PESTICIDES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Pesticides: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84162-4 1. Pesticides-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on pesticides. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PESTICIDES ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Pesticides....................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 65 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 74 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PESTICIDES .................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Finding Nutrition Studies on Pesticides ................................................................................... 103 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 109 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 110 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND PESTICIDES .............................................................. 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 113 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 120 General References ..................................................................................................................... 124 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON PESTICIDES ................................................................................ 125 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125 Dissertations on Pesticides ........................................................................................................ 125 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 132 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND PESTICIDES ........................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 Recent Trials on Pesticides ........................................................................................................ 133 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 135 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON PESTICIDES ........................................................................................... 137 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 137 Patents on Pesticides.................................................................................................................. 137 Patent Applications on Pesticides .............................................................................................. 156 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 189 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON PESTICIDES .............................................................................................. 191 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 191 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 191 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 193 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 200 Chapters on Pesticides ............................................................................................................... 202 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON PESTICIDES .................................................................................... 205 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 205 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 205 Bibliography: Multimedia on Pesticides .................................................................................... 206 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PESTICIDES ................................................................. 209 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 209 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 209 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 213 Academic Periodicals covering Pesticides .................................................................................. 213 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 215 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 215 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 215 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 216 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 219 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 219
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NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 219 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 221 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 225 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 227 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 227 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 227 Associations and Pesticides........................................................................................................ 235 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 235 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 237 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 237 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 237 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 237 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 237 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 243 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 246 PESTICIDES DICTIONARY ....................................................................................................... 247 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 321
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with pesticides is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about pesticides, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to pesticides, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on pesticides. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to pesticides, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on pesticides. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PESTICIDES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on pesticides.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and pesticides, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Fruits and Vegetables: Eating Your Way to 5 a Day Source: FDA Consumer. 31(2): 16-23. March 1997. Summary: The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has recently challenged Americans to eat at least five servings of fruits and vegetables a day. This article describes these recommendations and helps readers incorporate these guidelines into their diets. With its partner, the Produce for Better Health (PBH) Foundation (a nonprofit consumer education foundation funded by the produce industry), NCI has taken the '5 A Day for Better Health' message to grocery stores, classrooms, television, work sites, churches, and elsewhere. The goal of this campaign is to increase consumers' awareness of the importance of fruits and vegetables and to give consumers ideas on how they can increase their intake. The article lists potential barriers to eating five servings a day, along with suggestions for overcoming each barrier. These perceived problems are fruits
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Pesticides
and vegetables cost too much, take too long to prepare, spoil too quickly, and contain harmful pesticides. One sidebar gives readers guidelines for serving sizes of fruits and vegetables; a second sidebar discusses the waxlike coating that is often applied to fruits and vegetables after harvesting. Organizations through which readers can get more information are also listed. •
Drug-Induced Taste and Smell Disorders: Incidence, Mechanisms and Management Related Primarily to Treatment of Sensory Receptor Dysfunction Source: Drug Safety. 11(5): 318-377. November 1994. Summary: This lengthy article describes the incidence, mechanisms, and management of drug-induced taste and smell disorders. The author stresses that drugs in every major pharmacological category can impair both taste and smell function and do so more commonly than presently appreciated. Impairment usually affects sensory function at a molecular level, causing 2 major behavioral changes: loss of acuity (i.e., hypogeusia and hyposmia) or distortion of function (i.e., dysgeusia and dysosmia). These changes can impair appetite and food intake, cause significant lifestyle changes, and may require discontinuation of drug administration. Seventeen sections cover the pathology of taste and smell function; cardiovascular drugs; anti-infectives; anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic and antigout drugs; drugs used in endocrine disorders; vitamins and vitamin derivatives; antiasthmatics, nasal decongestants, and antihistamines; opioids; psychotropic drugs; muscle relaxants; anorectics, anti-Parkinsonian, and anticonvulsant drugs; antineoplastics and immunosuppressives; X-rays; antiemetic, antiulcer, and antispasmodic drugs; antimigraine drugs; antismoking and antialcohol agents; and other agents, including radiocontrast agents, heavy metals, vapor phase pollutants, pesticides, and local anesthetics. 4 figures. 15 tables. 682 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Pesticides The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to pesticides. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to pesticides. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore pesticides. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for pesticides:
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Project Title: PESTICIDES
"LIGAND
INDEPENDENT"
ENDOCRINE
Studies
5
DISRUPTION
BY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Wong, Patrick S.; Environmental Toxicology; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlorinated pesticides such as betahexachlorocyclohexane (a-HCH) and heptachlor epoxide have been proposed as risks factor for breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers. Their mechanisms of action may be due to their ability to mimic the effects of estrogen and thus, produce such effects as cell proliferation and down regulation of estrogen receptors which are associated with phenotypical markers of carcinogenesis. These pesticides, however, do not have agonistic properties toward estrogen receptors and thus, must exert their activity through some other mechanisms including a "ligand-independent" activation (LIA) mechanism similar to "crosstalk" patterns seen between growth factor receptors and estrogen receptors. Therefore, the main goals of this project are to establish the existence "ligand independent" activation mechanism for various chlorinated pesticides in our cell systems (BG-1 ovarian cancer cells, and Ishikawa endometrial cells). Secondly, experiments will be designed to dissect this LIA pathway for pesticides by investigating the molecular mechanisms which may be involved. This will be accomplished through the comparisons of the ability of chlorinated pesticide and established growth factor and cellular messenger activators to achieve LIA in the presence of possible LIA inhibitors (antibodies, second messenger inhibitors etc). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXPOSURE
ADULT
NIGRO-STRIATAL
RESPONSE
TO
FETAL
TOXIN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Son, H. Jin.; Associate Professor; Winifred Masterson Burke Med Res Inst Medical Research Institute White Plains, Ny 10605 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Submitted in response to PAR-02-105, this project will explore the fetal basis of dopaminergic (DA) neurodegeneration in idiopathic Parkinson's diseases (PD) by testing the Barker hypothesis as applied to the nigrostriatal system. Currently, the 'double hit' model for the disease progression of sporadic PD predicts that an initial early physiological insult (1st hit) produces either acute subsymptomatic cell loss, compromised physiological conditions or altered cell death gene expression that results in an augmented clinical susceptibility to a 2nd hit, such as normal aging or environmental toxin exposure. Etiological studies strongly suggest that exposure to environmental toxins including pesticides are risk factors in sporadic PD. However, the progression of sporadic PD remains quite elusive. Thus, based on DA cell death mechanistic studies including ours, we would like to test the hypothesis that prenatally-generated susceptibility during the critical window of nigro-striatal system development contributes to the disease progression later in life. In our previous studies we have already identified (i) PD-related pesticides generate cellular stresses including oxidative stress, which result in the significantly altered genes expression including functional proteins of which physiological dysfunctions have been implicated in PD, and (ii) disturbances during the embryonic nigro-striatal innervation period are harmful to the survival of DA neurons. This proposal will test the Barker hypothesis by characterizing altered gene expression profiles and augmented toxin/age-dependent
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Pesticides
susceptibility initially employing the specific PD-related pesticide, paraquat, as a model and subsequently other toxins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ASTHMA AND LEAD PREVENTION IN CHICAGO PUBLIC HOUSING Principal Investigator & Institution: Haasch, Ellen M.; Safer Pest Control Project 25 E Washington St, Ste 1515 Chicago, Il 60602 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) African Americans, Puerto Ricans, and persons living in low income neighborhoods have at least five times the death rates from asthma as non- Hispanic whites. Many environmental variables have been shown to increase symptoms in persons predisposed to the disease, including exposure to cockroach allergens, furry/feathered pets, dust mites, rodents, endotoxins, and pesticide sprays. The purpose of the current study is to examine the effects of peer education and modification of the home environment on the incidence and severity of asthma, lead dust exposure, and lead poisoning in Chicago public housing residents over a four-year period. The project will build upon a network of community groups, healthcare providers, specialists, and Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) personnel committed to improving public health in Chicago public housing. A total of six peer educators will be recruited from Ogden Courts, Henry Homer, and Robert Taylor developments who will work with a total of 600 families with asthmatics from the three developments to assess and modify pest problems and other asthma triggers and lead hazards. A total of fifteen residents from the three developments will additionally be recruited to carry out small unit repairs (caulking and sealing of cracks and crevices) for cockroach and rodent management in all 600 units. The specific aim of this study is to reduce the incidence and severity of asthma and lead poisoning in Chicago Public Housing. Long-term objectives are to implement and formalize Integrated Pest Management (effective pest control while minimizing the use and hazards of pesticides) Authority-wide, to improve the self-sufficiency of CHA residents, and to enable CHA residents to direct environmental improvements in their own developments leading to better health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BIOAVAILABILITY OF ARSENIC IN SOILS AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL PROPERTIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Sarkar, Dibyendu; University of Texas San Antonio San Antonio, Tx 78249 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: Years of widespread application of arsenic-based pesticides have reportedly increased the background concentration of this toxic metalloid in agricultural soils. Rapid encroachment of suburban development on lands previously used for agricultural purposes in the last two decades has tremendously increased the potential for human contact with this Group-A carcinogen. The importance of considering soil ingestion from incidental hand-to-mouth activity by children has been repeatedly emphasized in recent studies assessing public health risks associated with long-term exposure to low-level metal-contaminated systems. The long-range objective of the proposed research is to help develop a more accurate risk assessment model for exposure to low doses of arsenic in soils. Studies suggest that bioavailability of arsenic is much less in soils than in water (100% bioavailable), indicating that the current practice
Studies
7
of assessing human health risk from ingested soil-arsenic using the water model (due to absence of an appropriate soil model) seriously overestimates potential risk. It also sets much higher limits on soil-cleanup goals, essentially translating to millions of dollars in over-expenditure during the remediation process. In order to avoid overestimation of health risk, and to prescribe more appropriate and cost-effective remedial methods, an accurate assessment of bioavailability based on geochemical fate of arsenic in such soils is required. Realizing the heterogeneity of the soil-plant-water environment and the wide range of interactive bio-physico-chemical parameters, an integrated greenhouse and laboratory study has been proposed by a team of soil scientists, chemists, and plant scientists with the following specific aims: (1) to examine the relationship between geochemical speciation and bioavailability of arsenic as a function of soil properties, (2) to determine the applicability of quantitative models in predicting arsenic retention in complex multi-component systems, such as soils, (3) to evaluate the use of low-cost chemical amendments, such as water treatment residuals in decreasing soil arsenic availability, and (4) to identify the chemical, physiological and genetic mechanisms behind uptake and detoxification of arsenic in plant systems. Collectively, this new knowledge is expected to have a major positive impact on modification of the current human health risk assessment practices by understanding how soil biogeochemical properties influence arsenic uptake and bioavailability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDE USE Principal Investigator & Institution: Carozza, Susan E.; Assistant Professor; Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: The overall goal of the proposed case-control study is to estimate the risk of specific childhood cancers associated with in utero exposure to pesticides (fungicides, herbicides and insecticides) used in agricultural settings, with particular emphasis on differential risk by race/ethnicity. In the process of addressing the study goal, we will be developing two tools which will have wider applications for public health research in Texas populations: 1) a geographic information system (GIS) capable of producing historical agricultural land use maps for a majority of Texas counties; and 2) a cropspecific Pesticide Exposure Index (PEI) for use in evaluating exposure to agricultural pesticides based on cropping and pesticide use patterns. These data applications will be of particular use in evaluating public health outcomes in rural populations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CASE CONTROL STUDY OF RISK FACTORS FOR WILMS TUMOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Olshan, Andrew F.; Professor; Epidemiology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-AUG-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Wilms tumor is the most common kidney tumor of childhood and has served as an important model for understanding the genetics and molecular biology of cancer. Epidemiologic studies have suggested but not proven an environmental influence. We propose to conduct the first large, comprehensive case-control study of risk factors for Wilms tumor. The proposed study will incorporate improved methods for exposure measurement and clinical and biologic markers to evaluate potential gene-environment
8
Pesticides
interaction. About 800 cases will be identified through the National Wilms Tumor Study Group (NWTSG), a national collaborative clinical trial that enrolls over 95 percent of all cases of Wilms tumor diagnosed in the United States. Parents of cases and of 800 controls identified by random digit telephone dialing, matched to cases on age and geographic area, will be interviewed by telephone. A major aim of the study is to evaluate the role of specific paternal occupations and related exposures reported in previous studies as risk factors for Wilms tumor. The most consistent associations have involved paternal employment as welders, mechanics, and machinists. Related exposures found in these and other occupations include metals and solvents. However, the interpretation of previous studies has been hampered by a number of methodologic concerns. The proposed study will overcome these limitations, including the incorporation of improved methods for occupational data collection and exposure assessment. The study will also evaluate maternal employment as hairdressers, electronics manufacturing workers, laboratory workers, and dental assistants and related exposure to dyes, electromagnetic fields, solvents, and metals. This evaluation of parental occupation should provide the evidence necessary to either confirm or refute previous findings. The proposed study uses a recently developed system of branched interviews and industrial hygienist review to obtain job- and exposure-specific data. Since most of the patients have data collected on clinical and biologic markers as part of the ongoing NWTS-5 therapeutic and biology study, we will analyze the exposures separately for subgroups of patients defined by loss of heterozygosity at 11p, 1p, 16q, age at diagnosis, precursor lesions, bilaterality, and presence of congenital anomalies. We will be able to define subgroups with potential de novo germline mutations, an etiologic pathway more likely to be influenced by paternal preconceptional occupational exposures. We will also evaluate other suspected but unproved risk factors for Wilms tumor, such as residential use of pesticides, pregnancy conditions and exposures, and neonatal and childhood conditions. A medical records validation will be performed for pregnancy and delivery factors. This study will provide important new advances in our understanding of Wilms tumor given the study size, quality of exposure assessment, and incorporation of clinical and biological markers of etiologic heterogeneity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LYMPHOMA
CASE-CONTROL
STUDY
OF
PESTICIDES
AND
T(14;18)
Principal Investigator & Institution: Chiu, Brian C.; Preventive & Societal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Ne 681987835 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): A population-based, case-control study of nonHodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) was conducted in Nebraska between 1983 and 1986. This NCI's study collected extensive information on agricultural exposures. Herein, an ancillary molecular study is proposed to determine the role of pesticides in the occurrence of t(14;18) chromosomal translocation in this case-control study. An association between NHL and pesticides has been observed repeatedly, but not consistently. Results of epidemiologic studies of pesticides and NHL may be obscured by the aggregate evaluation of cases that are etiologically diverse. The t(14;18) is the most common cytogenetic abnormality, and t(14;18)-mediated constitutive overexpression of BCL2 protein is an important early event in NHL pathogenesis. The current proposal will classify NHL cases according to t(14;18) status to identify agricultural risk factors that may be specifically associated with t(14;18)-positive or negative pathogenic mechanisms. The specific aims are to 1) obtain paraffin-embedded
Studies
9
tumor blocks for NHL cases; 2) determine the presence of the t(14;18) translocation; and 3) investigate pesticides for their association with t(14;18)-positive NHL or t(14;18)negative NHL. The hypothesis is that pesticides act specifically along a t(14;18)dependent pathway, resulting in stronger associations with t(14;18)-positive than t(14;18)-negative NHL. The research design is a molecular case-control study. Tumor blocks will be obtained from the Lymphoma Registry Tissue Bank for all NHL cases in the original case-control study (about 270-290 tissue blocks will be available). Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis will be used to determine the presence of the t(14;18) translocation. Results from FISH analyses will be used to classify NHL cases into t(14;18)-positive NHL or t(14;18)-negative NHL. Logistic regression models will be used to calculate the odds ratios for t(14;18)-positive NHL and t(14;18)negative NHL associated with various groups and types of pesticides. The low-term objective is to improve understanding of the disease process which may ultimately lead to improved prevention of NHL in the general population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CASPASES, MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kanthasamy, Anumantha G.; Associate Professor; Biomedical Sciences; Iowa State University of Science & Tech Ames, Ia 500112207 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 2% of the population over age 50, and the number of annual PD cases continues to rise along with the median age of the population. As the population in our society ages, we face the regrettable reality that effective medical treatment strategies for major chronic neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease, are lacking. Determining the mechanisms of etiopathogenesis and selective nigrostriatal degeneration in PD is a formidable challenge. Emerging epidemiological and case control studies suggest that environmental factors, especially pesticides, are dominant risk factors in the etiology of sporadic, geriatric-onset Parkinson's disease. In this proposal, our preliminary data reveal that dopaminergic cells are susceptible to Dieldrin (a potential environmental risk factor for development of PD) -induced apoptosis, in which oxidative stress plays a causal role. We have also uncovered a novel apoptotic pathway involving caspase-3 dependent proteolytic cleavage of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) that not only mediates apoptosis in dopaminergic cells, but also influences key cellular events such as amplification of the apoptotic cascade through positive feedback activation and hyperphosphorylation of alpha-synuclein. We will extend our preliminary findings by pursuing the following Specific Aims: (I) characterize mitochondrial dysfunction and the subsequent activation sequence of key proapoptotic factors during dieldrin-induced oxidative stimulation in the mesencephalic dopaminergic cell model of Parkinson's disease, (ii) establish the proapoptotic function of caspase-3 dependent proteolytic activation of PKC5 in Dieldrin induced dopaminergic degeneration and to further investigate mechanisms underlying positive feedback amplification of the apoptotic signaling cascade by PKCdelta, (iii) obtain evidence to support the hypothesis that proteolytically activated PKCdelta hyperphosphorylates alpha-synuclein and thereby promotes protein aggregation, (iv) examine whether chronic exposure to Dieldrin in animal models induces caspase-3 dependent proteolytic cleavage of PKCdelta, alphasynuclein aggregation, Lewy body formation and apoptotic cell death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and finally, (v) confirm the involvement of PKCdelta in
10
Pesticides
nigral dopaminergic degeneration by using PKCdelta knockout animals and by targeted over-expression of PKCdelta and alpha-synuclein using a lentiviral delivery system in animal models. Together, results from the proposed systematic investigation will demonstrate the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, apoptosis and protein aggregation in dopaminergic degeneration, and will further illuminate the mechanistic role of environmental factors in PD pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CENTER FOR CHILD RESEARCH
ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH RISKS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Faustman, Elaine M.; Professor; Environmental Health; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-NOV-1998; Project End 31-OCT-2003 Summary: The theme of this center grant is the biochemical, molecular and exposure mechanisms that define children's susceptibility to pesticides: implications for assessing pesticide risks to normal development and learning. Consistent with the objectives of the RFA, we have designed a multi-disciplinary research center that takes advantages of the established landscape of risk research at the University of Washington. We have included members from multiple institutions, schools, and varied departments and clinics to facilitate both basic and applied research on reducing the adverse effects of environmental pesticide exposures. To achieve tangible effects on the community, we have partnered with an eastern Washington community within the Yakima Valley agricultural center of our state to jointly accomplish pesticide intervention with reduced childhood pesticide exposures. We have designed two laboratory based research projects and two field based projects which include an exposure pathways research project plus the related field based intervention study. The specific objectives of the laboratory based research projects will be to 1) identify cellular, biochemical and molecular mechanisms for the adverse developmental neurotoxicity of pesticides and 2) to identify the impact of genetic polymorphisms for paraoxonase on the developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphate pesticides. The specific objectives of the two field based projects are to 1) identify critical pathways of pesticide exposure for children and 2) to intervene to reduce children's exposure to pesticides. Our four facility cores (Neurobehavioral Assessment, Exposure Assessment, Risk Characterization and Risk Communication) have been designed to support this research agenda and to put our research into a child specific risk assessment context. Thus our scientific findings on pesticide toxicity and exposure can be directly incorporated into the risk assessment models we design to protect child health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CENTER FOR GENE-ENVIRONMENT STUDIES IN PARKINSON DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Chesselet, Marie-Francoise S.; Charles H. Markham Professor of Neurolog; Brain Research Institute; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: The Center for Gene-Environment studies in Parkinson disease at UCLA (UCLA-CGEP) will bridge three major NIH and VA-supported awards in Parkinson's disease (PD) and one NIH-sponsored study of Huntington's disease. The central hypothesis of the proposed UCLA-CGEP is that gene and environmental toxins combine
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to increase the risk for PD in susceptible individuals through an interplay between pesticides and mechanisms regulating dopamine homeostasis. We postulate that critical factors in this interaction are oxidative stress and resulting alterations in proteasomal function. Project I "Environmental toxins and genes that influence dopamine in Drosophila and humans" will examine interindividual variability of dopamine vesicular transporter (VMAT) expression due to promoter variants in two human populations in parallel with a reporter gene assay. These populations will be genotyped for functional VMAT2 variants and association analyses of gene-environment interactions and pesticide exposures collected in the parent grant will be conducted. In addition, Drosophila genetics will be used to determine how the expression of VMAT affects dopamine-mediated toxicity and identify genes that modulate VMAT function, which will then be examined in the human population for their relevance to increased risk of PD. Project II "Interaction between pesticides and genetic alterations in dopamine homeostasis in mice" will test the hypothesis that pesticides and genetic variations in combination increase the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons, and that one of the mechanisms involved is oxidative stress. Genetically engineered mice with a reduction in expression of VMAT or the cytoplasmic dopamine transporters, and mice with altered expression of alpha-synuclein and parkin, two proteins known to cause familial PD, will be examined. Behavior and quantitative anatomy will be used to assess the effect of pesticides on dopaminergic neurons in these genetically altered mice. Histology, gene expression profiling, in vivo neurochemistry and slice electrophysiology will be used to examine the role of oxidative stress in this interaction. Project III, "Pesticides and Proteasomal Dysfunction: genetic susceptibility in cellular models" will test the hypothesis that proteasomal dysfunction is central to the deleterious effects of the combined environmental and genetic insults. Cell lines, primary neuronal cultures from genetically altered mice, and human lymphoblasts will be examined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CENTRAL CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM, ITS HISTORY &CURRENT STATUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Karczmar, Alexander G.; Professor and Chairman; Chicago Assn for Research & Educ in Sci Education in Science Hines, Il 60141 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): One and one half years support is requested for finalizing a Monograph entitled "Vertebrate Central Cholinergic System, Its History and Current Status (VCCS). The Monograph will be some 500 computer-generated pages long, including Figures and references; the figures and cartoons will have a unified format and they will be prepared by a professional artist. Major part of the budget represents the salary for a part-time Secretary-Research Assistant who will deal with the mechanics of collecting and organizing references and preparing bibliography, and selection of figures. The central cholinergic system (CCS) and its pharmacology are of prime importance for microphenomena of synaptic transmission and macrophenomena of function and behavior. The specific aim of the VCCS is to provide historical, dynamic approach to this exciting area and to complementary topics such as cholinesterases and anticholinesterases, cholinergic ontogeny and pathways, cholinergic receptors, second messenger phenomena, acetylcholine and choline metabolism and the pertinent molecular biology phenomena; this historical approach will blend with the description of a wide range of current topics. The main Chapter of the VCRS is concerned specifically with the CCS as it describes phenomena of central transmission and their pre-and post-synaptic aspects, central functions with cholinergic correlates such as
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respiration, motor activity, phases of sleep and endocrine activities; and cholinergically linked behaviors such as addiction, aggression, cognition and consciousness or selfawareness. The VCRS will also include a Chapter on cholinergic correlates of degenerative diseases and states including aging and Alzheimer s and Parkinson s Disease, and their present and potcntial treatment. A Chapter on anticholinesterase agents will stress their economic importance as insecticides and pesticides, as well as the significant toxicological and environmental consequences of their use; it will also emphasize their potential, past and present as war gases and instruments of tenor, The VCRS is unique in its projected depth and scope as no comparable books are available. While experts in the fields of degenerative disease and nicotinic and rnuscarinic receptors will contribute to the ten Chapters of the VCRS, the P1 will be the sole author of the remaining Chapter and will provide overall direction to ensure the unity of style, design and approach. The general approach of the VCRS is to emphasize the historical perspectives and the development of the basic concepts of cholinergicity, stress its multidisciplinary character, pinpoint the unresolved problems, and to integrate the current knowledge with the old knowledge: this approach will also minimize the obsolescence problem which generally characterizes scientific monographs or books. This design addresses the long-range aim of the VCRS which is that the VCRS should serve as a scholarly, archival resource for scientists working in the cholinergic field as well as neuroscientists generally; as it stresses the multiple discovery modes of the past "greats" of the field, it should serve also as a heuristic research tool. The methods entail the exploitation of the PI's large collection of pertinent books, research papers and reviews, his ongoing contacts with the leaders in the field, the use of Medline and of ProCite systems for updating and organizing his bibliographies, and the services of the Loyola U. Medical Center and Hines VA Hospital Reference Librarians. The PI was involved for more than 50 years in cholinergic research, education and writing, he edited 6 books and authored 85 review papers, and he organized several symposia, all in the cholinergic area. Furthermore, of the 10 chapters planned four are prepared and ready for final revision and updating. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMISTRY OF ARTHROPOD SECRETIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Meinwald, Jerrold; Professor; Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) Insects and other arthropods make up over half of all described species on earth. Although the majority of these species have no immediate impact on human life, some are extremely important as disease vectors (i.e. tsetse fly, anopheline mosquitoes, triatomine bugs, ticks.), and some have developed into agricultural, forest, and household pests. Chemistry plays a central role in the interactions of insects with plants, with animal hosts, as well as with prey and predators. The aim of this project is to elucidate the chemistry underlying these interactions, based on a critical, biorational approach, in ways that should improve human health and welfare. For several hundreds of millions of years, plants and insects have been co-evolving. This interaction may be viewed as an extended biological war; the fact that much of the earth is still green bears witness to the effectiveness of plant defenses. Natural anti-feedants and repellents play important roles in plant defensive strategies. We hope to find new and potentially useful antiinsectan compounds based on our very recent discovery of secondary metabolites, which serve plants both as "nectar
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guides" and as anti-feeding agents. This project has the potential to reduce the agricultural use of conventional pesticides. In another project, we plan to screen a wide range of spider venoms for structurally novel neurotoxins. There are over 30,000 described species of spiders, and these ubiquitous predators are generally able to produce venoms which paralyze or kill their prey. We plan to use electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the rapid analysis of a large number of previously unstudied spider venoms to search for novel structure types which may serve as lead compounds for new neuropharmacological agents. The discovery by an Israeli research group that female mosquitoes avoid egg laying in still water that is occupied by predatory Notonecta has exciting implications for mosquito control. The finding that this water is repellent even after the Notonecta have been removed suggests that a chemical cue is responsible for the inhibition of oviposition. We hope to characterize the responsible agents in collaboration with the Israeli group. We also plan a collaborative study of chemical communication in ticks, another important group of arthropodan disease vectors. We hope to pursue several other research problems dealing with insect chemistry. Our objectives are (I) to discover the chemical basis of important arthropod interactions, (2) to provide the basis for new control techniques which should be applicable to disease vectors and other pests, and (3) to discover new biologically active chemotypes which may serve as the starting points for synthetic projects leading to drug development or vector control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES Principal Investigator & Institution: Buffler, Patricia A.; Professor of Epidemiology; None; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: The causes of childhood leukemia remain largely unknown. The purpose of this proposal is to expand an existing case-control study of molecular of childhood leukemia in size and geographic region and refine the measurement of exposure to household chemicals and pesticides, and to assess exposure to electric and magnetic fields. The temporal relationship of exposure to environmental agents including dietary, occupational and residential chemical exposures are determined by use of self-report and interview data. Molecular biologic techniques are used to characterize the subtypes of leukemia and the presence of genetic changes. Biological specimens include bone marrow and peripheral blood of newly diagnosed cases, buccal cell specimens from cases, their mothers and control subjects, and archived newborn blood from cases and controls born in California will be used in the endeavor to identify the timing of exposures. Household pesticides are an environmental exposure of particular concern since previous studies have suggested that chemical and pesticide exposure during pregnancy and after birth may be related to the subsequent development of childhood leukemia. This research will expand a currently funded study of childhood leukemia which includes newly diagnosed cases ages 0-14 which present at four Bay Area referral hospitals during the period 1995-1998. This proposal will double the expected sample size to 400 cases by including cases ascertained at these hospitals an additional three years and expanding the study to include patients from the three major clinical centers for the central valleys of California for four years. Two matched control groups will be obtained for each case: friend controls and birth certificate controls. Friend controls will be randomly chosen from nominees provided by parents that match the case on age, sex, gender, county of residence at diagnosis, and ethnicity of mother. Birth certificate controls will be chosen from California births that match the case with respect to age,
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sex, gender, county of residence at birth, and ethnicity. A self-administered questionnaire and personal interview will be obtained to collect data related to a spectrum of environmental exposures and other risk factors including dietary history and residential history and history of chemical exposures of the mother prior to and during pregnancy and the child, occupational history and reproductive history of the mother, and health history of the child. A subsequent exposure component will focus on exposures to household pesticides during the past year and during pregnancy and the first two years of the child's life and measure electric and, magnetic fields directly in the home and indirectly by trained staff coding residential wiring configurations. Molecular characterization of leukemia cases allows for the subclassification of leukemias on a biological basis, and will facilitate the linkage of exposures with leukemia subtypes in the analysis. The proposed study, which will attempt to link specific chemical components with genetic changes found in childhood leukemia, will help to reduce the percentage of leukemias for which there is no known cause. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHIRAL SYNTHON: 1,2-OXAPHOSPHETANE 2-OXIDES Principal Investigator & Institution: Dolence, Eric K.; School of Pharmacy; University of Wyoming Office of Research Laramie, Wy 82071 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Principal Investigator's Abstract) The diverse biological activities of alphaamino-alpha-alkylphosphonic acids and their analogues include transition state analogue inhibitors of proteases, haptens for antibody production, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and growth control regulators. These structural phosphorus based analogues of the natural proteinogenic amino acids will continue to play an integral role in the design of drugs, in pariticular the design of inhibitors of important protease enzymes. Despite the elegant methods to synthesize enantiomerically pure compounds, there exists a need for methodology that will allow the rapid synthesis of a variety of side chain analogues with a known, predetermined absolute configuration. The objective of this proposed research is to develop methodology to introduce a variety of side chains into a "chiral synthon" precursor; 1 ,2-oxaphosphetane 2-oxide; and evaluate the regioselectivity of nucleophile additions. We propose to develop and exploite this synthon by leveraging the available methods to synthesize enantiomerically pure (D)- and (L)-phosphonoserine. Synthesis of a series of enantiopure phosphonoserine monoesters, evaluation of ring closure conditions, stability determination of the series of 1 ,2-oxaphosphetane 2-oxides using variable temperature P31 NMR, and evaluation of the regioselectivity of ring opening by various nucleophiles will be undertaken. The ultimate long-range objective of this research is to synthesize a library of alpha-amino-alpha alkylphosphonic acids for incorporation into a variety of protease substrates including CaaX peptides for testing as inhibitors of recombinant Ras- and a-Factor CaaX converting enzymes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS EFFECTS ON MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kupfer, David; Pharmacology; Univ Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1978; Project End 30-JUN-2004
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Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) This study will examine the interaction of environmental pollutants, primarily pro-estrogenic/estrogenic pesticides and structurally related compounds (e.g., methoxychlor and chlorotrianisene) with several mammalian enzyme systems and determine the molecular mechanisms of how such interactions could produce subtle or overt toxicities. Methoxychlor (M), a pesticide with pro-estrogenic activity, contains approx. 50 contaminants, among these chlorotrianisene (TACE), a triphenylethylene derivative that exhibits estrogenic/antiestrogenic characteristics. Tamoxifen, a TACE analog, with anti-breast cancer therapeutic activity, will serve as a model for triphenylethylene compounds. In rodent and human, M and TACE are demethylated by hepatic cytochrome P450s (CYP) into estrogenic products and M & TACE are metabolically activated, forming reactive intermediates (RI) that bind covalently to hepatic proteins. The potency of the estrogenic metabolites of M and TACE will be determined with respect to binding and activation of the two isoforms of estrogen receptor (ER-alpha and -beta). This may explain the dilemma that certain compounds are estrogenic in one tissue and anti-estrogenic or inactive in another tissue. The structures of the RI of M &TACE will be deduced from their glutathione or N-acetylcysteine adducts. The major M-binding protein in liver, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a chaperone enzyme that catalyzes the proper folding of proteins. The covalent binding of M to PDI and treatment of rats with M appears to diminish hepatic PDI activity. Such decrease in PDI activity is of utmost importance, since malfolded proteins may elicit significant toxicity. The mechanisms of the effects of metabolic activation of methoxychlor, TACE and Tamoxifen on PDI activity in vitro and the effect of treatment with these compounds on PDI in vivo, will be explored. The mechanism by which M and TACE diminish hepatic steroidal 5-alphareductase, an enzyme converting testosterone into DHT (an active male hormone and important for reproduction in females), will be determined. Whether M-metabolites are anti-androgenic in vitro and in vivo will be explored. If affirmative, it would suggest that the mechanism of M-mediated lowering of 5-alpha-reductase is due to the antiandrogenic metabolites. The mechanism of hydroxylation of phenolic M-metabolites in particular and of phenols in general (forming catechols) by CYP3A4, the major human P450, will be investigated. CYP3A4 catalyzes the metabolism of the majority of drugs and is involved in drug-drug interaction. Understanding the mechanism of 3A4 activity would be useful in predicting drug interactions and drug:drug-metabolite interactions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMMUNITY OUTREACH & EDUCATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Matsumura, Fumio; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Description (provided by applicant): The COEP basic objectives are: (1) to educate the public in understanding environmental health sciences; (2) to identify and assist community-based efforts to address environmental health problems; (3) to inform the public of significant findings made by Center and other scientists in environmental health; (4) to serve as a community resource; (5) to build a COEP network to achieve the above goals; and (6) to design and implement an effective evaluation plan for the COEP. These goals represent an important mission for the Center and University, which is located in an intensively farmed area where pesticides are heavily used. The targeted audience of the COEP is the California Central Valley, from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys to Bakersfield. Large populations of farm workers live and work in the area, as do a mix of urban, suburban, and rural populations. Air quality is some of the
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worst in the nation, and land and water resources are threatened with overuse and contamination. The COEP has identified clear plans for future work, including (1) more aggressive outreach to the non-university community, including a needs-assessment; (2) development of an External Advisory Board specifically for the COEP; (3) development of collaborative research projects with community groups; (4) expansion of their web site; (5) creation of an exhibit/poster for each Core for public events; and (6) an increase media presence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lynch, Charles F.; Professor; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-SEP-1990; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: This core was formerly named the Cancer Core (and before that the Epidemiology and Biometry core). The change in the name and organization of the core to its current one is designed to reflect an expanded interest and effort in reproductive outcomes and statistical genetics. The goal of this research core is to promote and participate in environmental epidemiology research, services, and training related to the rural and agricultural population of Iowa. The core is designed to provide epidemiologic, biostatistical, statistical genetic, and pathology services to Center investigators and to support the Pilot Project Program. To reflect the broadened scope of the core, six new investigators have been added: Drs. Trudy Burns (biostatistics and codirector), Jeff Murray (reproductive outcomes), Paul Romitti (Director of Iowa Birth Defects Registry), Audrey Saftlas (cancer and pregnancy outcomes), Elaine Smith (molecular epidemiology of cancer), and Veronica Vieland (statistical genetics). An additional change in this core is the removal of the environmental engineering component in 1996 to the Environmental Assessment and Control Core, in response to the review for the last renewal, which indicated a poor fit of this component in this Core. A final change is that Dr. Burmeister has moved to the Occupational Health Core, which better reflects his interest, provides statistical expertise to that Core, and facilitates collaboration of these two Cores. The core has completed 34 projects ($27.2 million in funding) and has 38 currently active projects ($82.4 million in funding). Investigators in the core have also produced 168 publications. Future initiatives for this core largely involve its ties to the Health Registry Facility to examine candidate genes and gene-environment (especially pesticides) interactions in relation to reproductive outcomes and cancer, develop better biologic sample collection methods, collect family history information, develop improved questionnaires, develop a sampling and survey unit within the Department of Epidemiology, and improve record linkage of existing databases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ECOGENETICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Spitz, Margaret R.; Professor and Chair; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The overall goal of this research core is to develop and validate genetic markers for cancer susceptibility. By incorporating molecular genetics and cytogenetics into population studies, the investigators hope to gain insights into the complex interactions between genetic and environmental determinants of cancer. Of particular
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interest are the low penetrance genes that may modulate one's response to environmental exposures and contribute to the etiology of sporadic cancers. Specific aims include maintaining and expanding communication and scientific interaction among Core and other Center members, as well as non-Center members; strengthen current and promote future research activities in the area of genetic susceptibility to environmental disease; stimulate and facilitate intra- and inter-Core grant renewals and new investigators-initiated grant proposals; and serve in consultative and collaborative roles across research and facility cores to include concept development, study design, human tissue procurement and environmental data collection. Major areas of research focus in this Core encompass: 1) the assessment of phenotypic markers of DNA damage and repair as markers of susceptibility to carcinogenesis, 2) the evaluation of polymorphisms in select metabolic and DNA repair genes and DNA adducts in the etiology of lung, bladder, breast, and pancreatic cancers, and 3) the development of statistical models for cancer risk assessment by combining biomarkers and for genotypephenotype and surrogate-tissue marker correlation. Intra-Core 4 and inter-Core collaborative studies being conducted or completed include the following: 1) a casecontrol study of lung cancer examining cytogenetic and molecular determinants of tobacco carcinogenesis, 2) a study of genetic and environmental determinants, including phytoestrogen intake, of prostate cancer progression, 3) a genetic epidemiologic study of gliomas in relation to family history and genetic susceptibility markers, 4) a study of microsatellite instability and the risk of bilateral breast cancer, 5) a study of genetic polymorphisms, epidemiologic risk factors and differences in breast cancer survival among different ethnic groups, 6) a study of DNA adducts, P53 mutation spectrum, oxidative DNA damage and breast cancer risk among premenopausal women, 7) a study of molecular genetics of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, 8) a study of modifier genes that influence age-associated risk of colorectal cancer, 9) two studies evaluating environmental and genetic determinants of advanced prostate cancer, 10) studies of second malignancies after treatment for hairy cell leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, 11) a study of cutaneous malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, 12) a study of linkage and linkage disequilibrium, methods for traits, 13) a study of genetic susceptibility of bladder cancer, 14) a study of mutagen sensitivity and progression in Barrett's esophagus, 15) a study of the genetic, hormonal and behavioral determinants of obesity, 16) a pilot study of breast and colorectal cancers among Egyptians and organochlorine pesticides exposures, and 17) a pilot study to examine associations of mutagen sensitivity, oxidative damage and DNA adducts in lung cancer. The stated long term goal of this Core is to develop a validated risk model for cancer, such as lung cancer, to take into account simultaneously the effects of numerous genetic and environmental factors and the nature of subgroups (women, never-smokers, young subjects, ethnic minorities, etc). Future plans include the use of funds from the Tobacco Settlement for the State of Texas to establish an archival laboratory for the long-term storage and tracking of biological specimens and a centralized genotyping core. It also plans to expand in the area of nutritional epidemiology, and in its molecular epidemiologic studies to include brain and lymphoid malignancies. Future plans also include the development of a genotyping chip, in collaboration with Genometrix, expansion of the CRED website and implementation of multivariate statistical analysis to the large database that will be generated by incorporating chip technologies into studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE-NEUROTOXICOLOGY/NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Graziano, Joesph H.; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: The developing nervous system is vulnerable to adverse effects due to exposures to a variety of substances in the environment, particularly metals and pesticides. At the same time, chronic exposure to low levels of neurotoxicants throughout life can lead to impaired neurologic functioning later in life, particularly in the elderly. As life expectancy increases, and the baby-boom generation approaches retirement age, neurodegenerative diseases such as IPD, Essential Tremor and Alzheimer's Disease will have a significant impact on quality of life, and will represent significant financial costs to the health care system. Collectively, the investigators in this research core are interested in understanding the extent to which, and mechanisms 295 whereby, populations exposed to known quantities of neurotoxicants suffer adverse consequences on the nervous system. The populations under investigation, which include birth cohorts in Yugoslavia and northern Manhattan, populations of adults and children chronically exposed to arsenic in drinking water in Bangladesh, and populations of the elderly in northern Manhattan, represent groups of individuals who have been remarkably well characterized for a variety of chemical exposures and other risk factors for adverse neurologic outcomes. At the same time, laboratory based scientists are exploring the mechanisms whereby the compounds of interest alter normal function. The overall goals of the Neurotoxicology/Neurodegenerative Disease Research Core are: I) to promote and facilitate interdisciplinary neuroscience-related research that will define the magnitude of effect of exposure to substances in the environment that are believed to be involved in the etiology of neurologic disease. These substances include metals (Pb, Mn, Fe and As), pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, propoxur, and others), 13- carboline alkaloids (harmane and harmine), and other factors; and 2) to unravel the cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby these substances exert their effects. The core is responsible for furthering the development of existing and new investigations of environmental exposures that affect the incidence and/or progression of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The Specific Aims currently under investigation include: 1) to define the cellular and molecular events involved in chemical models of Parkinsonism and in IPD, with the goal of defining those that are common to each; 2) to elucidate the environmental risk factors associated with the onset of IPD, Essential Tremor, and Alzheimer's Disease; 3) to examine, in both humans and animal models, the relationship between environmental Pb exposure and brain function, with particular interest in the possible mediating effects of Pb on thyroid hormone fate and transport; 4) to determine whether exposure to arsenic in drinking water is associated with adverse neuropsychologic effects in children, and polyneuropathy in adults; and 5) to develop biomarkers of prenatal pesticide exposure in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DIETARY CYSTEINE:CONCEPTAL RESPONSE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Harris, Craig; Associate Professor of Toxicology; Environmental Health Sciences; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003
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Summary: (provided by applicant) Adequate dietary intake of thiol amino acids has been implicated as an important factor in the ability to withstand chemical and environmental insults that elicit oxidative stress. Without adequate free cysteine, the ability to restore glutathione that is lost due to oxidation is compromised by inadequate glutathione synthesis where sensitive target cells and tissues are damaged or killed due to the consequences of unresolved oxidative stress. The mechanisms of some important human diseases and adverse health conditions (e.g., HIV, malnutrition, inflammation) have been directly linked to low systemic glutathione, secondary to decreases in cysteine availability. Similar consequences of depleted and/or oxidized glutathione, leading to exacerbation of embryotoxicity and increased frequency and severity of teratogenic lesions, have been reported. Several human teratogens are known to elicit oxidative stress, although relatively little is known about the mechanisms that regulate antioxidant activity in the conceptus. Demonstrated differences in the rates of new glutathione synthesis in the developing embryo and its extra-embryonic membranes suggest that the availability of free cysteine, as the rate-limiting precursor for new glutathione synthesis, might be important for the determination of selectivity or resistance to chemical embryotoxicants. The investigators hypothesize that the availability of free cysteine in the embryo and visceral yolk sac of the post-implantation embryo determines the extent to which the embryo is able to maintain adequate glutathione concentrations and respond to chemically-induced oxidative stress by synthesizing new glutathione for restoration of normal redox status. Preliminary experiments with chemical embryotoxins, such as the pesticides lindane and aminocarb, show selective decreases in free cysteine concentrations prior to observed depletion of glutathione and onset of toxicity. Interspecies comparisons between the rat and rabbit show significant reductions in tissue glutathione and cysteine in the rabbit that may help explain the greater sensitivity of the rabbit to teratogens that produce oxidative stress such as thalidomide. The investigators propose to compare glutathione/glutathione disulfide/cysteine status and rates of new glutathione synthesis between rat and rabbit conceptual tissues. They will assess the effects of lindane and aminocarb on these endpoints and determine whether mechanistic relationships exist between a species' or tissue's ability to obtain cysteine and synthesize new glutathione and specific cell sensitivity or resistance to toxic chemicals. Whole animal, whole embryo culture and cell cultures (micromass limb/midbrain and spinal neural crest) will used to assess the role of cysteine in embryoprotection. In vitro and in vivo experiments will determine whether dietary restriction of cysteine differentially exacerbates toxicity in the two species and/or whether dietary or direct supplementation of cysteine is adequate to protect the embryo from chemical insult. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DOPAMINE HOMEOSTASIS, VESICLES & NEURODEGENERATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Sonsalla, Patricia K.; Professor; Neurology; Univ of Med/Dent Nj-R W Johnson Med Sch Robert Wood Johnson Medical Sch Piscataway, Nj 08854 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) Parkinson's disease is a debilitating motor impairment disorder due to loss of nigral dopamine neurons. Mitochondrial defects in PD patients implicate energy impairment and metabolic stress as potential factors in its etiology. Moreover, DA oxidation products may add to the oxidative burden within DA neurons which, coupled with a persistent metabolic stress, may lead to neurodegeneration. Epidemiological studies link PD with environmental exposure to
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substances such as pesticides. - Many pesticides are mitochondrial inhibitors. A potential form of protection against mitochondrial toxins (i.e., MPP+) may be their sequestration into synaptic vesicles of DA neurons. The goal of this project is to gain an understanding of the role of vesicles, the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) and DA in modulating neurodegeneration produced by mitochondrial toxins. One hypothesis is that the actions of mitochondrial toxins can be modulated in contrasting ways depending on whether the toxins are sequestered into vesicles. If sequestered, toxin exposure could be abrogated. In contrast, disruption of vesicular function toxin could lead to disturbed DA homeostasis and enhanced toxicity since it would remove the toxin from interaction with mitochondria. In Aim 1 several mitochondrial toxins will be examined for their ability to interfere with vesicle function (i.e. to inhibit DA uptake into isolated rat membrane vesicles). In aim 2, rat mesencephalic cultures or rat striata will be exposed to mitochondrial toxins following VMAT2 inhibition to determine if toxicity is modified. To examine the hypothesis that disturbed DA homeostasis contributes to degeneration produced by metabolic stress, two approaches will be used. First, DA will be depleted prior to exposure of culture or rat striata to a mitochondrial inhibitor. Second, vesicle contents (DA) will be released into the cytosol after exposure to the mitochondrial toxin to examine if augmented disruption of DA homeostasis during the metabolic stress enhances toxicity. Additionally, the hypothesis that substances that are not themselves mitochondrial inhibitors, but can disrupt DA storage in vesicles may amplify damage during episodes of metabolic stress will be examined in Aim 3. In aim 4 the hypothesis that early events such as oxidative stress leads to loss of vesicle function, disruption of DA homeostasis and exacerbation of neurodegeneration produced by toxins will be investigated. Isolated vesicles will be tested for their sensitivity to oxidizing and reducing conditions. Results from these studies will provide novel and relevant information as to the contribution of VMAT2 containing vesicles in neuroprotection as well as in neurodegeneration of DA neurons during metabolic stress. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ECHINACEA: STANDARDIZED PRODUCT & SUPPLY PROVISION Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, Xiping; Chief Scientist; Gaia Herbs, Inc. 108 Island Ford Rd Brevard, Nc 28712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 24-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: SBIR phase I will lay the groundwork for standardized Echinacea production in Phase II. The source of crude material for subsequent analytical chemistry testing will be first addressed: Echinacea seeds will be tested and identified for purity, then germinated and cultivated at different seasons/soil/field conditions, and morphologic, organoleptic, chromosome/DNA, and microscopic characteristics will be systematically monitored and recorded. Simultaneously, all marker compounds and testing methodology to be used later will be developed in the first 6 months. The marker compound testing will begin in the last 6 months using samples from Gaia Herbs organic farm. The testing will include samples representing the different factors that influence the potential medicinal activities of Echinacea, e.g., parts of plant, species, and horticulture. Different extraction preparations will be developed based on marker compound analysis, and products developed based on extraction quality. The most desirable delivery forms will then be developed based on retesting analysis. Thus, specific aims of Phase I include: 1) preparation of raw material source for use in Phase II, data collection on plant identity; 2) preparation of marker compounds and testing methods; 3) marker compound testing to identify promising end products using different extraction solvents and strategy (i.e., best combination extraction types
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correlated with chemical component concentrations in plant parts and species); 4) evaluate optimum delivery presentation and product stability; 5) execution and direction of Phase II to deliver Phase I milestone; 6) share the knowledge and practices gained with the herbal industry and regulatory agencies. The growing Echinacea planted in Phase I will provide samples for analytical testing and product development for three years in Phase II, and more critically, the carefully monitored and characterized 1,2, and 3 year old plants growing in different soil conditions and harvesting times must be available to start Phase II. Long-term goals include new technology development viable for herbal industry and herb farms. The ultimate hope is to provide consumers, researchers, herbal industry, and health- care providers with easily recognized product quality and identity, and to scientifically establish or disprove the medicinal value of Echinacea. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: In the process of manufacturing reproducible Echinacea products, new innovative technologies will also be developed through out the production process. All of the following can be modified and further developed for commercial application: 1) Identity testing of species/seeds that is simple, fast, and economical; 2) marker component analytical testing methodology that is commercially viable; 3) condition and materials used in the greenhouse for high-yield germination; 4) soil condition and materials used for quality raw material; 5) alternatives to pesticides/herbicides for organic farming that is not time consuming nor expensive; 6) Echinacea product that is manufactured in the same quality as the research products; and 7) product delivery presentation (form and package) that is convenient for consumers, which is also stable in quality, concentration, and purity to the date of expiration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF ORGANOCHLORINES ON MALE INFERTILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Wirth, Julia J.; Epidemiology; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 09-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Ten to 17% of American couples currently seek medical help for infertility; half of these problems have a male cause usually of unknown etiology. Wildlife, experimental animal and human epidemiological studies indicate that environmental contaminants, especially organochlorine compounds (OCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and OC pesticides have adverse effects on male reproduction. To investigate the relationship between measure of human male reproductive health, specifically semen quality and reproductive hormone levels (FSH, LH, testosterone and inhibin B, considered to be the best available endocrine marker of spermatogenesis), OC environmental contaminants and polymorphisms in genes involved in contaminant and sex steroid metabolism (P450), we propose to conduct a case-control study recruiting subjects based on sperm density from an infertility in Detroit, Michigan. Cases will be men with low sperm densities (less than 2 x10x6/ml), and controls (2 groups) will be men with sperm densities greater than 2 but less than 20x10x6/ml, and men with normal sperm densities (greater than 20x10x6/ml). Information on Great Lakes sport-caught fish consumption, as well as on other risk factors will be obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. Secondary exposures (contaminants present in Great Lakes fish), including PCBs and OC pesticides will be measured from a blood sample. P450 polymorphisms will be measured in buccal (cheek) cell DNA. This adequately powered case-control study of men with low sperm densities from an area of the Great Lakes with both known OC contamination and a significant percentage of anglers will provide data that will help determine if consumption of Great
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Lakes sports-caught fish has or does not have adverse effects on measures of male reproductive health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC RISKS FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Nelson, Lorene M.; Associate Professor; Health Research and Policy; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: The primary goal of this project is to investigate whether certain environmental exposures and genetic variants, either alone or in combination, affect the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). We will investigate mechanisms that may explain the consistently observed inverse associations of cigarette smoking and caffeine consumption with PD, and the role of residential pesticide exposure on the risk of PD. In addition, existing and newly-identified polymorphisms in the coding and regulatory regions of candidate genes will be investigated, including genes that code for: (1) endogenous enzymes involved in metabolism of tobacco or caffeine, or in the detoxification of putative toxicants for PD, (2) proteins involved in dopamine regulation or metabolism, and (3) proteins that play a role in protein degradation and aggregation in dopaminergic neurons. We propose to expand a recently completed case-control study in a large health maintenance population of more than 500 newly diagnosed PD cases and 500 controls. Because preliminary data show that the strongest associations of genetic variants were observed among PD cases with early age at diagnosis (age less than or equal to 60), we will identify approximately 330 additional such cases along with age- and sex-matched controls. This new sample will be combined with that of the previous study, resulting in approximately 420 young diagnosis cases and 430 older diagnosis (age greater than 60) cases to be compared with 870 age- and gender-matched controls. Detailed information will be collected from all study subjects using in- person and telephone structured interviews including information on cigarette smoking, caffeine intake, and residential exposure to pesticides, along with other putative risk factors. Venous blood samples will be drawn for DNA extraction and genotyping assays for the gene polymorphisms of interest. By examining genetic polymorphisms within a group of carefully chosen candidate genes, in combination with extensive information about common environmental exposures, we hope to advance knowledge regarding both genetic and modifiable environmental risk factors for Parkinson's disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ESSENTIAL TREMOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Louis, Elan D.; Associate Professor; Gertrude H Sergievsky Center; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Essential tremor (ET) is the most common tremor disorder, twenty times more prevalent than Parkinson's disease. The disease is most prevalent among individuals > 65 years of age where prevalence may be as high as 23 percent. In most clinical series, sporadic forms of the disease account for > 50 percent of the ET cases, arguing for the presence of non-genetic (environmental or occupational) causes of ET. During a previous study, which was a community-based study of the familial aggregation of ET, we developed reliable and valid methods to study ET, including questionnaires, clinical rating scales, and diagnostic criteria.
