of most chromosomes. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief

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constituent of mucus. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes: Double-stranded nucleic acid molecules (DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA) which contain regions of nucleotide mismatches (non-complementary). In vivo, these heteroduplexes can result from mutation or genetic recombination; in vitro, they are formed by nucleic acid hybridization. Electron microscopic analysis of the resulting heteroduplexes facilitates the mapping of regions of base sequence homology of nucleic acids. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oligonucleotide Probes: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar

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gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Paternity: Establishing the father relationship of a man and a child. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together

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chemically. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recessive gene: A gene that is phenotypically expressed only when homozygous. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in

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crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salivary Proteins: Proteins found in saliva and the salivary glands. These proteins show some enzymatic activity, but their composition varies in different individuals. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spotting: A slight discharge of blood via the vagina, especially as a side-effect of oral contraceptives. [EU]

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Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stringency: Experimental conditions (e. g. temperature, salt concentration) used during the hybridization of nucleic acids. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Tandem Repeat Sequences: Copies of DNA sequences which lie adjacent to each other in the same orientation (direct tandem repeats) or in the opposite direction to each other (inverted tandem repeats). [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tic: An involuntary compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped movement, resembling a purposeful movement because it is coordinated and involves muscles in their normal synergistic relationships; tics usually involve the face and shoulders. [EU] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trinucleotide Repeats: Microsatellite repeats consisting of three nucleotides dispersed in

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the euchromatic arms of chromosomes. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villus: Cell found in the lining of the small intestine. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

81

INDEX A Acid Phosphatase, 20, 65 Adverse Effect, 65, 78 Agar, 65 Agarose, 11, 65 Algorithms, 65, 67 Alleles, 28, 29, 30, 65 Allogeneic, 65, 72 Alternative medicine, 42, 65 Amino acid, 6, 65, 66, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79 Amino Acid Sequence, 65, 66, 70, 71 Amino-terminal, 30, 65 Amnion, 65 Amniotic Fluid, 19, 65 Amplification, 20, 65 Amyloid, 66 Analogous, 6, 66, 79 Anaphylatoxins, 66, 69 Annealing, 66, 76 Anthropology, 24, 66 Antibodies, 66, 74 Antibody, 66, 68, 72, 73, 75, 78 Antigen, 9, 15, 30, 66, 69, 72, 73 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 66, 69 Antigen-presenting cell, 66, 69 Aqueous, 66, 67 Arginine, 66, 80 Arterial, 66, 77 Arteries, 66, 69, 74 Aspirate, 6, 66 Assay, 4, 31, 34, 66 Autoimmune disease, 30, 66 B Bacteria, 29, 66, 74, 76, 80 Base, 29, 34, 67, 70, 71, 73, 75 Base Composition, 29, 67 Base Sequence, 67, 71, 75 Biochemical, 65, 67 Biotechnology, 4, 7, 38, 42, 49, 67 Biotin, 67, 75 Blood Groups, 16, 19, 22, 67 Blot, 30, 67, 75 Branch, 61, 67, 78, 79 Buccal, 19, 67 Buffers, 29, 67 C Calcium, 67, 68

Carbohydrate, 29, 67, 72, 76, 78 Cell, 15, 20, 30, 32, 33, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 77, 80 Cell Division, 66, 67, 68, 76 Cell proliferation, 30, 68 Cellulose, 68, 76 Centrifugation, 31, 68 Chemotactic Factors, 68, 69 Chorion, 68 Chorionic Villi, 14, 68 Chromosomal, 65, 68, 76 Chromosome, 9, 20, 30, 33, 68, 71, 72, 74 Cleave, 29, 68 Clinical trial, 3, 49, 68, 75, 77 Cloning, 29, 31, 67, 68 Cofactor, 29, 68, 77 Collagen, 65, 68 Colloidal, 68, 70 Complement, 28, 66, 68, 69, 71, 74 Complementary and alternative medicine, 23, 25, 69 Complementary medicine, 23, 69 Computational Biology, 49, 69 Confounding, 5, 69 Contraindications, ii, 69 Coronary, 69, 74 Coronary Thrombosis, 69, 74 Curative, 69, 79 Cyst, 66, 69 D Deletion, 34, 69 Demography, 5, 69 Denaturation, 69, 76 Dendrites, 69 Dendritic, 30, 69 Dendritic cell, 30, 69 Density, 4, 68, 70, 75 Deoxyribonucleic, 18, 21, 70 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 18, 21, 70 Deoxyribonucleotides, 70 Diagnostic procedure, 5, 27, 42, 70 Dilatation, 70, 77 Dinucleotide Repeats, 70, 74 Diploid, 70, 76 Direct, iii, 5, 70, 76, 78, 79 Drug Interactions, 70 Duct, 70, 78