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Because it was not known to what extent ET clustered within families, we estimated the familial aggregation of ET. A first-degree relative of an ET case was only 3.73 times more likely to develop ET than a relative of a control subject, suggesting that non-genetic factors may contribute to the etiology of ET. However, at present, there are no studies of environmental or occupational risk factors for ET. Therefore, despite the fact that it is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders, and many of the cases appear to be non-genetic, almost nothing is known about the environmental factors which influence the risk for ET. Epidemiological data suggest that age is a risk factor for ET. Other etiologic possibilities include organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), lead, beta-carboline alkaloids. manganese, and organic solvents. We propose to further investigate the ET cases identified in our previous studies. Using a 1:1 matched case-control design, we will compare 300 ET cases receiving care for their ET at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, Manhattan N.Y. to 300 normal control subjects matched by age, gender, ethnicity, and telephone exchange. Our primary aim is to evaluate the associations between three environmental or occupational exposures (OCPS, lead, beta-carboline alkaloids) and ET using biological measures and/or a lifetime Occupational History. In addition, we will evaluate the associations between manganese, organic solvents and ET using a lifetime Occupational History. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IN MINORITY WOMEN /INFANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Perera, Frederica P.; Assistant Professor; Environmental Health Sciences; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The continuation proposed here extends a prospective cohort study using biomarkers to examine the effects of in utero and postnatal exposure to environmental pollutants on the health of African American and Latina children in NYC. That study is now following subjects for 2 years postnatally to assess the relationship between exposure to ambient and indoor pollutants (PAR, particulate matter, environmental tobacco smoke/ETS, allergens) and risk of developmental impairment, asthma and cancer. The continuation has important new components: (1) an extension of the follow-up period from the currently funded 2 years to 5 years: (2) the measurement of maternal and infant exposure to non-persistent pesticides (NPP): (3) the measurement of infant and child exposure to endotoxins; 4) the evaluation of biomarkers of genetic susceptibility to the toxicants studied; (5) the assessment of cognitive development, behavioral adjustment, asthma and genetic damage through age 5; and (6) the recruitment of additional subjects so that a cohort of 400 mother/child pairs will remain in the study for the full five years, ensuring us adequate power to test our main hypotheses. AU of these new analyses will be done on the full cohort, as the relevant samples from the initial cohort have been processed and stored appropriately. The extended follow up allows periodic reassessment of health, development, and behavioral functioning in order to track cascading effects and identify damage that might become manifest only after age 2, when more complex physical and developmental demands arise. Moreover, follow up of children through age 5 permits definitive clinical diagnosis of health outcomes such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and asthma, not possible in younger children. Primary aims are: 1) to quantify the impact of prenatal and/or postnatal exposures to indoor and outdoor air pollutants on fetal and child growth and neurobehavioral development through 5 years of age, controlling for known physical and psychosocial confounders; 2) to assess the
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degree to which prenatal and/or postnatal exposure to air pollutants and home allergens contribute to risk of childhood asthma from birth through five years of age, controlling for known confounders; and 3) to quantify associations between prenatal and/or postnatal exposures to PAH/aromatic pollutants and ETS on procarcinogenic genetic damage (PAH/aromatic-DNA and 4-ABP-Hb adducts) in umbilical cord and child?s blood cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC AND CELLULAR DETERMINANTS OF PD Principal Investigator & Institution: Langston, J W.; Parkinson's Institute 1170 Morse Ave Sunnyvale, Ca 94089 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: The long-term goal of our research is to identify the cause(s) of Parkinson's disease. This proposal features an integrative approach to the investigation of (1) cellular mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration, (2) environmental determinants that affect disease risk, and (3) genetic factors that may affect susceptibility. It is composed of four different integrative research projects, and three cores (administrative, research development, and information outreach), which together make up a Coordinated Center for Parkinson's Disease Environment Research. The broad theme underlying this proposal is that Parkinson's disease results from the interaction between environmental toxicants (such as pesticides or metals), protective factors in the environment (such as nicotine, caffeine) and genetic susceptibility factors. Project 1 (entitled "Genes, Environment & PD: Studies in 4 Unique Cohorts") investigates the separate and combined roles of occupational toxicant exposure (pesticides, metals), genetic variants of membrane transporters of these toxicants and putative neuroprotective behaviors (tobacco & caffeine use) in more than 1000 PD cases and over 1500 controls. Shared diagnostic and exposure assessment in 4 cohorts facilitates combined analyses, while the diverse characteristics of each cohort maximize generalizability. The goal of Project 2 (entitled "Neurotoxicants, Oxidative Stress and Alpha-synuclein") is to investigate the role of oxidative stress as a key contributor to the development of alpha-synuclein aggregation, inclusion body formation and ultimately neuronal injury at the experimental level. The effects of metals/pesticides on these pathological processes will also be assessed. Our third project (entitled "Iron, Oxidative Stress, and Pesticides)," will examine (i) the agerelated susceptibility of the mouse nigrostriatal system to combined damage from iron and pesticide exposure, (ii) the effects of oxidative stress in the context of such exposures, and (iii) ways to protect against these effects. Both Projects 2 and 3 will utilize well-established and novel transgenic models to achieve their scientific goals. Our fourth project (entitled," Nicotine and neuroprotection in nonhuman primates") will explore the effects of nicotine as a potential neuroprotective agent against nigrostriatal injury in a primate model of Parkinson's disease. The hypothesis that this action may be achieved through a receptor mediated stimulation of growth factors will also be examined. These integrative research projects should provide important new insights in the environmental, genetic and cellular factors contributing to Parkinson's disease, and could bring us closer to finding the cause of the disease. Success in these endeavors could lead to new strategies for treatment and even disease prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDES Principal Investigator & Institution: Wills, Robert; Mississippi State University P. O. Box 6156 Mississippi State, Ms 39762 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Intensive agricultural pesticide use has been proposed as a contributing cause of disproportionately high levels of disease in agricultural areas. The Mississippi Delta region, an area of intensive agricultural production, extends into northwest Mississippi and serves as a good location for studying this premise. Discerning the impact of agricultural pesticide use on human health in this region is confounded by the abject poverty, low educational attainment, and racial distribution that characterize the Mississippi Delta. Other regions in the state of Mississippi have different agricultural production, socioeconomic, and demographic characteristics than the Delta region making the state a good model for studying the role of agriculture pesticides in the incidence of disease that is applicable to other agricultural areas of the US. Epidemiology as a discipline allows the discovery and assessment of associations between disease and risk factors such as exposure to pesticides. The overall goal of this project is to use epidemiological methods to attain a better understanding of the ecology of diseases that may be induced by exposure to agricultural pesticides. Although epidemiology by definition looks at disease on a population level, it integrates well with basic science by testing the application of experimental models in the real world. Epidemiology also interacts with basic science research by discovering relationships between outcomes and risk factors, which may generate hypotheses for mechanisms of disease. The research goals of this project are two fold: 1) assess the relationships of pesticide exposure and human disease; and 2) lay the groundwork for more focused hypothesis based studies in the future. To achieve these goals, we have formulated the two following specific aims: 1. Measure the strength of association between the occurrence of human disease within Mississippi counties and the level of pesticide use. The working hypothesis to be tested is that there are associations between specific diseases and exposure to pesticides that are of sufficient magnitude to be measured using county-level incidence rates and pesticide exposure levels. 2. Assess the validity of using historical crop estimates as uniform measures of potential pesticide exposure levels. This will test the hypothesis that county-level information on harvested crop acreage is a reliable and sensitive measure of pesticide use and therefore environmental pesticide levels' within that county. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFANT LEUKEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Ross, Julie A.; Associate Professor; None; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 09-FEB-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Several exposures and experiences have been associated with younger age childhood leukemias, typically in children diagnosed less than 2 years of age. These include maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, maternal pesticide and solvent exposure during pregnancy, and infant birthweight in excess of 4000 grams. However, a diagnosis of less than 2 years of age is an inadequate characterization of infant leukemia. There are marked differences in clinical behavior and frequency of a specific genetic abnormality in cases diagnosed less than 1 year of age compared to cases diagnosed at older ages. Approximately 60 percent of infants with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 80 percent of infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
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have a molecular abnormality in their leukemia cells involving the gene, MLL, at chromosome band 11q23; the frequency of this abnormality drops precipitously after 1 year of age. There is substantial evidence that these MLL abnormalities occur during pregnancy. Thus, infants with leukemia may be a highly informative subgroup for the identification of possible environmental exposures in utero that act as initiators. This case-control study will include infants with ALL and AML and randomly selected, individually-matched controls. This study is designed to explore the following in this unique patient population (1) maternal exposure to DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors during pregnancy is associated with infant AML that manifests MLL abnormalities; (2) mothers of infant cases are more likely to have exposures to pesticides and solvents during pregnancy; (3) in utero exposure to alcohol is associated with an increased risk of infant AML; (4) mothers of female cases are more likely to have a reproductive history that included fetal loss prior to the pregnancy of the index child; (5) infant cases, particularly ALL, will weigh more than infant controls; and (6) there will be a higher frequency of MLL abnormalities among female infants with leukemia compared with male infants with leukemia. This study will utilize the unique resources available through the Children's Cancer Group, and include ascertainment of cases over a six-year period (Jan 1, 1996-Dec 31, 2001). Included in this study will be the integration of molecular data documenting the presence or absence of an MLL abnormality. The overall sample size includes 250 matched sets (2 controls per case), which will provide sufficient statistical power to address the hypothesis being investigated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nuckols, John R.; Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University Fort Collins, Co 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The long-term goal of this research is to improve exposure assessment methods for epidemiological studies of agricultural pesticide use and cancer. The specific aims of this research proposal are: 1. To validate a set of geographic-based metrics for exposure assessment to agricultural pesticides using environmental samples of household dust. 2. To evaluate change in predicted land cover for use in a geographic-based exposure metric over a multi-year period. 3. To evaluate how seasonal calculation of a metric for exposure to agricultural chemical use effects potential household exposure. A procedure has been developed for predicting the likelihood that pesticides used in agricultural operations in the vicinity of a residence will be transported to inside the residence. This study is designed to use measurement of agricultural pesticides in household dust to test the validity of the procedure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EXPOSURE INSIGHTS USING GIS IN A CASE-CONTROL STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Reynolds, Peggy; Epidemiologist and Senior Investigator; Impact Assessment, Inc. 2166 Avenida De La Playa, Ste F La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed geographic information system-based study of the causes of childhood leukemia is not only designed to advance the state-ofthe-art in epidemiologic methods, but also to lead to greater understanding of the etiologic role of environmental pollutants. The study employs an innovative application of GIS analytic capability to address some of the fundamental shortcomings of
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traditional epidemiology. It will build on one of the first large-scale GIS studies of patterns of childhood cancer, and one of the most extensive case-control studies of childhood leukemia undertaken in the US. As such, it represents an important direction in the evolution of GIS as an analysis tool. A key objective is to solve the problem of characterizing the spectrum of exposure opportunity to individuals, especially for the range of chemical agents potentially encountered in residential settings from environmental sources. The proposed study is organized around the hypothesis that perinatal or early life exposures to environmental chemicals are associated with increased risk of developing childhood leukemia. Primary exposure sources of concern for this project include agricultural pesticides, motor vehicle emissions, and other sources of air toxicants. The project will create individualized geographically-based estimates of exposure constructed from residential and school history data collected in the first five years of an ongoing UC Berkeley/California Department of Health Services case-control study, calibrated by measured air monitoring data and validated by means of laboratory analyses of household dust and air samples. These exposure estimates will be applied to the full case-control study (an estimated total of 660 cases and 1052 controls accessioned by year-2 of this project) to assess risk relationships, with adjustment for important covariables. The study offers sufficient power to detect even modest changes in environmental risk factors associated with the chemical agents of concern. The proposed project presents an unusual opportunity to extend the capabilities of GIS tools to assist epidemiologists in attributing population exposures, to validate generated exposure attributes, and to integrate these estimates with individual measures for a more comprehensive assessment of the role of environmental risk factors in the etiology of these little understood diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXPOSURE LEVELS OF PERSISTENT POLLUTANTS IN URBAN ANGLERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Golden, Anne L.; Assistant Professor; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Taken from application) Sediments and fish from the lower Hudson River estuarine region contain the residues of decades of contamination with persistent, bioaccumulative environmental pollutants. The complex mix of chemicals found in these waters includes polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), mercury, and the organochlorine pesticides chlordane and DDT. Because of concern for risk of fetal neurotoxicity, advisories issued by the States of New York and New Jersey recommend that women of childbearing age abstain completely from eating fish and shellfish from this region. Despite these warnings, many recreational and subsistence fishers still regularly consume their local catch and share with family members and friends. To assess human body burdens of persistent pollutants, a pilot study of 46 local anglers was conducted in 1998-99 by investigators from the Mount Sinai Superfund Basic Research Program. It was the first investigation ever undertaken of human body burdens of persistent pollutants in persons who consume fish and shellfish from the lower Hudson River. The fish consumption practices reported by the anglers put them at high exposure risk. The data showed that consumers of locally caught fish and shellfish had higher body burdens of PCBs and organochlorine pesticide residues than non-consumers. There was a strong positive exposure-response gradient between fish and crab consumption and serum levels of highly chlorinated PCBs and DDE. A cross-sectional, biomarker-based epidemiologic study has been proposed that will extend this pilot
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study. To further characterize patterns of human exposure, it will measure body burdens of biologically persistent environmental pollutants in urban anglers, female members of their families with whom they share their catch, and a group of unexposed controls from the same communities. Levels of organochlorines will be measured in blood, and methylmercury will be measured in scalp hair. Body burdens will be correlated with number of years of fish and shellfish consumption, amount and species consumed, and areas where the fish or crabs were caught, and exposure-response gradients will be sought. Analyses will be performed to relate levels and relative distributions of contaminants in fish-and shellfish- eaters to patterns and sources of environmental contamination in the lower Hudson and New York-New Jersey Harbor. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXPOSURE OF INDOOR PESTICIDES & PCBS--EFFECTS ON GROWTH & NEURODEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Berkowitz, Gertrud S.; Professor; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Cuny New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-NOV-2000; Project End 31-OCT-2001 Summary: Children in America's inner cities are exposed to multiple known and potential neurodevelopmental toxicants, including pesticides, PCBs and lead. Organophosphate pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, are of special concern. They are applied widely, and their use appears to be increasing. Recent animal data, not yet confirmed in humans, suggest that chlorpyrifos at relatively low levels of exposure can impair neuronal development in the fetal brain. To explore the neurodevelopmental impact of current exposures to environmental toxicants in the inner city, we propose to undertake a five-year prospective epidemiologic study in a ethnically diverse birth cohort. of New York City children. Our primary objective is to determine whether preand post-natal exposures to environmental toxicants are associated with delayed mental and psychomotor development. We plan to follow 300 nulliparous mothers and their newborn children delivered at the Mount Sinai Hospital (150 African-Americans and 150 Hispanics). The mothers will be enrolled during the prenatal period and the infants will be evaluated at birth, 1 year and 2 years of age. To assess environmental exposures, biological specimens will be obtained including maternal serum, maternal urine, cord blood, and infant urine. Questionnaires that will assess indoor pesticide use, residential history, dietary intake, especially fish consumption, as well as other relevant characteristics will be administered to the mothers during the prenatal as well as the postnatal follow-up assessments. A subsample of 100 homes in East Harlem will be visited, and house and carpet dust, as well as "hand wipe" samples and wipe samples of toys will be assessed for chlorpyrifos levels during the prenatal period and again during year 2 and 5 of this project. This subsample will serve as an external comparison or control group to the intervention group being followed in Project 1. Evaluation of infants and children will utilize the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale at birth and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at ages 1 and 2 years. The unique contribution of this study is that it will assess the effects on childhood growth and neuro-development of current multiple potential exposures to developmental toxicants among inner-city, minority children. Decrements in early development can lead to lifelong neurodevelopmental and behavioral impairments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FACULTY RESEARCH ENHANCEMENT SUPPORT PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Adesuyi, Sunday A.; Natural Science & Mathematics; St. Paul's College Lawrenceville, Va 23868 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 06-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): For more than a century, Saint Paul's College has been a leader in educating minorities and women in science, mathematics, teacher education and other fields. It is committed to providing opportunities for economically disadvantaged students and others who will possible become motivated to pursue careers that support the needs of our country and the world. The short-term objectives of the project are: (1) to establish the infrastructure that will enable faculty and students to undertake biomedical research activities, (2) to increase the number of students and faculty making research presentations at scientific meetings, (3) to increase the number of students graduating in the department by at least 5% each year and , (4) to increase the number of departmental graduates entering graduate/professional schools in biomedical sciences and post-baccalaureate programs at NIH. Our faculty pilot research will focus on the cytotoxic effects of certain chemical pollutants on Don Chinese Hamster cells. Intensive use of pesticides, fungicides and insecticides is unavoidable in modern agriculture. Several million tons of organic chemicals are added each year to the natural environment by farmers and industries. Many of these chemicals which enter the natural environment are not biodegradable and thus accumulate in nature and cause air, water and soil pollution. The accumulation of these chemicals in the natural environment has created potential hazards as mutagens, teratogens, clastogens, and carcinogens. A survey of Brunswick (where Saint Paul's College is located) and Mecklenberg counties indicated that the cancer incidence and other physiological anomalies have increased over the years. Mecklenberg County hospital did not have an oncologist on board prior to 1980. Since the incidence of cancer has increased, the hospital has an oncology section to treat the cancer patients. The overall goal of the pilot research project during year two is to assess the effect of some of the pesticides, fungicides, and insecticides that are used by farmers. The project will investigate the effect of these chemicals in causing chromosomal anomalies, alteration of proteins and nucleic acids using micro-spectrophotometer and electrophoresis. The support from NIH will enable us to achieve our goal of increasing the number of minorities and women participating in biomedical research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FETAL EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS & INFANT OUTCOME Principal Investigator & Institution: Ostrea, Enrique M.; Pediatrics; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The exposure of pregnant women to environmental toxins is of major concern because of their potential harm on the fetus. However, the detection of fetal exposure to environmental toxins still remains a major challenge. We propose that meconium analysis is a promising tool to meet this challenge. Aims: (1) To compare the prevalence and amount of fetal exposure to environmental toxins through the analysis of meconium, cord blood and neonatal hair and to determine the degree of agreement among these three methods, (2) to determine the relationship between the prevalence and amount of maternal exposure to environmental toxins during pregnancy, as determined by serial analyses of maternal hair and blood, to the
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prevalence and amount of fetal exposure to environmental toxins as determined by meconium, cord blood and neonatal hair analyses, and (3) to compare adverse immediate (birth weight, length, head circumference, gestational age) and long term (postnatal growth and neurobehavioral development up to 2 yrs from enrollment) outcomes that are associated with antenatal exposure to environmental toxins as determined by maternal blood, maternal hair, meconium, cord blood and neonatal hair analyses. Study design: Pregnant women (n=750) will be recruited, at midgestation, from the Outpatient Clinic of the Bulacan Provincial Hospital, Philippines and their blood and hair will be obtained at the time of recruitment and at delivery. Umbilical cord blood, meconium and neonatal hair will also be obtained. The samples will be analyzed, by atomic absorption spectrometry, for lead, mercury and cadmium and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the following pesticides and their metabolites: propoxur, transfluthrin, Malathion, DDT, chlorpyrifos, bioallethrin, pretilachlor, lindane, cyfluthrin and cypermethrin. Pertinent maternal and infant data will be obtained after birth. The infants will be subsequently followed up at scheduled intervals for 2 years, to study their physical growth and neurobehavioral development using a battery of tests. Data analysis: The relationship between the presence/amount of environmental toxins in meconium, maternal blood, maternal hair, cord blood or neonatal hair to the immediate and two year outcome in the infants will be studied, while controlling for potential confounders. The presence/amount of environmental toxins in maternal blood, hair, cord blood, meconium and neonatal hair will be also evaluated to determine which substrate (s) provide(s) the best index of exposure for a given toxin. Expected benefits: Meconium analysis may provide a powerful tool to study the prevalence and degree of fetal exposure to environmental toxins and its associated adverse effects. This project can also serve as a model for the study of environmental pollutant problems during pregnancy at a local, national or global level. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI IN MOUSE NEUROTOXIC PARKINS* Principal Investigator & Institution: Richfield, Eric K.; Pathology and Lab Medicine; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 11-MAR-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant) The cause(s) of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) in man remains unknown, but reflects an individual's combined risks associated with genetic background, life-long environmental exposures and age. The role of genotype in contributing to PD varies depending on the presence of a genetic mutation or a polymorphism that contributes to the alteration of a gene product or function. The role of the environment in idiopathic PD also varies from strong for certain neurotoxicants such as MPTP to weaker for pesticides and heavy metals. The interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors in man and mouse is poorly understood. Mouse models of PD based on genetic manipulations, neurotoxicant exposure or combined genetic and neurotoxicant exposures are useful for exploring mechanisms of neuronal loss and dysfunction. Recent breakthroughs in several areas of genetics and biotechnology will help define the roles of genes and neurotoxicants in PD. We will map Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) in mice that play a role in mouse models of PD. We will measure baseline locomotor activity, striatal dopamine and metabolite levels, and total substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neuron number in 15 inbred strains of mice treated with saline or with MPTP, paraquat, or paraquat plus maneb. We will use the association mapping procedure and mouse single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
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database created by Peltz and colleagues to map QTL for these traits in the absence or presence of a neurotoxicant. We will use permutation tests to generate appropriate experiment-wise thresholds for declaring a QTL significant. We propose a novel and innovative method for mapping QTL contributing to the adverse effects of environmental neurotoxicants resulting in the PDP in mice. Mapping of QTL will ultimately lead to a variety of studies in mice resulting in the identification of the specific genes involved and their mechanism of action in contributing to PD. Our ultimate goal is to identify specific genes, their polymorphisms, and how they interact with the environment in predisposing man to PD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HEALTH AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF PESTICIDE USAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: London, Leslie; University of Cape Town Box 594 Cape Town, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) This application includes a set of sub-studies that will assist a team of researchers, principally from South Africa and Tanzania, with extensive experience in pesticide-related policy and epidemiological research, to plan a larger long-term investigation into the health and economic consequences of pesticide exposure. Externalities related to human health with pesticide usage are typically ignored in national and international agricultural policy, principally because of a lack of health outcome and environmental impact data in developing countries. This project will systematically assemble, through a multi-disciplinary international collaboration, data on which to plan a formal R01 grant application, and develop tools and methods for implementation of the larger study. This will be accomplished through policy research into trends driving pesticide usage in Tanzania and South Africa; by the development of methods to characterize human exposure to pesticides, and tools to assess neurobehavioral and childhood developmental impacts of such exposures appropriate to the local African context; by the conducting of a set of qualitative and quantitative interviews with small farmers to gauge risk perceptions and factors influencing decision-making processes in relation to pesticide use by farmers and by the development and piloting of tools to measure the costs of pesticide usage. The emphasis throughout the project will be on developing robust, valid and reliable methodologies, as well as collecting preliminary prevalence and incidence estimates on which to base an R01 application. Data on risk perceptions, farmer decision-making and on costs will be tested against frameworks suggested in the literature for construct validity. The project will take place in tandem with, and closely integrated with other well-defined capacity building initiatives underway in the Southern African region (parallel Fogarty capacity building grant, and a Fogarty International Research Collaboration Award application) that will see expansion of the analytical capacities of the laboratories of the Peninsula Technion in Cape Town, South Africa and the Tropical Pesticides Research Institute in Arusha, Tanzania, as well as promotion of study towards higher degrees by at least 3 project staff at collaborating institutions. The project's policy focus will enable establishment of networks to facilitate dissemination of findings to policy makers, in addition to typical scientific journal outputs and conference presentations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HEALTH EFFECTS OF CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS Principal Investigator & Institution: James, Margaret O.; Professor and Chair; Medicinal Chemistry; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: This application from the University of Florida seeks funding to support basic research on Superfund hazardous substances, graduate training in environmental health and outreach of research findings to government agencies, environmental and public health professionals, community college and high school teachers and other scientists. The overall theme linking the 7 scientific projects that make up the program is the study of the Health Effects of Chlorinated Compounds and related Superfund chemicals. The project will develop advanced techniques for detecting and evaluating the effects of chlorinated compounds on various biological systems. To achieve continuing interaction and integration of the research efforts, all key personnel belong to one or more of three research focus groups in (1) bioavailability, transport and metabolism; (ii) endocrine effects; (iii) reproduction and development. The three biomedical and non-biomedical projects funded in the last period propose continuation of their research; one new biomedical and two new non-biomedical projects funded in the last period propose continuation of their research; one ne biomedical and two new non-biomedical projects are also proposed. The project numbers and titles are: 1 (nonPesticides and Developmental Mortality in Wildlife; 3 (biomedical)- Placental-Uterine and Prostate- Effects of Organochlorines; 4 (biomedical)- Pharmacotoxicology of Trichloroethylene Metabolites; 5 (biomedical)-Autoimmune Toxicity of Chlorinated Compounds; 6 (biomedical)- Bioavailability of Superfund Chemicals; and 7 (nonbiomedical)- Assessment of Natural Bioattenuation of PCE and TCE. To support this research, four research cores are proposed: analytical, histopathology, biometry and aquatic toxicology. The program will use an administrative core to coordinate programmatic activities, including information and technology transfer at the University of Florida (UF) and between UF and NIEHS, a monthly seminar program and regular meetings of the program investigators and focus groups. The outreach core will train teachers in environmental health scientific and pedagogical concepts and tools, and assist them in translating and disseminating new knowledge to classrooms and communities. The training core will support up to 5 graduate students annually, with interest related to the program theme. The research proposed offers an integrated approach to advancing knowledge regarding the impacts of chlorinated Superfund chemical on human and ecological health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HEALTHY HOMES II: ENVIRONMENTAL/CLINICAL ASTHMA CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Krieger, James W.; Chief; Seattle-King County Public Health Dept Public Health Department Seattle, Wa 98104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this proposal is to understand better how to reduce asthma morbidity and health care utilization among low-income, ethnically diverse children age 3-13. In particular, evidence about the effectiveness of inhome interventions, emphasizing control of environmental triggers relative to clinicbased interventions, is needed. One-half of the participants will receive clinic-based asthma education, self-management support (an asthma action plan and selfmonitoring), resources for asthma control (allergy control bedding covers, a peak flow
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meter, and a medication spacer) and care coordination for one year from an asthma nurse (level 1 intervention). The other half will receive these services plus in-home environmental assessment, an individualized home action plan based on assessment data, education, and social support, encouragement of behavior changes, materials to reduce exposures (bedding covers, vacuums, door mats, cleaning kits, and a HEPA filter), and asthma self-management support for one year from a community health worker (level 2 intervention). A second goal is to learn how to adapt these interventions so they are culturally appropriate for ethnically diverse populations. A third goal is to reduce exposures to other household health risks such as lead, dust, asbestos, pesticides, other toxic household chemicals, and risks for injuries. A fourth goal is to develop better tools for assessing the indoor environment in community-based settings. A final goal is to integrate these activities into the work of the local asthma coalition. The investigators will conduct a randomized controlled trial with 360 subjects using parallel intervention groups and a wait-list control group to compare the effectiveness of the level 1 and 2 interventions with each other and the control group. Primary outcome measures will include asthma-related health status and quality of life, medical care utilization, and exposure to indoor asthma triggers (mites, roaches, mold, tobacco smoke, and pets). Secondary measures include knowledge of asthma, control of environmental triggers, and medical management; self-efficacy; and behaviors related to asthma control. They will assess the costs of the two levels of intervention from the perspective of a health services payer. The investigators hope this research will result in a replicable and sustainable model which can be adopted by health insurers and health care delivery organizations and integrated into a comprehensive, coordinated local asthma control system. The project's organization is based upon partnerships between parents of children with asthma, community-based organizations, public health agencies, and academia, and will follow principles of community-based collaborative research. It is sponsored by the King County Asthma Forum, a local asthma coalition with broad community participation from people with asthma, their families, and 34 agencies, including Public Health - Seattle & King County, the American Lung Association of Washington, the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of American, school districts, community health centers, hospitals, Seattle University, and the University of Washington. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HIGH THROUGHPUT BIOENGINEERING OF DETOXIFICATION ENZYMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bradley, Margaret K.; Modular Genetics, Inc. 65 Cummings Pk Woburn, Ma 01801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our revised project High Throughput Bioengineering of Detoxification Enzymes focuses on organophosphate hydrolases, which have immediate value for mediation or detection of chemical warfare agents (CW; i.e., nerve gases), and long term value for dealing with contaminating pesticides in humans and the environment. Two candidate organophosphate hydrolases have been structurally determined; a TIM barrel-like, dimeric organophosphate hydrolase (OPH) from Pseudomonas diminuta, and a 13-propeller peptide diisopropylfluorophosphatase (DFPase) from Lo/igo vu/garis (squid). Each has some proven, but inefficient, effect against organophosphate CW agents and pesticides, and modification of certain residues has been shown to increase their ability to hydrolyze some of these agents [1, 3, 3b, 11-15]. We propose to use our patented technologies for seamless gene
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assembly (TOPPs) to generate a large library of designed, substrate-specific substitutions (DPSSs). By making multiple modifications in 24-25 residues shown lining the active sites of both OPH and DFPase [1,2,3], we will generate at least 1,000 modified genes for each in 6 months. By screening the expressed genes for their enzyme kinetics with 3-4 substrates (including pesticides and surrogate CW agents), data will be available for designing new modifications in these sets. Preliminary data have already been integrated into our iterative, primer design, and we are preparing to automate the whole process. Our Phase I work will be to expand enormously the number of mutants available for both enzymes, and we believe this approach is a novel way to produce the desired improvements. Phase II aims will likely include i) verification of enzyme activities in the resource library, ii) further analyses of their stability, optimal conditions of assay and other substrates (by us or by collaborators), and iii) finally adding adaptors and modifications to these enzymes for use as biosensors or as a detoxification and/or decontamination tools. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMPROVED EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT FOR ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICI Principal Investigator & Institution: Keating, Garrett A.; None; University of CalifLawrnc Lvrmr Nat Lab Lawrence Livermore National Lab Livermore, Ca 94550 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 30-SEP-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract) The objective of the proposed research is to improve exposure assessment of pesticides by developing a methodology for measuring acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition that includes determinations of free and total enzyme in the same blood sample. The research will develop a methodology for preparing whole blood samples so that these measurements can be made sequentially using currently available methods for measuring cholinesterase activity that are used in clinical monitoring of pesticide exposure. The research proposes to calibrate colorimetric measurements of these AChE activities with specific binding of a radiolabeled probe to AChE in blood samples partially inhibited by an organophosphate (OP) pesticide. Once analyzed by standard AChE assays, the samples will be processed to reactivate the OP-inhibited AChE followed by determination of this reactivated fraction through binding of the AChE- specific probe and colorimetric assay. This parallel AChE measurement approach is intended to validate the sequential colorimetric determinations so that the methodology can be performed without the radioactive assay. This capability will improve exposure assessment of pesticides in several ways. First, knowledge of the total AChE activity in a blood sample will permit a more accurate estimate of the level of inhibition by utilizing individual- specific information. Secondly, measurement of AChE activity is considered to be a more relevant endpoint for the neurological effects of pesticides than other cholinesterase activities. Finally, the ratio of inhibited-to-total AChE will provide an internal standard to normalize the different ChE assays currently used to monitor pesticide exposure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INNER IMPAIRMENT
CITY
TOXICANTS AND
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Wolff, Mary S.; Professor; Community and Preventive Med; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-NOV-1998; Project End 31-OCT-2003 Summary: Children in America's inner cities are at risk of exposure to multiple known and potential neurodevelopmental toxicants: pesticides in homes, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in contaminated fish and lead. The goal of the Mount Sinai Center for Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research will be to identify, characterize, elucidate and prevent neurodevelopmental deficits that result from exposures to environmental toxicants in the inner city. Project 1, a community-based prevention research trial, with intervention and control arms, will be undertaken in East Harlem, New York City, in partnership with a network of community-based organizations and a Community Advisory Board. The goal will be to reduce exposures to pesticides, PCBs and other developmental toxicants in households. In intervention households, recruited through Boriken Neighborhood Health Center, Integrated Pest Management and dietary modification will be applied. Control households will be an East Harlem subset of Project 2 families. Outcome evaluation in both groups will consist of baseline and follow-up measures of pesticide levels in house dust; pesticide metabolite levels in urine; roach infestation levels; and frequency of consumption of local fish. In years 3 and 4, lessons learned in household intervention will be extended broadly through East Harlem. Project 2 will be a prospective epidemiologic study of an ethnically diverse birth cohort of infants born at Mount Sinai. It will asses whether in utero exposures to pesticides and other toxicants are associated with developmental delays. Project 3 will study genetic polymorphisms in the enzymes that activate and detoxify organophosphates and other pesticides in the population of mothers and infants enrolled in Project 2. Project 4, a retrospective study of African-Americans enrolled in the Collaborative Perinatal Project, will assess whether in utero exposures to PCBs are associated with neuropsychological dysfunction in adolescent or adult life. Project 5 will examine the mechanisms by which environmental toxicants affect neuroendocrine development. Experiments in a female rat model will characterize interactions between toxicants and hypothalamic GnRH neurosecretory neurons, key regulators or reproductive development. The Center will contain Facilities Cores in Exposure Assessment and Biostatistics/Data Management, as well as an Administration Core. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTERACTIONS SYNUCLEIN/METALS/PESTICIDES
BETWEEN
ALPHA-
Principal Investigator & Institution: Di Monte, Donato A.; Director; Parkinson's Institute 1170 Morse Ave Sunnyvale, Ca 94089 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Taken from the Investigator's Abstract) The goal of the proposed studies is to advance our understanding of how environmental agents (i.e. metals and pesticides) might interact with constitutive proteins (i.e. alpha-synuclein) and how such interactions could lead to protein aggregation and neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Preliminary results obtained in the investigator's laboratory indicate that selfaggregation of alpha-synuclein is dramatically enhanced in the presence of either aluminum or the fungicide diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC). The underlying molecular basis of these interactions will be evaluated in vitro in order to test the hypothesis that increased alpha-synuclein aggregation is a consequence of changes in its conformation, association properties and the structure of its fibrils caused by aluminum or DDC. The possibility that other metals and pesticides (or combinations of agents) are capable of affecting the rate of alpha-synuclein aggregation will also be tested experimentally. The
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consequences of interactions between alpha-synuclein and metals and pesticides will then be evaluated in an in vivo animal model, i.e. transgenic mice overexpressing human alpha-synuclein under the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter. Because these mice express high levels of alpha- synuclein protein within dopaminergic neurons, they provide a valuable model in which to assess the pathologic consequences of interactions of alpha- synuclein with environmental agents. The first hypothesis to be tested in these animals is that exposure to aluminum or DDC (or other metals and pesticides) induces the aggregation of alpha-synuclein and formation of Lewy body-like inclusions (Lewy bodies are one of the pathologic hallmark of Parkinson's Disease). The second hypothesis is that an impairment of proteasome activity (a key pathway of cellular protein degradation) plays a role in metal- and pesticide-induced Lewy body-like formation. To address this hypothesis, the occurrence of alpha-synuclein-containing inclusions will be monitored in overexpressing mice exposed to metals and pesticides in the presence of inhibitors of the proteasome activity. The final hypothesis is that overexpression of alpha-synuclein increases the vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system to injury caused by metals and pesticides. Mice will be exposed to aluminum or DDC (or other metals and pesticides) and dopaminergic cell damage will be compared in overexpressing versus non-overexpressing animal. Results of these experiments are likely to clarify the mechanisms of alpha-synuclein aggregation and its role in Lewy body formation. Perhaps most importantly, however, they will further our understanding of the relationship between inclusion bodies, dopaminergic degeneration and metals and pesticides, both of which have been implicated in the etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTERACTIONS OF P GLYCOPROTEIN WITH CYTOCHROME P4503A Principal Investigator & Institution: Schuetz, Erin G.; Associate Member; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, Tn 381052794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): Human cytochromes P4503A metabolize numerous therapeutic agents, bioactivate environmental xenobiotics, and are induced by drugs and pesticides. Because there is large interindividual variation in basal and inducible expression of CYP3A that affects therapeutic outcome and could serve as a susceptibility marker for environmentally caused diseases, the factors which regulate CYP3A are under intense investigation. Our recent studies have established that the product of the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1), the drug efflux transporter Pglycoprotein (Pgp), influences the pharmacological disposition of rifampicin and is a major determinant of the extent to which rifampicin induces cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A). Because Pgp transports steroids and other structurally diverse xenobiotics that are CYP3A substrates and inducers, this grant will extend our recent study to test hypothesis 1, that Pgp is a determinant of basal CYP3A expression and the magnitude of CYP3A induction by many other structurally unrelated xenobiotics. Drug disposition and drug-induction of CYP3A will analyzed in two model systems, an in vitro system (LS180 cells) in which human MDR1 Pgp is overexpressed and an in vivo system that lacks mdr1a/1b/Pgp (mdrla/lb (-/-) mice). The capabilities of mouse and human MDR/Pgp to transport some CYP3A inducers not previously demonstrated to be Pgp substrates will also be tested. To maximally capitalize on the mdrla/1b knockout mice and on other murine transgenic models, this grant will characterize CYP3A immunoreactive proteins, a representative CYP3A activity and CYP3A mRNAs in
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mouse liver. Hypothesis 2 will test whether Pgp, by influencing the intracellular concentration of CYP3A substrates, is a determinant of the extent of CYP3A-metabolites formed in the cell, and whether Pgp transports CYP3A generated metabolites. This aim uses our novel cell lines which form polarized epithelium in culture and stably express functional CYP3A4 and Pgp. In total, this grant will explore the nature of the interaction between CYP3A substrates and inducers at the level of their common membrane transporter, Pgp, and the ramifications of these Pgp interactions on CYP3A mediated metabolism and the CYP3A inductive response. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IRON, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND PESTICIDES IN PARKINSON'S Principal Investigator & Institution: Andersen, Julie; Assistant Professor; Parkinson's Institute 1170 Morse Ave Sunnyvale, Ca 94089 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) A growing body of evidence has suggested that oxidative stress is likely to play major a role in neuronal cell loss associated with PD. Alterations in levels of accessories reactive iron and the peroxide-scavenging antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in the PD brain have both been postulated to contribute to the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) associated with the disease via oxidative stress-related mechanisms. The investigators currently have two existing NIH grants to explore the effects of chronic alterations in brain iron levels via neonatal iron feeding in conjunction with transgenic mouse lines which display altered SN expression levels of the protective iron-storage protein ferritin and SN GSH levels via transgenic lines expressing antisense message against the glutathione-synthesizing enzyme glutamyl cysteine synthetase (antiGCS). These models are presently being used in conjunction with the well-established MPTP toxicity model of PD to test whether chronic alterations in SN iron or GSH levels alters age-related increases in nigrostriatal degeneration compound and whether this involves alterations of levels of either oxidative stress or mitochondrial dysfunction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ISOTHIOCYANATE EXCRETION, BRASSICA, AND BREAST CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Fowke, Jay; Epidemiology and Biostatistics; University of South Carolina at Columbia Byrnes Bldg., Room 501 Columbia, Sc 29208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2001 Summary: Dietary factors play an important role in the etiology of breast cancer. Vegetables of the Brassica genus, such as broccoli and cabbage, contain isothiocyanates (ITC) which increase glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, leading to the excretion of potentially carcinogenic compounds. Brassica vegetable administration prevented mammary tumor development in animal models of breast cancer, and it is therefore conceivable that Brassica consumption could reduce breast cancer risk in humans. Preliminary results from our pilot study suggest that high levels of urinary ITC excretion, indicative of greater Brassica vegetable intake, were associated with a greater than 50% reduction in breast cancer risk. We propose to analyze urine samples collected from a larger subset (n=350 case-control pairs) of study participants recruited into the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, a NCI-funded population-based case- control study among Chinese women in Shanghai (RF01 CA64271). In addition to in-person interviews, fasting blood and urine samples have been collected from over 80% of the
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3000 women included in this parent study. These samples are being used for several ancillary studies, including NCI-funded studies to evaluate the relation of estrogens, IGFs, pesticides, genetic factors, and phytoestrogens, with breast cancer risk (R03CA80655, R03CA83050, R03CA86119, NCI contract). For this newly proposed individual matched case-control study, urinary ITC levels will be analyzed by HPLC, and GST genotype determined from blood DNA. Because recruitment, questionnaire data, and specimen collection have been completed by existing studies, this project will be very cost-efficient. Urinary ITC excretion predicts habitual Brassica intake within Asian populations, as people in China or Japan typically consume 200 g/day/person of Brassica. Since Brassica vegetables are widely available and without toxicity, a protective association between urinary ITC levels and breast cancer could suggest that dietary recommendations to reduce breast cancer risk should include greater Brassica consumption. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LA FAMILIA REDUCING FARMWORKER PESTICIDE EXPOSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Arcury, Thomas A.; Professor; Family and Community Medicine; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: (Taken from the Applicant's Abstract) La Familia! extends collaboration between the North Carolina Farmworkers' Project (NCFP), a grassroots community based organization, and environmental health researchers at Wake Forest University School of Medicine to evaluate a Lay Health Advisor (LHA) model to reduce pesticide exposure among farmworker families. The proposed research builds on PACE, Preventing Agricultural Chemical Exposure among North Carolina Farmworkers (R21 ES08739), a highly successful workplace intervention to reduce migrant and seasonal farmworker pesticide exposure. With iLa Familia!, the PACE focus shifts to exposure of farmworker families, particularly children, and expands work with the North Carolina farmworker community to Latino Christmas tree workers in the western region of the state. iLa Familia!'s specific aims are to: 1) document and assess farmworker knowledge, beliefs and perceptions of pesticide exposure of all family members, particularly as they relate to exposure of children; 2) identify pathways for environmental exposure of farmworker children to pesticides; 3) develop, implement, and evaluate a culturally appropriate LRA intervention to reduce pesticide exposure of children (aged 18-48 mo) in farmworker homes; and 4) compile and disseminate the final intervention program to other farmworker communities and farmworker service providers. A model of community participation will be implemented throughout the 5 project years. Formative research (in-depth interviews; pathway exposure assessment) will be completed in Years 1 and 2. Using the formative results in a PRECEDE- PROCEED framework, the content and format of the LHA intervention will be developed in Year 2. This intervention (and a revision) will be evaluated in Years 3 and 4 using a group randomized design. End-points will include change in knowledge of pesticide exposure routes for children and ways to reduce their exposure; change in exposure-related behaviors; and changes in household dust levels. In the final year, support will continue for the LHA program as part of the process of NCFP developing its health outreach mission in western NC., while the results of the project are disseminated to regional and national farmworker groups, to those providing health care to farmworkers, and in the research literature. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MAP KINASE REGULATION OF B-LYMPHOCYTE APOPTOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Muscarella, Donna E.; Microbiology and Immunology; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Immunosuppressive disorders constitute a significant human health problem associated with increased individual susceptibility to infectious and neoplastic diseases. Human populations may be at risk for clinically significant immunosuppression following exposure to environmental metals, pesticides, or immunotoxic drugs. It is now known that induction of apoptosis in lymphoid cells is an important mediator of immunotoxicity following chemical exposure. However, lymphoid cell populations among and within individuals can vary extensively with respect to their sensitivity to undergo chemically induced apoptosis. Thus, differences in the mechanisms underlying the execution of pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways in resistant and susceptible cell populations need to be understood before the consequences of exposure to environmental contaminants can be fully appreciated. This study utilizes a unique panel of human B-lineage lymphocyte (BLL) cell lines that show large differences in their sensitivity to apoptosis induction by various chemicals to test the hypothesis that the differential activation of specific mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases is a critical factor in determining chemical sensitivity in BLLs. The activation of the three major MAP- kinase pathways, ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and -38 following exposure of the BLL-cell lines to the environmental pollutants arsenic and cadmium, and selected drugs that share with these metals the ability to perturb mitochondrial function will be examined. Specific chemical inhibitors and dominant negative strategies will be used to establish causality between activation of these kinases and induction of apoptosis in susceptible cell lines. In addition, the roles that these kinase pathways play in acquired sensitivity to apoptosis induction in resistant cell lines following low-level chemical exposure will also be studies. Experiments will also be performed to determine whether low-level chemical exposure can sensitize BLLs to the induction of apoptosis by engagement of the IgM receptor. IgM-induced apoptosis is an important mediator of negative selection of B- lymphocytes during development which, similar to chemically induced apoptosis, involves the activation of specific MAP kinase pathways. This research is expected to identify important mechanisms regulating differential lymphoid cell sensitivity to apoptosis induction and to contribute a novel model system for examining thresholds for adverse effects of environmental chemicals on B-lineage lymphoid cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF PESTICIDE INDUCED DISTAL NEPHRON INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Molony, Donald A.; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The purpose of the studies in this proposal is to elucidate some of the cellular events and molecular mechanisms that participate in the induction of apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cell in response to the inhibition of specific ion channels by toxicants. These studies will test the hypothesis that certain pesticides injure the medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) and other segments of the distal nephron via their interaction with a basolateral membrane g-aminobutyric acid/Benzodiazepine receptor CI- channel (GABA/BZD-CI-channel); that their binding to the GABA/BZD CI- channel results in cell hyperpolarization, an alteration of transcellular ion fluxes, and in cell death manifest
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as apoptosis. The studies in this proposal will examine some of the molecular events that link the pesticide associated changes in the ion flux via the GABA/BZD-CIchannel and apoptosis of distal nephron cells. These studies will be performed in isolated perfused mouse mTAL segments, and in ST-1 cells, an established mouse mTAL cell line, and in MDCK cells in culture. Ion fluxes will be determined electrically and spectrofluorometrically; cell integrity will be assayed by released of enzymes and by histologic examination. The degree of apoptosis in the mTAL will be assayed in kidney tissue sections obtained from pesticide exposed mice and in cells in culture by the TUNEL and by an ELISA based assay methods and confirmed by direct analysis for DNA fragmentation. The cellular events that might link the inhibition of CI- flux to apoptosis will be probed via measurement of changes in oxygen consumption, intracellular [Ca}++, and cell volume. Additional studies will examine directly the acute and chronic effects of GABA/BZD-CI- channel agonists and antagonists on pesticide indued apoptosis of mTAL cells. The studies in this proposal should elucidate explicitly some of the mechanisms responsible for acute and chronic mTAL nephrotoxicity from pesticides manifest as increased apoptosis. These studies should provide direct evidence that supports a link between toxicant associated changes in CI- ion flux and induction of cellular injury and apoptosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF AGENT ORANGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Chakrabarty, Ananda M.; Distinguished University Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1986; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Various chemicals are released in our environment as herbicides/pesticides, degreasers, fire retardants, industrial solvents o as by-products of chemical industry, leading to major environmental pollution problem. The U.S. Congress specifically authorized the Super Funds to clean up thousands of toxic dump sites in the United States, but very few have been cleaned up. Microorganisms are responsible for recycling natural wastes, but they are relatively inert towards synthetic compounds, particularly the high chlorinated compounds that occur rarely in the natural environment. Yet, microorganisms are highly adaptable and have evolved, and are continually evolving, the genes, both structural and regulatory, that specify biodegradation of a variety of simple chlorinated compounds. Microbial remediation of highly chlorinated compounds is thus a major goal to address problems of toxic chemical pollution. To accelerate the rate of microbial biodegradation of a toxic, synthetic chemical, one needs to understand the nature of regulation of the structural genes, and the mechanism of action as well as evolution of such regulatory genes. However, even when a microorganism becomes available for effective degradation and removal of a toxic chemical, it cannot necessarily be used in bioremediation unless its pathogenic potential to local populations has been determined. This proposal has two major goals. The first to understand how degradative pathways for simple, as well as somewhat recalcitrant, chlorinated compounds evolve in nature. We are particularly interested in the evolution and the mode of action of regulatory genes that regulate the level of expression of the structural genes in the biodegradative pathway. Our second goal is to develop both conceptual and technical understanding and approaches to assess the pathogenic potential of a bioremediating organism. The progress achieved and the ways we intend to meet our goals are detailed in this proposal Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PARKINSON'S
MITOCHONDRIA,
PESTICIDES,
ISOQUINOLINES
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AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Strahlendorf, Howard K.; Associate Professor; Pharmacology; Texas Tech University Health Scis Center Health Sciences Center Lubbock, Tx 79430 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Taken from the Investigator's Abstract) Environmental pesticides including organochlorines and carbamates act as potential risk factors for neurodegeneration of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in Parkinson's Disease. Damage to DA-containing neurons can occur by either eliciting direct toxicity or by increasing the vulnerability of these neurons to selective detrimental effects of naturally occurring isoquinolines (IsoQ), specifically 1,2,3,4, tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) and salsolinol (SAL). The investigators' preliminary data suggest: 1) heptachlor (HC), TIQ, SAL and MPP-positive have concentration-dependent toxicities to DA-containing neurons; 2) concentrations of HC that are minimally toxic increase the toxicity of MPP-positive; 3) IsoQs induce mitochondrial depolarization and redistribution of cyto C; and, 4) TIQ increases expression of BAX. These findings suggest that in addition to the known disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics by IsoQs and pesticides, these neurotoxins disrupt mitochondrial physiology and could initiate biochemical cascades that further compromise the viability of DA-containing cells. The investigators hypothesize that the toxicity of two IsoQ compounds, TIQ and SAL and two classes of pesticides, HC as an organochlorine and diethyldithiocarbamate as a dithiocarbamate alone and in combination, is a manifestation of mitochondrial dysfunction, involving opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, cytochrome c (cyto C) release from mitochondria and caspase activation. Secondly, they hypothesize that pesticides and IsoQ alone and in combination induce p53 and its related target gene BAX in DA-containing neurons. Cigarette smoking is the most consistent negative risk factor for the occurrence of PD. Nicotinic alpha-7 receptors are neuroprotective in various models of neurotoxicity, raising the possibility that activation of these receptors could underlie the neuronal protection associated with cigarette smoking. Thirdly, the investigators hypothesize that activation of cholinergic nicotinic alpha-7 receptors attenuates pesticide and IsoQ toxicities. These hypotheses will be tested in a series of experiments utilizing in vitro viability assays, confocal microscopy coupled with double-labeled immunocytochemistry, Western blots, fluorescent plate reader assays and pharmacological interventions in cultured DAcontaining neurons. Collectively, these studies will provide a comprehensive evaluation of the role of mitochondrial PTP, membrane potential, cyto C release and caspase activation in mechanisms of environmental and endogenous risks factors in PD, and the potential benefit derived from nicotinic alpha-7-receptor activation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR OXIDOREDUCTASE
ARCHITECTURE
OF
UQH2:
CYTC2
Principal Investigator & Institution: Crofts, Antony R.; Microbiology; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: The enzymes of the bc1 complex family (ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductases, and the closely related b6f complex of oxygenic photosynthesis), carry the energy flux of the biosphere, serving as the central enzymes of respiratory and
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photosynthetic electron transfer chains. The aim of this project has been to understand how these important enzymes function. X-ray crystallographic structures for several mitochondrial complexes have recently been solved in collaboration with Dr. Ed Berry, and an extensive analysis in the light of previous work has provide new insights on function. Much biophysical work has established the basic mechanism, and the focus in recent years has been on putting this into a structural context. The complexes catalyze the oxidation of ubiquinol and the reduction of cytochrome c through a modified Qcycle. Three catalytic subunits, a cytochrome b with two hemes, cytochrome c1 and an iron sulfur protein, house the mechanism. These are well conserved across the bacterial/mitochondrial divide. Two separate internal electron transfer chains connect three catalytic sites that catalyze oxidation and reduction of the quinone pool, and reduction of cytochrome c. Electron transfer across the membrane, and coupling of these redox reactions to the release or uptake of protons, allows the complex to generate the transmembrane gradient that drives ATP synthesis. From our analysis of the structure, we have suggested some novel extensions of this basic mechanism, including a dramatic movement of the iron sulfur protein between its two reaction partners, a revised mechanism for the reaction by which quinol is oxidized, and a more detailed understanding of the quinone reduction site. In the renewal period, we will make use of the structure in an extended exploration of the molecular mechanism, using spectroscopic methods, and biophysical, molecular engineering and biochemical protocols developed under the grant. Apart from its intrinsic interest, the bc1 complex is a major site of production of oxygen radicals, which cause cell aging and DNA damage leading to cancer, and also the locus of inherited genetic diseases. Natural inhibitors block turnover by mimicking quinone at the catalytic sites, and commercial interest has centered on the possibility of using these as green pesticides. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF METABOLIC PESTICIDE RESISTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Pittendrigh, Barry R.; Assistant Professor; Entomology; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Provided by the applicant): Our ability to control mosquitoes that transmit human diseases is threatened by pesticide resistance. One common form of pesticide resistance, metabolic resistance, is frequently associated with the over-expression of detoxification enzymes. Numerous detoxification enzyme genes have been cloned from resistant insects, but rarely do these genes map to a resistance locus. Evidence strongly suggests that one of the major resistance loci in insects is a yet undefined transregulatory gene that controls the expression of detoxification enzymes, such as cytochrome P450s. The long-range goal of our laboratory is to understand the molecular basis of metabolic pesticide resistance in vector insects, such as mosquitoes. A wellestablished approach for identifying resistance genes in pest insects is to first discover the genes in Drosophila. Since mosquitoes and Drosophila share a high degree of homology across their genomes, and the Drosophila genome is now sequenced, the quickest path to identifying a gene of key importance in metabolic resistance in mosquitoes is to first characterize the gene in Drosophila. The major metabolic resistance locus in Drosophila is a dominant trait known as Rst (2) DDT. This locus has been mapped to a region encompassing 35 previously sequenced genes, but to date we do not know which gene actually confers the metabolic resistance phenotype. The objective of the work proposed here is to identify a gene involved in metabolic resistance in mosquitoes by first determining its orthologue in Drosophila. The central
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hypothesis of this grant is that metabolic resistance to insecticides in Drosophila is due to one of these 35 known genes. This hypothesis is based on recombinational mapping data showing that this narrow region of the second chromosome is consistently associated with metabolic resistance to pesticides. The three specific aims of this project are as follows. First, identify candidate resistance genes in Drosophila by determining open reading frames that have structural or expression level differences between the resistant and susceptible insects. Second, establish which of the candidate genes is/are causally responsible for metabolic resistance by transforming the resistant allele into a susceptible Drosophila line. To determine which gene confers resistance, pesticide bioassays will be performed on the transformed flies. Only those insects transformed with the gene for resistance will survive the bioassay. Third, identify the orthologue of this gene in Anopheles gambiae. We expect to identify a gene that plays a crucial role in metabolic resistance in Dipterans. The proposed research is significant because this gene will make an excellent target-site for the discovery of compounds capable of suppressing metabolic resistance in vector species that transmit human diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY OF PLACENTAL CARBOXYLESTRASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Yan, Bingfang; Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Rhode Island 70 Lower College Road, Suite 2 Kingston, Ri 028810811 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1997; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT: Carboxylesterases are known to play an important role in xenobiotic metabolism and detoxication of pesticides The long-term objective of the proposed studies is to determine the molecular basis for the existence of multiple forms of human carboxylesterases, and to determine the structure, function and regulation of these enzymes. The central hypothesis of the proposed project is that the multiple forms of carboxylesterases expressed in human placenta are distinct gene products that have different substrate specificities, and are independently regulated. The specific aims of the project are (1) to isolate from a human placental library fulllength cDNAs encoding two carboxylesterases (HP-1 and HP-2), and (2) to characterize by biochemical, immunochemical and molecular techniques the structure, function and regulation of these enzymes. As part of enzymatic and immunochemical studies, recombinant enzymes and antibodies against the recombinant proteins will be produced. To test the hypothesis that HP-1 and HP-2 have different substrate specificities, the recombinant enzymes will be examined for their ability to hydrolyze selected esters and amides, and their ability to catalyze the transesterification of cocaine and the synthesis of fatty acid ethyl esters. Immunoprecipitation from placental samples will be conducted to compare enzymatic characteristics between the natural and recombinant enzymes. To test the hypothesis that HP-1 and HP-2 are independently regulated, the MRNA and protein levels will be determined with samples from individual placenta and cultured placental slices treated with xenobiotics. Samples for these studies will cover a broad range of genetic (i.e., ethnic) and environmental (i.e., smoking) factors. Some progress has been made toward the goals of the project. The enzymatic activity of placental microsomes to hydrolyze several esters has been determined. Two partial cDNAs (348 bp each) that apparently encode two distinct carboxylesterases have been isolated from human placentas. In addition to hydrolyzing numerous xenobiotics such as drugs and pesticides, carboxylesterases are known to catalyze a transesterification reaction and fatty acid ethyl ester synthesis. Ethylcocaine, a more potent metabolite of cocaine in mediating lethality and cardiac toxicity than the parent compound, is formed through the transesterification reaction. The accumulation
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of ethyl esters due to alcohol abuse during pregnancy has been shown to contribute significantly to the development of fetal alcohol syndrome. Therefore, the experiments outlined in this project will contribute significantly to our basic understanding of carboxylesterases as a family of enzymes involved in the detoxication and bioactivation of xenobiotics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MULTI-STATE MIGRANT FARMWORKER SURVEILLANCE STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: May, John J.; Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital Cooperstown, Ny 13326 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 30-SEP-2003 Summary: The Multi-state Migrant Farmworker Surveillance Study will study a new occupational Injury and illness surveillance system developed by the Northeast Center and successfully piloted in two states. The new surveillance system uses the existing network of federally funded migrant health centers to track medical visits for work related health problems and collect anonymous medical chart data. Occupational injury and illness rates obtained from the new surveillance system will be compared to those based on data on the same population from Worker's Compensation claims. In addition, the collected data will be used to: identify leading occupational injury and illness types by region and work type, assess the importance of pesticides as a threat to farmworker occupational safety in the Northeast; and determine the consistency of occupational injury and illness patterns for leading commodities throughout the region. This research has two broad objectives: to increase the understanding of farmworker occupational injury and illness in the Northeast, and to improve researchers' ability to collect migrant and seasonal farmworker injury and illness data throughout the country. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NO SYNTHASE AND NO-MEDIATED SIGNALING IN PLANT DEFENSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Klessig, Daniel F.; Boyce Thompson Inst for Plant Research Tower Rd Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The broad, long-term objective of this proposal is to characterize the roles of plant nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and its product NO in plant disease resistance. Having recently obtained a highly purified tobacco NOS-like activity, cloned the corresponding gene from Arabidopsis (canP), and demonstrated that its encoded protein (a variant P subunit of glycine decarboxylase) has NO synthesizing activity, the role of NOS and NO in disease resistance can be addressed rigorously. This will be accomplished by assessing resistance and defense gene expression in mutant or transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco that overexpress or underexpress/lack the canP or NOS/canP gene. The regulation of variant P subunit expression will be assessed at the transcriptional and post-translational levels; whether its activity is regulated by interaction with other proteins also will be determined. Through genetic analyses with Arabidopsis mutants or transgenic plants with altered defense responses, canP (and NO production) will be positioned within the defense signaling pathway(s) relative to other signals or components. By rigorously establishing NO's importance in plant disease resistance, characterizing the enzyme and corresponding Arabidopsis and tobacco P subunit genes responsible for pathogen-induced NO production, and deciphering NO's position in the defense response pathway(s), important insights should be gained into
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plant signal transduction and disease resistance. These findings also may facilitate the development of new strategies for plant disease control, which, by reducing the use of pesticides, should benefit both human and environmental health. Moreover, elucidating the molecular mechanism through which the variant P subunit gene is activated in plants resisting infection will likely have a significant impact on our understanding of innate immunity in animals, including humans. This assumption is based on a growing body of evidence indicating that parts of the innate immune system are highly conserved among vertebrates, invertebrates and plants (see Blc). Furthermore, characterization and comparison of plant NOS's with their animal counterparts should provide valuable insights into how these enzymes work and how their activity is regulated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANOMALIES
ORGANOCHLORINE
PESTICIDES
AND
MALE
GENITAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bhatia, Rajiv; Public Health Institute 555 12Th St, 10Th Fl Oakland, Ca 94607 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: DDT, one of the most ubiquitous of a class of endocrine disrupting chemicals, has been associated with dramatic adverse effects on the reproductive systems of animals. Effects of DDT in animals and experimental systems are observed at levels in the range of human exposure. Chemicals having endocrine activity similar to DDT are currently in use, and recent studies have suggested male reproductive system disorders are becoming more prevalent. The Investigators propose a nested case-control study of cryptorchidism and hypospadias and in utero exposure to DDT within the Child Health and Development Studies (CHDS) cohort. Such an examination of the role of DDT in the causation of human genital anomalies has not been done previously. The CHDS, a longitudinal study of 20,000 pregnancies among Northern California Kaiser Foundation Health Plan members, enrolled subjects between 1959 and 1966 a time of high domestic use of DDT. All subjects were interviewed during pregnancy about habits and sociodemographic characteristics and almost all children were followed for the first five years of life. The subjects will include 155 male liveborn infants with hypospadias or cryptorchidism and an equal number of randomly selected controls. Levels of DDT and its major metabolites will be assayed from maternal serum currently stored at the National Institutes of Health. The sex steroid hormone, testosterone, and sex hormone binding globulin, possible markers for reproductive system effects of DDT, will be measured from cord blood samples in a subset of 50 infants. The authors hypothesize that maternal DDT levels will be higher in mothers of male with genital anomalies after controlling for confounders. They will examine th effect of DDT on birth weight, gestational age, and steroid hormones as well as the roles these factors may play in the mechanism of DDT's effects. Finding DD to be a risk factor for male genital malformations, would suggest endocrine disrupting chemicals may be significant causes of male reproductive disorders and potentially causes of cancers of the male and female reproductive systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ORGANOPHOSPHATE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
PESTICIDES
AND
HUMAN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Xu, Xiping; Associate Professor & Director; Environmental Health; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) This study is designed to recruit and prospectively follow a cohort of women and their husbands to assess the effects of exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides on adverse reproductive outcomes in both men and women in agricultural workers. Married never-smoking women age 20-34 who currently work in Haikou Township, Anqing, who have obtained permission to have a child, and who will be attempting to become pregnant over the course of the study will be eligible for the study. Reproductive endpoints will include (1) semen parameters (concentration, total count, motility, progression and morphology), (2) menstrual disorders (oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, polymenorrhea, intermenstrual bleeding, prolonged menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and irregular menstruation); (3) alterations in hormone patterns including reduced estrogen excretion (REE), anovulation, abnormal luteal phase (ALP), and abnormal follicular phase (AFP) in women and abnormalities of LH, FSH, TSH, SHBG, inhibin-B and testosterone in men; (4) fecundability; and (5) pregnancy outcomes including spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery, low birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation. After enrollment, interviewers will administer a previously validated questionnaire to the women and their husbands to collect baseline information on sociodemographic, environmental, occupational, and personal covariates. Semen samples will be obtained by trained technicians at enrollment and again four months later. Each woman will keep a diary of her menstrual information, environmental exposures, and dietary intake. Daily urine samples will be collected from each female subject for up to one year or until a pregnancy occurs. Urinary PdG, EIC, LH, FSH and hCG will be measured to identify abnormal endocrine patterns and subclinical pregnancy. Once a woman becomes pregnant, she will be followed for pregnancy outcomes obtained from a follow-up survey and hospital records where the baby is delivered. Extensive exposure assessment will be conducted throughout the follow-up period and, therefore, dose-response relationships can be established. All participants will keep daily exposure diaries. Urine samples will be measured for metabolites on selected exposure days. A subset of participants will be studied for personal air monitoring and serial analysis of urine metabolites to validate the exposure diary and urine metabolite assay. The investigators state that the proposed study has several strengths: (1) it will be conducted in a population with a broad range of organophosphate pesticide exposure; (2) exposure will be well-characterized; (3) each woman and her husband will be studied simultaneously; (4) the prospective study design can eliminate certain flaws or potential biases in previous retrospective studies; (5) time to conception and spontaneous abortion will be evaluated with the improved specific hCG assay, which can detect pregnancy within a few days of implantation; (6) recently-developed biomarkers, including urinary hormone assays and FISH methods, will be applied to the study; (7) gene-environment interactions will be tested; (8) the field cost in China is much lower than that in the U.S.; and (9) the population possesses unique characteristics for examining the proposed hypothesis, i.e., a stable workforce, a non-smoking group and excellent compliance rates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE TOXICOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Casida, John E.; Professor of Entomology; Environmntl Sci Policy & Mgmt; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Organophosphorus (OP) insecticides are the principal cause of pesticide-related human poisonings. Recent restrictions on the use of chlorpyrifos and diazinon reflect continuing concern for human health, particularly children. The two principal targets of OP toxicant action are acetylcholinesterase (AChE) for acute toxicity and neuropathy target esterase (NTE) for OP-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN). This research focuses on noncholinergic effects, based in part on findings with collaborators on nullizygous AChE-knockout mice (AChE -/-) and heterozygous NTE-knockout mice (NTE ). AChE -/- mice are extremely sensitive to chlorpyrifos oxen (CPO) (intraperitoneal LD50 0.45 mg/kg) compared with their wildtype littermates (LD30 3 mg/kg), establishing the importance of an unidentified nonAChE target for acute lethality. The first specific aim is to identify this non-AChE target in mammals. Mouse brain proteins from AChE -/- and wild-type mice will be radiolabeled in vitro and ex vivo with [3H-ethyl]CPO. Differential protein labeling in the AChE -/- and wild-type mice with very low levels of [3H]CPO will allow selection, purification and identification of the candidate alternate target of OP acute poisoning. The second aim is to establish the function of NTE in OPIDN using mice as the model. The NTE mice have a 40% reduction in NTE activity, making them ideal for toxicological investigations. The studies will focus on the association of NTE levels with behavioral and neuropathological changes, the sensitivity of NTE and wild-type mice to ethyl octylphosphonofluoridate and other OP delayed toxicants, validation of the mouse model for OPIDN and the mechanism by which lowered NTE induces hyperactivity and delayed toxicity. The third aim is to define the mechanisms of toxicity from disruption of signal transduction pathways, and more specifically those mediated by lysophospholipase, diacylglycerol lipase, and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. The last goal is to define the mechanisms and significance of two secondary targets of OP pesticides: altered endocannabinoid action by OP phosphorylation at a nucleophilic site coupled to the cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1) agonist site; kynurenine formamidase (KFase) structure and function relative to teratogenesis and diazinon oxen action in the brain. Knowledge gained on OP pesticide toxicology is also applicable to OP nerve gases as chemical warfare and terrorism agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OXYGEN RADICAL TOXICITY AND PROTEIN DEGRADATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Davies, Kelvin J.; Gerontology; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUN-1985; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Many environmental toxicants, medicinal drugs, and abuse substances exert their effects via reactive oxygen species. Many diseases and toxic events involve protein oxidation, dysfunctional proteolysis, aggregation, cross-linking, and accumulation. Since many environmental toxins, drugs, herbicides, pesticides, and chronic degenerative diseases cause an accumulation of oxidized and/or ubiquitinylated proteins (perhaps due to dysfunction of the core 20S proteasome), our results should have broad health significance. Our Broad, Long-Term Objective is to test the theory that the 20S proteasome complex (without 19S or I IS regulators) selectively recognizes and degrades oxidatively modified proteins in
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mammalian cells. We propose that oxidatively modified proteins are not ubiquitinylated in vivo, but that oxidation causes exposure of hydrophobic patches which directly bind to the 20S proteasome. This selective proteolysis prevents accumulation of damaged proteins which would otherwise threaten cell function and/or viability. Our new mechanistic studies will test the exact form of the proteasome required for detoxification of oxidized proteins. We will test the core 20S proteasome, the 20S proteasome bound to its 19S regulator (a complex called the 26S proteasome), and the 20S proteasome bound to the 11S regulator (called the 'immunoproteasome'). We will test for ubiquitindependence and determine it oxidative modification (without ubiquitin 'tagging') is sufficient for selective proteolysis. Since the ubiquitinylation system and the 26S proteasome, are required for cell-cycle progression and mitosis, deletion mutants of either system are lethal. The new Tet-off conditionally regulated cell lines we will now construct will provide invaluable permanent tools to be used for many years to come. 1. To Test the Hypothesis that the Core 20S Proteasome is Required for the Degradation of Oxidized Proteins. We will construct a permanent Wl-38 human lung fibroblast cell line with conditionally regulated (Tet-of) expression of an antisense sequence to the C5 core proteasome essential subunit, in order to provide an entirely new tool with which to test the involvement of the core 20S proteasome in the degradation of oxidatively damaged proteins in vivo. These studies will be supported by ancillary experiments with newly improved antisense morpholino oligonucleotides against the 20S proteasome CS subunit, and other subunits. We will also study much improved cell-permeant, direct proteasome inhibitors lactacystin, Clastro lactacystin b-lactone, and NLVS. 2. To Test the Hypothesis that Ubiquitin Conjugation is NOT Important for the Degradation of Oxidized Proteins. A second Tet-off cell line with conditionally regulated expression of an antisense sequence to the ubiquitin-activating El enzyme will be used to test the importance (or irrelevance) of ubiquitin conjugation of oxidized proteins. We will also study protein oxidation and proteolysis in ts2O mutants harboring a temperature sensitive mutation in the El enzyme, using very short inactivating exposures to the nonpermissive temperature, or contact-inhibited, confluent cultures, to avoid growth-arrest effects. Immunoprecipitation of El will be used as a control for ubiquitinylation, and ubiquitin aldehydes will be tested as inhibitors. To further test ubiquitinylation of oxidized proteins, we will use glutathione-sepharose immobilized- S5a (S5a is a 26s proteasome subunit, which binds multiubiquitinylated proteins), and add S5a to cell extracts to sequester any ubiquitin-protein conjugates and prevent their degradation. To Test the Hypothesis that NEITHER the 19S NOR the 11S Proteasome Regulators are Required for the Degradation of Oxidized Proteins. We will construct a third WI-38 human fibroblast cell line with Tet-off regulated expression of an antisense sequence to the p56 essential ATPase subunit of the 19S regulator, to test the importance (or irrelevance) of the I 9S regulator complex in the degradation of oxidized proteins. The 20S proteasome complex will not be affected in these cells, but levels of the 26S complex will be gradually depressed. We will also study the effects of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides directed against the p56 subunit, and against the essential PA 28 alpha subunit of the proteasome 11S regulator. Antibody inhibition and immunoprecipitation of I 9S and 1lS regulators will be studied in cell extracts and with purified 26S and 'immunoproteasomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PESTICIDES
PARKINSON'S
DISEASES
SUSCEPTIBILITY
GENES
49
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ritz, Beate R.; Associate Professor; Epidemiology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Parkinson's disease (PD) occurrence is higher in rural than in urban populations of industrialized countries. Epidemiologic and human tissue studies suggested that pesticides may be responsible for causing dopaminergic cell death at increased rates. While many pathophysiologic pathways may be involved in the neurodegeneration responsible for PD, genetic factors are likely to determine a general susceptibility to neurodegeneration. There are a number of genetic polymorphisms of genes such as those coding for the cytochrome p450 super4amily of genes referred to as 'susceptibility genes'. However, they are generally not sufficient to cause disease unless a person encounters exposure to an environmental toxin: the disease is caused by a gene-environment interaction. Thus, it is imperative to assess genetic susceptibility in individuals exposed to a toxin. We will test the gene-environment interaction hypothesis by conducting an epidemiologic population-based case-control study of newly diagnosed PD patients from three rural California counties: Kern, Fresno, and Tulare. Over a four year period, we expect to collect 400 cases referred to us by local neurologists, farm worker clinics, and Parkinson's foundations. For each case, one population control will be selected from Department of Motor Vehicle (DMV) and Medicare databases and, in addition, one unaffected sibling control and - when possible - affected siblings to avoid potential biases and inefficiencies inherent in the use of each type of control. For each study subject, an environmental and occupational pesticide exposure estimate will be derived using California pesticide-use reporting (PUR) data and information about pesticide application on crops in combination with crop patterns shown in satellite images and aerial photographs; in addition, extensive exposure interviews will be conducted with all study subjects. In a three-tiered approach to examine the effects of gene-environment interactions we will: 1) test for association (and linkage) of PD to selected loci associated with PD in earlier studies using multiallelic repeat markers and genotyping; 2) test for association using intragenic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 50 candidate genes arrayed to create "the PD array"; and 3) use future technical possibilities to screen for genome wide associations using array technology to scan 5,000-10,000 SNPs throughout the genome. Data analysis will employ hierarchical modeling procedures to take into account multiple comparison issues and to incorporate prior knowledge such as increased neurotoxicity due to the interaction of gene products and chemicals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PEER EDUCATION IN PREGNANCY STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Persky, Victoria W.; Professor; Epidemiology and Biostatistics; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-APR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this project is to extend the investigators' previously funded Peer Education in Pregnancy Study. The overall goal of the study is to examine the effect of peer education aimed at modification of the home environment on the development of asthma in children at risk for the disease. Secondary goals are to examine the effect of environmental, psychosocial, and
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nutritional risk factors on the development of asthma in the overall cohort. Specific aims of this proposal are to increase the total recruitment to 500 pregnant women and their unborn infants; increase the time of follow-up of the children to age 3-5 years; expand the exposure assessment to include dust measurements of endotoxins, pyrethroids, and organophosphates and urine measurements of pesticide metabolites; extend the psychosocial and nutritional assessments to include measurements of family function stress and diet during years 1-5; and expand immune assessments to include measurements of interleukins (IL-4, IL-13, and interferon-gamma) at one year of age. The effect of peer education on the development of asthma by age 3-5, as well as the effect of peer education on intermediary endpoints such as smoking, exposure to indoor allergens (cat, cockroach, mite, mouse, beta-glucan, and endotoxins), exposure to pesticides (pyrethroids and organophosphates), and immune function (IgE levels, skin testing for allergens, and cytokines) will be examined. Relationships of exposure to passive smoke, allergens, and pesticides, as well as measures of psychosocial function and nutrition, with the development of asthma and respiratory symptoms in the overall cohort will also be explored. Results of this study will assist in elucidating the etiologic pathway by which asthma develops early in life, as well as assist in the development of effective intervention programs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PEG-MODIFIED ENZYMES FOR IN-VIVO DECON OF OP TOXINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lejeune, Keith E.; Agentase, Llc 3636 Blvd of the Allies, Ste B17 Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2001 Summary: ( Investigator's Abstract): Agentase, LLC seeks Small Business Innovation Research funding to determine the feasibility of using chemically modified enzymes for the treatment and prevention of organophosphorus poisonings. Several known enzymes exhibit hydrolytic activity on target organophosphorus compounds including nerve agent, chemical weapons such as sarin and soman as well as many commercially available pesticides including acute antigenicity, poor enzyme stability, and brief invivo residence times. When one considers that annually 3 million cases of severe poisoning and 220,000 deaths worldwide are associated with OP pesticides, there are obviously unmet needs associated with their use. There is a clear need for technology capable of protecting individuals from overexposure to OP compounds. Successful Phase I research will provide proof-of-concept that chemical modification of enzymes alleviates the primary consequences associated with their in-vivo use. Modified OP hydrolyzing enzymes have potential utility as medical treatments for exposed individuals as well as preventative security for individuals at high risk of OP exposure. Such treatments have potential utility at hospitals, agricultural sites employing OP pesticides, civil defense treatment centers for chemical terrorism, and with the armed forces. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Enzymatic treatment for the protection of individuals under high risk of exposure to organophosphorus compounds. The technology may also have utility as a medical treatment for individuals contaminated with OP agents. It is potentially useful in the treatment of carbamate and organophosphorus pesticide exposures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PERMEATION OF IRRITANT MIXTURES THRU PROTECTIVE MATERIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Que Hee, Shane S.; Professor; Environmental Health Sciences; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The hypothesis is that an already existing mathematical model can be confirmed to predict permeation of mixture components through glove materials. A secondary hypothesis is to assess whether the index of skin irritation, the Corrositex rating, will be useful in worker dermal exposure risk assessment when gloves are worn. The specific aims are to select the irritative mixtures to be investigated; to identify and quantify the major components; to select the types of gloves; to select the types of challenges; to determine the skin-irritative components in all challenges using the Corrositex assay; to determine the kinetic parameters of permeation, the steady state permeation rate, and the lag time, for each component using an ASTM-type permeation cell with liquid collection and GC/MS, LC/MS, and FT/IR; to evaluate the permeation characteristics of the reconstituted formulations and inert component mixtures; to measure Corrositex ratings for all challenge and collection systems; to confirm whether the logarithm of the steady state permeation rate and logarithm of the lag time depend on the logarithm of the mass composition, the logarithm of the molar volume, and the logarithm of the octanol/water coefficient; and to assess whether a multivariate model that also accounts for interactions among the three solvent parameters and glove parameters ought produce a more general model. The mixtures to be studied are: formulations of irritant pesticides, three being liquid when pure and four being solid when pure; and two cutting oils, one semisynthetic metal-working fluid; and a standard kit of chemicals used in the patch-testing of soluble metal-working mixtures. In addition, challenges with the smallest recommended dilution in water will be evaluated for each component or mixture. The gloves to be evaluated are lined and unlined nitrile and butyl, Silver Shield laminate, and Viton industrial chemically-resistant gloves, and procedures nitrile and butyl gloves. The relationship of the fundamental independent variables to the kinetic parameters of permeation and to the Corrositex rating as the index of irritation will be determined and compared. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINES AND TESTICULAR CANCER RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwartz, Stephen Marc.; Full Member; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The incidence of testicular germ cell carcinoma (TGCC), the most common malignancy developing in young men, has increased several-fold since the 1950s. Experimental and observational studies in animal systems have raised concern that the increasing rates are due in part to population-wide, persistent exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds from industrial and agricultural applications. Whether human exposure to such chemicals is associated with TGCC risk has not been directly studied. We propose to determine whether the risk of TGCC is related to serum levels of persistent organochlorines, focusing on p,p'-DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other compounds (e.g., dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexanes, hexachlorobenzene). We also will examine whether the risk of TGCC associated with these compounds is
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modified by genetic susceptibility to mechanisms through which these compounds may alter TGCC risk. For example, we will determine whether TGCC risk is related to interactions between 1) elevated serum p,p'-DDE and polyglutamine repeat tract polymorphisms in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, and 2) elevated serum PCB levels and polymorphisms in oxidative stress defense enzyme genes. To address these aims, we will conduct an ancillary investigation to the Male Androgen Research Study (MARS), a recently-initiated, NCI-funded, population-based case-control study of molecular genetic risk factors for TGCC. MARS funding includes standard populationbased case and control ascertainment and recruitment, a detailed in-person interview, blood draw, and molecular genetic analyses of polymorphisms in androgen synthesis, metabolism, and signaling genes (including AR). The ancillary study will include approximately 250 cases of TGCC and 750 controls recruited as part of MARS. Funding for the ancillary study will provide for 1) a rapid case ascertainment and recruitment system to minimize effects of chemotherapy on serum measures of organochlorine residues among TGCC patients; 2) assay of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs by high resolution gas chromatography/isotope dilution high resolution mass spectometry; and 3) assays for common polymorphisms in genes involved in oxidative stress defense systems (manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferases M1, M3, T1, and P1). There will be adequate statistical power to detect relatively weak overall associations, as well as less than 3-fold interaction effects. The results should add significant new information to our understanding of the role of environmental contaminants to the pathogenesis of TGCC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PESTICIDE DOSE MONITORING IN TURF APPLICATORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Harris, Shelley A.; None; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: One of the greatest barriers to obtaining useful results in epidemiologic studies is the lack of adequate exposure data. The broad, long term objective of the proposed project is to improve the assessment of pesticide exposures in epidemiologic studies which will allow for the identification of health risks such as cancer, which would otherwise not be found using traditional methods of exposure assessment. This study has been designed to evaluate total body dose of the cornmonely used pesticides MCPA, niecoprop, dicamba, cyfluthrin and imidacloprid (using biological urine monitoring) in professional turf applicators. Previously developed dose prediction models will be validated (mecoprop, dicamba) and adjusted, if necessary to improve dose prediction. The important exposure variables or predictor variables which will be effective in predicting total body dose in applicators without the use of biological samples, will be evaluated and this information will be used to determine exposure reduction strategies. Prior to the initiation of a full-scale field study, a comprehensive evaluation of the urinary excretion of MCPA, cyfluthrin and imidacloprid will be conducted on a group of 10 workers. In the second year of the study, a sample of 100 workers employed by TruGreen Chemlawn will be selected from approximately 5 different franchises and information concerning the use patterns of pesticides for each individual employee will be obtained. The total amount of each pesticide excreted in the urine will be measured for two consecutive 24 hour periods following a minimum of three work days. This process will be repeated three times: a spring evaluation of herbicide exposures; a summer evaluation of insecticide exposure; and a fall evaluation of herbicide exposure. During each sampling period, information will be obtained from
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each applicator on spraying practices, hygiene practices, and other variables which may affect their daily exposure to herbicides. Current pesticide use reported by the applicators will be compared with actual use data obtained from employer records. A previously developed quantitative exposure prediction model that is based on use records and other predictor variables will be validated, and, based on the newly collected data, new models will be developed in order to better predict pesticide exposures if deemed necessary. Recommendations, based on questionnaire and modeling data, to reduce exposure to these pesticides, will be developed and provided to the participating company and subjects. In the short term, this type of research can be used to reduce pesticide exposures by identifying cost-effective controls in both occupational and environmental settings and this, in the long term, may help to reduce both acute and chronic health risks. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PESTICIDE INDUCED DIFFERENTIATION OF BREAST CANCER CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Willard, Scott; Mississippi State University P. O. Box 6156 Mississippi State, Ms 39762 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many pesticides, synthetic chemicals used in production agriculture to control insects (insecticides), fungi (fungicides) and weeds (herbicides), have been shown to have estrogenic activity in mammalian systems, including neoplasias of the breast. Epidemiological evidence from studies of rural communities have suggested that direct human expc, sure to these agents may account, at least in part, for the increased incidences for breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers in these sub-populations. With the pervasive use of these chemicals in production agriculture, exposure is not isolated to rural communities but may also manifest in urban societies via run-off in drinking water or chemical residues, remaining on vegetables and fruits. While pesticide-induced carcinogenesis has been suggested based on both in vivo and in vitro evidence, a consensus on whether exposure to relatively weak estrogenic pesticides is in fact physiologically relevant or even ultimately harmful has yet to be reached. Moreover, the dual actions of some endocrine-active pesticides as potential agonists and antagonists have resulted in a general confusion in the literature regarding the role that these compounds may play in cancer progression. While evidence mounts on both sides of the debate concerning the relevance of endocrineactive pesticides on cancer progression, it is becoming increasingly clear that endogenous cellular mechanisms exist which may augment the actions of pesticides, in addition to the fact that pesticides are more often found in mixtures not singularly, suggesting that low potency of one chemical by itself may be a poor measure of what can occur in vivo following pesticide exposure. An alternate explanation for the reported varied effects of endocrine-active pesticides on the mechanisms regulating cancer progression, particularly those influencing estrogen-sensitive pathways, is the fact that most cancer cell populations are heterogeneous and not homogeneous. Even in presumably homogeneous cancer cell lines, differential responses among individual cells have been observed and can mirror the heterogeneous nature of primary tumors. These differentially responsive subpopulations within a population of cancer ceils have been implicated as being responsible for the development of tumoral chemotherapeutic "resistance," and the subsequent recurrence of primary tumors post-treatment. However, the role of endocrine-active pesticides as potential effectors and/or differential regulators of individual cancer cells within a population have yet to be
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examined. The case for endocrine-active pesticides as variable modulators of cancer development may be greatly impacted by findings that might demonstrate differential responsiveness among individual cells within a population exposed to such agents alone or in relevant mixtures. The goal of this study is to examine how estrogenic and non-estrogenic endocrine-active pesticides alone or in combination (i.e., mixtures) may augment or inhibit endocrine responses in breast cancer cells, and whether these interactions might result in a differential selection (directly or indirectly) for an invasive phenotype. The rationale for this is that by understanding how pesticide mixtures may alter the endocrine behavior of cancerous cells, we may better understand the implications of pesticide exposure in relation to cancer risk. Moreover, by clarifying the responses of cells to pesticides within heterogeneous cancer cell societies, we may better appreciate how/why tumors become resistant or highly sensitive to chemotherapeutic or other targeted endocrine agents. The specific hypothesis to be tested is that pesticides alone and in combination can re-model breast cancer cell populations. To pursue the research objectives of this application, the following four Specific Aims have been formulated: 1. To examine the estrogen receptor- and non-estrogen receptor-mediated effects of pesticides (alone and in combination) on estrogen receptor expression and estrogen-sensitive gene transcription in breast cancer cells. 2. To elucidate whether endogenous cellular pathways may influence the actions of pesticides (alone or in mixtures) on estrogen-regulated gene transcription in breast cancer cells. 3. To determine whether endocrine-active pesticides (alone or in mixtures) may differentially regulate the responsiveness of subpopulations of cells within cancer cell societies. 4. To evaluate whether selected subpopulations of cancer cells (e.g., tamoxifen resistant phenotypes) are more or less responsive to endocrine-active pesticides (alone or in mixtures). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PESTICIDE TOXICITY TO THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Chambers, Janice E.; William L. Giles Distinguished Professor; Ctr for Environmental Hlth Sci; Mississippi State University P. O. Box 6156 Mississippi State, Ms 39762 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Center for Environmental Health Sciences (CEHS) within the CVM-MSU submits an application to develop a COBRE with the overall scientific theme of environmental health, and a specific emphasis on the toxicological effects of pesticides. Our COBRE would be a multi-disciplinary research effort with two overarching goals: 1) to develop individual junior faculty expertise and credibility so that each is recognized as a successful, fully enfranchised member of the community of environmental health scientists with independent, competitive funding support from peer-reviewed mechanisms (primarily R01 grants); and 2) to develop a team of scientists who can compete for programmatic research support, such as a program project grant, for investigation of environmental health problems elicited by agricultural chemicals. Organizationally, an Administrative Core would coordinate overall activities of the COBRE, and be responsible for mentoring the junior scientists in their career development to increase their competitiveness, and for data management activities (data entry and statistical guidance). Four biomedical mechanistic research projects will be based on hypothesis-driven studies of the potential effects of pesticides on the mammalian nervous or endocrine systems at various stages of development (from early development through aging). The mechanisms of toxicity of pesticides will
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be investigated in animal models (both traditional laboratory rodents as well as new animal models). A Research Resources Core would provide infrastructure to these biomedical projects through animal resources; (Animal Sub-Core) and shared instrumentation (Imaging Sub-Core and Analytical Chemistry Sub-Core). In addition, an epidemiology and exposure assessment project would bring real world perspectives to the biochemical and physiological mechanisms under study. Renovation of laboratory space would occur. The Principal Investigators (PI) of the science projects are junior faculty who demonstrate distinct but complementary areas of expertise, all of whom can contribute individually and programmatically to answering critical questions in the assessment of the impact of pesticides on selected areas of human health. All are committed to developing new or expanded expertise in scientific questions or methodologies useful in the area of environmental health, and that fit the priority research areas of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), for whose support we hope to ultimately compete. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PESTICIDES AND RISK IN THE AGRICUTURAL HEALTH STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Tanner, Caroline M.; Director of Clinical Research; Parkinson's Institute 1170 Morse Ave Sunnyvale, Ca 94089 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Taken from the Investigator's Abstract) The long term, goal of this research is to elucidate the cause(s) of Parkinson's Disease (PD) with a focus on environmental determinants. The investigators propose to investigate the relationship between PD and exposure to pesticides and other factors by conducting a nested case-control study in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), using a 3:1 case-control ratio and employing classical methods for multi-variate analysis. There are 2 primary aims. Aim 1 will test the hypothesis that pesticide exposure increases PD risk using self-report (life history) and direct (blood, dust) measurements. Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that other (nonpesticide) chemical exposure increases PD risk, using a job-task-based occupational history, and blood testing. Three secondary aims: 1) will test the hypothesis that the soil pathogen Nocardia asteroides causes PD using a battery of assays in blood, soil and dust (aim 3); 2) will assess the role of specific lifestyle and health factors previously reported to alter PD risk (aim 4); and, 3) will assess the effect of specific polymorphisms of xenobiotic metabolizing, genes previously associated with PD on disease risk (aim 5). The studies proposed take full advantage of the AHS, a unique, prospectively studied cohort. The investigators believe that this work could provide a critical and dramatic next step in furthering our knowledge of environmental determinants of PD, and thereby take us closer to our goal of finding its cause(s). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PESTICIDES--HEALTH FERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Garry, Vincent F.; Prof. & Director, Env. Med. of Path.; Lab Medicine and Pathology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1996; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): Earlier human health surveys, cytogenic and molecular biologic studies by the investigators suggested that offspring of pesticide appliers might have excess reproductive risk expressed as birth anomalies and/or reduced fertility. To begin to evaluate this hypothesis, 4,935 births to 34,772 state
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licensed private pesticide appliers in Minnesota occurring between 1989 and 1992 were linked to the Minnesota state birth registry containing 210,723 live births in this time frame. Significant increases were found in all birth anomalies, and in specific categories of birth anomalies. Examination of pesticide use showed that the greatest increase occurred in the region of the state with highest use of chlorophenoxy herbicides/fungicides. The region is a well defined area of the Red River Valley. The male/female sex ratio of anomalies was significantly increased in appliers residing in the region. In the five counties with the highest chlorophenoxy herbicide/fungicide use, the number of births to appliers was significantly reduced. The present study is designed to address in detail the issues of reduced fertility and birth anomalies in three of the five counties with the highest chlorophenoxy herbicide/fungicide use. To achieve this goal, an integrated survey and laboratory based investigation focused on fertility is proposed. The survey will include 2,333 appliers and their spouses. These data will characterize individual and regional pesticide use, and provide preliminary information on fertility. Laboratory studies will focus on male mediated cases of infertility and birth anomalies. Endocrine disruption, spermatotoxicity, sperm and somatic cell aneuploidy, frequency of chromosome constitutional abnormalities and chromosomal hot spots associated with pesticide exposure will be examined. Preliminary laboratory data are consistent and suggest that endocrine disruption and chromosomal effects in the male appliers may be important factors in the apparent decrease in fertility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PRENATAL PESTICIDE EXPOSURE IN SOUTH AFRICA: CNS EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: White, Roberta F.; Research Director; Environmental Health; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Due to endemic contamination of the environment in areas of South Africa by pesticides used in agriculture and for disease prevention, the neurotoxicity of these substances is of major concern as a health hazard among inhabitants of rural areas. Several classes of pesticides are known to be neurotoxic in adult populations with occupational and environmental exposures to them and some pesticides are well established as endocrine disruptors, affecting sexual maturation during prenatal growth and in children. However, very little is known about the effects of these chemicals on central nervous system (CNS) development in utero and in early childhood. Knowledge concerning the neurodevelopmental effects of these substances is of critical importance because of the fragility of the brain in early development, the known structural and neurochemical effects of pesticides on the brain, and potential neurotoxicity during development secondary to endocrine disruption. Children in South Africa are particularly susceptible to the effects of environmental exposure to pesticides in utero because of maternal exposure to pesticides. This work has important public health implications in South Africa, including documentation of the severity and types of pesticide exposure identified through biological and environmental assessments and the acquisition of new knowledge concerning the neurodevelopmental effects of exposures to these chemicals. Such knowledge will be important for public health policy in South Africa, including development of primary prevention and educational programs designed to reduce exposure and adverse health effects. It was also be applicable to development of public health policy in other parts of the world, including the United States. Longitudinal investigation of the effects of prenatal pesticide exposure on neurodevelopment of children in South Africa is the long-range goal of the
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work proposed in this application for pilot funding. The procedures described in the proposal will be pursued in order to develop the collaborative mechanisms, pilot methods, and feasibility studies that will facilitate the design and completion of such an investigation. The communities of interest are rural areas in KwaZulu-Natal, where pesticide contamination is widespread. Collaboration between district health personnel, scientists at the University of Cape Town and the University of Natal in South Africa, and investigators at Boston University is key to the project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROCINE MODEL FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ryan, Peter; Mississippi State University P. O. Box 6156 Mississippi State, Ms 39762 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Disruption or modification of endocrine homeostasis during development by agricultural pesticides possessing estrogen-like or estrogen disruptive activities has been suggested on me basis of reports of abnormal sexual development observed in wildlife species and rodent animal models. Of great concern is the impact these types of environmental contaminants may have on human health, in particular, the effects of exposure on fetal development during organogenesis or differentiation of the endocrine and nervous systems. However, the lack of an ideal animal model to examine potential adverse effects in humans resulting from in utero exposure has hampered progress in this area. Typical laboratory rodents are not ideal models for human reproductive physiology. Thus, the primary goal of this study is to develop the pregnant pig as a novel animal model for investigating the impact of in utero exposure to estrogenic and non-estrogenic endocrine-active agricultural pesticides on sexual dimorphism in humans. The rationale for selecting the pig, as opposed to the traditional rodent model, is based on the fact that porcine physiology is remarkably similar to that of humans with particular regard to the reproductive and endocrine systems. In addition, a need exists to test the predictive value of amniotic fluid as a useful surrogate marker of fetal exposure to environmental contaminants during critical stages of development. Xenobiotics and naturally occurring compounds that mimic endogenous hormones have been found in human serum, breast milk and umbilical cord blood, but these fluids are not good indices of in utero contamination. Exposure estimation is often the weakest link in assessing risks to human health posed by environmental contaminants. Since amniocentesis is a relatively routine procedure performed during human pregnancy, the pig makes sampling of amniotic fluid feasible, which would be difficult to perform in the rodent model without compromising pregnancy. We propose that the pregnant pig will serve as a physiologically representative animal model for investigating the impact and mechanisms ofaction of endocrine disruptive chemicals on human sexual development. Moreover, we hypothesize that high concentration of agricultural pesticides containing amniotic fluid will be associated with aberrant reproductive development and lower birth weight of piglets. To undertake these goals, we have formulated the following two specific aims: 1) we will a) verify that the pregnant pig is a suitable animal model for assessing the impact of in utero exposure to endocrine-disruptive chemicals on sexual development, and b) test the usefulness of monitoring amniotic fluid for endocrine disruptive chemical exposure for hazard assessment. 2) we will use the pregnant pig model to investigate the endocrine disruptive potential of in utero exposure to two agricultural pesticides with known estrogen-like or estrogen disruptive activities (e.g., atrazine and methoxychlor) leading to reproductive developmental side effects.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY & ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY OF CORAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Richmond, Robert H.; Professor; University of Guam Uog Station Mangilao, Gu 96923 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-1990; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Recent research has found invertebrates to be useful tools in understanding aspects of reproductive biology, environmental toxicology and population genetics. The proposed research is intended to address questions related to the effects of environmental contaminants on biological systems At different levels of organization (subcellular, cellular, organismal and population), at different life history stages (fertilization, embryological development and settlement and metamorphosis of larvae) and on uptake of algal symbionts of mass spawning corrals. The proposed studies will be undertaken to test the following hypotheses: 1) Certain reproductive and life-history stages of corals are more sensitive to environmental toxins than others; 2) The incorporation of symbiotic algae into coral recruits is affected by both genetic and environmental factors: and 3) Biomarkers can be used to detect chemically-induced stress at sublethal levels. The three hypotheses will be tested using cells, eggs, sperm, larvae, and tissue from coral colonies both collected from the field and cultivated under controlled laboratory conditions. The effects of pesticides on gamete interactions, fertilization and embryological development are important questions of biomedical relevance. Organisms can respond to chemicals at levels below detectable limits, and may also bioaccumulate toxic substances. For this reason, bioassays with appropriate organisms are valuable tools for understanding and modeling the impacts of toxic substances on sensitive biological interactions and life-history stages. Data collected during this ongoing research can be applied to potential toxicological effects of xenobiotics on non-target organisms, including humans and as such have important implications for environmental and public health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SES, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND COLORECTAL CANCER RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Trentham-Dietz, Amy; Laboratory for Cancer Research; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): In addition to risk factors measured on an individual level, such as diet, family history of cancer and cancer screening behaviors, factors measured on a group or area level may influence health. To investigate associations between colorectal cancer incidence in women, socioeconomic status and environmental risk factors, we propose to link publicly-available data sets with risk factor information gathered as part of a recently completed case-control study. In particular, we hypothesize that (1) area variations in colorectal cancer incidence are explained by individual-level socioeconomic status indicators and other established risk factors including screening history; and (2) contaminants in drinking water - especially trihalomethanes, nitrates and pesticides - are associated with increased colorectal cancer risk. To address these hypotheses, we propose to geocode (assign a latitude and longitude to) 833 female colorectal cases diagnosed in 1997-2000 and 2,123 populationbased controls. Comprehensive risk factor questionnaire information from structured
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telephone interviews is available on all cases and controls. By geocoding these study participants, we can place each case and control on a map. We can then overlay this map with information concerning socioeconomic status (Census) and water quality (Wisconsin Departments of Natural Resources and Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection). Multi-level modeling and spatial analysis will be employed to take full advantage of the opportunities of this rich combined data source. This project will also provide the foundation for numerous future linkages between individual-level risk factor histories and publicly available datasets as well as the application of statistical techniques for assigning exposure to geographically defined, potentially carcinogenic compounds. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM OF TERPENE CYCLASES Principal Investigator & Institution: O'maille, Paul E.; Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd San Diego, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Terpenoids comprise a substantial portion of the small molecule vocabulary of nature, mediating diverse processes ranging from pathogen defense to pollinator attraction, with useful applications as anti-cancer drugs, pesticides, flavorings, and fragrances. The biosynthesis of these products is conducted by terpene cyclase enzymes, which catalyze transformations of acyclic, achiral, isoprenoid subsrates into muticyclic, multichiral products. The enzyme-catalyzed reaction is initiated by ionization of the diphosphate moiety of their C10, C15, or C20 substrates geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl diphosphate, respectively. The resulting allylic carbocation is channeled through a series of electrophilic cyclizations and rearrangements, such as alkyl and/or hydride shifts, to produce stereospecific products. Previous structural and functional data will serve as the foundation to guide mutagenesis on the model system 5-epi-Aristolochene synthase and extended to other cyclases to test mechanistic hypotheses. A multifaceted approach combining x-ray crystallography, enzyme kinetics, and analytical chemistry techniques will be applied to analyze the functional consequences of designed structural changes. Elucidation of how terpene cyclases control the regiochemistry of the cyclization reaction they catalyze will provide a fundamental understanding of the structure/function relationship in these enzymes. Ultimately, this knowledge will enable complex organic synthesis of biologicallv important molecules through protein engineering. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SYNERGISM AND MEDICATIONS DEVELOPMENT FOR DRUG ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Tallarida, Ronald J.; Professor; Pharmacology; Temple University 406 Usb, 083-45 Philadelphia, Pa 19122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): This is a 2x revised application from an investigator who has made significant and seminal contributions to quantitatively evaluating drug interactions. During the last review, a score of 211 (29th percentile) was awarded. When two or more drugs with overtly similar actions (e.g., two analgesics) are present together the combination may interact synergistically, that is, give an exaggerated response. Synergism is important clinically and is especially important if it applies to adverse effects of the combination; for example, a new drug developed to
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treat drug abuse may interact synergistically with other medications that the patient is on. Methodology for distinguishing synergism from simple additive interactions is complicated by high variability in the data, imprecise measures of effect(s) and extreme diversity in the drugs and experimental designs used to study them. This project's goal addresses these problems through the development of statistical/theoretical methodology, the associated experimental design needed and a comprehensive set of computer programs that guide the experiments and analyze the data. The P.I., who is both a pharmacologist and a mathematician, brings a background that addresses the problems by virtue of a long history of collaborations with experimentalists and by his own work in statistical design and program development. The aims include the quantitation and analysis of both quantal (all-or-none) effects and graded drug effects with new statistical development, an area that has been largely neglected. In contrast to the classic work of the 1920's and 1930's, which was largely concerned with pesticides in simple linear regression models and a quantal end point (% killed), the applicant's approached is not restricted to simple parallel-line regressions, instead allowing for the diversity that is commonly seen in dose-effect data from drugs that affect behavior, pain sensation and the immune system. A major aim is the expansion of probit theory, a powerful weighted regression procedure that is applicable to quantal data from both the measurable and observational end points induced by drugs. Pharmacokinetic considerations represent another aim since route of administration, the timing of doses and the kinetic profile of each agent profoundly affect combination experiments. Further, a single drug administered at two sites is theoretically equivalent to a drug combination analysis and exploration and further development of this site-site approach provides an important new tool for illuminating mechanism; this is also a specific aim of the proposed studies as is the development of universal, compute-driven, guide to combination analysis that will provide a kind of roadmap applicable to virtually all combination and site-site studies. This guide is the newest aim of this revised application. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN AGGREGATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Fink, Anthony L.; Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California Santa Cruz 1156 High St Santa Cruz, Ca 95064 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (From the applicant's abstract): Recently,alpha-synuclein has been identified as a major component of Lewy bodies, the intracellular inclusions that are a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Our goals in this proposal are to test the hypothesis that a critical step in Parkinson's disease is the aggregation of alphasynuclein, which leads to the formation of Lewy Bodies and subsequently to neuronal death. Specifically we will determine the molecular basis for alpha-synuclein aggregation and investigate potential inhibitors of alpha-syouclein aggregation. Our preliminary results have revealed a number of factors that lead to a confonnational change in alpha synuclein at neutral pH, and also to aggregation and fibril formation. We plan a systematic characterization of the biophysical properties of alpha-synuclein to determine if there is a correlation between its conformation and its propensity to aggregate, with both wild type and mutant alpha-synucleins. We will investigate whether various factors associated with PD, for example, metal ions and pesticides, enhance the aggregation of alpha-synuclein. Details of the aggregation process will be studied to elucidate the molecular mechanism of aggregation and fibril formation. We will screen a series of peptides and small molecules for inhibitory effects on alpha-