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E Effector, 68, 70 Electrophoresis, 9, 11, 13, 21, 24, 31, 70, 73 Emollient, 70, 72 Endonucleases, 29, 70 Endotoxins, 69, 70, 73 Enteropeptidase, 70, 80 Environmental Health, 48, 50, 70 Enzymatic, 65, 67, 69, 70, 76, 78 Enzyme, 14, 20, 29, 31, 65, 70, 76, 77, 79, 80 Erythrocytes, 67, 70 Exogenous, 5, 70 Exon, 30, 70 Extracellular, 30, 66, 71 F Family Planning, 49, 71 Fathers, 5, 71 Fetal Blood, 12, 71 Fetoscopy, 12, 71 Fetus, 71, 76, 77 Fibrinogen, 10, 71, 79 Fluorescence, 4, 14, 71 G Gene, 4, 5, 6, 30, 33, 38, 65, 67, 71, 75, 77 Gene Amplification, 30, 71 Gene Expression, 4, 71 Genetic Code, 71, 75 Genetic Engineering, 67, 68, 71 Genetic Markers, 10, 15, 19, 24, 71 Genetic testing, 71, 76 Genetics, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 24, 28, 32, 33, 34, 71 Genotype, 30, 72, 76 Gestational, 24, 72 Glucose, 32, 68, 72 Glycerol, 29, 72 Glycine, 65, 72, 75, 78 Glycoprotein, 71, 72 Governing Board, 72, 77 Graft, 30, 72 Graft Rejection, 30, 72 Growth, 67, 68, 72, 74, 76 H Haploid, 72, 76 Haplotypes, 15, 72 Heredity, 8, 10, 19, 21, 71, 72 Homologous, 65, 72 Host, 30, 72 Humoral, 72 Hybrid, 72, 75 Hybridization, 4, 31, 34, 72, 75, 79 Hydrogen, 67, 69, 72, 74, 75

Hydrogen Bonding, 72, 75 Hydrolysis, 70, 72, 76, 77, 80 Hydroxyproline, 65, 68, 73 I Id, 24, 54, 60, 62, 73 Immune response, 66, 72, 73, 74, 80 Immune system, 66, 73, 74, 80 Immunologic, 4, 68, 73 In vitro, 11, 73, 75, 76 In vivo, 73, 75 Incest, 15, 73 Indicative, 37, 73, 80 Infarction, 69, 73, 74 Infection, 68, 73, 74, 80 Infertility, 54, 73 Involuntary, 73, 75, 79 Ions, 67, 72, 73 Isoelectric, 9, 11, 73 Isoelectric Focusing, 9, 11, 73 Isoelectric Point, 73 K Kb, 29, 48, 73 Keto, 6, 73 L Labile, 68, 74 Lethal, 32, 33, 74 Library Services, 60, 74 Linkage, 71, 74 Lipid, 72, 73, 74 Localized, 30, 73, 74, 76 Locomotion, 74, 76 Lymphocyte, 21, 30, 66, 74 Lysine, 74, 80 Lytic, 74, 78 M Major Histocompatibility Complex, 30, 72, 74 Malignant, 74 MEDLINE, 49, 74 Membrane, 65, 68, 69, 74, 75 MI, 11, 63, 74 Microorganism, 68, 74, 80 Microsatellite Repeats, 28, 70, 74 Modification, 65, 71, 74 Molecular, 6, 9, 10, 11, 24, 29, 30, 31, 49, 51, 67, 69, 71, 74 Molecule, 29, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80 Mucins, 74, 78 Multicenter study, 15, 75 Myocardium, 74, 75