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synuclein aggregation. These experiments represent critical steps towards elucidating the role of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. We expect to learn the potential role of various factors, ranging from environmental contaminants to the concentration of alpha-synuclein, in triggering fibril formation. Further, we anticipate fnding inhibitors which may lay the groundwork for potential therapeutic approaches. Techniques to be used include various biophysical/biochemical methods, such as attenuated total reflectance FTIR to analyze the conformaffonal state of aggregated alpha-synuclein, atomic force and electron microscopy to image the aggregates, and kinetic methods to monitor the rate of formation of fibrils. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE ROLE OF METALS IN OSTEOARTHRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jordan, Joanne M.; Associate Professor; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: Symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and hip is common, the leading cause of disability and diminished quality of life among those 65 years of age and older, and responsible for a large proportion of the costs associated with joint replacement surgery and other direct and indirect health costs(I-10). As the population in the United States ages, this problem can only be expected to increase(9). Despite the high personal and societal costs of knee and hip OA, few modifiable risk factors for its occurrence or progression have been identified (11; 12). Heavy metals are ubiquitous, and exposure through drinking water, contaminated food, pesticides, and other means, is widespread in our society(13-18). This proposal introduces chronic metal exposures as novel, potentially modifiable risk factors for thc incidence and progression of knee and hip OA and its consequences. The study population is the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, an ongoing longitudinal study of OA in African-Americans and Caucasians in a rural county of North Carolina. The research plan adds the collection of additional biological specimens, namely whole blood and toenails, to the already funded examinations of the cohort to establish a resource for current and future examinations of multiple metals in OA and OA-related outcomes. Whole blood will be analyzed for lead at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and toenails will be analyzed for mercury and selenium by instrtmaental neutron activation analysis at the University of Missouri-Columbia Research Reactor Center. Multiple logistic regression will be used to test associations between these metals and incidence and progression of radiographic knee and hip OA, knee and hip symptoms, and disability. By dovetailing this proposal with the funded cohort, costs are minimized, and efficiency and utility maximized. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TRACE ELEMENTS AMONG IOWA PESTICIDE APPLICATORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dennis, Leslie Epidemiology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242
K.;
Assistant
Professor;
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Agricultural Health Study (AHS) is an established, on-going prospective cohort study examining the relationship between agricultural exposures, such as pesticide use, and disease among applicators in Iowa and North Carolina. The AHS in Iowa involves 36,793 licensed pesticide applicators, plus 21,773 spouses who are exposed either directly or indirectly to pesticides and other agricultural exposures. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality are higher among
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farmers, making this a high-risk cohort. The mechanism of potential exposure among farmers is unclear, so research into this subgroup of Americans is important. Current literature suggests associations with prostate cancer and arsenic, cadmium and low selenium levels but studies have not been consistent. We propose a nested case-control pilot study of incident prostate cancer within the existing AHS, identified through semirapid reporting of prostate cancers by the Iowa Cancer Registry (ICR), to examine trace elements found in toenails including arsenic, cadmium and selenium, all long-lived indicators, along with other trace elements that fit into this classification. We will compare these elements in 86 incident prostate cancer cases to 172 controls (frequency matched on age, completion of the diet survey, and a recent PSA test) from within the AHS cohort. We will use neutron activation analysis (NAA) to analyze for the targeted trace elements. We justify examining the other trace elements as a cost efficient, hypothesis generating sub-study. A secondary aim of this pilot study is to examine the validity of arsenic and selenium measured in toenails compared with standard questionnaire measurements of dietary selenium and arsenic pesticides collected prior to diagnosis in this cohort. In residentially stable populations, biomarkers of trace elements may be a good measure of exposure reducing the need for questionnaires with long detailed lists of pesticides and complex food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRAINING PROGRAM IN ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Klaassen, Curtis D.; Professor; Pharm/Toxicology/Therapeutics; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1979; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: The toxicology training program emphasizes two facets of environmental toxicology. One is to impart to students the status to toxicologic problems that are caused by chemicals in our environment, and the methods that are used to evaluate these problems. This aspect of training involves didactic material and contact with toxicologists who are engaged in this type of evaluation. Such general problems as evaluation of risk for chemicals in food and water, and development of tests for setting standards, will be covered throughout the training In depth training will be achieved through the advanced toxicology course and in the industrial technology techniques course taught in conjunction with the toxicologists at Bayer Chemical Company. The second aspect of environmental toxicology emphasized in the training program is to learn the general research approaches that are used to answer environmental questions that require the application of scientific research. The focus in toxicology by the faculty is on the biological and molecular mechanisms involved in the response of the organism to environmental chemicals (ie., heavy metals, pesticides, dioxin, and carcinogens) as well as the effect of the organism on the chemical (absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion). This training program is primarily targeted at the predoctoral and postdoctoral level, but a short-term training for students in health professions (medical students) is also included. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TRANSFORMATION OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES IN WATER Principal Investigator & Institution: Jans, Urs; City College of New York 138Th St and Convent Ave New York, Ny 10031
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: Organophosphorus pesticides are the most commonly used insecticides in US. agriculture. Runoff and leaching of these compounds from cropland lead to contamination of surface water and groundwater. It has been found that these compounds are neurodevelopmentalty toxic at low doses. Existing data are inadequate to enable accurate prediction of persistence of this group of insecticides in the aqueous environment. Therefore, such contaminants are of toxicological concern and there exists a potential for exposure of a large proportion of the population. It is likely that reactions with reduced sulfur species (particularly polysulfides) present in anoxic subregions of coastal water bodies and sediment pore waters could have a significant impact on rates of removal of such contaminants. The reaction rates and the reaction produts of reactions under those conditions are not known and some of the products of these reactions may very well be of toxicological concern. Providing the necessary data is the principal objective of this research. Hence, an additional goal of these studies is to provide data related to the ultimate fate of such compounds by examining their ability to bind covalently to natural organic matter. The long term objective in this research project is to collect data that will allow evaluating the persistence and fate of organophosphorus insecticide contaminants. The results will be useful to EPA for establishing scientifically-based limits on insecticides usage in coastal areas. As a first step, the goals of this proposal are to investigate the reaction of organophosphorus insecticides with reduced sulfur species and identify the reaction products of these reactions. Rates of reaction of reduced sulfur species with a group of phosphorothionate esters insecticides will be determined in welldefined systems, the products will be carefully indentified, and additional experiments will be conducted using more complex matrices of natural sulfidic waters. These experiments will allow the exploration of the influence of the presence of natural organic matter on the fate of these insectide. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMICALS
TRANSGENIC
FISH
AS
BIOSENSORS
FOR
SUPERFUND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Linney, Elwood A.; Professor; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: Transgenic fish will be used to study the effect of pesticides upon gene expression of transgenic reporter genes that report changes in the estrogen-responsive, retinoic acid-responsive pathways in developing fish and in the development of the nervous system. Our hypothesis are: 1) Liver reporter transgenic fish embryos and larvae can be used as biosensors to detect whole organism effects of environmental toxicants. 2) There may be unique windows of sensitivity of chemicals which impact upon the estrogen receptor signal transduction pathway that can be detected and evaluated in fish models. 3) Dicistronic reporter genes will allow for both tissue specific expression studies plus quantitative evaluation of toxicants upon whole fish embryos. 4) Transgenic techniques developed for the zebrafish can be used for indigenous species such as the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. The specific aims of this proposal are: I. To explore the use of transgenic zebrafish models to screen several superfund chemicals for detectable differences of GFP expression. II. To examine the behavior and incorporation of the GFP positive primordial germ cells into the developing reproductive tract and to see if there are biological effects upon sexual determination of the fish through treatment with pesticides investigated in specific aim I. III. To develop dicistronic vectors for the appropriate transgenic promoters that will allow for ligand inducible
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expression of both a luciferase gene (for quantitative measurement) and a GFP gene (for anatomical localization of signal). IV. To develop Fundulus models with the most appropriate transgenes based upon the results of specific aims I and II. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: USE EPIDEMIOLOGIC*
OF
WATER
QUALITY
SURVEILLANCE
DATA
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mueller, Beth A.; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Drinking water is of importance for cancer studies attempting to measure both environmental and dietary exposures. Potentially useful data exist in water quality databases that have been created as part of routine, federally mandated surveillance activities. In many states these databases have existed for several decades, containing information about levels of contaminants such as nitrates, arsenic, or pesticides in drinking water supplies. Given the suspected long latent period between exposure and tumor diagnosis, or the potential importance of cumulative effects, these data may provide an opportunity to obtain measurements of exposures relevant to time periods prior to diagnosis for subjects in research studies. Our general purpose is to evaluate whether water contaminant levels obtained from an historic water surveillance database in Washington State can be used to estimate past and current individual exposure. We propose to focus on selected contaminants (nitrates and arsenic) that have been potentially associated with cancer occurrence. In Phase I of this project, geographic information systems methods (GIS) will be used to measure the correlation of tap water nitrate levels measured at residences of subjects enrolled in a previous cancer study, with nitrate levels measured in public water supplies from the same geographic coordinate. This will allow us to evaluate the extent to which it may be possible to measure prior exposure to drinking water contaminants using existing water quality surveillance data. In Phase 2, we will identify a new sample of residences located in regions where newly diagnosed cancer cases reside and measure tap water nitrate and arsenic levels, and conduct a similar evaluation to learn whether recent exposures may be estimated using the surveillance database. Phase 2 will also include an interview in which the level of tap water use (vs. bottled water or other source) for drinking, food preparation, and other modes of exposure are determined. If these data are correlated with tap water levels of contaminants, this method may be used to estimate previous and current exposures using methods that are less expensive and easier to employ in the context of epidemiologic studies. These methods may also be applicable to environmental databases with other types of exposures, or for examining other exposures (like pesticides) within drinking water surveillance databases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VALIDATION OF BIOMARKERS OF PRENATAL PESTICIDES EXPOSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Whyatt, Robin M.; Assistant Professor; Div/Environmental Hlth Scis; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 18-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal is to validate a battery of biologic markers of prenatal exposure to organophosphates and other non-persistent pesticides
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(carbamates and pyrethroids). The research is needed to facilitate evaluation of health impacts associated with exposures during pregnancy, given the widespread residential use of these pesticides. Experimental data have linked prenatal organophosphate exposure to adverse neurocognitive development. Exposures during the spurt in brain growth (which begins in humans during the 3rd trimester) appear particularly deleterious. Prenatal exposures to pyrethroids and carbamates may also have neurotoxic effects. However, epidemiologic research on these relationships have been hampered by the lack of reliable dosimeters. No prior studies have validated biomarkers specific to prenatal exposures. The proposed research builds on a STAR grant recently awarded by the U.S. EPA to validate the measurement of non-persistent pesticides in postpartum meconium. The applicants are proposing to validate a large battery of additional biomarkers within the same study design at relatively little additional cost. Biomarkers to be validated are pesticide levels in maternal urine samples collected every 2 weeks during the 3rd trimester and pesticide levels in biologic samples collected at delivery (urine and blood samples from mothers and newborns). The cohort will consist of 100 pregnant African American and Dominican women from Northern Manhattan and South Bronx. Residential pesticide use is widespread among this minority population. Pesticide levels in indoor air monitored continuously at the woman's residence during the 3rd trimester (adjusting for the amount of time the women has spent in the home and controlled for non-residential exposures) will provide the "gold standard" for validation purposes. Questionnaire data will include detailed information on pesticide use during each trimester of pregnancy, as well as the amount of time the woman has spent in the home and history of non-residential exposures during the monitoring. The study will compare the degree to which pesticide levels in the biologic samples are associated with residential exposures and will determine the sensitivity and specificity of these biomarkers, singly and in combination, in order to select the battery of biologic markers that has the highest predictive power of prenatal exposure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for pesticides in the PubMed Central database:
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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A single cytochrome P-450 system is involved in degradation of the herbicides EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) and atrazine by Rhodococcus sp. strain NI86/21. by Nagy I, Compernolle F, Ghys K, Vanderleyden J, De Mot R.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167476
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Acylation stabilizes a protease-resistant conformation of protoporphyrinogen oxidase, the molecular target of diphenyl ether-type herbicides. by Arnould S, Takahashi M, Camadro JM.; 1999 Dec 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24732
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Adenosine-5'-phosphate deaminase. A novel herbicide target. by Dancer JE, Hughes RG, Lindell SD.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158285
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Anticancer action of cube insecticide: Correlation for rotenoid constituents between inhibition of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase and induced ornithine decarboxylase activities. by Fang N, Casida JE.; 1998 Mar 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19844
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Bacillus thuringiensis in Fecal Samples from Greenhouse Workers after Exposure to B. thuringiensis-Based Pesticides. by Jensen GB, Larsen P, Jacobsen BL, Madsen B, Smidt L, Andrup L.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126423
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Bcmfs1, a Novel Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporter from Botrytis cinerea, Provides Tolerance towards the Natural Toxic Compounds Camptothecin and Cercosporin and towards Fungicides. by Hayashi K, Schoonbeek HJ, De Waard MA.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126426
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Characterization of Amplification Core and Esterase B1 Gene Responsible for Insecticide Resistance in Culex. by Mouches C, Pauplin Y, Agarwal M, Lemieux L, Herzog M, Abadon M, Beyssat-Arnaouty V, Hyrien O, Vincent BRdS, Georghiou GP, Pasteur N.; 1990 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53732
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Characterization of S-Triazine Herbicide Metabolism by a Nocardioides sp. Isolated from Agricultural Soils. by Topp E, Mulbry WM, Zhu H, Nour SM, Cuppels D.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92125
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Characterization of the expression of the thcB gene, coding for a pesticide-degrading cytochrome P-450 in Rhodococcus strains. by Shao ZQ, Behki R.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167811
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Chemotaxis of Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4) to the Herbicide 2,4Dichlorophenoxyacetate. by Hawkins AC, Harwood CS.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126733
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Cloning and expression of the s-triazine hydrolase gene (trzA) from Rhodococcus corallinus and development of Rhodococcus recombinant strains capable of dealkylating and dechlorinating the herbicide atrazine. by Shao ZQ, Seffens W, Mulbry W, Behki RM.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177393
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Cloning of the genes for degradation of the herbicides EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) and atrazine from Rhodococcus sp. strain TE1. by Shao ZQ, Behki R.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167477
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Cocaine as a Naturally Occurring Insecticide. by Nathanson JA, Hunnicutt EJ, Kantham L, Scavone C.; 1993 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47626
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Compartmentalization of Two Forms of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase in Plants and the Origin of Their Tolerance Toward Herbicides. by Konishi T, Sasaki Y.; 1994 Apr 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43627
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Complete microbial degradation of both enantiomers of the chiral herbicide mecoprop [(RS)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propionic acid] in an enantioselective manner by Sphingomonas herbicidovorans sp. nov. by Zipper C, Nickel K, Angst W, Kohler HP.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168259
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Construction of an Improved Mycoinsecticide Overexpressing a Toxic Protease. by Leger RJ, Joshi L, Bidochka MJ, Roberts DW.; 1996 Jun 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39025
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Dechlorination of chloroacetanilide herbicides by thiosulfate salts. by Gan J, Wang Q, Yates SR, Koskinen WC, Jury WA.; 2002 Apr 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122744
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Degradation of Substituted Phenylurea Herbicides by Arthrobacter globiformis Strain D47 and Characterization of a Plasmid-Associated Hydrolase Gene, puhA. by Turnbull GA, Ousley M, Walker A, Shaw E, Morgan JA.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92866
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Degradation of the thiocarbamate herbicide EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylcarbamothioate) and biosafening by Rhodococcus sp. strain NI86/21 involve an inducible cytochrome P-450 system and aldehyde dehydrogenase. by Nagy I, Schoofs G, Compernolle F, Proost P, Vanderleyden J, de Mot R.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176643
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Dietary Pesticides (99.99% All Natural). by Ames BN, Profet M, Gold LS.; 1990 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54831
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Dominant Mutations Causing Alterations in Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase Confer Tolerance to Cyclohexanedione and Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Herbicides in Maize.
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by Parker WB, Marshall LC, Burton JD, Somers DA, Wyse DL, Gronwald JW, Gengenbach BG.; 1990 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54706 •
Effect of Phenylurea Herbicides on Soil Microbial Communities Estimated by Analysis of 16S rRNA Gene Fingerprints and Community-Level Physiological Profiles. by el Fantroussi S, Verschuere L, Verstraete W, Top EM.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91132
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Effects of pesticides on cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum and cyanophage LPP1. by Mallison SM 3rd, Cannon RE.; 1984 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240012
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Engineering Herbicide Metabolism in Tobacco and Arabidopsis with CYP76B1, a Cytochrome P450 Enzyme from Jerusalem Artichoke. by Didierjean L, Gondet L, Perkins R, Lau SM, Schaller H, O'Keefe DP, Werck-Reichhart D.; 2002 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166551
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Enhancement of goldfish virus-2 in vitro replication by the pesticides carbaryl and toxaphene. by Shea TB.; 1983 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242550
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Enrichment and Molecular Characterization of a Bacterial Culture That Degrades Methoxy-Methyl Urea Herbicides and Their Aniline Derivatives. by El-Fantroussi S.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92430
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Enzymatic hydrolysis of organophosphate insecticides, a possible pesticide disposal method. by Munnecke DM.; 1976 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=169997
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Expression of a soybean cytochrome P450 monooxygenase cDNA in yeast and tobacco enhances the metabolism of phenylurea herbicides. by Siminszky B, Corbin FT, Ward ER, Fleischmann TJ, Dewey RE.; 1999 Feb 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15582
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Expression of bar in the Plastid Genome Confers Herbicide Resistance. by Lutz KA, Knapp JE, Maliga P.; 2001 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88816
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Feds announce plan to reduce domestic use of pesticides. by Sibbald B.; 2001 Mar 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=80838
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Field Studies Using a Recombinant Mycoinsecticide (Metarhizium anisopliae) Reveal that It Is Rhizosphere Competent. by Hu G, Leger RJ.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134390
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Fipronil insecticide: Novel photochemical desulfinylation with retention of neurotoxicity. by Hainzl D, Casida JE.; 1996 Nov 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23994
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Functional Haplodiploidy: A Mechanism for the Spread of Insecticide Resistance in an Important International Insect Pest. by Brun LO, Stuart J, Gaudichon V, Aronstein K, ffrench-Constant RH.; 1995 Oct 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40902
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Fungal [beta]-Tubulin, Expressed as a Fusion Protein, Binds Benzimidazole and Phenylcarbamate Fungicides. by Hollomon DW, Butters JA, Barker H, Hall L.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105765
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Genetic Control of Resistance to the Sterol 14[alpha]-Demethylase Inhibitor Fungicide Prochloraz in the Cereal Eyespot Pathogen Tapesia yallundae. by Dyer PS, Hansen J, Delaney, Lucas JA.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92355
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Growth in Coculture Stimulates Metabolism of the Phenylurea Herbicide Isoproturon by Sphingomonas sp. Strain SRS2. by Sorensen SR, Ronen Z, Aamand J.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126762
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Growth of Toxoplasma gondii is inhibited by aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides targeting acetyl-CoA carboxylase. by Zuther E, Johnson JJ, Haselkorn R, McLeod R, Gornicki P.; 1999 Nov 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23957
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Halifax says No to pesticides. by Moulton D.; 2000 Oct 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=80259
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Herbicide Safener-Binding Protein of Maize Purification, Cloning, and Expression of an Encoding cDNA. by Scott-Craig JS, Casida JE, Poduje L, Walton JD.; 1998 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35078
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Herbicide sensitivity determinant of wheat plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase is located in a 400-amino acid fragment of the carboxyltransferase domain. by Nikolskaya T, Zagnitko O, Tevzadze G, Haselkorn R, Gornicki P.; 1999 Dec 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24490
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Herbicide-resistant tobacco plants expressing the fused enzyme between rat cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. by Shiota N, Nagasawa A, Sakaki T, Yabusaki Y, Ohkawa H.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159494
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Herbicides to Curb Human Parasitic Infections: In vitro and in vivo Effects of Trifluralin on the Trypanosomatid Protozoans. by Chan MM, Grogl M, Chen C, Bienen EJ, Fong D.; 1993 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46780
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Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine at low ecologically relevant doses. by Hayes TB, Collins A, Lee M, Mendoza M, Noriega N, Stuart AA, Vonk A.; 2002 Apr 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122794
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Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 4. Pesticides. by Sanborn MD, Cole D, Abelsohn A, Weir E.; 2002 May 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111218
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Impact on malaria morbidity of a programme supplying insecticide treated nets in children aged under 2 years in Tanzania: community cross sectional study. by Abdulla S, Schellenberg JA, Nathan R, Mukasa O, Marchant T, Smith T, Tanner M, Lengeler C.; 2001 Feb 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26579
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Impaired fungicide activity in plants blocked in disease resistance signal transduction. by Molina A, Hunt MD, Ryals JA.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=143963
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In Situ Exposure to Low Herbicide Concentrations Affects Microbial Population Composition and Catabolic Gene Frequency in an Aerobic Shallow Aquifer. by de Lipthay JR, Tuxen N, Johnsen K, Hansen LH, Albrechtsen HJ, Bjerg PL, Aamand J.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152397
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Induction of Glutathione S-Transferases in Arabidopsis by Herbicide Safeners. by DeRidder BP, Dixon DP, Beussman DJ, Edwards R, Goldsbrough PB.; 2002 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166668
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In-Field Spatial Variability in the Degradation of the Phenyl-Urea Herbicide Isoproturon Is the Result of Interactions between Degradative Sphingomonas spp. and Soil pH. by Bending GD, Lincoln SD, Sorensen SR, Morgan JA, Aamand J, Walker A.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=143621
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Inhibitory Effects of Turf Pesticides on Bacillus popilliae and the Prevalence of Milky Disease. by Dingman DW.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201653
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Insect cell expression of recombinant imidazoleglycerolphosphate dehydratase of Arabidopsis and wheat and inhibition by triazole herbicides. by Tada S, Hatano M, Nakayama Y, Volrath S, Guyer D, Ward E, Ohta D.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157571
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Insecticide impregnated curtains to control domestic transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela: cluster randomised trial. by Kroeger A, Avila EV, Morison L.; 2002 Oct 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128948
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Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets Reduce Plasma Antibody Levels and Limit the Repertoire of Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Variant Surface Antigens. by Askjaer N, Maxwell C, Chambo W, Staalsoe T, Nielsen M, Hviid L, Curtis C, Theander TG.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96266
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Intensive care management of organophosphate insecticide poisoning. by Sungur M, Guven M.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=37406
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Interaction of the herbicide glyphosate with its target enzyme 5enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase in atomic detail. by Schonbrunn E, Eschenburg S, Shuttleworth WA, Schloss JV, Amrhein N, Evans JN, Kabsch W.; 2001 Feb 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=29264
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Interactions between Shewanella colwelliana, Oyster Larvae, and Hydrophobic Organophosphate Pesticides. by Labare MP, Weiner RM.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185073
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Isolation and characterization of an N-methylcarbamate insecticide-degrading methylotrophic bacterium. by Topp E, Hanson RS, Ringelberg DB, White DC, Wheatcroft R.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182457
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Isolation and characterization of the pesticide-degrading plasmid pJP1 from Alcaligenes paradoxus. by Fisher PR, Appleton J, Pemberton JM.; 1978 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=222450
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Isolation from Agricultural Soil and Characterization of a Sphingomonas sp. Able To Mineralize the Phenylurea Herbicide Isoproturon. by Sorensen SR, Ronen Z, Aamand J.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93322
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Isoprenoid Biosynthesis. Metabolite Profiling of Peppermint Oil Gland Secretory Cells and Application to Herbicide Target Analysis. by Lange BM, Ketchum RE, Croteau RB.; 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117986
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Lysozyme-Sensitive Bioemulsifier for Immiscible Organophosphorus Pesticides. by Patel MN, Gopinathan KP.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239205
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Management of severe organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. by Eddleston M, Roberts D, Buckley N.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137450
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Metabolic pathways utilized by Phanerochaete chrysosporium for degradation of the cyclodiene pesticide endosulfan. by Kullman SW, Matsumura F.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167824
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Modifications of cellulose synthase confer resistance to isoxaben and thiazolidinone herbicides in Arabidopsis Ixr1 mutants. by Scheible WR, Eshed R, Richmond T, Delmer D, Somerville C.; 2001 Aug 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=56918
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Molecular and biophysical analysis of herbicide-resistant mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: structure-function relationship of the photosystem II D1 polypeptide. by Erickson JM, Pfister K, Rahire M, Togasaki RK, Mets L, Rochaix JD.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159768
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Monitoring Impact of a Pesticide Treatment on Bacterial Soil Communities by Metabolic and Genetic Fingerprinting in Addition to Conventional Testing Procedures. by Engelen B, Meinken K, von Wintzingerode F, Heuer H, Malkomes HP, Backhaus H.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106777
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Mutations in the D1 subunit of photosystem II distinguish between quinone and herbicide binding sites. by Ohad N, Hirschberg J.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160128
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New federal bill won't reduce reliance on pesticides: critics. by Sibbald B.; 2002 Jul 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116657
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Novel Cyanobacterial Biosensor for Detection of Herbicides. by Shao CY, Howe CJ, Porter AJ, Glover LA.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126403
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Organochloride pesticides in California sea lions revisited. by Le Boeuf BJ, Giesy JP, Kannan K, Kajiwara N, Tanabe S, Debier C.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139123
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Osmoregulation and Fungicide Resistance: the Neurospora crassa os-2 Gene Encodes a HOG1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Homologue. by Zhang Y, Lamm R, Pillonel C, Lam S, Xu JR.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126731
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Overexpression of Iron Superoxide Dismutase in Transformed Poplar Modifies the Regulation of Photosynthesis at Low CO2 Partial Pressures or Following Exposure to the Prooxidant Herbicide Methyl Viologen. by Arisi AC, Cornic G, Jouanin L, Foyer CH.; 1998 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34976
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Overexpression of Plastidic Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Leads to Resistance to the Diphenyl-Ether Herbicide Acifluorfen. by Lermontova I, Grimm B.; 2000 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58846
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Oxidative coupling of aromatic pesticide intermediates by a fungal phenol oxidase. by Sjoblad RD, Bollag JM.; 1977 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=170789
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Passionately opposed to pesticides. by Pinker S.; 2001 Jul 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=81267
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Pesticide use for West Nile virus. by Shapiro H, Micucci S.; 2003 May 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155959
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Pesticides, policies and parents. by [No authors listed]; 2000 Jul 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=80193
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Phosphorus-containing pesticide breakdown products: quantitative utilization as phosphorus sources by bacteria. by Cook AM, Daughton CG, Alexander M.; 1978 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243119
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Predator-induced stress makes the pesticide carbaryl more deadly to gray treefrog tadpoles (Hyla versicolor). by Relyea RA, Mills N.; 2001 Feb 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=30165
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Prevalence of pesticide exposure in young males (
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Properties of an Immobilized Pesticide-Hydrolyzing Enzyme. by Munnecke DM.; 1977 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=170716
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Protein trans-splicing in transgenic plant chloroplast: Reconstruction of herbicide resistance from split genes. by Chin HG, Kim GD, Marin I, Mersha F, Evans TC Jr, Chen L, Xu MQ, Pradhan S.; 2003 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153586
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Protein trans-Splicing To Produce Herbicide-Resistant Acetolactate Synthase. by Sun L, Ghosh I, Paulus H, Xu MQ.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92690
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Quebec clears way for use of aerial pesticides to combat West Nile virus. by Sibbald B.; 2001 Aug 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=81384
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Resistance against Herbicide Isoxaben and Cellulose Deficiency Caused by Distinct Mutations in Same Cellulose Synthase Isoform CESA6. by Desprez T, Vernhettes S, Fagard M, Refregier G, Desnos T, Aletti E, Py N, Pelletier S, Hofte H.; 2002 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148911
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Resistance-Associated Point Mutations in Insecticide-Insensitive Acetylcholinesterase. by Mutero A, Pralavorio M, Bride J, Fournier D.; 1994 Jun 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44109
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Restriction endonuclease analysis for the identification of baculovirus pesticides. by Miller LK, Dawes KP.; 1978 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242846
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Specific binding of a dichloroacetamide herbicide safener in maize at a site that also binds thiocarbamate and chloroacetanilide herbicides. by Walton JD, Casida JE.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157578
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Stereospecific production of the herbicide phosphinothricin (glufosinate): purification of aspartate transaminase from Bacillus stearothermophilus, cloning of the corresponding gene, aspC, and application in a coupled transaminase process. by Bartsch K, Schneider R, Schulz A.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168188
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Stimulation of Methanogenesis by Aldicarb and Several Other N-Methyl Carbamate Pesticides. by Kiene RP, Capone DG.; 1986 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239053
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Succession of Indigenous Pseudomonas spp. and Actinomycetes on Barley Roots Affected by the Antagonistic Strain Pseudomonas fluorescens DR54 and the Fungicide Imazalil. by Thirup L, Johnsen K, Winding A.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92707
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Synergism between trematode infection and pesticide exposure: A link to amphibian limb deformities in nature? by Kiesecker JM.; 2002 Jul 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126596
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The domain structure of protoporphyrinogen oxidase, the molecular target of diphenyl ether-type herbicides. by Arnould S, Camadro JM.; 1998 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27932
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The Experimental Herbicide CGA 325[prime prime or minute]615 Inhibits Synthesis of Crystalline Cellulose and Causes Accumulation of Non-Crystalline [beta]-1,4Glucan Associated with CesA Protein. by Peng L, Xiang F, Roberts E, Kawagoe Y, Greve LC, Kreuz K, Delmer DP.; 2001 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116455
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The Mode of Action and the Structure of a Herbicide in Complex with its Target: Binding of Activated Hydantocidin to the Feedback Regulation Site of Adenylosuccinate Synthetase. by Fonne-Pfister R, Chemla P, Ward E, Girardet M, Kreuz KE, Honzatko RB, Fromm HJ, Schar H, Grutter MG, Cowan-Jacob SW.; 1996 Sep 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38445
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Xenobiotic biotransformation in unicellular green algae. Involvement of cytochrome P450 in the activation and selectivity of the pyridazinone pro-herbicide metflurazon. by Thies F, Backhaus T, Bossmann B, Grimme LH.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157957
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with pesticides, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for pesticides (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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2001 survey of organochlorine pesticides in retail milk from Beijing, P R China. Author(s): Zhong W, Xu D, Chai Z, Mao X. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 March; 20(3): 254-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623650&dopt=Abstract
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A clinical neurological, neurophysiological, and neuropsychological study of sheep farmers and dippers exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Author(s): Jamal GA, Hansen S, Pilkington A, Buchanan D, Gillham RA, Abdel-Azis M, Julu PO, Al-Rawas SF, Hurley F, Ballantyne JP. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 July; 59(7): 434-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107290&dopt=Abstract
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A follow-up study on micronucleus frequency in Spanish agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. Author(s): Pastor S, Lucero L, Gutierrez S, Durban R, Gomez C, Parron T, Creus A, Marcos R. Source: Mutagenesis. 2002 January; 17(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752238&dopt=Abstract
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A method to determine residue levels of persistent organochlorine pesticides in human milk from Indonesian women. Author(s): Burke ER, Holden AJ, Shaw IC. Source: Chemosphere. 2003 January; 50(4): 529-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12685752&dopt=Abstract
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A multi-analyte method for the quantification of contemporary pesticides in human serum and plasma using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Author(s): Barr DB, Barr JR, Maggio VL, Whitehead RD Jr, Sadowski MA, Whyatt RM, Needham LL. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 October 5; 778(1-2): 99-111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376118&dopt=Abstract
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A pilot study to rate determinants of exposure from videotaped work activities of farmers' use of pesticides. Author(s): Prince JR, Stewart PA, Nam JM, Blair A. Source: Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2001 October; 16(10): 973-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11599547&dopt=Abstract
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A quantitative approach for estimating exposure to pesticides in the Agricultural Health Study. Author(s): Dosemeci M, Alavanja MC, Rowland AS, Mage D, Zahm SH, Rothman N, Lubin JH, Hoppin JA, Sandler DP, Blair A. Source: The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2002 March; 46(2): 245-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074034&dopt=Abstract
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A solid phase extraction method for the screening and determination of pyrethroid metabolites and organochlorine pesticides in human urine. Author(s): Colume A, Cardenas S, Gallego M, Valcarcel M. Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 2001; 15(21): 2007-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675667&dopt=Abstract
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Abiotic hydrolysis of pesticides in the aquatic environment. Author(s): Katagi T. Source: Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2002; 175: 79-261. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206055&dopt=Abstract
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Acute health effects of organophosphorus pesticides on Tanzanian small-scale coffee growers. Author(s): Ngowi AV, Maeda DN, Partanen TJ, Sanga MP, Mbise G. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2001 JulyAugust; 11(4): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571613&dopt=Abstract
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Aerial short-range dispersion of volatilized pesticides from an area source. Author(s): Wittich KP, Siebers J. Source: International Journal of Biometeorology. 2002 August; 46(3): 126-35. Epub 2002 March 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194005&dopt=Abstract
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Agricultural use of organophosphate pesticides and the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among male farmers (United States). Author(s): Waddell BL, Zahm SH, Baris D, Weisenburger DD, Holmes F, Burmeister LF, Cantor KP, Blair A. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2001 August; 12(6): 509-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11519759&dopt=Abstract
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Ames, pesticides, and cancer revisited. Author(s): Richter ED, Chlamtac N. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2002 January-March; 8(1): 63-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843442&dopt=Abstract
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An analytical method for the rapid screening of organophosphate pesticides in human biological samples and foodstuffs. Author(s): Tarbah FA, Mahler H, Temme O, Daldrup T. Source: Forensic Science International. 2001 September 15; 121(1-2): 126-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11516897&dopt=Abstract
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An epidemiological study of the relations between exposure to organophosphate pesticides and indices of chronic peripheral neuropathy and neuropsychological abnormalities in sheep farmers and dippers. Author(s): Pilkington A, Buchanan D, Jamal GA, Gillham R, Hansen S, Kidd M, Hurley JF, Soutar CA. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 November; 58(11): 702-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600725&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of organochlorine pesticides in human milk: preliminary results. Author(s): Campoy C, Jimenez M, Olea-Serrano MF, Moreno-Frias M, Canabate F, Olea N, Bayes R, Molina-Font JA. Source: Early Human Development. 2001 November; 65 Suppl: S183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11755050&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of pesticides and PCB congeners in serum by GC/MS with SPE sample cleanup. Author(s): Dmitrovic J, Chan SC, Chan SH. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2002 August 5; 134(1-3): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12191885&dopt=Abstract
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Analytical methods for biological monitoring of exposure to pesticides: a review. Author(s): Barr DB, Needham LL. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 October 5; 778(1-2): 5-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376114&dopt=Abstract
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Application of new high-performance liquid chromatography and solid-phase extraction materials to the analysis of pesticides in human urine. Author(s): Pozzebon JM, Queiroz SC, Melo LF, Kapor MA, Jardim IC. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 February 14; 987(1-2): 381-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613832&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of the ability of health care providers to treat and prevent adverse health effects of pesticides in agricultural areas of Tanzania. Author(s): Ngowi AV, Maeda DN, Partanen TJ. Source: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 2001; 14(4): 349-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885918&dopt=Abstract
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Association between chronic exposure to pesticides and recorded cases of human malignancy in Gaza Governorates (1990-1999). Author(s): Safi JM. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2002 February 4; 284(1-3): 75-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11846176&dopt=Abstract
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Autoimmunity by pesticides: a critical review of the state of the science. Author(s): Holsapple MP. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2002 February 28; 127(1-3): 101-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052647&dopt=Abstract
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Azole fungicides affect mammalian steroidogenesis by inhibiting sterol 14 alphademethylase and aromatase. Author(s): Zarn JA, Bruschweiler BJ, Schlatter JR. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 March; 111(3): 255-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12611652&dopt=Abstract
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Bacillus thuringiensis in fecal samples from greenhouse workers after exposure to B. thuringiensis-based pesticides. Author(s): Jensen GB, Larsen P, Jacobsen BL, Madsen B, Smidt L, Andrup L. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2002 October; 68(10): 4900-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324337&dopt=Abstract
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Biological indices in formulators exposed to a combination of pesticides. Author(s): Bhatnagar VK, Karnik AB, Suthar AM, Zaidi SS, Kashyap R, Shah MP, Kulkarni PK, Saiyed HN. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2002 January; 68(1): 22-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731827&dopt=Abstract
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Biological monitoring of exposure of the general population to the organophosphorus pesticides chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl by determination of their specific metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Author(s): Koch HM, Hardt J, Angerer J. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2001 November; 204(2-3): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759161&dopt=Abstract
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Biological monitoring of exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Author(s): Cocker J, Mason HJ, Garfitt SJ, Jones K. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2002 August 5; 134(1-3): 97-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12191866&dopt=Abstract
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Biological substitutes for pesticides. Author(s): Gerhardson B. Source: Trends in Biotechnology. 2002 August; 20(8): 338-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127281&dopt=Abstract
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Biomonitoring with the comet assay of Greek greenhouse workers exposed to pesticides. Author(s): Piperakis SM, Petrakou E, Tsilimigaki S, Sagnou M, Monogiudis E, Haniotakis G, Karkaseli H, Sarikaki E. Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 2003; 41(2): 104-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12605379&dopt=Abstract
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Breast cancer incidence and exposure to pesticides among women originating from Jaipur. Author(s): Mathur V, Bhatnagar P, Sharma RG, Acharya V, Sexana R. Source: Environment International. 2002 November; 28(5): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437282&dopt=Abstract
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Bringing home more than a paycheck. Workers and pesticides. Author(s): Hood E. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 December; 110(12): A765. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501857&dopt=Abstract
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Burden of organochlorine pesticides in blood and its effect on thyroid hormones in women. Author(s): Rathore M, Bhatnagar P, Mathur D, Saxena GN. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2002 August 5; 295(1-3): 207-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186288&dopt=Abstract
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Can molecular epidemiology help us better understand the environment's role in carcinogenesis? The example of pesticides. Author(s): Beard J, Jong K. Source: New South Wales Public Health Bulletin. 2002 September-October; 13(9-10): 2124. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555113&dopt=Abstract
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Carcinogenicity of pesticides: is everything under control? Author(s): Terracini B. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2002 January-March; 8(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843443&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic fatigue and organophosphate pesticides in sheep farming: a retrospective study amongst people reporting to a UK pharmacovigilance scheme. Author(s): Tahmaz N, Soutar A, Cherrie JW. Source: The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2003 June; 47(4): 261-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12765866&dopt=Abstract
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Community exposures to airborne agricultural pesticides in California: ranking of inhalation risks. Author(s): Lee S, McLaughlin R, Harnly M, Gunier R, Kreutzer R. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 December; 110(12): 1175-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460795&dopt=Abstract
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Comprehensive solid-phase extraction method for persistent organic pollutants. Validation and application to the analysis of persistent chlorinated pesticides. Author(s): Sandau CD, Sjodin A, Davis MD, Barr JR, Maggio VL, Waterman AL, Preston KE, Preau JL Jr, Barr DB, Needham LL, Patterson DG Jr. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 2003 January 1; 75(1): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530820&dopt=Abstract
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Considerations when choosing a threshold of regulation for acute dietary exposure to pesticides. Author(s): Julien EA, Barraj LM, Petersen BJ, Tomerline JR. Source: Food Drug Law J. 2001; 56(2): 241-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022196&dopt=Abstract
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Contact dermatitis caused by pesticides among banana plantation workers in Panama. Author(s): Penagos HG. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2002 January-March; 8(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843435&dopt=Abstract
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Contemporary-use pesticides in personal air samples during pregnancy and blood samples at delivery among urban minority mothers and newborns. Author(s): Whyatt RM, Barr DB, Camann DE, Kinney PL, Barr JR, Andrews HF, Hoepner LA, Garfinkel R, Hazi Y, Reyes A, Ramirez J, Cosme Y, Perera FP. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 May; 111(5): 749-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727605&dopt=Abstract
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Critical windows of exposure to household pesticides and risk of childhood leukemia. Author(s): Ma X, Buffler PA, Gunier RB, Dahl G, Smith MT, Reinier K, Reynolds P. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 September; 110(9): 955-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204832&dopt=Abstract
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Cumulative risk assessment of the intake of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in the Danish diet. Author(s): Jensen AF, Petersen A, Granby K. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 August; 20(8): 776-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129794&dopt=Abstract
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Current knowledge and recent developments in consumer exposure assessment of pesticides: a UK perspective. Author(s): Ferrier H, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Boobis A, Elliott P. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002 September; 19(9): 837-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396395&dopt=Abstract
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CYP-specific bioactivation of four organophosphorothioate pesticides by human liver microsomes. Author(s): Buratti FM, Volpe MT, Meneguz A, Vittozzi L, Testai E. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2003 February 1; 186(3): 143-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620367&dopt=Abstract
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Cytogenetic monitoring in a population occupationally exposed to pesticides in Ecuador. Author(s): Paz-y-Mino C, Bustamante G, Sanchez ME, Leone PE. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 November; 110(11): 1077-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417477&dopt=Abstract
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Cytogenetic monitoring of croatian population occupationally exposed to a complex mixture of pesticides. Author(s): Garaj-Vrhovac V, Zeljezic D. Source: Toxicology. 2001 August 28; 165(2-3): 153-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11522373&dopt=Abstract
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Dermal exposure to pesticides in greenhouses workers: discrimination and selection of variables for the design of monitoring programs. Author(s): Frenich AG, Aguilera PA, Gonzalez FE, Castro Cano ML, Martinez Galera M, Martinez Vidal JL, Soler M. Source: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2002 November; 80(1): 51-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437063&dopt=Abstract
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Determinants of serum polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides measured in women from the child health and development study cohort, 1963-1967. Author(s): James RA, Hertz-Picciotto I, Willman E, Keller JA, Charles MJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 July; 110(7): 617-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117636&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of dithiocarbamate pesticides in occupational hygiene sampling devices using the isooctane method and comparison with an automatic thermal desorption (ATD) method. Author(s): Coldwell MR, Pengelly I, Rimmer DA. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 January 10; 984(1): 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12564678&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of endocrine-disrupting pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum by GC-ECD and GC-MS-MS and evaluation of contributions to the uncertainty of the results. Author(s): Martinez Vidal JL, Moreno Frias M, Garrido Frenich A, Olea-Serrano F, Olea N. Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2002 April; 372(7-8): 766-75. Epub 2002 April 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12012187&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of organochlorine pesticides in human adipose tissue in Minsk, Republic of Belarus. Author(s): Barkatina EN, Pertsovsky AL, Murokh VI, Kolomiets ND, Shulyakovskaya OV, Veretennikova ND, Venger ON. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2002 July; 69(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12053253&dopt=Abstract
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Development of an immuno-immobilized androgen receptor assay (IRA) and its application for the characterization of the receptor binding affinity of different pesticides. Author(s): Bauer ER, Bitsch N, Brunn H, Sauerwein H, Meyer HH. Source: Chemosphere. 2002 February; 46(7): 1107-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999774&dopt=Abstract
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Development of models to predict dose of pesticides in professional turf applicators. Author(s): Harris SA, Sass-Kortsak AM, Corey PN, Purdham JT. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2002 March; 12(2): 130-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11965530&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in persistent organochlorine pesticides concentration between breast adipose tissue and blood serum. Author(s): Waliszewski SM, Infanzon RM, Hart MM. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2003 May; 70(5): 9206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719816&dopt=Abstract
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Distribution of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in umbilical cord and maternal serum. Author(s): Covaci A, Jorens P, Jacquemyn Y, Schepens P. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2002 October 21; 298(1-3): 45-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449328&dopt=Abstract
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Distributions, associations, and partial aggregate exposure of pesticides and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES). Author(s): Andrew Clayton C, Pellizzari ED, Whitmore RW, Quackenboss JJ, Adgate J, Sefton K. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2003 March; 13(2): 100-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679790&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of three chlorinated pesticides on hsromega stress gene in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster. Author(s): Chowdhuri DK, Nazir A, Saxena DK. Source: Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2001; 15(4): 173-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673846&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of currently used pesticides in assays for estrogenicity, androgenicity, and aromatase activity in vitro. Author(s): Andersen HR, Vinggaard AM, Rasmussen TH, Gjermandsen IM, BonefeldJorgensen EC. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2002 February 15; 179(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884232&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides on nerve and neuromuscular function. Author(s): Peiris-John RJ, Ruberu DK, Wickremasinghe AR, Smit LA, van der Hoek W. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 April; 44(4): 352-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11977422&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides on nerve and neuromuscular function--Peiris-John, et al. Author(s): Schuman SH, Simpson WM Jr. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 January; 45(1): 1-2; Author Reply 2-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553172&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides on nerve and neuromuscular function--Peiris-John, et al. Author(s): Paul DW. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 January; 45(1): 1; Author Reply 2-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553171&dopt=Abstract
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Enantiomeric enrichment of chiral pesticides in the environment. Author(s): Hegeman WJ, Laane RW. Source: Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2002; 173: 85-116. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11776751&dopt=Abstract
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Environmental monitoring of pesticides by immunoanalytical techniques: validation, current status, and future perspectives. Author(s): Lee NA, Kennedy IR. Source: J Aoac Int. 2001 September-October; 84(5): 1393-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11601458&dopt=Abstract
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Estrogenicity of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides. Author(s): Chen H, Xiao J, Hu G, Zhou J, Xiao H, Wang X. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2002 October 11; 65(19): 1419-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396874&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of toxicity of pesticides and their biodegradation products using human cells. Author(s): Forman S, Novak J, Tykva R, Kas J, Wimmer Z, Ruml T. Source: Chemosphere. 2002 January; 46(2): 209-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11827277&dopt=Abstract
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Exposure to indoor pesticides during pregnancy in a multiethnic, urban cohort. Author(s): Berkowitz GS, Obel J, Deych E, Lapinski R, Godbold J, Liu Z, Landrigan PJ, Wolff MS. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 January; 111(1): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12515682&dopt=Abstract
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Exposure to pesticides as risk factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia: pooled analysis of two Swedish case-control studies. Author(s): Hardell L, Eriksson M, Nordstrom M. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2002 May; 43(5): 1043-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12148884&dopt=Abstract
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Farm pesticides: outcomes of a randomized controlled intervention to reduce risks. Author(s): Perry MJ, Layde PM. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003 May; 24(4): 310-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12726868&dopt=Abstract
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Farmers' perceptions of pesticides, and resultant health problems from exposures. Author(s): Kishi M. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2002 July-September; 8(3): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358073&dopt=Abstract
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Food contamination by metals and pesticides in the European Union. Should we worry? Author(s): Nasreddine L, Parent-Massin D. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2002 February 28; 127(1-3): 29-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052638&dopt=Abstract
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Foot transfer of lawn-applied pesticides from turf to carpet: comparison of semivolatile chlorpyrifos with nonvolatile chlorothalonil. Author(s): Nishioka MG, Lewis RG, Brinkman MC, Burkholder HM. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2002 January; 68(1): 64-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731833&dopt=Abstract
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Fractionation of PCDDs, PCBs, and pesticides by column chromatography on exfoliated graphites. Author(s): Egashira N, Shimamoto T, Inoue K, Piao J, Uda T. Source: Anal Sci. 2001 June; 17(6): 783-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11707952&dopt=Abstract
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Frequency of SCEs in Japanese infants lactationally exposed to organochlorone pesticides. Author(s): Nagayama J, Nagayama M, Nakagawa R, Hirakawa H, Matsueda T, Iida T, Fukushige J. Source: Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. 2003 May; 94(5): 166-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872718&dopt=Abstract
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Genotoxicity of pesticides: a review of human biomonitoring studies. Author(s): Bolognesi C. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 June; 543(3): 251-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12787816&dopt=Abstract
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Geographic variation of chlorinated pesticides, toxaphenes and PCBs in human milk from sub-arctic and arctic locations in Russia. Author(s): Polder A, Odland JO, Tkachev A, Foreid S, Savinova TN, Skaare JU. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2003 May 1; 306(1-3): 179-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699926&dopt=Abstract
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Greater risks, fewer rights: U.S. farmworkers and pesticides. Author(s): Reeves M, Schafer KS. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2003 January-March; 9(1): 30-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12749629&dopt=Abstract
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Hazardous pesticides in Central America. Author(s): Wesseling C, Aragon A, Castillo L, Corriols M, Chaverri F, de la Cruz E, Keifer M, Monge P, Partanen TJ, Ruepert C, van Wendel de Joode B. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2001 OctoberDecember; 7(4): 287-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11783858&dopt=Abstract
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Headspace solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in whole numan blood. Author(s): Hernandez F, Pitarch E, Beltran J, Lopez FJ. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 March 25; 769(1): 65-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936696&dopt=Abstract
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How risky is rover? Petting transfers pesticides. Author(s): Josephson J. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 November; 109(11): A543. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762313&dopt=Abstract
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Human blood and environmental media screening method for pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl compounds using liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Author(s): Liu S, Pleil JD. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 March 25; 769(1): 155-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936688&dopt=Abstract
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Humoral and cellular immunity rates in chemical plant workers producing dust pesticides. Author(s): Klucinski P, Kossmann S, Tustanowski J, Friedek D, Kaminska-Kolodziej B. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2001 November-December; 7(6): 1270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687741&dopt=Abstract
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Identification and quantification of polychlorinated biphenyls and some endocrine disrupting pesticides in human adipose tissue from Finland. Author(s): Smeds A, Saukko P. Source: Chemosphere. 2001 September; 44(6): 1463-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11513126&dopt=Abstract
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Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 4. Pesticides. Author(s): Sanborn MD, Cole D, Abelsohn A, Weir E. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 May 28; 166(11): 1431-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12054413&dopt=Abstract
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Immunomodulation of human natural killer cell cytotoxic function by triazine and carbamate pesticides. Author(s): Whalen MM, Loganathan BG, Yamashita N, Saito T. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2003 June 15; 145(3): 311-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12732457&dopt=Abstract
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Immunotoxicity of organophosphorous pesticides. Author(s): Galloway T, Handy R. Source: Ecotoxicology (London, England). 2003 February-August; 12(1-4): 345-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12739880&dopt=Abstract
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Importance of respiratory exposure to pesticides among agricultural populations. Author(s): Dowling KC, Seiber JN. Source: International Journal of Toxicology. 2002 September-October; 21(5): 371-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396682&dopt=Abstract
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In our streams: Prozac and pesticides. Author(s): Lemonick MD. Source: Time. 2003 August 25; 162(8): 51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12964463&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro human phase I metabolism of xenobiotics I: pesticides and related chemicals used in agriculture and public health, September 2001. Author(s): Hodgson E. Source: Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2001; 15(6): 296-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11835628&dopt=Abstract
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Indoor household pesticides: hazardous waste concern or not? Author(s): Owens JM, Guiney PD, Howard PH, Aronson DB, Gray DA. Source: Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2000; 164: 27-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587833&dopt=Abstract
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Induction and inhibition of aromatase (CYP19) activity by various classes of pesticides in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Author(s): Sanderson JT, Boerma J, Lansbergen GW, van den Berg M. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2002 July 1; 182(1): 44-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127262&dopt=Abstract
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Integrative assessment of multiple pesticides as risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among men. Author(s): De Roos AJ, Zahm SH, Cantor KP, Weisenburger DD, Holmes FF, Burmeister LF, Blair A. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 September; 60(9): E11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12937207&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction of organophosphate pesticides and related compounds with the androgen receptor. Author(s): Tamura H, Yoshikawa H, Gaido KW, Ross SM, DeLisle RK, Welsh WJ, Richard AM. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 April; 111(4): 545-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676613&dopt=Abstract
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International impacts of pesticides on children. Author(s): Cantor A, Goldman LR. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2002 January-March; 8(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843441&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation of the relation between self-reported food consumption and household chemical exposures with urinary levels of selected nonpersistent pesticides. Author(s): Kieszak SM, Naeher LP, Rubin CS, Needham LL, Backer L, Barr D, McGeehin M. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2002 November; 12(6): 404-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415488&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation on downwind short-range transport of pesticides after application in agricultural crops. Author(s): Siebers J, Binner R, Wittich KP. Source: Chemosphere. 2003 May; 51(5): 397-407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598005&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) among agricultural extension workers concerning the reduction of the adverse impact of pesticides in agricultural areas in Tanzania. Author(s): Ngowi AV, Maeda DN, Partanen TJ. Source: Med Lav. 2002 July-August; 93(4): 338-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12212403&dopt=Abstract
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Leaching of pesticides through normal-tillage and low-tillage soil--a lysimeter study. I. Isoproturon. Author(s): Fomsgaard IS, Spliid NH, Felding G. Source: Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part. B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes. 2003 January; 38(1): 1-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602820&dopt=Abstract
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Leaching of pesticides through normal-tillage and low-tillage soil--a lysimeter study. II. Glyphosate. Author(s): Fomsgaard IS, Spliid NH, Felding G. Source: Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part. B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes. 2003 January; 38(1): 19-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602821&dopt=Abstract
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Levels of certain metals, organochlorine pesticides and dioxins in cord blood, maternal blood, human milk and some commonly used nutrients in the surroundings of the Aral Sea (Karakalpakstan, Republic of Uzbekistan). Author(s): Ataniyazova OA, Baumann RA, Liem AK, Mukhopadhyay UA, Vogelaar EF, Boersma ER. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2001 July; 90(7): 801-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11519985&dopt=Abstract
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Levels of organochlorine pesticides in Beijing human milk, 1998. Author(s): Yu H, Zhu Z, Zhao X, Zhang X, Wang D. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2003 February; 70(2): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545347&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term neurobehavioral effects of mild poisonings with organophosphate and nmethyl carbamate pesticides among banana workers. Author(s): Wesseling C, Keifer M, Ahlbom A, McConnell R, Moon JD, Rosenstock L, Hogstedt C. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2002 January-March; 8(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843437&dopt=Abstract
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Meconium: a matrix reflecting potential fetal exposure to organochlorine pesticides and its metabolites. Author(s): Hong Z, Gunter M, Randow FF. Source: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2002 January; 51(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800551&dopt=Abstract
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Micronuclei frequency in lymphocytes of individuals occupationally exposed to pesticides. Author(s): Ramirez V, Cuenca P. Source: Rev Biol Trop. 2001 March; 49(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11795139&dopt=Abstract
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Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in vegetables and fruits using two-layered column with graphitized carbon and water absorbent polymer. Author(s): Obana H, Akutsu K, Okihashi M, Hori S. Source: The Analyst. 2001 September; 126(9): 1529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11592644&dopt=Abstract
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Multi-residue screening of pesticides in vegetables, fruits and baby food by stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Author(s): Sandra P, Tienpont B, David F. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 June 6; 1000(1-2): 299-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12877176&dopt=Abstract
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Neurobehavioral effects of pesticides: state of the art. Author(s): Colosio C, Tiramani M, Maroni M. Source: Neurotoxicology. 2003 August; 24(4-5): 577-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12900071&dopt=Abstract
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Neurobehavioural effects among workers occupationally exposed to organophosphorous pesticides. Author(s): Farahat TM, Abdelrasoul GM, Amr MM, Shebl MM, Farahat FM, Anger WK. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 April; 60(4): 279-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660376&dopt=Abstract
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Neurodegenerative diseases and exposure to pesticides in the elderly. Author(s): Baldi I, Lebailly P, Mohammed-Brahim B, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Brochard P. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 March 1; 157(5): 409-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615605&dopt=Abstract
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Neuropsychiatric evaluation in subjects chronically exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Author(s): Salvi RM, Lara DR, Ghisolfi ES, Portela LV, Dias RD, Souza DO. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2003 April; 72(2): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660361&dopt=Abstract
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Neuropsychologic effects of long-term exposure to pesticides: results from the French Phytoner study. Author(s): Baldi I, Filleul L, Mohammed-Brahim B, Fabrigoule C, Dartigues JF, Schwall S, Drevet JP, Salamon R, Brochard P. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 August; 109(8): 839-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11564621&dopt=Abstract
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New federal bill won't reduce reliance on pesticides: critics. Author(s): Sibbald B. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 July 9; 167(1): 68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12137091&dopt=Abstract
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Nondietary ingestion of pesticides by children in an agricultural community on the US/Mexico border: preliminary results. Author(s): Shalat SL, Donnelly KC, Freeman NC, Calvin JA, Ramesh S, Jimenez M, Black K, Coutinho C, Needham LL, Barr DB, Ramirez J. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2003 January; 13(1): 42-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595883&dopt=Abstract
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Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and specific pesticide exposures in men: cross-Canada study of pesticides and health. Author(s): McDuffie HH, Pahwa P, McLaughlin JR, Spinelli JJ, Fincham S, Dosman JA, Robson D, Skinnider LF, Choi NW. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2001 November; 10(11): 1155-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700263&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational exposure to cholinesterase inhibiting pesticides: a Greek case. Author(s): Stefanidou M, Athanaselis S, Velonakis M, Pappas F, Koutselinis A. Source: International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2003 March; 13(1): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745345&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational exposure to endocrine-disrupting pesticides and the potential for developing hormonal cancers. Author(s): Buranatrevedh S, Roy D. Source: Journal of Environmental Health. 2001 October; 64(3): 17-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11605324&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational exposure to pesticides and cytogenetic damage: results of a Hungarian population study using the micronucleus assay in lymphocytes and buccal cells. Author(s): Pastor S, Creus A, Xamena N, Siffel C, Marcos R. Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 2002; 40(2): 101-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12203402&dopt=Abstract
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Old pesticides pose new problems for developing world. Author(s): Brown VJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 December; 109(12): A578-9. Erratum In: Environ Health Perspect 2002 January; 110(1): A15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11776958&dopt=Abstract
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Organochlorine pesticides and PCB residues in sediments of Alexandria Harbour, Egypt. Author(s): Barakat AO, Moonkoo K, Yoarong Q, Wade TL. Source: Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2002 December; 44(12): 1426-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12523549&dopt=Abstract
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Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in foodstuffs and human tissues from china: status of contamination, historical trend, and human dietary exposure. Author(s): Nakata H, Kawazoe M, Arizono K, Abe S, Kitano T, Shimada H, Li W, Ding X. Source: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2002 November; 43(4): 473-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399919&dopt=Abstract
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Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in 12 edible marine organisms from the Adriatic Sea, Italy, Spring 1997. Author(s): Di Muccio A, Stefanelli P, Funari E, Barbini DA, Generali T, Pelosi P, Girolimetti S, Amendola G, Vanni F, Di Muccio S. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002 December; 19(12): 1148-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623675&dopt=Abstract
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Organochlorine pesticides in water, sediment, crops, and human fluids in a farming community in Ghana. Author(s): Ntow WJ. Source: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2001 May; 40(4): 557-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525500&dopt=Abstract
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Organophosphate pesticides and public policy. Author(s): Lockwood AH. Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 2002 December; 15(6): 725-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12447112&dopt=Abstract
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Organophosphate pesticides: biochemistry and clinical toxicology. Author(s): Kwong TC. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2002 February; 24(1): 144-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11805735&dopt=Abstract
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Organophosphate-based pesticides and genetic damage implicated in bladder cancer. Author(s): Webster LR, McKenzie GH, Moriarty HT. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 2002 March; 133(2): 112-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11943336&dopt=Abstract
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Organophosphorus pesticides markedly inhibit the activities of natural killer, cytotoxic T lymphocyte and lymphokine-activated killer: a proposed inhibiting mechanism via granzyme inhibition. Author(s): Li Q, Nagahara N, Takahashi H, Takeda K, Okumura K, Minami M. Source: Toxicology. 2002 April 2; 172(3): 181-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893417&dopt=Abstract
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Parental occupational exposure to pesticides and childhood brain cancer. Author(s): van Wijngaarden E, Stewart PA, Olshan AF, Savitz DA, Bunin GR. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 June 1; 157(11): 989-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777362&dopt=Abstract
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Parkinsonism and occupational exposure to pesticides. Author(s): Engel LS, Checkoway H, Keifer MC, Seixas NS, Longstreth WT Jr, Scott KC, Hudnell K, Anger WK, Camicioli R. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 September; 58(9): 582-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511745&dopt=Abstract
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Parkinson's disease and exposure to infectious agents and pesticides and the occurrence of brain injuries: role of neuroinflammation. Author(s): Liu B, Gao HM, Hong JS. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 June; 111(8): 1065-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12826478&dopt=Abstract
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PCDD/PCDF, chlorinated pesticides and PAH in Chinese teas. Author(s): Fiedler H, Cheung CK, Wong MH. Source: Chemosphere. 2002 March; 46(9-10): 1429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002472&dopt=Abstract
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Persistent chlorinated pesticides and intra-uterine foetal growth retardation: a possible association. Author(s): Siddiqui MK, Srivastava S, Srivastava SP, Mehrotra PK, Mathur N, Tandon I. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2003 February; 76(1): 75-80. Epub 2002 October 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592586&dopt=Abstract
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Persistent chlorinated pesticides in fish and cattle fat and their implications for human serum concentrations from the Sene-Gambian region. Author(s): Manirakiza P, Akimbamijo O, Covaci A, Adediran SA, Cisse I, Fall ST, Schepens P. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 2002 August; 4(4): 609-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196010&dopt=Abstract
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Persistent organochlorine pesticides in Mexican butter. Author(s): Waliszewski SM, Villalobos-Pietrini R, Gomez-Arroyo S, Infanzon RM. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 April; 20(4): 361-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775478&dopt=Abstract
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Pesticide poisoning in the developing world--a minimum pesticides list. Author(s): Eddleston M, Karalliedde L, Buckley N, Fernando R, Hutchinson G, Isbister G, Konradsen F, Murray D, Piola JC, Senanayake N, Sheriff R, Singh S, Siwach SB, Smit L. Source: Lancet. 2002 October 12; 360(9340): 1163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387969&dopt=Abstract
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Pesticides and health in highland Ecuadorian potato production: assessing impacts and developing responses. Author(s): Cole DC, Sherwood S, Crissman C, Barrera V, Espinosa P. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2002 July-September; 8(3): 182-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358074&dopt=Abstract
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Pesticides and human rights. Author(s): Dinham B, Malik S. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2003 January-March; 9(1): 40-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12749630&dopt=Abstract
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Pesticides and mortality from hormone-dependent cancers. Author(s): Janssens JP, Van Hecke E, Geys H, Bruckers L, Renard D, Molenberghs G. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2001 October; 10(5): 459-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11711761&dopt=Abstract
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Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in human adipose tissue. Author(s): Mariottini M, Guerranti C, Aurigi S, Corsi I, Focardi S. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2002 January; 68(1): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731834&dopt=Abstract
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Pesticides in children. Author(s): Reigart JR, Roberts JR. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2001 October; 48(5): 1185-98, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579668&dopt=Abstract
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Pesticides in perspective. Organic agriculture: development and state of the art. Author(s): Tamm L. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 2001 December; 3(6): 92N-96N. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11785649&dopt=Abstract
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Pesticides initiative: basic training for health care providers. Author(s): Wakefield J. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 August; 111(10): A520-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12926410&dopt=Abstract
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Pesticides residues in vegetables in and around Delhi. Author(s): Mukherjee I. Source: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2003 August; 86(3): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858967&dopt=Abstract
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Pests, peasants, and pesticides on the Northern Nicaraguan Pacific Plain. Author(s): Aragon A, Aragon C, Thorn A. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2001 OctoberDecember; 7(4): 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11783859&dopt=Abstract
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Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides are eliminated from therapeutic Factor VIII and immunoglobulin concentrates and reduced in albumin by plasma fractionation. Author(s): Covaci A, Laub R, Di Giambattista M, Branckaert T, Hougardy V, Schepens P. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 2002 July; 83(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100385&dopt=Abstract
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Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in human milk from the locality Prague, Czech Republic: a comparative study. Author(s): Cajka T, Hajslova J. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2003 May; 70(5): 9139. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719815&dopt=Abstract
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Possible effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorinated pesticides on the thyroid after long-term exposure to heavy environmental pollution. Author(s): Langer P, Kocan A, Tajtakova M, Petrik J, Chovancova J, Drobna B, Jursa S, Pavuk M, Koska J, Trnovec T, Sebokova E, Klimes I. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 May; 45(5): 526-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762077&dopt=Abstract
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Potential exposure to pesticides in Nordic greenhouses. Author(s): Tuomainen A, Makinen M, Glass R, Kangas J. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2002 September; 69(3): 342-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12177754&dopt=Abstract
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Predicting children's short-term exposure to pesticides: results of a questionnaire screening approach. Author(s): Sexton K, Adgate JL, Eberly LE, Clayton CA, Whitmore RW, Pellizzari ED, Lioy PJ, Quackenboss JJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 January; 111(1): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12515690&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal exposure to pesticides: a feasibility study among migrant and seasonal farmworkers. Author(s): Cooper SP, Burau K, Sweeney A, Robison T, Smith MA, Symanski E, Colt JS, Laseter J, Zahm SH. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2001 November; 40(5): 578-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675627&dopt=Abstract
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Present use of pesticides for vector and allergen control and future requirements. Author(s): Curtis CF, Davies CR. Source: Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2001 September; 15(3): 231-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11583439&dopt=Abstract
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Proposal for a method for testing resistance of clothing and gloves to penetration by pesticides. Author(s): Krzeminska S, Szczecinska K. Source: Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine : Aaem. 2001; 8(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748871&dopt=Abstract
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Prostate cancer and exposure to pesticides in agricultural settings. Author(s): Settimi L, Masina A, Andrion A, Axelson O. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 April 20; 104(4): 458-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12584743&dopt=Abstract
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Protecting patients and staff from pesticides. Author(s): Wilburn S. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2002 September; 102(9): 128. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394028&dopt=Abstract
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PXR-dependent induction of human CYP3A4 gene expression by organochlorine pesticides. Author(s): Coumoul X, Diry M, Barouki R. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2002 November 15; 64(10): 1513-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417264&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitation of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphate pesticides in human urine using GC-MS-MS with isotopic internal standards. Author(s): Bravo R, Driskell WJ, Whitehead RD Jr, Needham LL, Barr DB. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2002 July-August; 26(5): 245-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166810&dopt=Abstract
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Quebec clears way for use of aerial pesticides to combat West Nile virus. Author(s): Sibbald B. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2001 August 21; 165(4): 463. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531060&dopt=Abstract
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Re: S. Gomez-Arroyo et al. Cytogenetic biomoitoring in Mexican floriculture worker group exposed to pesticides. Mutat.Res. 466 (2000) 117-124. Author(s): Neresyan AK. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 January 15; 513(1-2): 223, 225. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719108&dopt=Abstract
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Reaction pathways and mechanisms of photodegradation of pesticides. Author(s): Burrows HD, Canle L M, Santaballa JA, Steenken S. Source: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology. 2002 June; 67(2): 71108. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031810&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction in fertility in male greenhouse workers exposed to pesticides. Author(s): Petrelli G, Figa-Talamanca I. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(7): 675-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12086082&dopt=Abstract
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Removing pesticides from the hands with a simple washing procedure using soap and water. Author(s): Marquart H, Brouwer DH, van Hemmen JJ. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 November; 44(11): 1075-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12448359&dopt=Abstract
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Reproductive outcomes in the women of the Red River Valley of the north. I. The spouses of pesticide applicators: pregnancy loss, age at menarche, and exposures to pesticides. Author(s): Garry VF, Harkins M, Lyubimov A, Erickson L, Long L. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2002 June 14; 65(11): 769-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079613&dopt=Abstract
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Sensitive and specific multiresidue methods for the determination of pesticides of various classes in clinical and forensic toxicology. Author(s): Lacassie E, Marquet P, Gaulier JM, Dreyfuss MF, Lachatre G. Source: Forensic Science International. 2001 September 15; 121(1-2): 116-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11516896&dopt=Abstract
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Serum levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls among inhabitants of Greater Metropolitan Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Author(s): Delgado IF, Barretto HH, Kussumi TA, Alleluia IB, Baggio Cde A, Paumgartten FJ. Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica / Ministerio Da Saude, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional De Saude Publica. 2002 March-April; 18(2): 519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11923894&dopt=Abstract
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Simple determination of 22 organophosphorous pesticides in human blood using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Author(s): Musshoff F, Junker H, Madea B. Source: Journal of Chromatographic Science. 2002 January; 40(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866384&dopt=Abstract
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Sister chromatid exchange and proliferative rate index in the longitudinal risk assessment of occupational exposure to pesticides. Author(s): Zeljezic D, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Source: Chemosphere. 2002 January; 46(2): 295-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11827288&dopt=Abstract
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Synergistic effects of pesticides and metals on the fibrillation of alpha-synuclein: implications for Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Uversky VN, Li J, Bower K, Fink AL. Source: Neurotoxicology. 2002 October; 23(4-5): 527-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428725&dopt=Abstract
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The development of a new method to estimate total daily dose of pesticides in professional turf applicators following multiple and varied exposures in occupational settings. Author(s): Harris SA, Corey PN, Sass-Kortsak AM, Purdham JT. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2001 July; 74(5): 345-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11516069&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of phytochemical pesticides on the growth of cultured invertebrate and vertebrate cells. Author(s): Salehzadeh A, Jabbar A, Jennens L, Ley SV, Annadurai RS, Adams R, Strang RH. Source: Pest Management Science. 2002 March; 58(3): 268-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975173&dopt=Abstract
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The hazards of cleaning house. Urban women's exposure to pesticides. Author(s): Claudio L. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 May; 110(5): A256-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12014379&dopt=Abstract
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Three-year study of fenthion and dimethoate pesticides in olive oil from organic and conventional cultivation. Author(s): Tsatsakis AM, Tsakiris IN, Tzatzarakis MN, Agourakis ZB, Tutudaki M, Alegakis AK. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 June; 20(6): 553-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881128&dopt=Abstract
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Towards sustainable pesticides. Author(s): Sharpe M. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 1999 June; 1(3): 33N-36N. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529114&dopt=Abstract
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US Food and Drug Administration's monitoring and surveillance programs for mycotoxins, pesticides and contaminants in food. Author(s): Wood G, Lee Y, Egan K, Bolger M. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 2001 October; 3(5): 79N-83N. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11695128&dopt=Abstract
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Use and fate of pesticides in the Amazon State, Brazil: risk to human health and the environment. Author(s): Waichman AV, Rombke J, Ribeiro MO, Nina NC. Source: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2002; 9(6): 423-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12515352&dopt=Abstract
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Use of agricultural pesticides and prostate cancer risk in the Agricultural Health Study cohort. Author(s): Alavanja MC, Samanic C, Dosemeci M, Lubin J, Tarone R, Lynch CF, Knott C, Thomas K, Hoppin JA, Barker J, Coble J, Sandler DP, Blair A. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 May 1; 157(9): 800-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727674&dopt=Abstract
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VOCs, pesticides, nitrate, and their mixtures in groundwater used for drinking water in the United States. Author(s): Squillace PJ, Scott JC, Moran MJ, Nolan BT, Kolpin DW. Source: Environmental Science & Technology. 2002 May 1; 36(9): 1923-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026972&dopt=Abstract
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Work with pesticides and organophosphate sheep dips. Author(s): Coggon D. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 2002 December; 52(8): 467-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488517&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PESTICIDES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and pesticides.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Pesticides The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on pesticides: •
The headlines of '89: taking the long view. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (January 1990). volume 7(11) page 3-6.
Additional consumer oriented references include: •
A commonsense approach to pesticides. Source: Lefferts, L.Y. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (September 1993). volume 20(7) page 1, 5-7. pesticides food safety 0885-7792
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A guide to choosing a low-pesticide diet? Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (February 1991). volume 8(12) page 2. foods diet pesticides residues contamination 0747-4105
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How hazardous to your health are pesticides and toxic residues? Source: Levine, E. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (August 1992). volume 15(8) page 1, 6. pesticides residues food hygiene ingestion toxicity 0893-4452
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How much are pesticides hurting your health. Source: Tufts-Univ-diet-nutr-lett. New York, N.Y. : Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter, 1983-c1997. April 1996. volume 14 (2) page 4-6. 0747-4105
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Pesticides in foods: putting the problem in perspective. Source: Casey, S. Environ-Nutr. New York, N.Y. : Environmental Nutrition, Inc. May 1989. volume 12 (5) page 1, 6-7. 0893-4452
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Red flag on pesticides: what's being done? What should you do? Source: Zupke, M.P. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (October 1993). volume 16(10) page 1, 4. foods pesticides residues contamination food safety 0893-4452
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The politics of pesticides: Congress battles it out, the public suffers. Source: Weinberg, L. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (October 1995). volume 18(10) page 1, 6. pesticides regulations environmental protection food legislation public health 0893-4452
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Too much fuss about pesticides. Source: Consum-Rep-Consum-Union-U-S. Yonkers, N.Y. : The Union. October 1989. volume 54 (10) page 655-658. ill. 0010-7174
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Trying to avoid pesticides? Here's what you need to know. Source: Bunce, L. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (November 1993). volume 16(11) page 1, 4. foods pesticides residues risk 0893-4452
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Worried about pesticides on produce? EN offers advice on minimizing risk. Source: Golub, C. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. August 1999. volume 22 (8) page 1, 6. 0893-4452
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “pesticides” (or a synonym): •
Cytogenetic studies and protein banding patterns in Allium cepa and Vicia faba plants treated with the insecticide Larvin. Author(s): National Research Centre, Cairo (Egypt). Genetics and Cytology Dept.
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Source: El Zoka, T.A. Abdel Hady, E.A. El Khodary, S.M. Hassan, H.Z. Abdel Salam, A.Z.A. Assiut-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences (Egypt). (2000). volume 31(2) page 209225.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
A new list of carcinogenic pesticides used on food. Source: Cox, C. J-pestic-reform. Eugene, OR : Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides. Winter 1992. volume 12 (4) page 28. 0893-357X
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A survey on organochlorine pesticide residues in butter and cracked wheat available in Turkish markets. Author(s): Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Food Analysis, Ankara, Turkey. Source: Yentur, G Kalay, A Oktem, A B Nahrung. 2001 February; 45(1): 40-2 0027-769X
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Annonaceous acetogenins as new natural pesticides: recent progress. Source: McLaughlin, J.L. Zeng, L. Oberlies, N.H. Alfonso, D. Johnson, H.A. Cummings, B.A. Phytochemicals for pest control /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, 1997. page 117-133. ISBN: 0841234884
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ARS explores novel tool to assess health risk from diet and pesticides. Source: Genet-Eng-News. New York, N.Y. : Mary Ann Liebert. Mar 15, 1992. volume 12 (4) page 7. 1270-6377
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Assessing the estrogenic potential of organochlorine pesticides in primary cultures of male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes using vitellogenin as a biomarker. Author(s): Departement de chimie et de biochimie, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3P8. Source: Okoumassoun, L E Averill Bates, D Gagne, F Marion, M Denizeau, F Toxicology. 2002 September 16; 178(3): 193-207 0300-483X
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Comparison of extraction methods to monitor pesticide residues in surface water. Author(s): Plant Health and Soil Conservation Station, Fejer County, Velence, Hungary. Source: Majzik Solymos, E Visi, E Karoly, G Beke Berczi, B Gyorfi, L J-Chromatogr-Sci. 2001 August; 39(8): 325-31 0021-9665
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Comparison of two bioassay techniques for assessing the acute toxicity of pesticides to chironomid larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Author(s): NSW Agriculture and Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Rice Production, Yanco Agricultural Institute, Australia. Source: Stevens, M M Ali, A Helliwell, S Schiller, L J Hansen, S J-Am-Mosq-ControlAssoc. 2002 June; 18(2): 119-25 8756-971X
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Contamination of medicinal plants with residues of pesticides, microorganisms, aflatoxines and heavy metals. Source: Grun, T.A. Kohler, U. Nagell, A. Acta-hortic. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science. November 1993. (333) page 129-135. 0567-7572
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Developmental exposure to the pesticides paraquat and maneb and the Parkinson's disease phenotype. Author(s): Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642, USA. Source: Thiruchelvam, M Richfield, E K Goodman, B M Baggs, R B Cory Slechta, D A Neurotoxicology. 2002 October; 23(4-5): 621-33 0161-813X
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Dispersion and toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms of pesticides used to treat sea lice on salmon in net pen enclosures. Author(s): Environmental Protection Branch, Environment Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada B2Y 2N6. Source: Ernst, W Jackman, P Doe, K Page, F Julien, G Mackay, K Sutherland, T MarPollut-Bull. 2001 June; 42(6): 433-44 0025-326X
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Effect of dietary methionine on methylmercury and atrazine toxicity [Pesticides]. Source: Meydani, M. Hathcock, J.N. Drug-Nutr-Interact. New York, N.Y. : Alan R. Liss. 1984. volume2 (4) page 217-233. 0272-3530
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Effect of three chlorinated pesticides on hsromega stress gene in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster. Author(s): Embryotoxicology Section, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, M. G. Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India.
[email protected] Source: Chowdhuri, D K Nazir, A Saxena, D K J-Biochem-Mol-Toxicol. 2001; 15(4): 17386 1095-6670
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Effects of cover sprays and residual pesticides on scale insects and natural enemies in urban forests. Source: Raupp, M.J. Holmes, J.J. Sadof, C. Shrewsbury, P. Davidson, J.A. J-arboric. Champaign, IL : International Society of Arboriculture. July 2001. volume 27 (4) page 203-214. 0278-5226
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Experts dispute cancer risks of diet, pesticides. Source: Nutr-Week. Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute. October 23, 1992. volume 22 (40) page 3. 0736-0096
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Exposure to pesticides as risk factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia: pooled analysis of two Swedish case-control studies. Author(s): Department of Oncology, Orebro University Hospital, Sweden.
[email protected] Source: Hardell, L Eriksson, M Nordstrom, M Leuk-Lymphoma. 2002 May; 43(5): 1043-9 1042-8194
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Genotoxicity of an inorganic pesticide, copper sulphate in mouse in vivo test system. Source: Bhunya, S.P. Pati, P.C. Cytologia. Tokyo : Cytologia. December 1987. volume 52 (4) page 801-808. ill. 0011-4545
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Growing muscadine grapes without pesticides. Source: Rittgers, M.B. Proc-Fla-Grape-Conf. Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida A&M University, Center for Viticultural Science and Small Farm. 1991. page 191-195. 10581146
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Implications of changing patterns of linear furanocoumarins in celery with plant growth, pesticide applications, and insect feeding. Source: Trumble, J.T. Diawara, M.M. Millar, J.G. Ott, D.E. Carson, W.C. Acta-hortic. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science. December 1994. (381) page 596-599. 0567-7572
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Influence of polysaccharides on the clarification and filtration of wines under special considerations of the glucan produced by Botrytis. Uber den Einfluss von Polysacchariden auf die Klarung und Filtrierfahigkeit von Weinen unter besonderer Berucksichtigung des Botrytisglucans. Xenobiotics in foodstuffs - estimation of a daily food intake. 3. Chlororganic pesticides in selected foodstuffs, invalid diets and baby foods. Author(s): Staatliches Medizinal-, Lebensmittel- und Veterinaeruntersuchungsamt Mittelhessen, Giessen (Germany, F.R.) Source: Wucherpfennig, K. Dietrich, H. Fauth, R. Georgii, S. Brunn, H. Stojanowic, V. Muskat, E. Dtsch-Lebensm-Rundsch. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft MBH. February 1984. v. 80 (2) p. 38-44. ill. Deutsche-LebensmittelRundschau (Germany, F.R.). (1989). volume 85(12) page 385-389. 0012-0413 0012-0413
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Insecticidal and antifeedant activities of plant compounds: potential leads for novel pesticides. Source: Escoubas, P. Lajide, L. Mizutani, J. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1994. (551) page 162-171. 0097-6156
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Interactions between pesticides and components of pesticide formulations in an in vitro neurotoxicity test. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, L69 3GE, Liverpool, UK. Source: Axelrad, J C Howard, C V McLean, W G Toxicology. 2002 May 1; 173(3): 259-68 0300-483X
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International symposium on heavy metals and pesticides residues in medicinal, aromatic and spice plants. Source: Bezzi, A. Acta-Hortic. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science. Sept 1989. (249) page 121-122. 0567-7572
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Methods of assessing consumer exposure to pesticide residues. Source: Ladomery, L.G. Pesticide science and biotechnology : proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry held in Ottawa, Canada, 10-15 August, 1986 / edited by R. Greenhalgh, T.R. Roberts. Oxford [Oxfordshire] : Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1987. page 361-366. ISBN: 0632016183
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Monitoring of pesticide residues on cucumber, tomatoes and strawberries in Gaza Governorates, Palestine. Author(s): Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Agriculture, Environmental Protection and Research Institute, Gaza, Palestine.
[email protected] Source: Safi, J M Abou Foul, N S el Nahhal, Y Z el Sebae, A H Nahrung. 2002 February; 46(1): 34-9 0027-769X
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Natural pesticides. Source: Jacobson, M. Yearb-Agric. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1986. page 144-148. ill. 0084-3628
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Organochlorine pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents in the blood of chemically sensitive patients. A statistical comparison with therapeutic medication and natural hormones. Author(s): Environmental Health Center-Dallas, Texas 75231, USA.
[email protected] Source: Rea, W J Fenyves, E J Seba, D Pan, Y J-Environ-Biol. 2001 July; 22(3): 163-9 02548704
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Organophosphate-based pesticides and genetic damage implicated in bladder cancer. Author(s): School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Studies, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia.
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Source: Webster, Lucy R McKenzie, Geoff H Moriarty, Helen T Cancer-GenetCytogenet. 2002 March; 133(2): 112-7 0165-4608 •
Parents beware: too many pesticides in baby food. Source: Cox, C. J-pestic-reform. Eugene, OR : Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides. Fall 1995. volume 15 (3) page 11. 0893-357X
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Persistent pesticides in Mexico. Source: Albert, L.A. Rev-environ-contam-toxicol. New York : Springer-Verlag, 1987-. 1996. volume 147 page 1-44. 0179-5953
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Pesticide residues in Uruguayan lemon oils. Source: Dellacassa, E. Lorenzo, D. Di Bella, G. Dugo, G. J-essent-oil-res. Carol Stream, Ill. : Allured Publishing Corporation. July/August 1999. volume 11 (4) page 465-469. 10412905
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Pesticide-handling practices in agriculture in Tanzania: observational data from 27 coffee and cotton farms. Author(s): Tropical Pesticide Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania. Source: Ngowi, A V Maeda, D N Wesseling, C Partanen, T J Sanga, M P Mbise, G Int-JOccup-Environ-Health. 2001 Oct-December; 7(4): 326-32 1077-3525
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Pesticide-induced oxidative stress: perspectives and trends. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, University of Delhi, Shahdara Delhi, India.
[email protected] Source: Banerjee, B D Seth, V Ahmed, R S Rev-Environ-Health. 2001 Jan-March; 16(1): 140 0048-7554
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Pesticides and food: Public worry no. 1. Source: Lecos, Chris. FDA-Consum-Food-Drug-Adm. Washington : Food and Drug Administration. July/August 1984. volume 18 (6) page 12-15. charts.
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Pesticides for use in herbs, spices and medicinal plants. Source: Frank, J.R. Baron, J.J. Guest, R.T. Herb-Spice-Med-Plant-Dig. [Amherst, Mass.] : Massachusetts Cooperative Extension Service. Spring 1987. volume 5 (1) page 1-4, 8-13.
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Photocatalytic degradation of pesticides and bio-molecules in water. Author(s): Department of Chemistry-Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
[email protected] Source: Muszkat, L Feigelson, L Bir, L Muszkat, K A Pest-Manag-Sci. 2002 November; 58(11): 1143-8 1526-498X
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Pollution-free pesticides. Source: Jagadeesh, A. Stud-Environ-Sci. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. 1984. volume 25 page 679-682.
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Problems of pesticide regulation: health and environment versus food and fiber. Comment and discussion. Source: Willey, Z. Agriculture and the environment / Tim T. Phipps, Pierre R. Crosson, and Kent A. Price, editors. Washington, D.C. : National Center for Food and Agric Policy, Resources for the Future, c1986. page 146-154. ISBN: 0915707330
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Proposal for a method for testing resistance of clothing and gloves to penetration by pesticides. Author(s): Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection, Wierzbowa 48, 90-133 Lodz, Poland.
[email protected]
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Source: Krzeminska, S Szczecinska, K Ann-Agric-Environ-Med. 2001; 8(2): 145-50 12321966 •
Recognizing pesticide poisoning. Source: Riesselman, J. Nelson, E. Montguide-MT-Agric-Mont-State-Univ-Coop-ExtServolume Bozeman, Mont. : The Service. March 1984. (8408) 3 page
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Safe and secure: proper pesticide storage. Source: Bundschuh, S.H. Arbor-age. Cathedral City, Calif. : Gold Trade Publications. May 1994. volume 14 (5) page 38-39. 0279-0106
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Screening of higher plants reputed as pesticides using the brine shrimp lethality assay. Source: Fatope, M.O. Ibrahim, H. Takeda, Y. Int-j-pharmacogn. Lisse, Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger B.V., 1991-. October 1993. volume 31 (4) page 250-254. 0925-1618
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Sensitive detection of pesticides using amperometric sensors based on cobalt phthalocyanine-modified composite electrodes and immobilized cholinesterases. Source: Skladal, P. Mascini, M. Biosensors-Bioelectronics. Oxford : Elsevier Advanced Technololgy. 1992. volume 7 (5) page 335-343. 0956-5663
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The effects of phytochemical pesticides on the growth of cultured invertebrate and vertebrate cells. Author(s): Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Source: Salehzadeh, A Jabbar, A Jennens, L Ley, S V Annadurai, R S Adams, R Strang, R H Pest-Manag-Sci. 2002 March; 58(3): 268-76 1526-498X
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Transgenic foods, pesticides, dioxin, passive smoke. Consequences on breast milk. Author(s): Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Pediatric Department, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Cantani, A Micera, M Minerva-Pediatr. 2001 June; 53(3): 199-210 0026-4946
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US Food and Drug Administration's monitoring and surveillance programs for mycotoxins, pesticides and contaminants in food. Author(s): Division of Risk Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 200 C.S.W., Washington, D.C. 20204, USA. Source: Wood, G Lee, Y Egan, K Bolger, M J-Environ-Monit. 2001 October; 3(5): 79N-83N 1464-0325
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Vegetative survival, akinete and zoosporangium formation and germination in some selected algae as affected by nutrients, pH, metals, and pesticides. Author(s): Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India. Source: Agrawal, S C Misra, U Folia-Microbiol-(Praha). 2002; 47(5): 527-34 0015-5632
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to pesticides; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Minerals Manganese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Food and Diet Chocolate Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,179,00.html
Nutrition
Vegetarian Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND PESTICIDES Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to pesticides. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to pesticides and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to pesticides: •
An analytical method for the rapid screening of organophosphate pesticides in human biological samples and foodstuffs. Author(s): Tarbah FA, Mahler H, Temme O, Daldrup T. Source: Forensic Science International. 2001 September 15; 121(1-2): 126-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11516897&dopt=Abstract
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Application of polyphenylmethylsiloxane coated fiber for solid-phase microextraction combined with microwave-assisted extraction for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in Chinese teas. Author(s): Cai L, Xing J, Dong L, Wu C. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 October 10; 1015(1-2): 11-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14570315&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of Helicoverpa Armigera resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in northern Cameroon. Author(s): Brevault T, Asfom P, Beyo J, Nibouche S, Vaissayre M. Source: Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet. 2002; 67(3): 641-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696432&dopt=Abstract
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Bcmfs1, a novel major facilitator superfamily transporter from Botrytis cinerea, provides tolerance towards the natural toxic compounds camptothecin and cercosporin and towards fungicides. Author(s): Hayashi K, Schoonbeek HJ, De Waard MA. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2002 October; 68(10): 4996-5004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324349&dopt=Abstract
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Bifenthrin: a useful pyrethroid insecticide for treatment of mosquito nets. Author(s): Hougard JM, Zaim SD, Guillet P. Source: Journal of Medical Entomology. 2002 May; 39(3): 526-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12061451&dopt=Abstract
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Controlling the mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in broiler and turkey houses: field trials with a combined insecticide treatment: insect growth regulator and pyrethroid. Author(s): Salin C, Delettre YR, Vernon P. Source: Journal of Economic Entomology. 2003 February; 96(1): 126-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650354&dopt=Abstract
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Cytochrome P450 CYP6X1 cDNAs and mRNA expression levels in three strains of the tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae) having different susceptibilities to pyrethroid insecticide. Author(s): Zhu YC, Snodgrass GL. Source: Insect Molecular Biology. 2003 February; 12(1): 39-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542634&dopt=Abstract
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Differential up-regulation of striatal dopamine transporter and alpha-synuclein by the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. Author(s): Gillette JS, Bloomquist JR. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2003 November 1; 192(3): 287-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14575646&dopt=Abstract
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Dispersion and toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms of pesticides used to treat sea lice on salmon in net pen enclosures. Author(s): Ernst W, Jackman P, Doe K, Page F, Julien G, Mackay K, Sutherland T.
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Source: Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2001 June; 42(6): 433-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11468921&dopt=Abstract •
Dissipation and offsite movement of forestry herbicides in plants of importance to Native Americans in California National Forests. Author(s): Ando C, Segawa R, Gana C, Li L, Walters J, Sava R, Barry T, Goh KS, Lee P, Tran D, White J, Hsu J. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2003 August; 71(2): 354-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14560388&dopt=Abstract
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Do insecticide-treated bednets have an effect on malaria vectors? Author(s): Takken W. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2002 December; 7(12): 102230. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460393&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of community-wide use of insecticide-treated nets for 3-4 years on malarial morbidity in Tanzania. Author(s): Maxwell CA, Msuya E, Sudi M, Njunwa KJ, Carneiro IA, Curtis CF. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2002 December; 7(12): 10038. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460390&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of insecticide-impregnated dog collars on incidence of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iranian children: a matched-cluster randomised trial. Author(s): Gavgani AS, Hodjati MH, Mohite H, Davies CR. Source: Lancet. 2002 August 3; 360(9330): 374-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12241778&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of insecticide-treated bednets for malaria control in Southeast Anatolia-Turkey. Author(s): Alten B, Caglar SS, Simsek FM, Kaynas S. Source: J Vector Ecol. 2003 June; 28(1): 97-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831134&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of pyrethroid insecticides and estrogen on WNT10B proto-oncogene expression. Author(s): Kasat K, Go V, Pogo BG. Source: Environment International. 2002 November; 28(5): 429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437293&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of vegetal extracts as biological herbi- and pesticides for their use in Cuban agriculture. Author(s): De Cupere F, Vandebroek I, Puentes M, Torres S, Van Damme P. Source: Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet. 2001; 66(2A): 455-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12425066&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for negative cross resistance to insecticides in field collected Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) from Lebanon in laboratory bioassays. Author(s): Miles M, Lysandrou M. Source: Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet. 2002; 67(3): 665-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696435&dopt=Abstract
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Fast supercritical fluid extraction and high-resolution gas chromatography with electron-capture and flame photometric detection for multiresidue screening of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in Brazil's medicinal plants. Author(s): Zuin VG, Yariwake JH, Bicchi C. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 January 24; 985(1-2): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580482&dopt=Abstract
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Hazards of insecticides to the bumble bees Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foraging on flowering white clover in turf. Author(s): Gels JA, Held DW, Potter DA. Source: Journal of Economic Entomology. 2002 August; 95(4): 722-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216812&dopt=Abstract
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Imidacloprid insecticide metabolism: human cytochrome P450 isozymes differ in selectivity for imidazolidine oxidation versus nitroimine reduction. Author(s): Schulz-Jander DA, Casida JE. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2002 June 7; 132(1): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084621&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of fungicides on active oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exposed to ozone. Author(s): Wu YX, von TA. Source: Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987). 2002; 116(1): 37-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11808554&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of insecticide-treated materials on filaria transmission by the various species of vector mosquito in Africa. Author(s): Pedersen EM, Mukoko DA.
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Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 December; 96 Suppl 2: S915. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625922&dopt=Abstract •
Impact of soil management and two botanical insecticides on urease and invertase activity. Author(s): Antonious GF. Source: Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part. B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes. 2003 July; 38(4): 479-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12856929&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of rat liver cytochrome P450 isoenzymes CYP 1A and CYP 2B by different fungicides, nitrofurans, and quercetin. Author(s): Rahden-Staron I, Czeczot H, Szumilo M. Source: Mutation Research. 2001 November 15; 498(1-2): 57-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673071&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of the polyphenolic tannic acid on the toxicity of the insecticide deltametihrin to fish. A comparative study examining both biochemical and cytopathological parameters. Author(s): Varanka Z, Deer KA, Rojik I, Varanka I, Laszlo K, Bartok T, Nemcsok J, Abraham M. Source: Acta Biol Hung. 2002; 53(3): 351-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12371615&dopt=Abstract
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Insecticide impregnated curtains to control domestic transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela: cluster randomised trial. Author(s): Kroeger A, Avila EV, Morison L. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 October 12; 325(7368): 810-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376442&dopt=Abstract
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Insecticide mixtures for mosquito net impregnation against malaria vectors. Author(s): Corbel V, Darriet F, Chandre F, Hougard JM. Source: Parasite. 2002 September; 9(3): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375369&dopt=Abstract
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Insecticides in Chinese medicinal plants: survey leading to jacaranone, a neurotoxicant and glutathione-reactive quinol. Author(s): Xu H, Zhang N, Casida JE. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 April 23; 51(9): 2544-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696934&dopt=Abstract
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Isoprenoid biosynthesis. Metabolite profiling of peppermint oil gland secretory cells and application to herbicide target analysis. Author(s): Lange BM, Ketchum RE, Croteau RB. Source: Plant Physiology. 2001 September; 127(1): 305-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553758&dopt=Abstract
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LC/MS studies on characterization and determination of N,N'ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides in environmental water samples. Author(s): Hanada Y, Tanizaki T, Koga M, Shiraishi H, Soma M. Source: Anal Sci. 2002 April; 18(4): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999519&dopt=Abstract
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Lethal and sublethal effects of a neem-based insecticide on balsam fir sawfly (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Author(s): Li SY, Skinner AC, Rideout T, Stone DM, Crummey H, Holloway G. Source: Journal of Economic Entomology. 2003 February; 96(1): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650342&dopt=Abstract
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Low insecticide deposit rates detected during routine indoor residual spraying for malaria vector control in two districts of Gokwe, Zimbabwe. Author(s): Masendu HT, Nziramasanga N, Muchechemera C. Source: J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2002 September; 18(3): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12322942&dopt=Abstract
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Neonicotinoid insecticides: reduction and cleavage of imidacloprid nitroimine substituent by liver microsomal and cytosolic enzymes. Author(s): Schulz-Jander DA, Leimkuehler WM, Casida JE. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2002 September; 15(9): 1158-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230409&dopt=Abstract
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O-Glucosyltransferase activities toward phenolic natural products and xenobiotics in wheat and herbicide-resistant and herbicide-susceptible black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). Author(s): Brazier M, Cole DJ, Edwards R. Source: Phytochemistry. 2002 January; 59(2): 149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11809449&dopt=Abstract
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PCDD/PCDF, chlorinated pesticides and PAH in Chinese teas. Author(s): Fiedler H, Cheung CK, Wong MH. Source: Chemosphere. 2002 March; 46(9-10): 1429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002472&dopt=Abstract
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Pests, peasants, and pesticides on the Northern Nicaraguan Pacific Plain. Author(s): Aragon A, Aragon C, Thorn A. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2001 OctoberDecember; 7(4): 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11783859&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of malaria in Afghanistan through social marketing of insecticide-treated nets: evaluation of coverage and effectiveness by cross-sectional surveys and passive surveillance. Author(s): Rowland M, Webster J, Saleh P, Chandramohan D, Freeman T, Pearcy B, Durrani N, Rab A, Mohammed N. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2002 October; 7(10): 813-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358615&dopt=Abstract
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Production of herbicide-resistant transgenic Panax ginseng through the introduction of the phosphinothricin acetyl transferase gene and successful soil transfer. Author(s): Choi YE, Jeong JH, In JK, Yang DC. Source: Plant Cell Reports. 2003 February; 21(6): 563-8. Epub 2002 November 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12789431&dopt=Abstract
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Recovery of non-target plants affected by airborne herbicides. Author(s): Follak S, Hurle K. Source: Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet. 2002; 67(3): 451-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696412&dopt=Abstract
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Selective trace analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in water and soil samples based on solid-phase extraction using a molecularly imprinted polymer. Author(s): Zhu QZ, Degelmann P, Niessner R, Knopp D. Source: Environmental Science & Technology. 2002 December 15; 36(24): 5411-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521169&dopt=Abstract
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Supercritical fluid extraction for the separation of organochlorine pesticides residue in Angelica sinensis. Author(s): Zhao C, Hao G, Li H, Chen Y. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 2002 October; 16(7): 441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378554&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of phytochemical pesticides on the growth of cultured invertebrate and vertebrate cells. Author(s): Salehzadeh A, Jabbar A, Jennens L, Ley SV, Annadurai RS, Adams R, Strang RH.