Index 83

N Need, 6, 29, 38, 55, 75 Neurotransmitter, 65, 72, 75 Nitrogen, 65, 75 Nucleic acid, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 67, 71, 72, 75, 77, 79 Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes, 28, 75 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 31, 72, 75 Nucleus, 75, 79 O Oligonucleotide Probes, 4, 75 Oncology, 28, 75 Opacity, 70, 75 Organelles, 68, 75 P Palliative, 75, 79 Pancreas, 67, 75, 80 Parasite, 76 Parasitic, 5, 76 Parasitic Diseases, 5, 76 Peptide, 30, 65, 70, 76, 77 Peptide Fragments, 30, 76 Pharmacologic, 76, 79 Phenotype, 33, 76 Physiologic, 76, 77 Placenta, 68, 71, 76 Plants, 29, 72, 76, 79 Plasmid, 71, 76, 80 Pneumonia, 69, 76 Polymerase, 5, 18, 29, 30, 76 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 5, 29, 30, 76 Polymorphic, 11, 12, 24, 28, 30, 32, 33, 76 Polymorphism, 4, 9, 18, 21, 30, 32, 33, 76 Polysaccharide, 65, 66, 68, 76 Practice Guidelines, 50, 77 Prenatal, 18, 19, 54, 77 Probe, 9, 13, 15, 16, 30, 31, 34, 75, 77 Progression, 4, 77 Proportional, 71, 77 Protein S, 38, 67, 71, 77 Proteins, 21, 30, 31, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 Proteolytic, 68, 70, 71, 77 Protocol, 5, 9, 77 Public Policy, 49, 77 Purines, 67, 77, 78 Pyrimidines, 67, 77, 78 R Race, 5, 77 Radiation, 71, 77 Radioisotope, 75, 77 Receptor, 30, 66, 77

Recessive gene, 6, 77 Recombination, 71, 75, 77 Refer, 1, 67, 68, 74, 78 Reliability, 13, 21, 78 Rigidity, 76, 78 S Saliva, 78 Salivary, 8, 78 Salivary glands, 78 Salivary Proteins, 8, 78 Screening, 4, 5, 6, 68, 78 Sedimentation, 68, 78 Sequence Analysis, 29, 31, 78 Sequencing, 76, 78 Serine, 78, 80 Serologic, 30, 78 Serum, 6, 9, 20, 66, 68, 78 Side effect, 65, 78, 79 Small intestine, 78, 80 Solvent, 72, 78 Specialist, 55, 78 Species, 32, 33, 65, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79 Specificity, 31, 78 Sperm, 68, 78 Spotting, 4, 78 Stabilizer, 29, 79 Sterility, 73, 79 Sterilization, 6, 79 Strand, 31, 34, 76, 79 Stringency, 31, 34, 79 Subspecies, 78, 79 Synergistic, 79 T Tandem Repeat Sequences, 29, 79 Therapeutics, 79 Thermal, 5, 76, 79 Thrombin, 71, 79 Thrombosis, 77, 79 Tic, 6, 79 Tissue, 5, 31, 66, 67, 68, 72, 74, 75, 78, 79 Toxic, iv, 79 Toxicity, 70, 79 Toxicology, 50, 79 Toxins, 66, 70, 73, 79 Transfection, 67, 79 Translation, 65, 79 Transplantation, 74, 79 Trinucleotide Repeats, 74, 79 Trypsin, 12, 70, 80 U Unconscious, 73, 80 Uracil, 77, 80

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Uridine Monophosphate, 10, 80 V Vaccine, 77, 80 Vagina, 78, 80 Vascular, 68, 73, 76, 80 Vector, 76, 80 Venous, 77, 80 Veterinary Medicine, 49, 80 Villus, 9, 80

Viral, 5, 80 Virus, 71, 80 Vitro, 80 Vivo, 80 W White blood cell, 66, 74, 80 Y Yeasts, 76, 80

Index 85

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Index 87

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