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Source: Pest Management Science. 2002 March; 58(3): 268-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975173&dopt=Abstract •
The hydroxyanilide fenhexamid, a new sterol biosynthesis inhibitor fungicide efficient against the plant pathogenic fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea). Author(s): Debieu D, Bach J, Hugon M, Malosse C, Leroux P. Source: Pest Management Science. 2001 November; 57(11): 1060-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11721524&dopt=Abstract
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The relative toxicities of insecticides to earthworms of the Pheretima group (Oligochaeta). Author(s): Mostert MA, Schoeman AS, van der Merwe M. Source: Pest Management Science. 2002 May; 58(5): 446-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11997970&dopt=Abstract
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Transformation of Lotus japonicus using the herbicide resistance bar gene as a selectable marker. Author(s): Lohar DP, Schuller K, Buzas DM, Gresshoff PM, Stiller J. Source: Journal of Experimental Botany. 2001 August; 52(361): 1697-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11479335&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to pesticides; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Male Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Detoxification Therapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Detoxification Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10119,00.html Fasting Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,694,00.html
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Herbs and Supplements Astragalus Sp Alternative names: Vetch, Rattlepod, Locoweed; Astragalus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Curcuma Longa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Echinacea Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Equisetum Alternative names: Horsetail; Equisetum arvense L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Glandular Extracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glutathione Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Humulus Alternative names: Hops; Humulus lupulus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Illicium Alternative names: Star Anise; Illicium verum (Hook, F.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Kochia Alternative names: Summer Cypress, Fireweed; Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lindane Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Matricaria Alternative names: Chamomile; Matricaria chamomilla Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Neem Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Turmeric Alternative names: Curcuma longa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valeriana Alternative names: Valerian; Valeriana officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON PESTICIDES Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to pesticides. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “pesticides” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on pesticides, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Pesticides ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to pesticides. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Comparative Study of the Regulation of Pesticide Hazards in Canada and the United States by Pijawka, K. David, PhD from Clark University, 1983, 263 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8313220
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A Cytogenetic Study of the Effects of Pesticides by Wuu, K; AdvDeg from McGill University (Canada), 1966 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK00279
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A Dynamic Analysis of Production Externalities: Pesticide Resistance in California Cotton by Archibald, Sandra Orr, PhD from University of California, Davis, 1984, 341 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8501734
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A Hedonic Analysis of Herbicides: Does Safety Matter (Pesticides) by Beach, Elsworth Douglas, PhD from North Carolina State University, 1990, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9121961
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Accumulation and Biomagnification of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Foodchain in West Africa Region: Case of Senegal and Dakar (French Text) by Manirakiza, Philemon; PhD from Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen (Belgium), 2002, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090313
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An Analysis of Advertising: Human Welfare and Import Trends in Less-developed Countries (Pesticides) by Merrill, Lynn Walter, DBA from Louisiana Tech University, 1996, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9627283
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An Analysis of the Illinois Commercial and Public Pesticide Applicator and Operator Certification Training Program by Pearson, Stephen Lloyd, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1987, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8711850
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An Assessment of the Potential for Pesticide Exposure and Effects on the Rio Grande Leopard Frog (Rana Berlandieri) by Parker, Melissa L.; PhD from Texas A&M University, 2002, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060869
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An Econometric Analysis of the Citrus Industry and Estimated Impacts of Withdrawing Selected Pesticides by Chang, Hao Chun, PhD from Texas A&M University, 1981, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8118248
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An Econometric Analysis of the Mexican Import Demand for U.S. Pesticide (United States) by Saremi, Mahnaz, PhD from Oregon State University, 1984, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8501003
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An Economic Analysis of Farm Level Impacts of Pesticide Use Regulations (Aldicarb, Potatoes, Linear Programming; Wisconsin) by Rola, Agnes Casiple, PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1985, 243 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8507267
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An Economic Analysis of Mosquito Abatement in California and the Chemical Industry's Investment in Narrow-spectrum Pesticides by Sarhan, Mohamed Eldemerdash Said, PhD from University of California, Davis, 1976, 351 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7621002
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An Economic Evaluation of Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Use in San Joaquin Valley Cotton (California) by Hurd, Brian Herschell, PhD from University of California, Davis, 1992, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9225427
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An Estimate of the Benefits Derived from the Use of Commercial Fertilizer and Pesticides in Agriculture by Shatava, James Walter, PhD from University of Minnesota, 1973, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7410586
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An Impact Assessment Model of Limiting Pesticides in Agriculture by Kania, John Joseph, PhD from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1980, 48 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8109984
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Analysis, Sorption, and Degradation of Pesticides in Norwegian Soils by Thorstensen, Christian Walter; Drscient from Norges Landbrukshogskole (Norway), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f472609
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Bifunctional Fusion Proteins for the Detoxification and Monitoring of Organophosphate Pesticides: Surface Expression and Environmentally Triggered
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Purification/immobilization by Shimazu, Mark Koichi; PhD from University of California, Riverside, 2003, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079180 •
Challenges and Opportunities: Pesticides, Regulation and Innovation by Yarkin, Cherisa June, PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 1998, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9923116
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Comparison of Two Methods for Estimating Pesticide Volatilization from Turf, Characterizing a Pulsed Limestone Bed Reactor to Treat High Acidity Water, and Thermal Analysis Model of Zero Water Exchange Indoor Shrimp Farming Systems by Lee, Po-ching; PhD from Cornell University, 2003, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086996
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Culture, Health and Environment: a Multidisciplinary Evaluation of Communities Exposed to Pesticides in the Constanza Region, Dominican Republic by Melendez, Carlalynne Christina; PhD from State University of New York at Binghamton, 2002, 341 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074486
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Degradation of Nitroaromatic Herbicides in Wetland Sediments by Klupinski, Theodore Paul; PhD from The Ohio State University, 2002, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049053
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Development of Enhanced Analytical Methodology in Pesticide Chemistry by Pihlstrom, Tuija; PhD from Uppsala Universitet (Sweden), 2003, 41 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f60785
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Direct and Indirect Effects of an Insecticide on Rana Sphenocephala Tadpoles by Mills, Nathan Edward; PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2002, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052201
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Disruption of Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis by Pesticides and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals by Fox, Jennifer Eileen; PhD from Tulane University, 2002, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069245
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Ecological Effects of Pesticide in Freshwater Model Ecosystems by Wendt-Rasch, Lina; PhD from Lunds Universitet (Sweden), 2003, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f182545
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Economic Externalities in the Agricultural Use of Pesticides and an Evaluation of Alternative Policies by Edwards, William Franklin, PhD from University of Florida, 1969, 223 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7014873
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Economics of Screening for the Detection of Pesticides in Groundwater (pesticide Screening) by Natarajan, Usha, PhD from The University of Iowa, 1992, 256 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9235892
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Electron-donor-acceptor Complex Formation in the Analysis of Pesticides by MacNeil, James D; PhD from Dalhousie University (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13162
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Endocrine and Immune Function in Songbirds Exposed to P,p'-dde and Current-use Pesticides in Apple Orchards by Mayne, Gregory John Patrick; MSC from University of Guelph (Canada), 2003, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76096
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Environmental Controversies, News Media, and the State: the Case of Synthetic Organic Pesticides in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s by Gunter, Valerie Jan, PhD from Michigan State University, 1994, 252 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9512060
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Epidemiologic Analysis of the Association of Pesticide Use and Occurrence of Pediatric Cancers (all Sites) Using 1996--1998 Cancer Registry Data by Carithers, Teresa Carr; PhD from The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2003, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091785
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Ethnobotany of the K'ekchi' Maya of Southern Belize and a Search for Novel Pesticide Models by Bruck, Isaac Samuel; PhD from North Carolina State University, 2002, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085384
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Evaluating Space Use and Pesticide Exposure Risk for Burrowing Owls in an Agricultural Environment by Gervais, Jennifer A.; PhD from Oregon State University, 2002, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056551
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Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Lay Health Advisors and Professional Health Care Providers in Teaching North Carolina Migrant Farmworkers about Pesticide Poisoning Prevention by Miles, Karen Kay, PhD from Temple University, 1988, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8818822
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Factors That Influence Utilization of Pesticides by Selected Vegetable Producers in Tennessee by Hunter, Thomas Kenneth, PhD from The University of Tennessee, 1968, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6901244
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Fate and Distribution of Current-use Pesticides in the Albemarle-pamlico Estuarine System of North Carolina by McCarthy, Annette Marie; PhD from North Carolina State University, 2002, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081728
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Growing Green: Changing Paradigms in America's Pesticide Use (farming) by Wells, Edward Robert, PhD from Bowling Green State University, 1991, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9210469
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Health Impact of Exposure to Pesticides in Agriculture in Tanzania by Ngowi, Aiwerasia Vera; PhD from Tampereen Yliopisto (Finland), 2002, 70 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f840577
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Herbicides and Nitrates in Groundwater of Maryland and Childhood Cancers: a Geographic Information Systems Approach by Thorpe, Nancy Mae; PhD from University of Maryland College Park, 2002, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078208
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Indicators of Pesticide Illiteracy among Trinidad's Small-scale Farmers by PhillipsFlanagan, Brenda Anita, PhD from The University of Michigan, 1986, 219 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8612600
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Investigation of Pre- and Post-rainfall Pesticide and Herbicide Contamination for the Standing Pine Watershed Surface Waterways in Mississippi by McQuirter, Jill Marie; MS from Mississippi State University, 2002, 80 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408318
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Metal Ion-Facilitated Reduction of Oxime Carbamate Pesticides: Influence of Metal Ion Speciation by Strathmann, Timothy James; PhD from The Johns Hopkins University, 2002, 287 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3028337
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Mexican and Canadian Imports of United States Pesticides: an Economic Analysis by Yang, Hae-young, PhD from North Carolina State University, 1994, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9516497
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Modeling Corn Producer Demand for Herbicides: Implications for Pesticide Reduction Policies by Rudstrom, Margaretha Veronica, PhD from Purdue University, 1994, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9523433
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Multimethod Analysis of the Federal Pesticide Policy (Federal Policy, Imported Foods) by Robinson, Nancy Joy, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1992, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9236581
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Optimal Management of Renewable Resources: a Dynamic Model of Surface Water Contamination from Pesticide Use in Rice Production in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam by Dang, Phuong Minh; PhD from University of Hawaii, 2002, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070695
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Optimal Regulation of Agricultural Pesticides: a Case Study of Chlordimeform in the Imperial Valley (California) by Harper, Carolyn Ruth, PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 1987, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8726231
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Option Value and the Timing of Environmental Policy: an Application to Pesticides, Pollutants, and Forestry by Saphores, Jean-Daniel Maurice, PhD from Cornell University, 1997, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9714941
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Part 1. A Comparison of Enantioselective Uptake and Degradation of Chiral Pesticides Through Biotic and Abiotic Processes in the Aquatic Environment and Part 2. Development of a Soybean Oil Based Epoxy Resin System and Its Application in Composite Materia by Maples, Michael Fred; PhD from University of Missouri - Rolla, 2003, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090106
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Pesticide Accumulation Patterns for Child-accessible Surfaces and Objects and Urinary Metabolite Excretion by Children for Two Weeks after a Professional Crack and Crevice Application by Hore, Paromita; PhD from Rutgers the State U. of N.J. New Brunswick and U.M.D.N.J., 2003, 498 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3093016
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Pesticide Availability for United States Food Crops: Understanding Market and Safety Forces in Product Entry, Maintenance, and Withdrawal Decisions by Courbois, Claude-Bertrand; PhD from North Carolina State University, 2000, 266 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3033644
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Pesticide Drift and the Hazards of Place in San Joaquin County, California by Tiefenbacher, John Paul, PhD from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1992, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9321330
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Pesticide Productivity Estimation Bias Due to Unobserved Variables by Norwood, Franklin Bailey; PhD from North Carolina State University, 2002, 237 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3048926
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Pesticide Regulatory Actions and the Development of Pest Resistance: A Dynamic Bioeconomic Model by Kazmierczak, Richard Francis, Jr., PhD from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1991, 451 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9200420
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Pesticides and Iowa Farm Women: Knowledge Levels, Information Sources and Educational Needs by Anstey, Barbara Eleanor, PhD from The University of Iowa, 1983, 209 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8327356
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Pesticides and Toxicology: Episodes in the Evolution of Environmental Risk Assessment (1937--1997) by Davis, Frederick Rowe; PhD from Yale University, 2001, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3030751
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Political Change and Policy Transformation: the Case of Federal Pesticides Regulation (congreSs, Interest Groups) by Bosso, Christopher John, PhD from University of Pittsburgh, 1985, 460 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8617142
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Pollen Traps As a Beekeeping Integrated Pest Management Tool: Their Use in IPM for Varroa Mite Control and for Reducing the Impact of Microencapsulated Pesticides on Honey Bee Colonies (Varroa Destructor, Apis Mellifera) by Rubinstein, Joshua Michael; Ms from North Carolina State University, 2002, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412683
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Preparing Cooperative Extension Educators for Meeting the Agricultural Pesticide Safety Training Needs of Mexican Farm Workers by Steel, Joel Samuel, Jr., Edd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1994, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9532027
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Proximate and Long-term Effects of Agricultural Pesticide Runoff on Native Fish (California) by Whitehead, J. Andrew; PhD from University of California, Davis, 2003, 102 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082575
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Regulation of Agriculture Pesticides: a Sustainability Case Study in the Fraser Valley Berry Industry (British Columbia) by Ng, Tin Lok; Ma from Royal Roads University (Canada), 2002, 72 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ71390
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Rent-Seeking in Pesticide Policy by Wise, Sherry Jo, PhD from Iowa State University, 1991, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9202409
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Reproduction and Development in Daphnia: the Role of Hormones, Pesticides and Detoxification by Kashian, Donna Rebecca; PhD from The University of Wisconsin Madison, 2002, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049341
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Rice Yields, Production Variability, and the War against Pests: An Empirical Investigation of Pesticides, Host-Plant Resistance, and Varietal Diversity in Eastern China by Widawsky, David Alan, PhD from Stanford University, 1996, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9630412
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Small Farmer Resource Management: a Case of Pesticide Use in Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil by Perritt, Richard Warren, PhD from Clark University, 1988, 281 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8818691
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Social and Psychological Variables Related to Farmer Behavior in the Use of Pesticides by Lingren, Herbert George, PhD from Iowa State University, 1967, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6712977
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The Analysis of Carbamate and Urea Pesticides by Fluorigenic Labelling and ThinLayer Chromatography by Lawrence, James Frederick; PhD from Dalhousie University (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13147
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The Attitudes of Farmers toward Pesticides As a Social Problem by Holscher, Louis Martin, PhD from Washington State University, 1975, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7600309
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The Demand for Pesticides and the Adoption of Integrated Pest Management by Burrows, Thomas Michael, PhD from University of California, Riverside, 1981, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8122897
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The Economics of Pesticides and Breast Cancer by Varghese, Beena, PhD from The University of Memphis, 1997, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9807182
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The Effectiveness of Fear Appeals As a Measure of Persuasion in the Acceptance of Pesticide Protective Garments by Carlson, Shally Lynne, PhD from The University of Tennessee, 1982, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8303675
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The Effects of Consumer Demand on Pesticide Regulation in the Market for Apples by Brown, Timothy Howell, PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 1991, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9228584
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The Effects of Selected Pesticides and Their Degradation Products on Microorganisms and Daphnia Magna by Stratton, Glenn Wayne; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK48846
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The Export of Pesticides to Developing Nations: Implications for the Structure of International Interaction by Newby, Maureen Ellen, PhD from University of Oregon, 1991, 223 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9137366
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The Federal Regulation of Pesticides by Guerin, Charles Leo, PhD from University of Massachusetts, 1983, 489 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8317469
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The Impact of Environmental Policies on a Developing Economy: an Application to Indonesia (air Pollutants, Pesticides) by Resosudarmo, Budy Prasetyo, PhD from Cornell University, 1996, 286 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9628418
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The Inhibition of Beef Liver Carboxylesterases by Organophosphorus Pesticides by Villeneuve, David Camille; AdvDeg from McGill University (Canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03987
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The Politics of Pesticides: Corporate Power and Popular Struggle over the Regulatory Process by Murray, Douglas Lynn, PhD from University of California, Santa Cruz, 1983, 292 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8512588
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The Preventive and Incidental Demands for Pesticides: an Economic Analysis of the Demand for Herbicides and Insecticides Used by Selected Corn Producers in Minnesota by Huh, Shin Haeng, PhD from University of Minnesota, 1978, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7823923
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The Rule-Making Process and Pesticide Regulation at the Environmental Protection Agency: an Empirical Analysis by Soares, Maria Manuela Ducla, PhD from University of Maryland College Park, 1993, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9407693
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The Use of Neural Cell Aggregate Cultures of the Rat Brain in Toxicological Studies with Pesticides by Segal, Lawrence Mark; PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL38121
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Use of a National-interregional Linear Programming Model Incorporating Flexibility Penalties and Constraints to Assess the Economic Impacts Associated with Restrictions in the Use of Pesticides: Chlordane and Heptachlor by Arnold, Fred Taylor, PhD from University of Maryland College Park, 1978, 292 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8008238
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Use of Geographic Information Systems for Assessing Groundwater Pollution Potential by Pesticides in Central Thailand by Thapinta, Anat; PhD from University of North Texas, 2002, 228 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065725
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND PESTICIDES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning pesticides.
Recent Trials on Pesticides The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to pesticides.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Parkinson's Diseases Susceptibility Genes and Pesticides Condition(s): Parkinson's Disease Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Purpose - Excerpt: Parkinson's disease (PD) occurrence is higher in rural than in urban populations of industrialized countries. Epidemiologic and human tissue studies suggest that pesticides may be responsible for causing dopaminergic cell death at increased rates. While many pathophysiologic pathways may be involved in the neurodegeneration responsible for PD, genetic factors are likely to determine a general susceptibility to neurodegeneration. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00044590
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Pesticide Exposure Pathways for Farmworker Children Condition(s): Poisoning Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
Health
Sciences
(NIEHS);
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Purpose - Excerpt: This project is aimed at better understanding how children living in agricultural environments are exposed to pesticides, and how such exposures can be prevented or reduced. The current project will characterize pesticide exposure pathways for children of farmworkers. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): Richard A Fenske, PhD, MPH 206-543-0916
[email protected]; Kai Elgethun, MPH 206-685-6728
[email protected] Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00013754 •
Pesticides, industrial chemicals and semen quality Condition(s): Infertility Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Purpose - Excerpt: We are conducting an epidemiologic study to investigate the relationship between exposure to pesticides and industrial chemicals and semen quality. We are collecting blood and semen samples in several hundred men to investigate whether these chemicals adversely effect semen quality. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00011713
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Reducing Pesticide Exposure in Minority Families Condition(s): Disorders of Environmental Origin Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Purpose - Excerpt: This is a community-based participatory research program focusing on pesticide contamination in migrant farmworker families. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00014807
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Organophosphate Pesticides and Human Reproductive Health Condition(s): Fecundability; Spermatazoa Disorders; Menstruation Disorders; Endocrine Dysfunction Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Purpose - Excerpt: This prospective cohort study assesses the effects of exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides on adverse reproductive outcomes in both male and female agricultural workers in China. We will enroll women and their spouses, who are attempting to become pregnant, and observe reproductive endpoints including (1) semen parameters (concentration, total count, motility, progression and morphology), (2) menstrual disorders (oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, polymenorrhea, intermenstrual bleeding, prolonged menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and irregular menstruation);
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(3) alterations in hormone patterns including reduced estrogen excretion (REE), anovulation, abnormal luteal phase (ALP), and abnormal follicular phase (AFP) in women and abnormalities of LH, FSH, TSH, SHBG, inhibin-B and testosterone in men; (4) fecundability; and (5) pregnancy outcomes including spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth retardation. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00046124
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “pesticides” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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•
For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON PESTICIDES Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “pesticides” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on pesticides, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Pesticides By performing a patent search focusing on pesticides, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on pesticides: •
Acylaminosalicylic acid amides and their uses as pesticides Inventor(s): Dutzmann; Stefan (Langenfeld, DE), Hanssler; Gerd (Leverkusen, DE), Naumann; Klaus (Leverkusen, DE), Seitz; Thomas (Langenfeld, DE), Stenzel; Klaus (Dusseldorf, DE), Tiemann; Ralf (Leverkusen, DE) Assignee(s): Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE) Patent Number: 6,548,549 Date filed: September 21, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to known and to new acylaminosalicylamides, to a plurality of processes for their preparation and to their use as pesticides. The present application furthermore relates to new intermediates, to a plurality of processes for their preparation and to their use as pesticides. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to known and to new acylaminosalicylamides, to a plurality of processes for their preparation and to their use as pesticides. The present application furthermore relates to novel intermediates, to a plurality of processes for their preparation and to their use as pesticides. Certain acylaminosalicylamides, such as, for example, the compounds 3-formamido-salicylanilide and 3-(formylamino)-2hydroxy-N-(phenylmethyl)-benzamide, have already been disclosed (compare, for example, B. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1993), 1143(3), 262-8, J. Med. Chem. (1990), 33(1), 136-42 or J. Biol. Chem. (1971), 246(23), 7125-30). However, an activity against pests has not been described to date of these prior-art compounds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06548549__
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Antibodies that specifically bind a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin receptor Inventor(s): Bulla; Lee A. (Dallas, TX) Assignee(s): The University of Wyoming (Laramie, WY) Patent Number: 6,613,886 Date filed: December 10, 1999 Abstract: The cDNA that encodes a glycoprotein receptor from the tobacco hornworm which binds a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin has been obtained and sequenced. The availability of this cDNA permits the retrieval of DNAs encoding homologous receptors in other insects and organisms as well as the design of assays for the cytotoxicity and binding affinity of potential pesticides and the development of methods to manipulate natural and/or introduced homologous receptors and, thus, to destroy target cells, tissues and/or organisms. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to receptors that bind toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and thus to pesticides and pest resistance. More particularly, the invention concerns recombinantly produced receptors that bind BT toxin and to their use in assays for improved pesticides, as well as in mediation of cell and tissue destruction, dissociation, dispersion, cell-to-cell association, and changes in morphology. It has long been recognized that the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) produces bactericidal proteins that are toxic to a limited range of insects, mostly in the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera
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and Diptera. Advantage has been taken of these toxins in controlling pests, mostly by applying bacteria to plants or transforming plants themselves so that they generate the toxins by virtue of their transgenic character. The toxins themselves are glycoprotein products of the cry gene as described by Hofte, H. et al. Microbiol Rev (1989) 53:242. It has been established that the toxins function in the brush border of the insect midgut epithelial cells as described by Gill, S. S. et al. Annu Rev Entomol (1992) 37:615. Specific binding of BT toxins to midgut brush border membrane vesicles has been reported by Hofmann, C. et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1988) 85:7844; Van Rie, J. et al. Eur J Biochem (1989) 186:239; and Van Rie, J. et al. Appl Environ Microbiol (1990) 56:1378. Presumably, the toxins generated by BT exert their effects by some kind of interaction with receptors in the midgut. The purification of a particular receptor from Manduca sexta was reported by the present inventors in an article by Vadlamudi, R. K. et al. J Biol Chem (1993) 268:12334. In this report, the receptor protein was isolated by immunoprecipitating toxin-binding protein complexes with toxin-specific antisera and separating the complexes by SDS-PAGE followed by electroelution. However, to date, there has been no structural information concerning any insect receptor which binds BT toxin, nor have, to applicants' knowledge, any genes encoding these receptors been recovered. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06613886__ •
Apparatus for application of liquid used in agriculture, horticulture and forestry, use of such an apparatus, and a method of its manufacturing Inventor(s): Alness; Kenneth (Knivsta, SE), Andersson; Sven (Knivsta, SE), Bengtsson; Per (Monsteras, SE), Bergman; Sven (Uppsala, SE), Enfalt; Patrik (Uppsala, SE), Engqvist; Anders (Uppsala, SE), Engstrom; Niclas (Enkoping, SE), Larsson; Torvald (Kungsor, SE), Westberg; Carl (Lanna, SE), Wretblad; Per (Uppsala, SE) Assignee(s): Acanova AB (Uppsala, SE) Patent Number: 6,607,146 Date filed: December 11, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus to be mounted on an agricultural sprayer with the purpose of decreasing the drift and improving the deposition, penetration and uniformity of distribution when applying liquids, such as pesticides and liquid plant nutrients, the use of the apparatus and a method of manufacturing a movable part in one piece. The apparatus comprises a movable part (A) on which a sheet (B) and a sprayer (C) are mounted, which movable part (A) is mounted on a boom (D), and is characterized in that the movable part (A) is manufactured in one piece of an elastic material and is stiffened and weakened in sections and in mounting and use has the shape of a parallelogram. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus designed to be mounted on an agricultural sprayer with the purpose of decreasing the drift and improving the deposition, penetration and uniformity of distribution when applying liquids such as pesticides and liquid plant nutrients used in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Reduce environmental impact: Decreasing the environmental pressure exerted by the chemicals requires reduced doses and decreased drift and leach. To make it possible to reduce the doses without forgoing the final result an efficient application method is required which ensures optimal chemical deposition onto the spray target. Reduce costs: The modern application method required for better utilization of the chemicals must
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also be as cheap as possible for the decreased usage to result in reduced overall costs. This is a prerequisite of the method to result in common use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06607146__ •
Apparatus for applying liquid fertilizers and pesticides using a dual stage variable rate distribution manifold Inventor(s): Swanson; Guy J (Spokane, WA) Assignee(s): Exactrix Global Systems (Spokane, WA) Patent Number: 6,622,939 Date filed: July 26, 2001 Abstract: An improved liquid fertilizer distribution manifold operating in two stages. An accumulator piston located above the primary and secondary ports provides for two stages of flow. A broad range of regulated flow for site-specific farming results in precise, accurate and timely application of liquid fertilizer and pesticides. An elevated piston seal flange in the manifold allows flow to be exact with plugged or partially plugged primary orifices. Manifolds are produced in single tier and double tier arrangements to improve efficiency. The same manifold can be applied to NH3 pressure increasing systems. NH3 pressure decreasing systems and liquid fertilizer and pesticide systems. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improvements in the precise application of liquid fertilizers and pesticides on agricultural fields at very low flow rates and at normal flow rates. Site specific, variable rate application is improved. The present dual stage manifold invention is an improvement over the type of single stage NH3 accumulator manifold shown in my pending patent, Ser. No. 09/173,442 filed Oct. 14,1998. This new invention is effective with all types of liquid fertilizers including NH3 and pesticides. Approximately 85% of the NH3 is consumed in the Midwestern cornbelt at 4,000,000 tons annually. The Pacific states consume about 220,000 tons annually. Nitrogen based liquid fertilizers have recently come under tough scrutiny by the EPA. Nitrate levels in rivers and streams can be traced to over application and misuse of the nitrogen input (See USGS, National Water Quality Assessment Program). Drinking water in Midwestern states is severely contaminated with nitrate levels up to 25 times above the national recommended maximum level. Some states such as Iowa have been quite active in reducing the applied rates of nitrogen fertilizer to improve the environment and provide better economic returns for farmers (See the enclosed documents, Environmental Working Group, Pouring It On, Solving the Nitrate Problem. February 1996). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06622939__
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Aqueous suspension of nanoparticles comprising an agrochemical active ingredient Inventor(s): Coret; Joel (9, Sundew Way, Robbinsville, NJ 08691), Crooks; Regan (32 Powell Ct., Hightstown, NJ 08520), Joanicot; Mathieu (505 Bergen St., Lawrenceville, NJ 08648), Prud'Homme; Robert K. (31 West Long Dr., Lawrenceville, NJ 08648) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,638,994 Date filed: March 29, 2002 Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an aqueous suspension of particles, said particles comprising an organic active ingredient. A controlled release of the ingredient occurs. The invention is especially suitable for the controlled release of organic agrochemical active ingredients useful in crop sciences, such as pesticides. Controlled release of an active organic ingredient is of interest in many fields. Depending on the ingredient to be released and its use, different issues may be addressed. Some uses require the ingredient to be released slowly at low concentration. Some uses require the ingredient to be released slowly, or quickly, at high concentrations. Using a liquid carrier for releasing an active ingredient is of great interest in many fields. The ingredient to be released may be easily spread onto a surface, for example by spraying, injected into a body to be treated, or added into a formulation. For example, spreading emulsions of an organic ingredient in water is known. Spreading or injecting a suspension of particles comprising an active ingredient is also known. The size of an emulsion or of particles may be of great importance to control the exchange of an active ingredient with the object it is supposed to interact with. Usually, the higher the surface area to volume is, the more efficient the carrier is. Controlling the size may also avoid a spreading device such as a nozzle to clog on spraying. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638994__
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Artificial pine needle Inventor(s): Carvin; David (115 Hunters Glen, Thomasville, GA 31792) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,615,536 Date filed: March 23, 2001 Abstract: An artificial pine needle used as a synthetic ground cover comprised of an extruded monofilament strand having a substantially C-shaped cross section. The artificial pine needle consists of a blend of polyolefin resin material, such as biodegradable recycled polypropylene, and additive for imparting proper color, luster, and effective resistance to ultraviolet radiation. Additional concentrates may be added for imparting scents such as pine or citronella, and coatings on the inward surface of the artificial needle may be applied to provide a means for delivering fertilizers or pesticides. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to artificial ground coverings and, more particularly, to an artificial pine needle for use as a ground cover. Pine needles are used in gardening and landscape design and maintenance as a ground cover to protect vegetation from the elements, suppress weed growth, provide moisture retention, and provide an evaporation barrier. Further, pine needles are valued for their fresh reddishbrown or yellowish-brown colors during the spring and fall. However, the use of pine
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needles is limited in availability because of the geography where pine trees providing such pine needles grow and the costs of transporting pine needles. In addition to the pure economics of using of natural pine needles, other factors influence the desirability of natural pine needles. Foremost, natural pine needles deteriorate rapidly as a result of aging, ultraviolet exposure, and weather. Within 60 to 90 days, natural pine straw begins to lose its color and appearance of freshness and becomes drab and unattractive. With the loss of color, natural pine needles also lose their natural fragrance that is so pleasing. Further, as the straw ages and becomes mildewed and rotten it becomes more difficult to fluff the straw and clean out any leaves and twigs. Alas, natural pine straw must be replaced frequently, every few months, to maintain its fresh appearance and odor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06615536__ •
Bioreactive allosteric polynucleotides Inventor(s): Breaker; Ronald R. (Guilford, CT) Assignee(s): Yale University (New Haven, CT) Patent Number: 6,630,306 Date filed: May 4, 2001 Abstract: Polynucleotides having allosteric properties that modify a function or configuration of the polynucleotide with a chemical effector and/or physical signal are employed primarily as biosensors and/or enzymes for diagostic and catalytic purposes. In some preferred embodiments, the polynucleotides are DNA enzymes that are used in solution/suspension or attached to a solid support as biosensors to detect the presence or absence of a compound, its concentration, or physical change in a sample by observation of self-catalysis. Chemical effectors include organic compounds such as amino acids, amino acid derivatives, peptides, nucleosides, nucleotides, steroids, and mixtures of these with each other and with metal ions, cellular metabolites or blood components obtained from biological samples, steroids, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, herbicides, food toxins, and the like. Physical signals include radiation, temperature changes, and combinations thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates primarily to functional DNA polynucleotides that exhibit allosteric properties, and to catalytic RNA and DNA polynucleotides that have catalytic properties with rates that can be controlled by a chemical effector, a physical signal, or combinations thereof. Bioreactive allosteric polynucleotides of the invention are useful in a variety of applications, particularly as biosensors. Biosensors are widely used in medicine, veterinary medicine, industry, and environmental science, especially for diagnostic purposes. Biosensors are typically composed of a biological compound (sensor material) that is coupled to a transducer, in order to produce a quantitative readout of the agent or conditions under analysis. Usually, the biological component of the biosensor is a macromolecule, often subject to a conformational change upon recognition and binding of its corresponding ligand. In nature, this effect may immediately initiate a signal process (e.g., ion channel function in nerve cells). Included in the group of `affinity sensors` are lectins, antibodies, receptors, and oligonucleotides. In biosensors, ligand binding to the affinity sensor is detected by optoelectronic devices, potentiometric electrodes, field effect transistors (FETs), or the like. Alternatively, the specificity and catalytic power of proteins have been harnessed to create biosensors that operate via enzyme function. Likewise, proteins have been used as immobilized catalysts for various industrial applications. The catalytic activity of purified enzymes or
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even whole organelles, microorganisms or tissues can be monitored by potentiometric or amperometric electrodes, FETs, or thermistors. The majority of biosensors that are commercially available are based on enzymes, of which the oxidoreductases and lyases are of great interest. It is nearly exclusively the reactants of the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes for which transducers are available. These transducers include potentiometric electrodes, FETs, pH- and O.sub.2 -sensitive probes, and amperometric electrodes for H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and redox mediators. For example, the oxidoreductases, a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of redox equivalents, can be monitored by detectors that are sensitive to H.sub.2 O.sub.2 or O.sub.2 concentrations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06630306__ •
Catalysts for destruction of organophosphonate compounds Inventor(s): Freihaut; James D. (South Windsor, CT), Satyapal; Sunita (East Hampton, CT) Assignee(s): Carrier Corporation (Farmington, CT) Patent Number: 6,596,915 Date filed: September 20, 2000 Abstract: Volatile organic compounds, for example organophosphonate compounds including chemical warfare agents, pesticides, and solvents, are decomposed by contacting the compounds with either a manganese oxide catalyst in the presence of visible light or a catalyst material selected from the group consisting of vanadium, vanadium oxide, manganese oxide and mixtures thereof deposited upon a catalyst support that is heated to at least 300.degree. C. The catalyst material may be regenerated by a process selected from the washing with water, washing with a solvent, heating, exposing to light, purging with oxygen, purging with a reactive gas, exposing to microwave radiation, and combinations thereof. The catalyst composition may be used as an air filter in a vehicle, a building or a personnel protection device, such as a gas mask. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compositions effective for destroying hazardous compounds and, more particularly, to compositions effective to catalyzing the oxidation of organophosphorus compounds, including chemical warfare agents, pesticides and solvents. Numerous catalysts have been studied over the years for the decomposition of hazardous compounds. However, one of the difficulties in the practical application of a catalyst is the fact that the catalyst may degrade or become poisoned over time. In several cases, a reaction product causes poisoning of the catalyst due to strong adsorption on the catalyst surface, and further reaction is impeded. Specifically, organophosphonate-type compounds, such as chemical warfare agents and pesticides, are known to cause catalyst poisoning because phosphorus species tend to bind strongly to catalytically active sites. Various patents disclose methods for the destruction of hazardous wastes, toxic compounds and chemical warfare agents. U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,738 discloses the plasma arc decomposition of hazardous wastes into vitrified solids and non-hazardous gasses. U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,799 describes the chemical destruction of toxic organic compounds by means of an oxidizing reaction between, for example a chlorine-containing or arsenic-containing compound, and an oxidizing agent, for example hydrogen peroxide at a temperature of 50-90.degree. C., and at specific pHs. U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,089 discloses a chemical warfare agent decontaminant solution using quaternary ammonium complexes. WO Patent 9718858 describes a method and
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apparatus for destroying chemical warfare agents based on reaction with a nitrogenous base containing solvated electrons. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596915__ •
Cellulose insulation with pest control protection Inventor(s): Elliot, Jr.; John D. (Charlotte, NC), Turk; William N. (Homer, GA) Assignee(s): Cellulose Technologies Group, Inc. (Charlotte, NC) Patent Number: 6,578,782 Date filed: August 20, 2001 Abstract: A pest control insulation building material from recycled waste paper including one or more chemical additives. The base material is fiberized, and the chemical additives may include: pesticides, disease immune additives (medicines), ammonia dust inhibitors, fire retardants, stabilizers or other additives, depending on the characteristics desired of the final product. At least one of the additives is applied as a liquid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method and system for recycling paper products and other recyclable cellulosic materials, and more specifically to a method and system for producing stabilized pest control insulation from waste paper products such as old newsprint, by shredding and fiberizing the waste paper stock and then treating the fiberized paper with additives which may include: pesticides such as boric acid, dust inhibitors, fire retardants and other materials, depending upon the specific application and desired characteristics of the final EPA Registerable Pest Control product. Discarded paper products make up approximately thirty-eight percent of the total waste stream. With available landfill space decreasing, recycling of paper products has become necessary. It has been found that a variety of useful products may be manufactured from recycled paper products. This has the dual benefit of reducing the volume of waste, which must be landfilled, and enabling the production of a variety of useful materials at a relatively low raw material cost. Paper waste, such as old newsprint, can be recycled by known recycling techniques to produce a variety of products, including building insulation, animal bedding, soil amendment mulch, spill absorbents, boiler fuel pellets and packaging materials. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06578782__
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Chemically synthesized sugar esters for the control of soft-bodied arthropods Inventor(s): Chortyk; Orestes T. (Athens, GA) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,605,598 Date filed: April 7, 1997 Abstract: The invention relates to an improved process for the synthesis and application of sugar esters, that are useful as effective, environmentally-safe pesticides for the control of soft-bodied arthropod pests.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel, synthesized, biologically active sugar esters, a method for making them, and to their use as effective, environmentally safe pesticides. In addition, a pesticide composition and a method of using the composition are disclosed. The novel compounds are capable of controlling arthropod plant pests such as greenhouse whiteflies, sweetpotato whiteflies, aphids and mites. The compounds can be applied as a dispersion in water. Arthropod plant pests cause extensive and severe damage to major agricultural commodities, both in the field and in the greenhouse environment. In addition to feeding damage, many of these insects also transmit viral diseases. Insects such as whiteflies and aphids deposit their excrement or "honeydew" on leaves, thus providing a favorable environment for the production of fungi such as sooty mold, which reduces photosynthetic activity and crop quality. Infestations by the new B strain of the sweetpotato whitefly have proven particularly devastating to growers from Florida to California and as far north as New York and Ohio. The insect has a wide host range, which includes over 500 species of plants. Two dissimilar species, the greenhouse whitefly and sweetpotato whitefly, alone have caused economically significant damage to poinsettia, hibiscus, tomato, crossandra and other plants in a greenhouse environment. The greenhouse whitefly, native to North America, is now world wide in distribution and is resistant to most synthetic pesticides. The sweetpotato whitefly, not limited to the greenhouse environment, is particularly difficult to control on low crops, because it develops on the lower leaf surface that is difficult to adequately cover with pesticides. It also has the ability to change host plant and to acquire resistance to chemical pesticides. The recent rapid spread of strain B of this whitefly has caused significant economic losses to growers of cotton, melons, squash, sugar beets, lettuce, carrots, tomatoes, peanuts, alfalfa, and ornamental plants. In addition, it is a vector for more than 70 diseases including 25 viruses. Following serious whitefly infestations, several agricultural regions have been subjected to viral diseases such as pepper necrosis and yellowing of lettuce. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06605598__ •
Coated particles, methods of making and using Inventor(s): Anderson; David (Colonial Heights, VA) Assignee(s): Lyotropic Therapeutics, Inc. (Ashland, VA) Patent Number: 6,638,621 Date filed: June 13, 2002 Abstract: A particle coated with a nonlamellar material such as a nonlamellar crystalline material, a nonlamellar amorphous material, or a nonlamellar semi-crystalline material includes an internal matrix core having at least one a nanostructured liquid phase, or at least on nanostructured liquid crystalline phase or a combination of the two is used for the delivery of active agents such as pharmaceuticals, nutrients, pesticides, etc. The coated particle can be fabricated by a variety of different techniques where the exterior coating is a nonlamellar material such as a nonlamellar crystalline material, a nonlamellar amorphous material, or a nonlamellar semi-crystalline material. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to coated particles and to methods of making and using them. These coated particles have application in the targeting and release of one or more materials into selected environments, the absorption of one or more materials from selected environments and the adsorption of one or more materials from selected environments. Two particle technologies-polymer-coated particles and liposomes--are of general interest. Polymer-coated particles have been very important in
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the development of useful microparticles and of controlled-release vehicles generally. In certain circumstances polymers have coating and spreading properties that provide for good encapsulation of various matrices, and they are available in a range of chemistries and molecular weights. Certain polymeric coatings are of such utility and low toxicity that approval has been obtained for their use even in injectable products within the pharmaceutical industry, most notably polylactic-glycolic acid copolymers, and the usefulness of polymeric coatings in oral products is well-established, as in the cases of Eudragits, gelatin, and a number of natural gums. In many settings in fact, microparticle coatings are tacitly assumed to be polymers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638621__ •
Compositions and methods for controlling plant pests Inventor(s): Heins; Sherry Darlene (Davis, CA), Jimenez; Desmond Rito (Woodland, CA), Manker; Denise Carol (Davis, CA), Marrone; Pamela Gail (Davis, CA), McCoy; Randy Jay (Davis, CA), Orjala; Jimmy Ensio (Davis, CA) Assignee(s): AgraQuest, Inc. (Davis, CA) Patent Number: 6,638,910 Date filed: November 27, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel antibiotic-producing and metaboliteproducing Bacillus subtilis strain that exhibits insecticidal, antifungal and antibacterial activity. The supernatant of this novel strain contains effective insecticidal, antifungal and antibacterial agents. Also included in the invention is a solvent extractable, small molecular weight (<10,000 daltons) corn rootworm-active metabolite produced in the supernatant. Also included in the invention are methods of protecting or treating plants from fungal and bacterial infections and corn rootworm infestations comprising the step of applying to the plant an effective amount of the antibiotic/metabolite-producing novel Bacillus subtilis strain, the antibiotic/metabolite produced by the novel Bacillus subtilis strain or a combination thereof, optionally further comprising another antibioticproducing bacterial strain and/or a chemical pesticide. The invention also includes methods of preventing or treating fungal and bacterial infections using whole broth cultures or supernatants obtained from cultures of the novel Bacillus subtilis stain alone or in combination with chemical pesticides and/or other biocontrol agents. The invention also includes novel antifungal and antibacterial compounds designated agrastatins and a novel combination comprising an A-type iturin, a plipastatin, a surfactin and an agrastatin. Methods of treating or protecting plants from fungal and bacterial infections and corn rootworm infestations comprising administering the novel agrastatins and the novel combination comprising an A-type iturin, a plipastatin, a surfactin and an agrastatin are provided. Further provided is a lipopeptide extract isolated from strain AQ713 with insecticidal activity and a surfactin lipopeptide isolated from strain AQ713 with insecticidal activity. Excerpt(s): The present invention is in the field of biopesticides. More particularly, this invention relates to the finding that a novel strain of Bacillus subtilis, AQ713, can inhibit a broad range of fungal and bacterial plant diseases and also have activity against insects. The invention also relates to fungicidal, bactericidal, and insecticidal compositions comprising this novel Bacillus strain and the antibiotics and metabolites produced by this strain either alone, or in combination with other chemical and biological pesticides. For a number of years, it has been known that various microorganisms exhibit biological activity so as to be useful to control plant diseases.
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Although progress has been made in the field of identifying and developing biological pesticides for controlling various plant diseases of agronomic and horticultural importance, most of the pesticides in use are still synthetic compounds. Many of these chemical fungicides are classified as carcinogens by the EPA, are toxic to wildlife and other non-target species. In addition, pathogens may develop resistance to chemical pesticides (see, e.g., Schwinn et al., p. 244, ADVANCES IN PLANT PATHOLOGY: PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS, THE CAUSE OF LATE BLIGHT OF POTATO (Academic Press, San Diego 1991). Every year 250-300 million dollars of chemical pesticides are used to control corn rootworm infestations. Many of these chemical pesticides are toxic to humans, wildlife and other nontarget species. Also some have been found in the ground water. New chemical insecticides cost 100 million to develop. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638910__ •
Dry water-dispersible compositions of microencapsulated pesticides Inventor(s): Chen; Jin Ling (Randolph, NJ), Lo; Ray Jia Ruey (Alameda, CA), Scher; Herbert Benson (Moraga, CA), Shirley; Ian Malcolm (Binfield, GB), Van Koppenhagen; Juanita Elena (Vallejo, CA) Assignee(s): Syngenta Limited (GB) Patent Number: 6,555,122 Date filed: May 13, 2002 Abstract: Solid water-dispersible compositions containing microencapsulated pesticides are produced by spray-drying an aqueous suspension of said pesticides in the presence of a water-soluble polymer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to production of dry water-dispersible compositions containing microencapsulated pesticides. Microencapsulation is one of the techniques or methods utilized in producing pesticidal compositions, and is particularly useful in producing compositions containing low-melting solid pesticides. For the most part, microencapsulation of pesticides is utilized when a slow or controlled release of the pesticide is desired. This is accomplished by encapsulating particles or droplets of a material containing a pesticide within a polymeric shell through which the pesticide migrates at a controlled rate. The rate of release of the pesticide is determined by both the nature of the pesticide and by the type, structure and properties of the capsule shell. The nature of the shell, in turn, can be predetermined or constructed, as is known in the art, by selection of the type and quantity of polymer and the conditions under which the shell wall is formed. Microencapsulated formulations or compositions have a number of additional advantages relating to safety and toxicity. Since the pesticide is contained within a polymeric wall, there is in general less dusting and much lower toxicity associated with the production, handling and application of pesticides so formulated, as well as lower animal toxicity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06555122__
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Emulsifiable concentrate containing one or more pesticides and adjuvants Inventor(s): Aven; Michael (Mainz, DE) Assignee(s): BASF Aktiengesellschaft (Ludwigshafen, DE) Patent Number: 6,566,308 Date filed: December 17, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to a stable emulsifiable concentrate (EC) for crop protection active compounds which comprises(a) one or more crop protection active compounds,(b) 150 to 500 g/l of one or more adjuvants,(c) optionally one or more organic, non-polar solvents,(d) an emulsifying surfactant system forming an oil in water emulsion when the formulation is added to water, which essentially consists ofone or more non-ionic surfactants, andone or more anionic surfactants,(e) a water-miscible polar aprotic solvent or one or more dimethyl dicarboxylates, and(f) optionally an antifoam agent, and to the use of such a suspension as a pesticide. Excerpt(s): Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations conventionally contain an active ingredient, one or more surfactants which act as emulsifiers upon dilution of the EC with water and a water immiscible solvent. Typical solvents for conventional EC formulations are aromatic hydrocarbons as for example xylene, Shellsol A or Solvesso 200. These solvents have very low solubilities in water and a high capability of dissolving a wide range of active ingredients. Due to the presence of the solvent, many pesticides formulated as an EC have advantages such as a higher degree of systemicity and higher overall activity compared to the same pesticide formulated as a wettable powder (WP), water dispersible granule (WG) or suspension concentrate (SC). The observed efficacy of the combination of ingredients can sometimes be significantly higher than would be expected from the amounts of the individual ingredients used (synergism). The efficacy of the active components can often be improved by addition of other ingredients such as adjuvants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06566308__
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Fluoromethoximino compounds Inventor(s): Buschhaus; Hans-Ulrich, Dutzmann; Stefan, Gayer; Herbert, Gerdes; Peter, Heinemann; Ulrich, Kugler; Martin, Lantzsch; Reinhard, Marhold; Albrecht, MaulerMachnik; Astrid, Stelzer; Uwe, Stenzel; Klaus, Tiemann; Ralf (c/o Bayer Aktiengesellschaft, D 51368 Leverkusen, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,632,817 Date filed: August 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to novel fluoromethoximino compounds, to a process for their preparation and to their use as pesticides, and also to novel intermediates and to a plurality of processes for their preparation. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to novel fluoromethoximino compounds, to processes for their preparation and to their use as pesticides, and also to novel intermediates and to a plurality of processes for their preparation. It is already known that certain fluoromethoximino compounds which are constitutionally similar to the compounds described below have fungicidal properties (compare, for example, WO 95/17 376 and DE-9 611 653). However, in many cases, the fungicidal activity of these compounds is
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unsatisfactory. L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3 and L.sup.4 are identical or different and independently of one another each represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, in each case optionally halogen-substituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulphinyl or alkylsulphonyl. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632817__ •
Hemolytic active proteins and genes encoding the same Inventor(s): Nagai; Hiroshi (Osaka, JP), Nakajima; Terumi (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Suntory Limited (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,653,449 Date filed: December 1, 2000 Abstract: Novel proteins providing the new approach to development of the drugs and pesticides with the use or application of a hemolytic activity, and novel proteins having the following properties and the genes encoding thereof are provided:(1) having hemolytic activity;(2) having a molecular weight of about 50,000 Da (determined by SDS gel electrophoresis);(3) having an amino acid sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NO 1 to SEQ ID NO 3 as a partial amino acid sequence; and(4) having an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO 5 as the full amino acid sequence. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to proteins having a hemolytic activity and genes encoding thereof. More specifically, the present invention relates to novel proteins having the hemolytic activity, a process for producing and the use of the same. The sting injury by the jellyfish in sea bathing has occurred in various parts of the world. The sting injury by Carybdea rastonii or Physalia physalis has also occurred frequently in Japan every year in the season of sea bathing of the summertime. The degree of the symptom by sting differs by species of a jellyfish and the individual differences of patients. The first symptom is dermotoses, such as pain, flare, papule, vesicle and so on in the sting site. In a serious illness, patients may die with generating of hemorrhagic maculae and the necrosis, and also constitutional symptom, such as headache, high fever, nausea, dyspnea, and the fluctuation of a pulse. Although such sting injury is occurring frequently, the determination and pharmacological properties of the toxic components of jellyfish have not been studied intensively. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653449__
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Immunoassay for pesticides and their degradation products Inventor(s): Bruun; Leif (T.ang.strup, DK), Jakobsen; Mogens Havsteen (Vanl.o slashed.se, DK), Pedersen; Brian (S.o slashed.borg, DE) Assignee(s): Exiqon A/S (Vedbaek, DK) Patent Number: 6,635,434 Date filed: July 21, 2000 Abstract: A hapten-polymer carrier complex was found to be useful for immunoassay purposes, specifically ELISAs, for the detection of pesticides and their degradation products in hydrosoil and ground water. The degradation products of Casoron G.RTM. (also known as dichlorobenzonitrile and dichlorbenil) and Prefix.RTM. (also known as chlorthiamid and dichlorobenzthiamide) are analytes detected with high specificity and
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sensitivity, particularly the degradation product BAM (2,6-dichlorobenzamide). The polymer carrier complex is bound to the hapten via a linker unit, strategically positioned meta to the amide or amide derivative of BAM. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel hapten-polymer carrier complex comprising a linking unit located so as to not disrupt the antigenic determinant groups of the hapten. The invention further relates to a specific immunoassay for the identification and quantification of pesticides and their degradation products using said hapten. Most BAM-analyses are based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) (van Rossum et al., 1978; Connick and Bradow, 1984) which have detection limits of approximately 0.01.mu.g/L. Such analyses are very costly for national groundwater-monitoring programs. To lower expenses on pesticide analyses, immunoassays have been developed for several pesticides (Kaufman and Clower, 1995; Issert et al., 1997), but not yet for BAM or the degradation products of dichlorbenil. The advantage of immunoassays is their extremely high sensitivity, which enables the quantification of pesticides or their degradation products in concentrations lower than 1.mu.g/L without the need for concentration of samples. Analyses based on HPLC and GC (and GC mass spectroscopy, GC-MS) often require concentration of the sample by evaporation of approximately 2 L of aqueous sample to volumes one thousandth of the original volume. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635434__ •
Method analysis for the presence of wood treatment substances on wood Inventor(s): Ross; Alan S. (Pittsburgh, PA), Ward; Hans A. (Wexford, PA) Assignee(s): Kopcoat, Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA) Patent Number: 6,606,155 Date filed: July 31, 2000 Abstract: A method of determining the presence and quantity of wood treatment substance (pesticides, water repellants, dimension stabilizers and the like) on wood is provided. The wood treatment substance is combined with a fluorescent material and applied to wood. A light beam is impinged on the wood, and reflected light measured by a spectral device. Color saturation level of the reflected light is determined with a microprocessor. From this measurement a quantity of wood treatment substance on the wood can then be determined. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of analysis for the presence and amount of wood treatment substances, such as pesticides, water repellants or dimensional stabilizers, on or in wood. U.S. Pat. No. 5,900,944, entitled "Method and Device for the Analysis of Pesticides" discloses and claims a method and device for the quantitative analysis of pesticides on the surface of seeds, and is expressly incorporated herein by a reference. It has been known for centuries to use wood in building construction, furniture and other products. The aesthetic, functional and economic aspects of wood is products provide many beneficial properties. However, wood is subject to undesirable deterioration due to weather conditions (sun, water, extremes in temperature), pests such as termites, carpenter ants, fungus and others, and additional factors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06606155__
Patents 151
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Method to control plant pests, improve plant productivity and other purposes Inventor(s): Hartfeldt; Will H. (7449 Cahill Rd., Edina, MN 55439) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,646,000 Date filed: July 6, 2000 Abstract: A method of treating plant and animal systems and inanimate surfaces for the purposes of controlling plant pests, introducing pesticides and nutrients into plants, mitigating frost damage to plants, increasing crop yields, controlling certain plant diseases, controlling arthropod, bacterial, fungal, mycoplasma, rickettsia, and viral pests of animals and humans, and disinfecting inanimate surfaces. The method utilizes the unique multi-directional dispersion property of the tannate complex of picro ammonium formate and the tannate complex of picro cupric ammonium formate, in aqueous solution, combined with a minor amount of a surfactant sufficient to prevent formation of ammonium picrate, to penetrate plant and animal systems and inanimate surfaces and travelling multidirectionally therein. The method is carried out by introducing a small but effective amount of the tannate complex to the plant or animal system or inanimate surface. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to the utilization of heretofore undiscovered unique properties of two known anti-microbial agents used on plants: (A) a fungicide and bactericide for the control of additional pests and maladies, and for other benefits to the host, such as (1) control of insects and other pests of plants, (2) transport multidirectionally within plants while carrying nutrients and other materials there, while functioning as a source of plant nutrition, in addition to being pesticidal, (3) inducement of improved plant health by stimulating the plant's own health system, a process sometimes called "systemic activated resistance" (SAR), (4) synergistic effect when combined with certain other pesticides (5) disinfection of inanimate surfaces proximate to plants or humans or animals, (6) control of certain pests and diseases by topical application where the hosts are animals and humans, and (B) another anti-microbial agent with a similar range of undiscovered properties. U.S. Pat. No. 4,673,687 discloses a chemotherapeutic agent composed essentially of the tannate complex of picro cupric ammonium formate in aqueous solution combined with a minor amount of a surfactant sufficient to prevent formation of ammonium picrate. The therapeutic agent, identified as KT-19827 (and sold under the registered trademark PHYTON-27), is disclosed as useful in the control of plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi and bacteria. That patent, which is a division of the application which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 4,544,666, also discloses another chemotherapeutic agent, identified as KT-198, which is composed essentially of a tannate complex of picro ammonium formate and surfactant in a minor amount, which is disclosed as useful in control of plant diseases caused by pathogenic rickettsia-like organisms (RLO's), mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO's), and plant viruses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06646000__
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Non-chemical fly repellant device Inventor(s): Pace; Rita Cyann (1712 Christmas Tree La., Ponca City, OK 74604) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,543,180 Date filed: February 26, 2001 Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a non-chemical device for repelling flies from a covered area open to the outside, the invention hung from edges of the covered area. The device repels flies from such covered area using the prismatic effect of ambient light passing through the fluid contents of the transparent container without the use of pesticides, sticky films or residue which can contaminate and harm the environment. The device may also use mild chemical repellants to the liquid contents to prevent flying insects from entering the liquid contents deterring the laying eggs upon the liquid. Prior to the instant invention, means of repelling flies included chemical agents or physical barriers to prevent the intrusion of flies to an area. Flyswatters, birds, flypaper, toxic chemicals and electronic devices have also been used with mixed success for certain areas, mostly by killing those flies that entered the area. This invention requires no chemicals, no electricity or power supply, no human effort or vigilance and can be used in private of commercial location, especially those location having a large confined animal population, including hog farms, chicken farms and other livestock feed yards at a nominal cost and without environmental impact. The following United States patents were discovered and are disclosed within this application for utility patent. All relate to insect repelling or exterminating devices using light or chemical means. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,711 to Langunas-Solar, a non-chemical, non-residue method of controlling pests, pathogens and organisms found in food products is disclosed using ultra-short pulses of emitted ultraviolet light, heating the insect but not effecting the food product. A trap using light as an attractant is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,505,017 to Nelson, et al. which lures the insect into the device using the reflected and radiated light, where the insect is trapped on a surface. A liquid attractant in an insect trap is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,490,349 to Muramatsu, which has a nipple entry attracting the insect into the device after which the insect is unable to find egress from the device, the liquid being of the type to attract insects of the nature of those being trapped. "Evil" destruction caused by insects is thwarted by a light shielding agent which absorbs light normally attractive to insects, the liquid shielding agent applied to normally transparent surface through which light is passed, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,919,926 to Watanabe, et al. The use of a translucent shield leaching an insecticide to its surface through the heat of ambient light, while converting such ambient light into a spectrum attracting flying insects is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,908,980 to Sherman. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06543180__
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Perilla seed pesticide Inventor(s): Taylor; Thomas Dwayne (Lakeland, FL) Assignee(s): Poulenger USA Inc. (Lakeland, FL) Patent Number: 6,599,539 Date filed: July 31, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides a novel pesticide comprised of the seed and/or seed oils of the genus Perilla frutescens, commonly known as Perilla or Wild sesame, and
Patents 153
methods for controlling plant parasitic nematodes and deterring or repelling plant damaging insects. The present invention may replace synthetically produced pesticides, such as organophosphates, which are harmful to humans and the environment, with a natural organic alternative. Excerpt(s): Pesticides are currently utilized to prevent destruction of many plants and food crops by invading insects. Many commercially available synthetically produced pesticides are being phased out, banned or restricted from use due to environmental and human health concerns. With the elimination of certain toxic pesticides, such as organophosphates, many growers and end users of these pesticides are searching for naturally occurring, environmentally safe alternatives. One type of pest currently treated by synthetically produced chemicals is the plant parasitic nematode. These soil born pathogenic parasites can destroy roots, deplete nutrients and reduce growth of agricultural crops, turf, trees and ornamentals thus resulting in economic losses. Since the majority of the commercially available pesticides to treat for nematodes are toxic, they are banned, restricted from use or being removed from the market by the manufacturer. Practical cost effective safe alternatives are currently needed. Some plant species contain naturally occurring compounds that can deter or repel insects and can reduce or eliminate nematode infestations upon contact. One such plant species, Perilla frutescens commonly known as Perilla or wild sesame, produces a seed that contains these compounds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599539__ •
Pesticides based on cyclic polysiloxanes Inventor(s): Kalbe; Jochen (Leichlingen, DE), Londershausen; Michael (Erkrath, DE), Mencke; Norbert (Leverkusen, DE), Pospischil; Reiner (Bergheim, DE), Sonneck; Rainer (Leverkusen, DE), Turberg; Andreas (Haan, DE) Assignee(s): Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE) Patent Number: 6,566,348 Date filed: May 21, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to immediately acting pest control compositions based on cyclic polysiloxanes, which can be employed without a residue and without a lasting action. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to immediately acting pest control compositions based on cyclic polysiloxanes which can be employed without a residue and without a lasting action. It was known that cyclic polysiloxanes having 4 and 5 siloxane units are insecticidally active. It was also known that insects can be killed by spraying using polysiloxanes (U.S. Pat. No. 4 654 328). Use in practice shows, however, that problems occur during use. Cyclic polysiloxanes having 4 siloxane units crystallize out at temperatures below about 18.degree. C. and can then no longer be sprayed without problems. No satisfactory action results from spraying insects with cyclic polysiloxanes from aerosol sprays which produce an average droplet size of 50.mu. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06566348__
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Soil conditioner and slow release bio-pesticidal and fertilizer composition Inventor(s): Homan; Joe (39/3 Nedungulam, Royapuram, Shalovandan, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, IN 625 214) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,596,324 Date filed: September 28, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to a soil conditioner, slow release bio pesticide and bio fertilizer composition. This is produced by admixing coir pith having 20% moisture with powdered neem cake upto 20% by its weight. The mixture is compressed and shaped as desired. The high rate of absorbency and slow decomposing property of coir pith enhances the slow release of bio-fertilizers and pesticides into the soil. The micro sponges of the coir pith absorbs about 900 times its volume of water during rainy season which is released slowly during dry conditions along with the decomposed products. Excerpt(s): This Application is a 371 of PCT/IN00/00010 filed Feb. 4, 2000. This invention relates to a soil conditioner and slow release bio-pesticidal and fertilizer composition. In the coir industry, coconut husk is subjected to decomposition by submerging them in water. This softens up the vegetable matter inside the husk from which fibre is extracted for the production of coir and coir articles. Coir pith is a byproduct obtained during this fibre processing step from coconut husk. This pith decomposes very slowly over a period of at least 10 years. In the coconut growing and coir processing areas spread through out coastal India, disposal of coir pith has been posing environmental problems. Dumping of this polluting waste product, though declared illegal in many States of India, continues, posing problems of disposal particularly because it is resistant to burning and burns for a long time, taking up atmospheric oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. This further complicates the already existing, ecological and environmental problems. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596324__
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Synthesis of chlorinated pyrimidines Inventor(s): Benke; Alan Henry (Bucks, AL), Doyle; Timothy John (Bucks, AL), Nady; Louie Akos (Bucks, AL), Wehrenberg; Peter Karl (Bucks, AL) Assignee(s): Syngenta Limited (GB) Patent Number: 6,608,199 Date filed: June 8, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides a process for synthesizing chlorinated pyrimidines. The process includes reacting imidoyl chloride compounds with phosgene (COCl.sub.2). The imidoyl chloride compounds can be supplied as starting materials or can be produced by reacting organic amides with phosgene or reacting organic nitrites with hydrogen chloride. The chlorinated pyrimidines, such as 4,6-dichloropyrimidine, can be used to synthesize other compounds useful in a variety of compositions, such as fungicides, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of organic compounds. More particularly, this invention relates to the synthesis of certain chlorinated pyrimidines such as 4,6dichloropyrimidine. In general, synthesis of chlorinated pyrimidines according to the present invention is accomplished by reacting imidoyl chlorides with phosgene.
Patents 155
Chlorinated pyrimidines prepared by the process of the present invention and, in particular 4,6-dichloropyrimidine, are known as useful compounds in the synthesis of many biologically active compounds. Use of such chlorinated pyrimidines in production of such varied compositions as pesticides and pharmaceuticals makes them economically important compounds as well. For example, 4,6-dichloropyrimidine can be used in the manufacture of azoxystrobin, a methoxyacrylate-type fungicide. Because of their wide use and economic importance, many methods of synthesis of chlorinated pyrimidines, especially 4,6-dichloropyrimidine, have been developed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,045 to Whitton et al. discloses a process for preparing 4,6dichloropyrimidine that comprises treating 4,6-dihydroxyprimidine with phosphorous oxychloride (phosphoryl chloride) in the presence of a saturated hindered amine, the hydrochloride salt of a saturated hindered amine, or an unsaturated 5-membered nitrogen containing ring, or a mixture thereof. As a further step, the 4,6-dichloropyrimidine formed from these reactions is first directly extracted by, for example, a counter-current liquid--liquid separation technique. The process may also include mixing the residue that remains after the direct extraction with an aqueous solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide in order to liberate the saturated hindered amine or unsaturated 5-member nitrogen-containing ring (or mixture thereof), that was used in the process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06608199__ •
Use of citric acid derivatives as pesticidal adjuvants Inventor(s): Bardsley; Richard Andrew (Essex, GB), Bickers; Udo Matthias (Frankfurt am Main, DE), Briggs; Geoffrey Gower (Essex, GB), Green; Shirley Ann (Essex, GB), Pate; Adrienne Elizabeth (Essex, GB), Sanwald; Erich Friedrich (Frankfurt am Main, DE), Stock; David (Essex, GB) Assignee(s): Bayer Cropscience S.A. (FR) Patent Number: 6,551,964 Date filed: July 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides the use as a pesticidal adjuvant of at least one citric acid derivative and compositions containing the derivative, which has a log octanolwater coefficient (log P) of 2.6 to 11 and an equivalent hydrocarbon (EH) value of 29 to 47. The invention has been shown to enhance the efficacy of a range of pesticides. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the novel use of citric acid derivatives in association with pesticides and also pesticidal compositions containing citric acid derivatives. In particular, the invention relates to compositions having fungicidal, herbicidal, insecticidal and acaricidal activity. Pesticidal compounds are typically used in the form of compositions containing one or more co-formulants, for example surfactants. For example, WO96/22020 discloses the use in a pesticidal composition of at least one aliphatic mono-, di- or tri-ester, with no mention of citric acid derivatives. WO90/13222 discloses plant-protecting preparations comprising certain citric acid derivatives that are different from those of the present invention. EP 0 579 052 deals with plant-protecting compositions comprising a biocide and an accelerator, for example linear diacid and esters thereof. GB 2 002 635 and DE 27 38 878 disclose pyrethroid-containing insecticidal compositions comprising citric acid esters to reduce the volatility of the active ingredient. JP 52 141853 provides plastic films containing trialkyl acetylcitrate with good resistance to fungus growth. We have found a new group of compounds, not previously used in association with pesticidal compounds, that can be used with advantage in
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association with pesticidal compounds. In a first aspect, the invention provides the use as a pesticidal adjuvant of at least one citric acid derivative, which has a log octanolwater coefficient (log P) of 2.6 to 11 (preferably 2.7 to 11, particularly 4 to 10.7, especially 4 to 10.3) and an equivalent hydrocarbon (EH) value of 29 to 47 (preferably 32 to 44). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06551964__
Patent Applications on Pesticides As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to pesticides: •
2,4,5-trisubstituted phenylketo-enols for use as pesticides and herbicides Inventor(s): Bretschneider, Thomas; (Lohmar, DE), Dahmen, Peter; (Neuss, DE), Dollinger, Markus; (Leverkusen, DE), Erdelen, Christoph; (Leichlingen, DE), Fischer, Reiner; (Monheim, DE), Graff, Alan; (Koln, DE), Hagemann, Hermann; (Leverkusen, DE), Lieb, Folker; (Leverkusen, DE), Mencke, Norbert; (Leverkusen, DE), Ruther, Michael; (Monheim, DE), Santel, Hans-Joachim; (Leverkusen, DE), Turberg, Andreas; (Erkrath, DE), Wachendorff-Neumann, Ulrike; (Neuwied, DE), Widdig, Arno; (Odenthal, DE) Correspondence: Kurt Briscoe; Norris, Mclaughlin & Marcus, P.A.; 220 East 42nd Street, 30th Floor; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20030171219 Date filed: September 19, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to new phenyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols of the formula (I) 1in whichHet represents one of the groups 2wherein A, B, D, G, X, Y and Z have the meaning given in the description, several processes and intermediate products for their preparation and their use as pest control agents and herbicides. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to new phenyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols, several processes and intermediate products for their preparation and their use as pest control agents and herbicides. It has already been disclosed that certain phenyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols are active as insecticides, acaricides and/or herbicides. Pharmaceutical properties have already been described for 3-acyl-pyrrolidine-2,4-diones (S. Suzuki et al. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 15 1120 (1967)). Furthermore, N-phenylpyrrolidine-2,4-diones have been synthesized by R. Schmierer and H. Mildenberger (Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1985, 1095). No biological activity has been described for these compounds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
Patents 157
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4-haloalkyl-3-heterocyclylpyridines, 4-haloalkyl-5-heterocyclyl-pyrimidine- s and 4trifluoromethyl-3-oxadiazolylpyridines, processes for their preparation, compositions comprising them, and their use as pesticides Inventor(s): Bastiaans, Henricus Maria Martinus; (Usingen, DE), Doller, Uwe; (Rodgau, DE), Harmsen, Sven; (Lubeck, DE), Hempel, Lta Waltraud; (Liederbach, DE), Jans, Daniela; (Bad Homburg, DE), Kern, Manfred; (Lorzweiler, DE), Rook, Burkhard; (Selters, DE), Sanft, Ulrich; (Eppstein, DE), Schaper, Wolfgang; (Diedorf, DE), Taapken, Thomas; (Frankfurt, DE), Thonessen, Di. Maria-Theresia; (Heidesheim, DE), Tiebes, Jorg; (Frankfurt, DE) Correspondence: William F. Lawrence; Frommer Lawrence & Haug Llp; 745 Fifth Avenue; New York; NY; 10151; US Patent Application Number: 20030162812 Date filed: January 24, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to 4-Haloalkyl-3-heterocyclylpyridines, 4haloalkyl-5-heterocyclyl-pyrimidines and 4-trifluoromethyl-3-oxadiazoly- lpyridines, Processes for Their Preparation, Compositions Comprising Them, and Their Use as PesticidesMore particularly, the present invention relates to 4-trifluoromethyl-3oxadiazolylpyridines of the formula (I'), to processes for their preparation, to compositions comprising them and to the use of these compounds for controlling animal pests, in particular insects, spider mites, ectoparasites and helminths: 1wherein X, Y are as defined in the description. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/808,194, filed on Mar. 14, 2001, which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/096,748, filed on Jun. 12, 1998, and claims benefit of priority to DE 19725450, filed on Jun. 16, 1997. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/461,792, filed on Dec. 15, 1999, and claims benefit of priority to DE 19858193.9, filed on Dec. 17, 1998. The present invention relates to 4-haloalkyl-3heterocyclylpyridine- s and 4-haloalkyl-5-heterocyclylpyrimidines, to processes for their preparation, to compositions comprising them and to the use of novel and known 4haloalkyl-3-heterocyclylpyridines and 4-haloalkyl-5-heterocyclylp- yrimidines for controlling animal pests, in particular insects, spider mites, ectoparasites and helminths. More particularly, the invention relates to 4-trifluoromethyl-3-oxadiazolylpyridines, to processes for their preparation, to compositions comprising them and to their use for controlling animal pests, in particular insects, spider mites, ectoparasites and helminths. It is already known that appropriately substituted pyridines or pyrimidines have acaricidal and insecticidal activity. Thus, WO 95/07891 describes pyridines which carry a cycloalkyl radical in position 4 which is linked via a hetero atom and a group of various substituents in position 3. WO 93/19050 discloses 4-cycloalkylamino- and 4cycloalkoxypyrimidines which carry in position 5 inter alia alkyl, alkoxy or haloalkoxy groups. However, the desired activity against the harmful organisms is not always sufficient. Additionally, these compounds often have undesirable toxicologic properties toward mammals and aquatic living beings. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Acyclic and cyclic guanidine- and acetam idine derivatives, their preparation and their use as pesticides, esp. as parasiticides Inventor(s): Goebel, Thomas; (Lorrach, DE), Humbert-Droz, Eliane; (Ponthaux, CH), Schwarzenbach, Maurizio; (Ramlinsburg, CH) Correspondence: Thomas Hoxie; Novartis, Corporate Intellectual Property; One Health Plaza 430/2; East Hanover; NJ; 07936-1080; US Patent Application Number: 20030203891 Date filed: January 21, 2003 Abstract: Novel pesticides of formula (I) 1wherein the substituents, R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.2', T, U, X and Y are as defined in claim 1, are described. Also described are compositions suitable for use as parasiticides comprising those compounds as active ingredient and to methods of controlling parasites that are based on the administration of those compounds or compositions, and to the use of the said compounds and compositions in a method of controlling parasites and in the manufacture of pesticides for use against parasites. Also described are intermediates of formula (XX) 2whereinR.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.2', T, U, X and Y are as defined in claim 1; andHal is halogen.The latter also exhibit parasiticidal activity and are suitable for the preparation of the compounds of formula (I). Excerpt(s): This application is continuation-in-part of PCT Patent Application No. PCT/EP99/008765, filed Nov. 15, 1999, which is herein incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to novel pesticides of the formula (I) below having improved action against parasites; to compositions suitable for use as parasiticides comprising those compounds as active ingredient and to methods of controlling parasites that are based on the administration of those compounds or compositions, and to the use of the said compounds and compositions in a method of controlling parasites and in the manufacture of pesticides for use against parasites. Also described are intermediates of formula (XX) which themselves have parasiticidal activity and are excellently suitable for the preparation of compounds of formula (I). Numerous pesticides are known that can be used in controlling parasites on warm-blooded animals. The control is effected principally by two different methods; either by way of contact action by topical and therefore external treatment of the host animal or systemically, that is to say by oral, transdermal or percutaneous administration to the host animal and ingestion of the active ingredient by the parasites via the blood of the host animal. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Adjuvant blend for enhancing efficacy of pesticides Inventor(s): Messersmith, Calvin; (Fargo, ND), Nalewaja, John; (Fargo, ND), Woznica, Zenon J.; (Fargo, ND) Correspondence: Fitch Even Tabin And Flannery; 120 South LA Salle Street; Suite 1600; Chicago; IL; 60603-3406; US Patent Application Number: 20030125211 Date filed: November 14, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a homogenous adjuvant blend for use in spray carriers containing herbicides. The homogenous adjuvant blend includes a nitrogen
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fertilizer, a pH adjuster, modified vegetable oil, and a blend of nonionic surfactants having high, intermediate, and low hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a homogenous adjuvant blend for use in spray carriers containing herbicides, which are used to control weeds or other undesired vegetation. More specifically, the homogenous adjuvant blend of the invention includes a neutral blend of nitrogen fertilizer, a pH adjuster, modified vegetable oil, and a blend of nonionic surfactants having high, intermediate, and low hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). Herbicides used in controlling weeds or undesired vegetation in agriculture may be applied by postemergence spraying of a herbicide on the crop. The spray carrier for the herbicide is usually a water-based adjuvant mixture containing an effective amount of known herbicide. Adjuvants are commonly added to herbicidal spray mixtures to enhance postemergence weed control and/or to reduce spray drift during herbicide applications. Postemergence weed control applications are enhanced when the spray containing the herbicide is retained on the weed surface. To obtain sufficient retention of the herbicide on the weed surface, many "sticker" compositions or agents, including methylated vegetable oils or mineral based oils and surface active agents (surfactants), are used as adjuvants. These adjuvants act to improve adherence of the herbicide on weeds, help retain droplets of the spray solution on the plant, and improve penetration of the herbicide into the plant. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Adjuvant for pesticides Inventor(s): Miles, David; (Chapel Hill, NC) Correspondence: James F. Vaughan; Womble Carlyle Sandridge & Rice, Pllc; P.O. Box 7037; Atlanta; GA; 30357-0037; US Patent Application Number: 20030224939 Date filed: May 31, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a compositions useful in the field of agricultural chemistry and methods for making and using the compositions. The compositions include (i) a permeabilizing agent, and (ii) a active component, for example, a pesticide or plant growth regulator, and can include additional components as well, for example, flow agents. The permeabilizing agent, or a mixture of permeabilizing agents, acts as an adjuvant to the active component or chemicals to improve the degree of efficacy of the active component or speed of action of the active component. The permeabilizing agents are typically one or more chelating agents, cationic materials, anionic materials, and zwitterionic materials, and include polyphosphate salts. Examples of cationic materials include polyamines such as ethylenediamine and quaternary ammonium salts. The active components can be pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, virucides, bacteriocides, and acaricides. Examples of suitable active components include plant growth regulators, defoliators, dessicants, transfection agents, wood treatments (CCA or other chemicals that are effective against termites), traps, disinfectants, marine paints and the like. The compositions can be prepared by mixing the components in a suitable manner, and the compositions can be used by applying the compositions to a plant in need of treatment thereof in an amount effective for the desired use, employing conventional application techniques. In one embodiment, the active components are defoliants, and the composition is used for plant defoliation, for example, with respect to cotton plants.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to agricultural chemical compositions. Chemicals are used in connection with plants, lumber and trees. Such chemicals include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, plant growth regulators, transfection agents, wood treatments, traps, disinfectants, house paints, marine paints and the like. Much research effort has focused on achieving the maximum effectiveness of these chemicals. However, it has been difficult to enhance the effectiveness of agricultural chemicals through adjustments in formulations, particularly when this results in lower concentrations or rates of application. For example, environmental regulations limit the amount of certain pesticides that can be applied to plants, and methods for lowering the effective amount of the pesticides are extremely beneficial. Therefore, further enhancement of existing agricultural chemicals would highly contribute to the industry. Many crops that require mechanical harvesting need to have their leaves removed for the most efficient and economical production. Defoliation and desiccation are the two most common methods for removing mature leaves. During the growing season, leaves supply photosynthates and are shed only as a result of stress such as drought, disease, or cold. When the crop has matured, the leaves serve no beneficial purpose and can be removed to assist mechanical harvesting. Removing the large amount of foliage has become an important step in the harvesting of lucerne, potato and cotton crops, for example. Chemical defoliation induces the loss of leaves before they would have normally been shed by the plant. This is the accepted agricultural practice, particularly with respect to cotton. Chemical defoliation is the process of inducing the plant to abscise its leaves through judicious injury. Abscission is a very complex biochemical process. Defoliant chemicals alter hormonal levels to achieve abscission, but their action is influenced by many environmental factors such as temperature, nutrient and moisture level as well as the maturity and hormonal balance within the plant. The major hormones that affect defoliation are the auxins, ethylene, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, and cytokinin. Inorganic solutes and in particular calcium ions play a critical role in the transport and hence the action of the hormones. Many chemicals have been screened for their ability to defoliate cotton. There is still a need, however, for chemicals and chemical compositions and methods that, among other things, improve the degree or speed of defoliation, help control regrowth, or improve the speed or degree of the opening of mature bolls. It would be advantageous to have additional compositions and methods of improving the efficacy of agricultural chemicals. The present invention provides such compositions and methods. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Agrochemical suspension formulations Inventor(s): Rommens, Johan Camiel Gabrielle; (Kortenberg, BE), Tandt, Youry Den; (Sint-Amands, BE) Correspondence: Pillsbury Winthrop, Llp; P.O. Box 10500; Mclean; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20030161856 Date filed: November 26, 2002 Abstract: Agrochemical suspension concentrates, particularly in aqueous or liquid oil based medium, comprise solid particles including one or more agrochemical active components; and a dispersing agent including a water soluble or dispersible styrene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer. In particular the styrene (meth)acrylic acid copolymer has a molar ratio of residues of (meth)acrylic acid monomer(s) to styrene monomer(s) from 20:1 to 1:5, particularly from 3:1 to 1:1. The formulation will usually also contain wetting
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agents; and/or adjuvants. The agochemical active can be plant growth regulators, herbicides, and/or pesticides, for example insecticides, fungicides, acaricides, nematocides, miticides, rodenticides, bactericides, molluscicides and bird repellants. The suspension formulations will typically be used diluted in water and sprayed onto plants or the soil surrounding the plants. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to agrochemical formulations and in particular to such formulations in the form of suspensions of solids including agrochemical active material in a liquid medium, particularly as suspension concentrates which are dispersible in water to give agrochemical suspensions, and to methods of treating plants by spraying them with such agrochemical suspensions, particularly diluted suspension concentrate formulations. Agrochemical formulations are commonly applied by spraying, usually as a water based spray formulation. One formulation type is a suspension of solid particles including an agrochemical active (usually a water insoluble active) in a liquid medium, commonly initially formulated as a concentrate (a suspension concentrate) which is diluted before use as a spray. Dispersing agents, such as salts of naphthalene sulphonate formaldehyde condensates, lignosulfonates, maleic anhydride copolymers and condensed phenolsulphonic acids, and non-ionic dispersants such as EO/PO block copolymers, are commonly included in agrochemical suspensions and suspension concentrates to help disperse the active ingredient in the medium, particularly in concentrates, and improve the suspension and dispersion of the solid agrochemical in the dilute spray formulation. The present invention is generally directed to agrochemicals in the form of water dilutable suspensions, particularly suspension concentrates, including styrene (meth)acrylic copolymers as dispersing agents for the agrochemical in the suspension concentrate and on mixing with water and in particular can provide good dispersion and suspension properties even after extended storage (ageing) of the suspension concentrate. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Aromatic amides, their preparation process and their use as pesticides Inventor(s): Demassey, Jacques; (Montevrain, FR), Peek, Robert; (Bondy, FR), Ugolini, Antonio; (Massy, FR), Weston, John; (Maisons Lafitte, FR) Correspondence: Frommer Lawrence & Haug; 745 Fifth Avenue- 10th FL.; New York; NY; 10151; US Patent Application Number: 20030225302 Date filed: May 2, 2003 Abstract: Aromatic amides, their preparation process and their use as pesticides 1Compounds of formula (I):in whicha, b, c, d and e identical to or different from one another, represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, Oalkyl, O-alkenyl or O-alkynyl, S-alkyl, S-alkenyl or S-alkynyl, each radical containing up to 8 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by one or more halogen atoms, a SF.sub.5, C N, NO.sub.2 or NH.sub.2 radical, the substituents a, b, c and d being able to form between themselves rings which either carry or do not carry one or more heteroatoms and being able to be substituted;X and Y or Y and Z identical or different, represent a radical: -HC.dbd.CH--, --(CH.sub.3)C.dbd.CH--, -(Hal)C.dbd.C--,.dbd.C(f)(g), or.dbd.C.dbd.Cx.sup.1x.sup.2,Hal represents a halogen atom:X.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, in which f and g, identical to or different from each other, represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a free, etherified or esterified hydroxyl radical, an alkyl radical, containing up to 8 carbon atoms, optionally
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substituted by one or more halogen atoms, or represent a C.dbd.O radical, an oxygen atom;X' represents an oxygen or sulphur atom,R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 identical to or different from each other, represent a hydrogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated alkyl, CO-alkyl or CO.sub.2-alkyl radical, containing up to 8 carbon atoms, optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, optionally substituted, or an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl radical, the --C(X')-NR.sup.1R.sup.2 chain being in meta or para position, anddotted lines representing one or more optional double bonds,in all their possible isomeric forms as well as their mixture.The compounds of formula (I) have pesticidal properties. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to aromatic amides, their preparation process and their use as pesticides. in all their possible isomeric forms as well as their mixture. By compound of formula (I) are designated all the possible geometric isomers and stereo-isomers taken individually or in a mixture. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Delivery system for pesticides and crop-yield enhancement products using microencapsulated active ingredients in extruded granules Inventor(s): Heier, John L.; (Live Oak, CA), Schulteis, David T.; (Fresno, CA) Correspondence: R. Michael West; Boutin, Dentino, Gibson, DI Giusto, Hodell & West; 555 Capitol Mall, Suite 1500; Sacramento; CA; 95814; US Patent Application Number: 20030224031 Date filed: May 29, 2002 Abstract: Water-dispersible, extruded granules for delivering agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides or non-pesticidal materials, to a crop. The granules are extrusionformed from a blended composition including at least one active chemical ingredient, a solid carrier, and a binder. The active chemical ingredient may or may not be microencapsulated. The binder may be added directly to the composition or applied as a coating to the granules after the extrusion process. The binder reduces attrition, chemical volatility, and phytotoxicity. The granules are applied to a crop field by aerial means. The dense granules display good vertical drop characteristics, with little drift. If the crop field has standing water, the water-dispersible granules sink and break up, effecting dispersion of the chemical ingredient. When applied to a dry field, the subsequent exposure to water to the granules effects the same dispersal of chemical ingredient. Excerpt(s): Pursuant to the provisions of 35 U.S.C. Section 119(e), Applicants claim the priority benefits of Provisional Application Serial No. 60/295,393, filed Jun. 1, 2002, entitled Delivery System For Pesticides And Crop-Yield Enhancement Products Using Micro Encapsulated Active Ingredients In Extruded Granules, and assigned to the assignee of the present application. The invention relates generally to systems for delivering agricultural chemicals, to crop fields. More specifically, the invention pertains to a delivery system for both pesticide products and crop yield enhancement materials, employing water-dispersible extruded granules, manufactured from a uniformly blended composition of at least one active chemical ingredient, a solid carrier, and a binder. A wide range of agricultural chemicals has been developed to increase agricultural production. Some of these chemicals, generally designated pesticides, are designed to eliminate competing plant growth or parasitic organisms. Consequently, the term pesticide includes a variety of products such as herbicides, insecticides, and
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fungicides. Another group of products, which is non-pesticidal in nature, is designed to maximize crop yields by acting directly on the crop itself. These non-pesticidal materials include, for example, plant growth regulators, insect growth regulators, micronutrients, and fertilizers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Delta 1-pyrrolines for use as pesticides Inventor(s): Erdelen, Christoph; (Leichlingen, DE), Grosser, Rolf; (Leverkusen, DE), Hansen, Olaf; (Langenfeld, DE), Marhold, Albrecht; (Leverkusen, DE), Plant, Andrew; (Winnersh, GB), Turberg, Andreas; (Haan, DE) Correspondence: Bayer Cropscience LP; 100 Bayer Road; Pittsburgh; PA; 15205; US Patent Application Number: 20030220386 Date filed: June 9, 2003 Abstract: Novel.DELTA.sup.1-pyrrolines of the formula (I) 1in whichR.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, n, r and s are as defined in the description,a plurality of processes for preparing these substances and their use for controlling pests, and novel intermediates. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel.DELTA.sup.1-pyrrolines, to a plurality of processes for their preparation and to their use as pesticides. It is already known that numerous.DELTA.sup.1-pyrrolines have insecticidal properties (cf. WO 00/21958, WO 99/59968, WO 99/59967 and WO 98/22438). The activity of these substances is good; however, it is sometimes unsatisfactory. q represents 0, 1 or 2. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Destruction of organophosphonate compounds Inventor(s): Cao, Lixin; (Storrs, CT), Satyapal, Sunita; (East Hampton, CT), Suib, Steven L.; (Storrs, CT), Tang, Xia; (West Hartford, CT) Correspondence: William W. Habelt; Carrier Corporation; Carrier Parkway; P.O. Box 4800; Syracuse; NY; 13221; US Patent Application Number: 20030135082 Date filed: October 15, 2002 Abstract: The destruction of organophosphonate compounds, including chemical warfare agents, pesticides, and solvents, is catalyzed by contacting the organophosphonate compound with a catalyst composition including a catalyst material selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide, manganese oxide and mixtures thereof deposited upon a catalyst support. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional application of Ser. No. 09/655,806, filed Sep. 20, 2000, which is a continuation application of provisional application serial No. 60/155,524, filed Sep. 22, 1999. The present invention relates generally to compositions effective for destroying hazardous compounds and, more particularly, to compositions effective to catalyzing the oxidation of organophosphonate compounds, including chemical warfare agents, pesticides and solvents. Numerous catalysts have been studied over the years for the decomposition of hazardous compounds. However, one of
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the difficulties in the practical application of a catalyst is the fact that the catalyst may degrade or become poisoned over time. In several cases, a reaction product causes poisoning of the catalyst due to strong adsorption on the catalyst surface, and further reaction is impeded. Specifically, organophosphonate-type compounds, such as chemical warfare agents and pesticides, are known to cause catalyst poisoning because phosphorus species tend to bind strongly to catalytically active sites. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Dialkyl-halogenophenyl-substituted ketoenols Inventor(s): Andersch, Wolfram; (Bergisch Gladbach, DE), Bretschneider, Thomas; (Lohmar, DE), Dahmen, Peter; (Neuss, DE), Dollinger, Markus; (Leverkusen, DE), Erdelen, Christoph; (Leichlingen, DE), Fischer, Reiner; (Monheim, DE), Graff, Alan; (Koln, DE), Hagemann, Hermann; (Leverkusen, DE), Lieb, Folker; (Leverkusen, DE), Ruther, Michael; (Monheim, DE), Santel, Hans-Joachim; (Leverkusen, DE), Wachendorff-Neumann, Ulrike; (Neuwied, DE), Widdig, Arno; (Odenthal, DE) Correspondence: Kurt Briscoe; Norris, Mclaughlin & Marcus, P.A.; 220 East 42nd Street, 30th Floor; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20030144504 Date filed: July 18, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to new compounds of the formula (I) 1with the proviso that one of the radicals Y and Z always represents halogen and the other alkyl,Het represents one of the groups 2 in whichA, B, D and G have the meanings given in the description,a plurality of processes for their preparation and their use as pesticides and herbicides. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to new phenyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols, a plurality of processes and intermediates for their preparation and their use as pesticides and herbicides. It has already been disclosed that certain phenyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols are effective as insecticides, acaricides and/or herbicides. Pharmaceutical properties of 3-acyl-pyrrolidine-2,4-diones have previously been described (S. Suzuki et al. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 15 1120 (1967)). Furthermore, N-phenylpyrrolidine-2,4-diones have been synthesized by R. Schmierer and H. Mildenberger (Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1985, 1095). A biological activity of these compounds has not been described. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Dispensing capsule for injecting plants with pesticides and nutrients Inventor(s): Wells, Timothy; (Westlake Village, CA) Correspondence: Donald Diamond; 2nd Floor; 2180 Jefferson Street; Napa; CA; 945591200; US Patent Application Number: 20030196374 Date filed: December 2, 2002 Abstract: A disposable dispensing capsule for a plant injectable liquid composition includes a flexible cap hermetically sealed to a receptacle. The capsule is pressurized when the cap is forcibly flexed inwardly. In one embodiment flexure and thereby pressurization are maintained by an interference fit between a spindle in the receptacle
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and a socket depending downwardly from the cap central portion. In another embodiment flexure is maintained by engagement of hook-shaped posts in the receptacle with a lip in a collar depending downwardly from the cap central portion. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 29/159,143 filed Apr. 17, 2002, entitled "Dispensing Capsule for Pesticides and Nutrients," now pending. The invention relates to devices for injecting plants, principally trees, with therapeutic liquid compositions such as pest control agents and nutrients. More particularly, it relates to devices providing for safe handling of toxic liquids in economical disposable containers within which a slight super-atmospheric pressure can be developed by the user which forces the liquid contents out of the container and into a feeder tube inserted into a tree trunk or other plant stem. The treatment of plants, especially trees, through injection of pest control agents and liquid nutrients has been known for some time. U.S. Pat. No. 3,286,401 to J. J. Mauget ("'401") discloses an apparatus and method for such treatment wherein a container including two mutually slidable cups with spaced interlocks is used in combination with a feeder tube which at one end penetrates a frangible diaphragm sealing a container aperture; the other end is driven into the plant stem. The telescopically compressible cups provide a container with a variable interior volume partially filled with a liquid composition; the remainder of the volume is occupied by a gaseous substance such as air. Sealing of the liquid contents is effected by means of interference fits between the concentric, smooth walls of the cups. This arrangement does not always provide a reliable seal. Small variations in the concentricities and dimensions of the cups and/or in atmospheric pressure, as well as imperfections due to interior surface scratches can permit discharge between the mutually slidable walls of at least a portion of the contents during shipment or storage. Such leakage is especially likely to occur if the liquid has a high affinity for forming a capillary film. Since liquid compositions such as insecticides and fungicides used to treat plants may be toxic or otherwise harmful to humans, it is important that the possibility of leakage under shipment, storage and operational conditions be eliminated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Etylene derivatives and pesticides containing said derivatives Inventor(s): Mimori, Norihiko; (Minamisaitama, JP), Miyachi, Rika; (Funabashi, JP), Miyake, Toshiro; (Minamisaitama, JP), Murakami, Hiroshi; (Funabashi, JP), Numata, Akira; (Funabashi, JP), Ogura, Tomoyuki; (Funabashi, JP), Takii, Shinji; (Minamisaitama, JP) Correspondence: Oliff & Berridge, Plc; P.O. Box 19928; Alexandria; VA; 22320; US Patent Application Number: 20030216394 Date filed: August 8, 2002 Abstract: Ethylene derivatives of formula (I): 1where Q is an unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or heterocyclic group, especially a 4-thiazolyl, 1- or 3-pyrazolyl, 1,3oxazol-4-yl, phenyl or pyridyl group; E is a substituent such as a cyano group; A is a substituent such as a 4-pyrazolyl or thiazolyl group; and B is a substituent such as an alkylcarbonyl group. Agricultural chemicals and agents for preventing the attachment of aquatic organisms containing one or more such ethylene derivatives. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel ethylene derivatives, and also to agricultural chemicals and agents for preventing the attachment of aquatic organisms containing said derivatives as an active ingredient. The agricultural chemicals as
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referred to herein include insecticides, acaricides, nematocides, herbicides and fungicides, etc., and are especially pesticides in the field of agriculture, horticulture, stock farming and sanitation. The agent for preventing the attachment of aquatic organisms are chemicals for preventing the attachment of harmful aquatic organisms such as shells and algae to fishing nets, the bottoms of ships, marine equipment such as buoys, marine constructions, circulating water systems in thermal and atomic power plants, inlet channels for heat exchanger cooling water in chemical industry, underwater constructions and reservoirs. For acrylonitrile derivatives, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 53-92769 discloses the use of 2'-chloro-3-hydroxy-2-(4-- phenyl-2thiazolyl)-cinnamoyl nitrile as an insecticide; and International Patent Application LaidOpen No. WO-95/29591 discloses its use as an aquatic adhesion inhibitor. Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Sho 60-11452 discloses the use of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)3-(3-pyridyl)-3-oxopropi- onitrile as a herbicide and Japanese Patent Application Laidopen No. Sho 60-11401 discloses its use as a fungicide. With the long-term use of insecticides and fungicides, recently, some pests have become resistant to chemicals and are often difficult to exterminate with conventional insecticides and fungicides. In addition, some insecticides are highly toxic and are prone to remain long, without being decomposed, to destroy the ecosystem. Accordingly, it is always expected to develop novel, low-toxic and low-persistent insecticides and fungicides. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Fibrous pest control Inventor(s): Curtis, Paul D.; (Ithaca, NY), Gardner, Jeffrey; (Hector, NY), Hoffmann, Michael P.; (Ithaca, NY) Correspondence: Schwegman, Lundberg, Woessner & Kluth, P.A.; P.O. Box 2938; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20030198659 Date filed: October 25, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides fibrous pest deterrents that combine the useful properties of a physical barrier in the form of a non-woven fibrous matrix with a chemical deterrent such as a pesticide, behavior-modifying compound or a pest repellent. The use of such fibrous pest deterrents protects plants, animals and structures in both agricultural and non-agricultural settings from damage inflicted by pests. Unlike traditional pesticides, the behavior-modifying compound, pesticide or chemical deterrent of the present invention is adsorbed or attached to a fibrous matrix, and so it is not so readily dispersed into the environment. Hence, use of the present fibrous pest deterrents can reduce the levels of pesticides that inadvertently contaminate non-target areas and pollute water supplies. The present fibrous pest deterrents therefore help moderate in the use of pesticides in commercial agricultural and non-agricultural operations, home gardens, and the urban environment, alleviating public concerns about pesticide run-off, contamination of the environment and risks to human health. Excerpt(s): This application is related to U.S. Application Ser. No. 60/345,349 filed Oct. 25, 2001. The invention pertains to the control of pests through the use of fiber barriers that can have behavior modifying agents, pest deterrents or related agents adsorbed or cross-linked to the fiber matrix. Pests deterred by the fiber barriers of the invention can be any type of invertebrate or vertebrate pest known to adversely affect humans, cultivated plants, domestic animals or the environment. With the proliferation of chemical insecticides in the 1950s, easy control of insect pests appeared to be at hand.
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However, it soon became obvious that there were significant problems associated with the use of pesticides. Through several decades of use, over 500 different arthropod pests have become resistant to insecticides. Several species of plant pathogens and weeds have also developed resistance to pesticides. In addition, widespread environmental and health hazards have been associated with the massive use of pesticide compounds. Many non-target organisms have been adversely affected, and pest resurgence has often occurred because broad-spectrum pesticides have eliminated the natural enemies that had originally helped to keep pest populations in check. To date, however, the protection of agriculturally valuable food crops and other plants from insect, mite, disease, weed, and vertebrate pests in conventional agricultural systems, primarily relies on the continued use and commercial availability of chemical pesticides. Likewise, pesticides are relied upon in the urban and suburban environment to control innumerable structural and landscape pests and to protect humans from diseases such as those vectored by insects. Continued reliance solely on conventional pesticides is a questionable strategy for sustained pest management. Therefore, alternative strategies for the protection of economically or aesthetically valuable plants, structures, and human health are needed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Gas dual-dynamic solid state fermentation technique and apparatus Inventor(s): Chen, Hongzhang; (Beijing, CN), Li, Zuohu; (Beijing, CN) Correspondence: Mcdonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff; 32nd Floor; 300 S.WACKER Drive; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030138943 Date filed: January 14, 2003 Abstract: The gas dual-dynamic solid state fermentation technique consists of placing the solid materials to be fermented in an air environment with pulsating pressure and cyclic flow to carry out fermentation, the fermentation apparatus comprises a horizontal cylindrical tank with a quick door mechanism, in the tank are axially disposed rectangular spacer barrels of square cross-section constructed by four baffles, in the space between baffles and the tank wall are provided cooler tubes in parallel with the baffles, in the middle of the spacer barrels are provided vertically many sets of cooler tubes, on the lower baffles in the tank is provided axially an fixed track, on which are movable tray racks that can roll on the track, the tray racks having thereon a plurality of layers of trays, at the rear of the tank is provided a centrifugal blowers for forcing gas cycling in the tank. The inventive technique and apparatus allows microbial pure cultivation, is easy for scaling up and high in fermentation virulence titre and produce no pollution. It is useful for fermentation production of biological pesticides, enzyme preparations, agricultural antibiotics and unicell albumen. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of fermentation techniques, and particularly to a gas dual-dynamic solid state fermentation technique and apparatus. Since penicillin discovered by Fleming was successfully put into industrial production through the cooperation between microbiologists and chemical engineers in 1945, Submerged fermentation technique has opened a modem fermentation industry. Solid state fermentation has not fulfilled the requirement of modem fermentation industry and has thus been ignored because it has no engineering means to solve the problems such as transportation, agitation, oxygen supply and control of temperature, humidity and pH. The key point is there has not been a good solid state fermentor meeting the
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requirements of modem fermentation industry, which remains a world-wide difficulty. The strict requirement on microbe pure cultivation and large scale production imposed by modem fermentation industry makes liquid submerged fermentation occupy a dominating position. Solid state fermentation technology has been regarded as old and backward because its process and equipment are subject to bacteria pollution, its fermentation conditions are difficult to control and its industrial scaling up is difficult. Solid state fermentation, however, has many advantages, for example, simple and short flow process, wide availability of raw materials, low energy consumption, low cost and no pollution; it is, therefore, very attractive and potential in the development of bioreactors. In order to change the backwardness of solid state fermentation industry, for half a century, especially since the appearance of biochemical engineering in the seventies of the 20th century, there has been no lack of people who attempted to solve this difficult problem by proposing various means, B. K. Lonsanc summarized them into nine types (1) drum type, (2) wooden box type, (3)capped plate type, (4) vertical cultivation box type (5) inclined culturing box type, (6) tray type, (7)belt conveyor type, (8) cylinder type (9) mixed type, K. E. Aidou divided the solid state fermentation apparatus into ten types, similar with those proposed by B. K. Lonsanc. They can be summarized into two categories, namely static and dynamic according to the state of culture medium. Static state means motionless culture medium, which makes mass transfer, heat transfer, oxygen supply and control of temperature, humidity and pH difficult. Dynamic state means that the culture medium is in intermittent and continuous motion, which significantly improves mass transfer, heat transfer and oxygen supply, but the mechanical parts used are unfavorable to aseptic operation, energy consumption on material agitating is high, mycelia are likely to be damaged, and engineering scaling up is difficult. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Herbicide combinations comprising specific sulfonylureas Inventor(s): Bieringer, Hermann; (Eppstein, DE), Hacker, Erwin; (Hochheim, DE), Huff, Hans Philipp; (Eppstein, DE) Correspondence: Frommer Lawrence & Haug Llp; 745 Fifth Avenue; New York; NY; 10151; US Patent Application Number: 20030060367 Date filed: July 18, 2002 Abstract: Herbicide combinations comprising an amount of components (A) and (B) have improved herbicidal action:(A) one or more herbicides of the formula (I) or salts thereof 1in whichR.sup.1 is (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)-alkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.4)-alkenyl, (C.sub.3C.sub.4)-alkynyl or (C.sub.1-C.sub.4)-alkyl which is mono- to tetrasubstituted by radicals selected from the group consisting of halogen and/or (C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkoxy,R.sup.2 is I or CH.sub.2NHSO.sub.2CH.sub.3,R.sup.3 is methyl or methoxy andZ is N or CH;and(B) denotes one or more herbicides which act selectively in some monocotyledonous crops against monocotyledonous and/or dicotyledonous harmful plants, which herbicides are selected from the group of compounds consisting of(B1) flucarbazone,(B2) BAY MKH 6561 (procarbazone),(B3) florasulam,(B4) halosulfuron,(B5) tritosulfuron,(B6) picolinafen,(B7) cinidon-ethyl,(B8) mesotrione,(B9) metosulam,(B10) clopyralid,(B11) flufenacet,(B12) flumetsulam,(B13) flupoxam,(B14) prosulfocarb,(B15) flurtamone,(B16) aclonifen,(B17) hexazinone,(B18) asulam,(B19) diuron,(B20) ametryn,(B21) isoxaflutole,(B22) amicarbazone and(B23) trifloxysulfuron,except for
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herbicide combinations comprising (A) one or more herbicides selected from the group consisting of the compounds of the formula (I) and their salts in which R.sup.1.dbd.(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)-alkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.4)-alkenyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.4)-alkynyl or (C.sub.1-C.sub.4)-alkyl which is mono- to tetrasubstituted by radicals selected from the group consisting of halogen and (C.sub.1-C.sub.2)-alkoxy, R.sup.2.dbd.CH.sub.2NHSO.sub.2CH.sub.3, R.sup.3.dbd.methoxy and Z.dbd.CH, and (B) one or more herbicides selected from the group of the compounds metosulam (B9), flupoxam (B13), prosulfocarb (B14) and flurtamone (B15). Excerpt(s): The invention is in the technical field of crop protection products which can be employed against harmful plants, for example in crop plants, and which comprise, as active compounds, a combination of at least two herbicides. The documents WO 92/13845 and WO 95/10507 disclose sulfonylureas and their salts and also their use as herbicides and/or plant growth regulators. The efficacy of these herbicides against harmful plants in the crop plants is at a high level, but depends in general on the application rate, the formulation in question, the harmful plants or spectrum of harmful plants to be controled in each case, the climatic conditions, the soil conditions and the like. Another criterion is the duration of action, or the breakdown rate of the herbicide. If appropriate, changes in the sensitivity of harmful plants, which may occur upon prolonged use of the herbicides or within geographic limitations must also be taken into consideration. The compensation of losses in action in the case of individual harmful plants by increasing the application rates of the herbicides is only possible to a certain degree, for example because such a procedure frequently reduces the selectivity of the herbicides or because the action is not improved, even when applying higher rates. In some cases, the selectivity in crops can be improved by adding safeners. In general, however, there remains a need for methods to achieve the herbicidal action with a lower application rate of active compounds. Not only does a lower application rate reduce the amount of an active compound required for application, but, as a rule, it also reduces the amount of formulation auxiliaries required. It both reduces the economic input and improves the ecological compatibility of the herbicide treatment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Isothiazole derivatives and their use as pesticides Inventor(s): Armstrong, Sarag; (Berkshire, GB), Barnes, Nigel John; (Berkshire, GB), Barnett, Susan Patricia; (Berkshire, GB), Clarke, Eric Daniel; (Berkshire, GB), Crowley, Patrick Jelf; (Berkshire, GB), Fraser, Torquil Eoghan Macleod; (Berkshire, GB), Hughes, David John; (Berkshire, GB), Mathews, Christopher John; (Berkshire, GB), Mound, William Roderick; (Berkshire, GB), Pilkington, Brian Leslie; (Berkshire, GB), Pilkington, Joan; (Berkshire, GB), Salmon, Roger; (Berkshire, GB), Smith, Stephen Christopher; (Berkshire, GB), Urch, Christopher John; (Berkshire, GB), Viner, Russell; (Berkshire, GB), Whittingham, William Guy; (Berkshire, GB), Whittle, Alan John; (Berkshire, GB), Williams, John; (Berkshire, GB) Correspondence: Syngenta Crop Protection , INC.; Patent And Trademark Department; 410 Swing Road; Greensboro; NC; 27409; US Patent Application Number: 20030207926 Date filed: November 7, 2002 Abstract: A compound of formula (I), where A is optionally substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, cycloalkylene, alkylenoxy, oxy(C.sub.1-6)alkylene, alkylenethio, thio(C.sub.1-6)alkylene, C.sub.1-6alkylenamino, amino(C.sub.1-6)alkylene, [C.sub.1-
170 Pesticides
6alkyleneoxy(C.- sub.1-6)alkylene], [C.sub.1-6alkylenethio(c.sub.1-6)alkylene], [.sub.16alkylenesulfinyl(c.sub.1-6)alkylene], [c.sub.1-6alkylenesulfonyl- (C.sub.1-6)alkylenc] or [C.sub.1-6alkyleneamino(C.sub.1-6)alkylene]; provided that A is not CH.sub.2 or CH.sub.2O; B is N, N-oxide or CR.sup.8; Y is O, S or NR.sup.9; Z is O, S or NR.sup.10; and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9, R.sup.10 are specified radicals; compositions containing them; processes for making them; and their use as insecticides or fungicides. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to azole derivatives, to processes for preparing them, to fungicidal, insecticidal, acaricidal, molluscicidal and nematicidal compositions comprising them, to methods of using them to combat fungal diseases (especially fungal diseases of plants) and to methods of using them to combat and control insect, acarine, mollusc and nematode pests. Azole and azine derivatives are disclosed in WO95/31448, WO97/18198, WO98/02424, WO98/05670 and WO98/17630. where A is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylene, optionally substituted C.sub.2-6 alkenylene, optionally substituted C.sub.2-6 alkynylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylenoxy, optionally substituted oxy(C.sub.1-6)alkylene, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylenethio, optionally substituted thio(C.sub.16)alkylene, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylenamino, optionally substituted amino(C.sub.1-6)alkylene, optionally substituted [C.sub.1-6 alkyleneoxy(C.sub.16)alkylene], optionally substituted [C.sub.1-6 alkylenethio(C.sub.1-6)alkylene], optionally substituted [C.sub.1-6alkylenesulfinyl(C.sub.1-6)alkylene], optionally substituted [C.sub.1-6alkylenesulfonyl(C.sub.1-6)alkylene] or optionally substituted [C.sub.1-6alkyleneamino(C.sub.1-6)alkylene]; provided that A is not CH.sub.2 or CH.sub.2O; B is N, N-oxide or CR.sup.8; Y is O, S or NR.sup.9; Z is O, S or NR.sup.10; R.sup.1 is hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkoxy, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylthio, optionally substituted C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl, cyano, nitro or SF.sub.5; R.sup.2 is hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkoxy, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylthio, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylsulfinyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylsulfonyl, cyano, nitro, formyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylcarbonyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, SF.sub.5 or R.sup.11 ON=C(R.sup.12); or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together with the atoms to which they are attached may be joined to form a five, six or seven-membered saturated or unsaturated, carbocylic or heterocyclic ring which may contain one or two heteroatoms selected from O, N or S and which is optionally substituted by C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.1-6 haloalkyl or halogen; R.sup.3 is hydrogen, optionally substituted C.sub.1-10 alkyl, optionally substituted [C.sub.2-6 alkenyl(C.sub.1-6)alkyl], optionally substituted [C.sub.2-6 alkynyl(C.sub.1-6)alkyl], optionally substituted C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-10 alkylcarbonyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-10 alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-10 alkylaminocarbonyl, optionally substituted di(C.sub.1-10)alkylaminocarbon- yl, optionally substituted phenoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylthio, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylsulfinyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylsulfonyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 arylthio, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 arylsulfinyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 arylsulfonyl or R.sup.13R.sup.14NS(O).sub.p; p is 0, 1 or 2; R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are, independently, hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkoxy, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylthio, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylsulfinyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylsulfonyl, cyano, nitro, optionally substituted
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C.sub.1-6 alkylcarbonyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkoxycarbonyl or SF.sub.5; R.sup.7 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-20 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-20 alkynyl, optionally substituted C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.5-6 cycloalkenyl, formyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 alkoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 alkylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 alkylaminocarbonyl, optionally substituted di(C.sub.1-20)alkylaminocarbonyl, optionally substituted aryloxycarbonyl, optionally substituted arylcarbonyl, optionally substituted arylaminocarbonyl, optionally substituted N-(C.sub.1-6)alkyl-N-arylaminoc- arbonyl, optionally substituted diarylaminocarbonyl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxycarbonyl, optionally substituted heteroarylcarbonyl, optionally substituted heteroarylaminocarbonyl, optionally substituted N-(C.sub.1-6)alkyl-Nheteroarylaminocarbonyl, optionally substituted diheteroarylaminocarbonyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, SH, optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 alkylthio, optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 alkylsulfinyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 alkylsulfonyl, optionally substituted arylthio, optionally substituted arylsulfinyl, optionally substituted arylsulfonyl, R.sup.15O, R.sup.16R.sup.17N or R.sup.18ON.dbd.C(R.sup.19); R.sup.8 is hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, optionally substituted C.sub.1-8 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylcarbonyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylaminocarbonyl, optionally substituted di(C.sub.1-6)alkylaminocarbonyl, optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R.sup.9 is hydrogen, cyano, nitro, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted (C.sub.2-6)alkenyl(C.sub.1-6- )alkyl, optionally substituted (C.sub.2-6)alkynyl(C.sub.1-6)alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylcarbonyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylamino, optionally substituted di(C.sub.1-6)alkylamino, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylcarbonylamino, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkoxycarbonylamino, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkoxy, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylthio, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylsulfinyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylsulfonyl, optionally substituted arylthio, optionally substituted arylsulfinyl, optionally substituted arylsulfonyl or C.sub.1-6 alkylcarbonyloxy; R.sup.10 is hydrogen, cyano, optionally substituted C.sub.1-8 alkyl, optionally substituted [C.sub.2-6 alkenyl(C.sub.16)alkyl], optionally substituted [C.sub.2-6 alkynyl(C.sub.1-6)alkyl], optionally substituted C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted [C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl(C.sub.16)alkyl]- , C.sub.1-6 alkoxy(C.sub.1-6)alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted C-6 alkylcarbonyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylaminocarbonyl, optionally substituted di(C.sub.1-6)alkylaminocarbonyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkylsulfonyl or optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; R.sup.11 and R.sup.18 are, independently, hydrogen, optionally substituted phenyl (C.sub.1-2)alkyl or optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 alkyl; R.sup.12 and R.sup.19 are, independently, hydrogen, optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl; R.sup.13 and R.sup.14 are, independently, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl; or R.sup.13 and R.sup.14 together with the N atom to which they are attached form a five, six or sevenmembered heterocyclic ring which may contain one or two further heteroatoms selected from O, N and S and which is optionally substituted by one or two independently selected C.sub.1-6 alkyl groups; R.sup.15 is hydrogen, optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 alkyl, optionally substituted [C.sub.2-20 alkenyl(C.sub.1-6)alkyl], optionally substituted
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[C.sub.2-20 alkynyl(C.sub.1-6) alkyl], optionally substituted C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, (C.sub.1-6)alkylCH.dbd.N, optionally substituted arylCH.dbd.N, optionally substituted [aryl(C.sub.1-6)alkyl]CH-.dbd.N, optionally substituted heteroarylCH.dbd.N, optionally substituted [heterocyclyl(C.sub.1-6)alkyl]CH.dbd.N, optionally substituted arylC(CH.sub.3).dbd.N, optionally substituted heteroarylC(CH.sub.3).dbd.N or optionally substituted di(C.sub.1-6)alkylC.dbd.N; and R.sup.16 and R.sup.17 are, independently, hydrogen, optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted [C.sub.2-20 alkenyl(C.sub.1-6)alkyl], optionally substituted [C.sub.2-20 alkynyl(C.sub.1-6)alkyl], optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 alkoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted phenoxycarbonyl, formyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 alkylcarbonyl, optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 alkylsulfonyl or optionally substituted phenylsulfonyl. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of producing pesticides Inventor(s): Maienfisch, Peter; (Rodersdorf, CH) Correspondence: Syngenta Crop Protection , INC.; Patent And Trademark Department; 410 Swing Road; Greensboro; NC; 27409; US Patent Application Number: 20030130520 Date filed: August 22, 2002 Abstract: A method of producing a compound of formula 1and, if appropriate, the E/Z isomers, E/Z isomeric mixtures and/or tautomers thereof, each in free form or in salt form, whereinR.sub.1 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl;R.sub.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1C.sub.6-alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6-cycloalkyl or a radical --CH.sub.2B;Het is an unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclic radical; andB is phenyl, 3-pyridyl or thiazolyl, which are optionally substituted;characterised in that a compound of formulaQ--A--Q (IIa)wherein A is a direct bond or an organic radical; or of formula 2wherein U is an organic radical; and in compounds (IIa) and (IIb)Q signifies 3and R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and Het are as defined above for formula (I), and optionally the E/Z isomers, E/Z isomeric mixtures and/or tautomers thereof, each in free form or in salt form, is hydrolysed;and a method for producing the compounds of formulae (IIa), (IIb), (IIIa) and (IIIb); are described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel type of method of producing substituted 2-nitro-guanidine derivatives. It is known that, in order to produce 1,3disubstituted 2-nitroguanidines, a further substituent may be introduced into monosubstituted 2-nitroguanidines (e.g. by alkylation) (see e.g. EP patent applications 0.375.907, 0.376.279 and 0.383.091). Owing to the presence of three reactive hydrogen atoms in the monosubstituted 2-nitroguanidines used as the starting material in these reactions, the previously proposed substitution reactions of this kind are often nonselective and lead to undesired substitution products. The mentioned EP patent applications describe the production of 1,3-disubstituted 2-nitroguanidines by reacting monosubstituted nitroisothioureas with primary amines whilst cleaving mercaptan. However, these nitroisothiourea compounds, containing alkylthio leaving groups, which are proposed as starting compounds in the known processes, can only be obtained with difficulty. In addition, in EP-A-0483.062, a method of producing the compounds of formula (I) by hydrolysis of hexahydro-triazines is described. It has now been shown that the above-described methods of producing compounds of formula (I)
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do not satisfy the requirements in respect of purity and yield, for which reason there is therefore a need to provide improved methods of producing these compounds from readily available starting compounds. It has now surprisingly been found that the method according to the invention is able to satisfy these requirements to a large extent. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods and kits for testing mutagenicity Inventor(s): Saghbini, Michael; (San Diego, CA), Wing, Luman; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Keith Johnson, ESQ.; Transgenomic, INC.; 12325 Emmett Street; Omaha; NE; 68164; US Patent Application Number: 20030211457 Date filed: October 17, 2002 Abstract: In one aspect, methods and kits for determining the mutagenic potential of a test substance. The method includes exposing a tester strain (such as Salmonella typhimurium) to the substance, wherein the tester strain includes a gene (such as the histidine gene) having a preexisting mutation conferring auxotrophy, and the mutation is located at a pre-determined position in the gene, growing the tester strain in growth media lacking histidine, and detecting the presence of a back-mutation at the position by analysis of the nucleic acid. The tester strain can be selected from TA98, TA100, TA102 TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, and TA97. The test substance can be any of a wide variety of compounds such as petroleum extracts, pesticides, cosmetics, adhesives, herbicides, hair dyes, and pharmaceuticals. The detecting step can include one or more conventional mutation detection methods. Also provided are kits for conducting the method. The kits can include one or more tester strains, PCR primers, positive control compounds, and DNA polymerase. Excerpt(s): This application is a non-provisional U.S. patent application under 35 U.S.C.sctn.111 (a) and claims priority from the following co-pending, commonly assigned provisional applications, each filed under 35 U.S.C.sctn.111(b): Ser. No. 60/371,039 filed Apr. 8, 2002 and Ser. No. 60/380,359 filed May 13, 2002. The invention is in the fields of biochemistry and toxicology. The traditional Ames test is an FDA approved bacterial mutation assay designed to identify substances that can produce genetic damage. This assay is valuable because of the high correlation between mutagenic response and rodent carcinogenicity. The Ames assay uses a number of modified Salmonella strains with preexisting mutations in various regions of the histidine operon that render the cells unable to grow in the absence of histidine (auxotrophy). Upon exposure to test substances in the presence or absence of an exogenous mammalian metabolic activation system (liver S9 fraction) the genetic deficiency is corrected restoring histidine-independence (prototrophy). Correction can occur at the site of the preexisting mutation (hot spot) or nearby. Different strains are active with different classes of compounds. Table 1 outlines the reversion events detected by the various Ames strains. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods and systems for managing farmland Inventor(s): Hanson, Glenn P.; (Jamestown, ND) Correspondence: Attention OF Matthew A. Doscotch; Merchant & Gould P.C.; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030125877 Date filed: February 3, 2003 Abstract: Methods and systems for characterizing and managing plots of land is provided. Information related to elevation, soil conductivity, crop yield, and grower history is organized into profiles to generate a management zone profile. The management zone profile divides the plot of land into agronomy zones having attributable characteristics related to the elevation, soil conductivity, crop yield, and grower history information. The management zone profile is utilized to create a variable prescription of items, such as fertilizer, seed and pesticides, to be applied to the plot of land. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and systems for the management of agricultural plots of land. More specifically, information related to elevation, soil conductivity, satellite imagery, and grower yield history is extracted from the plots of land. The extracted information is used to generate a management zone profile and create a prescription for the plot of land. As the demand on the food supply increases and the total viable farmland decreases, methods and systems are needed that maximize crop yields. Maximum crop yields result in increased production of agricultural products and more value per acre of land. However, the effort in maximizing crop yields is difficult, time consuming, and costly because the characteristics of farmland vary from acre to acre. This variance is due to factors such as the conditions of the soil and topography. Further, a field may include significant acre-to-acre variations in nutrients, quality of crop produced, and ultimately crop yield. For example, residual soil nutrients can vary considerable. Nitrate nitrogen can vary from about 15 lbs/acre to 150 lbs/acre. Quality of the crop can also show significant variability. For example, protein and test weight for wheat can range 2.5 percent in a single 40-acre field. The yield can vary as well. Typically, yields range from 50 percent less than the mean to 50 percent greater than the mean. Most applied nutrient amounts are determined by the expected yield of the crop. Therefore, it is important to determine yield potentials prior to application of fertilizers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Molecularly imprinted polymer solution anion sensor Inventor(s): Murray, George M.; (Columbia, MD) Correspondence: Francis A. Cooch, Office OF Patent Counsel; The Johns Hopkins University; Applied Physics Laboratory; 11100 John Hopkins Road; Laurel; MD; 207236099; US Patent Application Number: 20030129092 Date filed: October 16, 2002 Abstract: Devices for measuring and detecting a wide variety of analytes, including polyatomic anions, such as organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents are provided. The devices function by selectively binding an analyte to a luminescent
Patents 175
functionality-imprinted copolymer. The copolymers possess a securely bound luminescent lanthanide ion, such as Eu3+, in a coordination complex that has been imprinted to bind the chemical functionality. Also provided are methods for producing the lanthanide-containing molecularly imprinted polymers of the invention. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/300,867 (pending), filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Apr. 28, 1999, which in turn claims the benefit of prior filed Provisional Application No. 60/083,365 which was filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Apr. 28, 1998. The present application also claims the benefit of prior filed Provisional Application No. 60/329,652 which was filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Oct. 16, 2001. The entire disclosure of each of the above-referenced applications is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates generally to the use of molecularly imprinted polymers comprising chelated lanthanides in methods and apparatus for detecting the presence of an analyte. Methods and apparatus for the efficient and accurate detection and quantification of analytes, including polyatomic anion analytes, are of particular interest for use in a wide range of applications. For example, such methods and apparatus are useful in the detection, monitoring, and management of environmental pollutants, including organophosphorus-based pesticides. Organophosphorus-based pesticides, including paraoxon, parathion, and diazinon are widely used in the agriculture industry. Because such materials exhibit a relatively high toxicity to many forms of plant and animal life, and also exhibit relatively high solubility in water, organophosphorus-based pesticides pose a clear threat to aquatic life and to our drinking water. Accordingly, it is imperative to be able to accurately monitor the levels of pesticides in industrial waste waters, agricultural runoffs, and other environments to determine compliance with federal and state regulations, and other safety guidelines. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Novel 2-nitromethylidene/2-cyanimino/2-nitro-imino-pyrrolidines and piperidines, intermediates, and their use as pesticides Inventor(s): Gonda, Jozef; (Kosice, SK), Gsell, Laurenz; (Basle, CH), Jacob, Olivier; (Rantzwiller, FR), Maienfisch, Peter; (Rodersdorf, CH) Correspondence: Syngenta Crop Protection , INC.; Patent And Trademark Department; 410 Swing Road; Greensboro; NC; 27409; US Patent Application Number: 20030166635 Date filed: January 13, 2003 Abstract: Compounds of formula 1whereinA is an unsubstituted or substituted aromatic or non-aromatic, monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic radical wherein a ring nitrogen atom may have been replaced by a group 2(N-oxide);R.sub.1 is hydrogen or C.sub.1C.sub.3alkyl;R.sub.2 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.3alkyl;R.sub.3 is hydrogen an unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.2C.sub.6alkenyl or C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynyl group, or C(.dbd.O)--R.sub.5,R.sub.5 is C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkoxy, an unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, phenoxy or benzyloxy group, or N(R.sub.6).sub.2,each R.sub.6, independently of the other, is hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl,X is CH-NO.sub.2, N--CN or N--NO.sub.2 andn is from 1 to 3,in free form or in salt form, and, where appropriate, tautomers of those compounds and the salts thereof, can be used as agrochemical active ingredients and can be prepared in a manner known per se
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Excerpt(s): in free form or in salt form, where appropriate to tautomers of those compounds and to the salts thereof, to processes for the preparation of those compounds and tautomers and to the use thereof, to pesticidal compositions comprising an active ingredient selected from those compounds and tautomers, to a process for the preparation of those compositions and to the use thereof, to plant propagation material treated with those compositions, to a method of controlling pests, to intermediates and, where appropriate, the tautomers thereof, in each case in free form or in salt form, to processes for the preparation of those active ingredients and to processes for the preparation of those intermediates and the tautomers thereof. and the tautomers thereof, in each case in free form or in salt form. Certain 3-substituted 2-nitromethylidenepiperidines and 2-nitromethylidene-pyrrolidines are proposed in the literature as arthropodicidal active ingredients in pesticides The biological properties of those known compounds are not, however, fully satisfactory in the area of pest control and there is therefore a need to provide further compounds having pest-control properties, especially for controlling insects. That problem is solved according to the invention by the provision of the present compounds of formula I. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Novel endophytic fungi and methods of use Inventor(s): Manker, Denise C.; (Davis, CA), Mercier, Julien; (Berkeley, CA), Strobel, Gary; (Bozeman, MT) Correspondence: Mcdonough, Holland & Allen, PC; Attn: Glen L. Gross; 9th Floor; 555 Capitol Mall; Sacramento; CA; 95814; US Patent Application Number: 20030186425 Date filed: April 11, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides a novel endophytic fungus, Muscodor, that produces a mixture of volatile antibiotics with activity on specific plant pathogens, bacteria, nematodes and insects. Also provided is a method for treating or protecting plants, soil and seeds from microbial infections comprising applying an effective amount of a volatile antibiotic producing Muscodor sp. The invention also relates to fungicidal, bactericidal, insecticidal and nematicidal compositions comprising this novel Muscodor strain and the antibiotics and metabolites produced by this strain either alone, or in combination with other chemical and biological pesticides. Also provided is a method for identifying and isolating related gas producing fungi. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/283,902 and 60/363,072, filed Apr. 16, 2001 and Mar. 11, 2002, respectively. The contents of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure. The present invention relates to the isolation of novel fungi that produce volatile antibiotics. The volatile compounds have biological activity against plant and human pathogenic fungi and bacteria, insects and nematodes. Throughout this application, various articles and books are referenced by authorship and date. The fall bibliographic citation for each publication can be found at the end of the specification, immediately preceding the claims. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Novel process to prepare aqueous formulations Inventor(s): Lavin, MaryEllen; (Paramus, NJ), Martin, Timothy M; (Ringoes, NJ) Correspondence: Patent Administrator; Fmc Corporation; 1735 Market Street; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030211128 Date filed: February 10, 2003 Abstract: Provided is a method of formulating hydrophobic pesticides comprising emulsifying an aqueous phase and a water-immiscible phase to form a formulation; wherein the aqueous phase is comprised of water and optionally a freeze/thaw agent, one or more emulsifiers, or combinations thereof, and the water-immiscible phase comprises the hydrophobic pesticide and one or more emulsifiers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of agrochemical formulations. In particular, the invention provides aqueous formulations of hydrophobic pesticides that are stable and equally effective as compared with conventional formulations. Hydrophobic pesticides are commonly formulated as dry formulations because of their immiscibility in water. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,125,958 ("US '958") discloses that the herbicide, ethyl -2-dichloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4tri- azol-1-yl]4-fluorobenzenepropanoate (carfentrazone-ethyl), a viscous, oily liquid, may be formulated as granules of relatively large particle size, as powdery dusts, as wettable powders, as emulsifiable concentrates, as solutions, or as any of several other known types of formulations. In addition, US '958 also discloses that carfentrazone-ethyl may be formulated as water-soluble or water-dispersible granules in which the water serves as a means for applying the formulation rather than as a component of the formulation. Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,905 ("US '905) claims a dry formulation of carfentrazone-ethyl and N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate). Both US '958 and '905 require absorbing the technical grade carfentrazone-ethyl on to a carrier in order to formulate the carfentrazone-ethyl. Although the formulations were intended to have a long shelf life, it has been found that they tend to hydrolyze and as such tend not to be stable. As a result, a need exists to develop formulations of hydrophobic pesticides, in particular carfentrazone-ethyl, that exhibit greater stability. The present invention provides new pesticide formulations that are aqueous, economical, environmentally friendly, and exhibit little or no hydrolysis over time thus resulting in enhanced stability characteristics of the pesticidal activity. By reducing or minimizing the use of organic solvents, the costs and dangers associated with the recycling of such materials are avoided. In addition, the process can be conducted in relatively simple equipment using relatively simple process steps. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Pest control agent/pf 1022-221 Inventor(s): Andersch, Wolfram; (Gladbach, DE), Dyker, Hubert; (Rosrath, DE), Erdelen, Christoph; (Leichlingen, DE), Losel, Peter; (Leverkusen, DE), Nauen, Ralf; (Langenfeld, DE) Correspondence: Bayer Polymers Llc; 100 Bayer Road; Pittsburgh; PA; 15205; US Patent Application Number: 20030133962 Date filed: November 13, 2002
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Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a 24-membered cyclodepsipeptide of the formula (I) 1for controlling animal pests in agriculture, forests and the protection of materials, and to pesticides comprising this depsipeptide. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of a 24-membered cyclodepsipeptide for controlling animal pests in agriculture, forests and the protection of materials, and to pesticides comprising this depsipeptide. Cyclic depsipeptides, and their preparation and use as parasiticides against helminths, nematodes and trematodes in animals (endoparasiticides) have already been the subject of numerous publications. Known is, for example, a cyclodepsipeptide with the name PF 1022A and its action against endoparasites (EP-A 382 173 and EP-A 503 538). Further cyclic depsipeptides (cyclooctadepsipeptides: WO 98/55 469; WO 98/43 965; WO 93/19 053; EP-A 634 408; WO 94/19 334; WO 95/07 272; EP-A 626 375; EP-A 626 376; EP-A 664 297; EP 634 408; EP-A 718 298; WO 97/09 331; cyclohexadepsipeptides: WO 93/25 543; WO 95/27 498; EP-A 658 551; cyclotetradepsipeptides: EP-A 664 297; dioxomorpholines: WO 96/38 165; JP 08 225 552) and open-chain depsipeptides (EP-A 657 171; EP-A 657 172; EP-A 657 173; WO 97/07 093) and their endoparasiticicidal action have been described. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pest control method of grasses by using endophytic bacteria, control material and seed bonded to the control material Inventor(s): Hiruma, Naoya; (Fujinomiya-shi, JP), Imada, Takahiro; (Fujinomiya-shi, JP), Isawa, Tsuyoshi; (Moriya-shi, JP), Kon, Madoka; (Fujinomiya-shi, JP), Kurihara, Yohsuke; (Fujinomiya-shi, JP), Noda, Munehiro; (Fujinomiya-shi, JP) Correspondence: Morgan & Finnegan, L.L.P.; 345 Park Avenue; New York; NY; 101540053; US Patent Application Number: 20030195117 Date filed: May 2, 2002 Abstract: The objective of the present invention is to confer pest resistance to plants of Poaceae without using any chemically synthesized pesticides.The pest resistance can be conferred to plants of Poaceae by isolating from a natural plant an endophytic bacterium capable of expressing pest resistance, artificially culturing the endophytic baterium, and introducing the bacteria to a Poaceae plant of interest. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pest control method for grass family (Poaceae) plants using endophytic bacteria, pest control material using the endophytic bacteria, and seeds bound to the pest control material. Particularly, the present invention relates to a biological pest control method for plants of Poaceae, pest control material, and seeds bound to the pest control material, which use endophytic bacteria capable of expressing pest resistance by introducing endophytic bacteria to plants of Poaceae and infecting the plants with the bacteria. Grass family (Poaceae) plants are the most useful plants to human beings. These plants are cultivated and used all over the world, and include: the three major crop plants, namely, rice, wheat, and corn; sorghum, which is the staple food in African countries and India; pasture grass for livestock feed; and turf grass used for parks, playing fields, golf courses, green fields, etc. The most serious problem encountered in the cultivation of plants of Poaceae used in such various fields is damage caused by harmful pests. Various methods have been developed so far to control pests. Among them, the most commonly used and the most developed method is the chemical control method using chemical pesticides. Chemical pesticides
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are convenient to use and have immediate effects to protect plants from pests, but are listed as specified poisonous substances, poisonous substances, deleterious substance, etc., which are regulated by law. In recent years, the abuse of chemical pesticides have created social problems: intoxications and deaths caused by acute toxicity; contamination of food due to residual pesticides in agricultural products; and influence of the outflow of residual pesticides on the human body and environment. Furthermore, new pests resistant to previous chemical pesticides are emerging, forcing the development of new types of pesticides, creating an endless cycle. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pesticide application tool and method of applying pesticide below grade Inventor(s): Rollins, Richard Randall; (Atlanta, GA) Correspondence: John S. Pratt, Esq; Kilpatrick Stockton, Llp; 1100 Peachtree Street; Suite 2800; Atlanta; GA; 30309; US Patent Application Number: 20030159630 Date filed: February 27, 2002 Abstract: There is disclosed an improved soil treating tool for the subterranean application of pesticides. The soil treating tool comprising an elongate body portion, a handle portion attached at one end of the body portion and an applicator portion attached to the other end of the body portion. The applicator portion is sized and shaped for insertion under soil and for forming an opening in the soil by lateral movement of the handle portion. The applicator portion defines at least one fluid outlet. A fluid inlet is provided in fluid communication with the applicator portion, such that fluid applied under pressure to the inlet is dispensed from the fluid outlet. A method for the subterranean application of pesticides is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the application of pesticides to soil, and, more specifically, to the application of pesticides, such as termiticides, below grade or under the surface of the soil. The present invention also relates to a tool designed to apply liquid pesticides below grade. Many types of termites are soil dwellers (i.e., subterranean termites) and exist in large colonies that can contain several million termites. Members of the colony forage for food and burrow galleries or passageways in the soil outwardly from the colony or nest, and portions of food located by foraging termites are returned to the nest. Termites can be very destructive because of their voracious appetites, especially for wood or other cellulosic materials. The ability of termites to cause considerable damage is in part due to the fact that the termites and external signs of damage is in part due to the fact that the termites are typically not seen until termite infestation is at a relatively advanced stage. Termites are difficult to detect and control because they are cryptic creatures that usually cause damage to the interiors of wooden structures, or otherwise in places that are not readily observable. Traditional methods for controlling pests, such as termites, include preventive measures, such as pre-treatment of new construction sites with pesticidal agents to prevent subsequent infestation by pests. However, if a structure has not been pretreated or even if structures has been pre-treated, it is sometimes necessary to reapply a pesticide after a period of time or if the termites were not brought under control by the initial treatment. This is typically done by digging a shallow trench around the perimeter of a structure to be protected. Digging the trench is a labor intensive operation since it is typically done by hand with for example a hand shovel or a mattock. A liquid pesticide, such as a termiticide, is then sprayed into the open trench. After the pesticide has been applied to
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the trench, it must be backfilled with soil. Such a backfilling operation is also typically done by hand with a shovel or a hoe. The amount of physical labor necessary to dig and backfill a trench around the perimeter of a structure is both expensive and time consuming. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pesticides Inventor(s): Burdis, John Allen; (Newcastle Upon Tyne, GB), Souter, Philip Frank; (Morpeth, GB) Correspondence: The Procter & Gamble Company; Intellectual Property Division; Winton Hill Technical Center - Box 161; 6110 Center Hill Avenue; Cincinnati; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20030060379 Date filed: November 6, 2002 Abstract: An environmentally friendly soap-based pesticide having improved efficacy against aphids and other insect pests. The pesticide also has insect-repellent properties. The pesticide comprises one or more adjuncts selected from natural oils, evaporation retardants, particulate, physically-active insecticidal materials, and mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of International Application PCT/US01/17243, with an international filing date of May 24, 2001, and published in English. This invention relates to liquid pesticides and more particularly to environmentally friendly soapbased pesticides. The pesticides have improved efficacy against aphids and other insect pests. Specifically, pesticides of the invention have improved residuality, short and long-term efficacy against both immature and adult pests, and improved safety for both humans and plants and also bees and ladybirds. The invention also relates to liquid pesticidal concentrates suitable for making the liquid pesticides by dilution with water. The invention further relates to pesticides having insect-repellent properties. Many different kinds of pesticides are used to kill insects. Depending on the mode of action, the insecticides can be classified in two broad groups, chemical and physical insecticides. Among chemically acting insecticides are included: i) insecticides which affect the nervous system e.g., pyrethroids, organophosphorous and carbamates; ii) insecticides which affect the endocrine or hormone system e.g., hydroprene, methoprene, pyroxyfen and fenoxycarb and iii) insecticides which inhibit exoskeleton formation e.g., benzophenyl ureas. Physically acting insecticides are believed to affect the water balance of the insects e.g., boric acid, diatomaceous earth and silica aerogels. One of the problems found when using chemically acting insecticides is that the insect can build up resistance in succeeding generations. Also they are undesirable because they can collect in food or in water resources and they can be toxic to animals and people. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Pesticides made from hop extracts Inventor(s): Bossert, Mark M.; (Yakima, WA), Hysert, David W.; (Yakima, WA), Probasco, Gene; (Yakima, WA) Correspondence: Vita G. Conforti; Davis Wright Tremaine Llp; 2600 Century Square; 1501 Fourth Avenue; Seattle; WA; 98101-1688; US Patent Application Number: 20030129270 Date filed: August 5, 2002 Abstract: The invention is organic pesticides made from components of hop extract by preparing stable aqueous emulsions of hop acids and other hop extract components. The hop acids and other hop extract components are suspended as stable, colloidal preparations in water, which can be sprayed directly on plants for pest control. Excerpt(s): The invention disclosed here generally relates to pesticides. More particularly, it relates to the use of components of hop extracts as pesticides. Chemical pesticides are used in commercial agriculture, home gardening, residential use, and similar applications for the purpose of controlling insects and spiders. There are well known environmental and health concerns associated with using chemical pesticides. In some instances, it has been proven that the long-term use of certain chemical pesticides creates environmental problems. A well known example involves the ban of DDT in the United States. Ongoing health concerns about chemical pesticides have given rise to an emerging market for "organic" pesticides. Insecticidal soap is a typical example of an organic pesticide in use today. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Phenyl-substituted cyclic enaminones Inventor(s): Dollinger, Markus; (Leverkusen, DE), Drewes, Mark Wilhelm; (Langenfeld, DE), Erdelen, Christoph; (Leichlingen, DE), Feucht, Dieter; (Monheim, DE), Fischer, Reiner; (Monheim, DE), Philipp, Ulrich; (Koln, DE), Rauch, Olga-Tatjana; (Kronberg, DE), Wachendorff-Neumann, Ulrike; (Neuwied, DE), Wetcholowsky, Ingo; (Cond. Estancia Marambaia, BR), Wischnat, Ralf; (Koln, DE) Correspondence: Bayer Corporation; Patent Department; 100 Bayer Road; Pittsburgh; PA; 15205; US Patent Application Number: 20030130125 Date filed: July 26, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel phenyl-substituted cyclic enaminones of the formula (I): 1in whichAr, X, Z, Y, K, n and m are each as defined in the description,to a plurality of processes and intermediates for their preparation and to their use as herbicides and pesticides. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to novel phenyl-substituted cyclic enaminones, to a plurality of processes for their preparation, to intermediates and to the use of the enaminones as crop protection agents, in particular as herbicides, acaricides, nematicides and insecticides. Certain cyclic enaminones which are substituted in the phenyl ring have already been disclosed as intermediates for antibacterial quinolones (R. G. Glushkov, N. B. Marchenko, A. N. Padeiskaya, L. D. Shipilova, Pharm. Chem. J. (Engl. Transl.) 24, 460-465, (1990)). Furthermore, cyclic enaminones which are not substituted in the phenyl ring have been disclosed (M. V. Mezentseva, A. V. Kadushkin,
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L. M. Alekseeva, A. S. Sokolova, V. G. Granik, Pharm. Chem. J. (Engl. Transl.) 25, 858864 (1991); G. M. Coppola, R. Damon, A. D. Kahle, M. J. Shapiro, J. Org. Chem. 46, 12211222, (1981); D. Brillon, G. Sauv, J. Org. Chem. 55, 2246-2249, (1990)). A use of these compounds as crop protection agents has not yet been described. R.sup.5, R.sup.6 independently of one another represent hydrogen or represent optionally substituted alkyl. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pre- and post-treatment system and method for periphyton filtration using ozone Inventor(s): Jensen, Kyle R.; (Apopka, FL) Correspondence: Edward M. Livingston, ESQ.; 628 Ellen DR.; P.O. Box 1599; Winter Park; FL; 32790; US Patent Application Number: 20030159987 Date filed: February 27, 2003 Abstract: A process for treating water to remove concentrations of nutrients and pollutants using ozone prior or after the water is exposed to natural filtration by periphyton or other aquatic plants. A system employs a deep water tank containing water to be treated is injected at the bottom with concentrated ozonated water to expose the water to be treated to ozone. The treated water exits from the tope of the tank whereby it is flowed over aquatic plant system to remove the undesired matter, such as pesticides. The process can be repeated successively to further treat the water if desired. Excerpt(s): This is application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/361,632, filed Feb. 28, 2002. The present invention relates to systems and methods for improving water quality, and, more particularly, to such systems and methods for bioremediating water with an attached algal colony, or other aquatic plants and, most particularly, to treating water against toxic compounds , microorganisms, and other water born pollutants in concert with an attached algal colony or other aquatic plants using ozone (0.sub.3). Algae comprise a group of aquatic plants with over 18,000 species and there are many times more aquatic plants growing rooted to the bottom and attached to other plants, floating and a mixture of both. As with terrestrial plants, the primary nutrients carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as a suite of micronutrients are essential for growth. Algae have developed the ability to exist where nutrients are in very short supply through many complex and unique biological pathways. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for treating a solid-liquid mixture Inventor(s): Collings, Anthony Francis; (Turramurra, AU) Correspondence: Ladas & Parry; 224 South Michigan Avenue, Suite 1200; Chicago; IL; 60604; US Patent Application Number: 20030168412 Date filed: April 22, 2003 Abstract: A process for treating a solid-liquid mixture by cavitation has been developed to decompose at least some contaminant associated with the solid particles, the contaminant either being adsorbed into the pores of the solid or onto the surface of the
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solid particles. The process includes the step of subjecting the mixture to cavitation such that a portion of the contaminant is chemically decomposed. Typically the chemical decomposition occurs at the surface of the solid particles, although the process can also occur to some extent within the poses near the surface of the solid material being treated. Typically the cavitation process is an ultrasonic treatment step, although other cavitation processes are applicable, for example high shear mixing. The cavitation effect is capable of achieving physico-chemical changes at the particle surfaces. The localised high temperatures on bubble collapse (as high as 5000K) can decompose contaminant substances such as PCB and other hazardous materials including polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), organochloride and organophosphate compounds, pesticides and the like. One of the advantages of the treatment process is that the decomposition products are quenched quickly to the temperature of the bulk fluid (at, for example, 50.degree. C.) which avoids the reformation of the PCB or the formation of undesirable side reaction products such as dioxins. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the decomposition of contaminant substances. The method can be applied to decontaminate soils and other substrates containing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds in domestic, municipal or industrial applications and will primarily be described with reference to this context. It should be remembered, however, that the invention has broader use in the decomposition of all manner of hazardous materials including polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), organochlorides and organophosphate compounds, pesticides and the like. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB compounds) were first discovered to be environmental pollutants in 1966. They have been round throughout the world in water, solid sediments, and bird and fish tissue. There are some 209 different PCB compounds available, made by substituting from 1 to 10 chlorine atoms onto a biphenyl aromatic structure. PCB compounds have very high chemical, thermal and biological stability, and a low, water solubility and vapour pressure. While these useful properties contributed to their widespread use, those same properties allowed these compounds to be accumulated in the environment. The manufacture of PCB compounds was discontinued in the United States in 1979, although these compounds continue to enter the environment from discarded electrical equipment, etc. PCB concentrations of 1-2 ppm are normally the desired maxima, and levels of 10-50 ppm in agricultural soils, clays or marine sediments are considered hazardous. The dense and hydrophobic nature of PCB compounds ensures that their accumulation in river sediment is commonplace, leading to bioaccumulation in bottom dwellers and fish thus leading to entry into the human food chain. PCB compounds can reduce human disease resistance, and increase the incidence of rashes, liver ailments and headaches. Similarly, pesticides can have serious health effects on humans and animals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Product marked with product code, product information inquiry system, product information inquiry device and POS system Inventor(s): Hasegawa, Kanichi; (Sapporo-shi, JP), Tamai, Seiichiro; (Toyono-gun, JP), Yoshida, Shigeji; (Toyonaka-shi, JP) Correspondence: Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack, L.L.P.; 2033 K Street N. W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20006-1021; US Patent Application Number: 20030213844 Date filed: September 3, 2002
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Abstract: A product code includes an item code 30a, an individual article code 30b and a detail code 30c. The item code 30a is a code specifying an item to which the product belongs, such as a JAN code. The individual article code 30b is a code identifying the product uniquely, such as a bar code indicating a lot number or a serial number marked on the product at the time of manufacturing. The detail code 30c is a code indicating detail information of the product including information about the sources of the product, and component parts, raw materials or ingredients of the product. The detail code 30c is, for example, a two-dimensional code describing parts and raw materials, a production place and feed and chemicals used in the raising process if the product is livestock meat or cultivated fish, etc., and chemical fertilizers and pesticides used for the ingredients if the product is food, as the detail information of the product according to MRP. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a product which is marked with a product code such as a bar code, a product information inquiry system and a POS (Point-of-Sale) system based on the product code, and more particularly, to a product code and others which help disclose detail information of the product. Use of the current product code represented by the JAN code enables product management by item. For example, it makes possible to determine a price corresponding to an item of a product at the point of sale, or to manage quantity of the product by item. However, the current product code just specifies an item, and cannot classify the product into individual articles. As a result, there is a problem that the current POS system can do no more than manage the product by item, and cannot manage the product by individual article in consideration of its own characteristic. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Rice protein concentrate based organic nutritional formula Inventor(s): Highman, Jay C.; (Westerville, OH), Liebrecht, Jeffrey Wayne; (Columbus, OH) Correspondence: Donald O. Nickey; 8765 Colvin Road; Plain City; OH; 43064; US Patent Application Number: 20030185941 Date filed: March 27, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to a nutritional beverage substantially free of chemical pesticides, antibiotics, hormones, herbicides, non-genetically modified plants and chemical solvents that utilizes organic brown rice syrup and organic rice protein concentrate as major components and a source of calcium selected from various calcium salts, including mono-, di- or tricalcium phosphate, calcium lactate gluconate and mixtures thereof. The beverage preferably also contains water soluble vitamins, oil soluble vitamins and flavors. The use of rice protein concentrate stabilized with a blend of guar and CMC gums, and brown rice syrup provides a beverage with a smooth texture, a pleasant taste and a light, refreshing mouthfeel. The beverage also has excellent physical stability over shelf life. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved nutritional formula which is "organic" and possesses highly acceptable taste and mouth feel. The nutritional formula uses organic brown rice syrup as the major source of carbohydrates, non-solvent extracted edible oils as the source of lipids, and organic rice protein concentrate as the source of protein. A number of certification boards and some states, such as California, have procedures and regulations that must be followed for a food ingredient or food product
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to be labeled as "organic". One such board is the National Organic Standards Board (NOSB). The NOSB prohibits organic growers from using chemical pesticides, herbicides or fertilizers on their land for at least three years. NOSB standards currently allow up to 5 percent of the ingredients in nutritional products labeled "organic" to be non-organic, provided those ingredients are not widely available in organic form or on the USDA list of prohibited materials. The growing popularity of organic foods has reached a national level as well. For example, the United Stated Department of Agriculture's final national organic rule became effective on Apr. 21, 2001. There must be compliance with this law by Oct. 21, 2002. The consuming public is aware that organic foods reduce the health risks associated with consuming foods that are tainted with chemical solvents, pesticides, herbicides, and the like. While adults can carefully choose their source of nutrition, infants, toddlers and children are forced to consume liquid formulas that are not organic. One aspect of the present invention is directed to an infant formula and a nutritional beverage for toddlers and children that is greater than 95% organic. The invention is also directed to a "non-dairy" formulation based on organic rice protein concentrate as the sole source of protein. The invention is also directed to a method to prepare such nutritional beverages. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Seed treatment composition Inventor(s): Kretzschmar, Gerhard; (Eschborn, DE) Correspondence: Frommer Lawrence & Haug; 745 Fifth Avenue- 10th FL.; New York; NY; 10151; US Patent Application Number: 20030224936 Date filed: March 10, 2003 Abstract: An aqueous film forming seed treatment composition comprising a) 5-50 wt.% of a film forming crosslinked proteinaceous material and b) 0.001-50 wt.-% of other active ingredients selected from the following group: pesticides, fertilisers, bioregulating additives, additives for increasing the fertiliser efficiency, plant productivity, growth and nutrient accumulation and adjuvants or any combination thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel seed treatment compositions containing a film-forming, crosslinked protein and optionally at least one pesticide and optionally other agricultural adjuvants, and methods of using such compositions for seed treatments, especially in the control and prevention of disease infestation on seed and seedlings and to increase seedling vigour and plant growth. One of the most challenging task for mankind is to provide sufficient food for an ever increasing world population. The situation has recently been described by the chief executive of the world Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), Jacques Diouf, during his visit in Caracas (source: Mar. 5, 1998 8:46:00 AM Caracas dpa/CNS-VV): According to the FAO, investments of about $300 billion in the agricultural sector will be necessary to fight against world-wide famine, since more than 840 million people have only limited supply of food. This huge amount of money would be required to halve the number of people starving by the year 2015. Clearly, this goal can not be reached by constantly extending agricultural areas or spending more money on fertilisers, but only by increasing agricultural productivity per given arable land. Because of the predicted growth of world population and the limited land resources, inventions to increase plant growth and productivity, especially to enhance crop growth and productivity are
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urgently required. The present invention relates to increase plant growth and productivity, especially of commercially most important crops like wheat, corm, soy and rice, by the treatment of seeds with compositions effecting enhanced seedling vigour and plant growth. The methods of the invention can be employed to increase the plants vegetative and reproductive growth. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Stabilisation of light sensitive substances Inventor(s): Grey, Bryan David; (West Yorkshire, GB), Kullar, Jatinder Singh; (West Yorkshire, GB), Rose, Simon Alexander Hanson; (West Yorkshire, GB) Correspondence: Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation; Patent Department; 540 White Plains RD; P O Box 2005; Tarrytown; NY; 10591-9005; US Patent Application Number: 20030134910 Date filed: December 9, 2002 Abstract: An emulsion comprising an organic discontinous phase which is distributed through a continuous aqueous phase, wherein the organic phase comprises a light sensitive active ingredient, and the emulsion is stabilised by a water soluble stabilising material in the aqueous phase, wherein the water-soluble stabilising material is a watersoluble stabilising polymer which has a plurality of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups and is selected from partially hydrolysed polyvinyl acetate and addition copolymers formed from (i) at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid esters and (ii) at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride, and wherein the organic phase further comprises, a) an organic solvent which is a liquid at 25.degree. C. and/or b) an organic phase stabilising material comprises hydrophobic moieties and is a material which is more soluble in the organic phase than the aqueous phase. The composition is useful for protecting light sensitive active ingredients which would otherwise in neat form decompose on exposure to light, preferably sunlight. The invention is of particular value when the light sensitive active ingredient is a pesticide, herbicide or a veterinary treatment active. Preferably the light sensitive active ingredient is a light sensitive pyrethroids. The invention also contemplates a domestic pest control formulation comprising light sensitive pesticides. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to water-in-oil emulsion compositions comprising light sensitive substances. In the emulsion compositions the light sensitive substances are protected against rapid decomposition. The invention also relates to emulsions comprising light sensitive pesticides, and in particular to pest control formulations comprising said emulsions. It is common practice to provide various hydrophobic active materials, such as herbicides and pesticides in the form of oil in water emulsions. Such emulsions are a convenient vehicle for the active ingredient since an aqueous emulsion is easy to handle and can easily be diluted for convenient distribution. WO-A-89/03175 describes oil-in-water emulsions having agricultural ingredients and surfactants in the aqueous phase. The surfactants listed include ethoxylated alcohols, anionic/nonionic blends, block copolymers, non-ionic ethoxylated alcohols and other types. None of the agricultural actives identified are light sensitive. More recently WO-A-95/07613 described oil-in-water emulsions comprising a water soluble stabilising material in the aqueous phase and an oil soluble stabilising material in the oil phase. The emulsions are said to exhibit improved stability. An object of this reference relates to improving delivery of agricultural pesticides and other active
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ingredients and to overcome the problem in providing convenient formulations of water-insoluble pesticides in view of the difficulty of formulating them as compositions that have a high concentration but which can be diluted easily to form a sprayable composition. Various pesticides are described including cypermethrin, fenvalerate, chlorpyrifos and trifluralin all of which are stable in sunlight. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Synergistic formulations Inventor(s): Lowe, Lionel Barry; (New South Wales, AU), Rothwell, James Terence; (New South Wales, AU) Correspondence: Eli Lilly And Company; Patent Division; P.O. Box 6288; Indianapolis; IN; 46206-6288; US Patent Application Number: 20030161854 Date filed: December 27, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to an active composition for controlling or eradicating Diptera pests in domestic animals or their environs, comprising a synergistic combination of at least one A83543 compound and at least one macrocyclic lactone. The invention also relates to the use of the active composition in pesticidal formulations, the formulations themselves and to the various applications of those formulations as pesticides, specifically in controlling all species of Diptera pests in domestic animals or their environs. Such applications include the control of such external Diptera pests in domestic animals including but not limited to sheep, cattle, poultry, pigs, goats, camelids, horses, dogs and cats, and also the household and rural applications of such formulations in control of such pests. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to combinations of pesticidally active compounds suitable for use as active agents in pesticidal formulations, the formulations themselves and to the various applications of those formulations as pesticides, specifically in controlling all species of Diptera pests. Such applications include the control of such external Diptera pests in domestic animals including but not limited to sheep, cattle, poultry, pigs, goats, camelids, horses, dogs and cats, as well as the household and rural applications of such formulations in control of such pests. Historically, the greatest damage to domestic animals and crops has been caused and continues to be caused by pests such as insects, fungi, nematodes and microbes. Insects particularly represent a cause for concern as they are the most numerous of all living organisms and constitute approximately 72% of all animal species. Approximately 1% of insects are considered pests in that they attack humans and/or domestic animals, transmit human, animal and plant diseases, destroy crops, objects and structures and compete for food and other necessities. It is estimated that enormous agricultural losses result worldwide from insect presence. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Use of macrolides in pest control Inventor(s): Angst, Max; (Magden, CH), Brandl, Franz; (Schopfheim, DE), Hall, Roger Graham; (Pfeffingen, CH), Hofer, Dieter; (Liestal, CH), Lee, Bruce; (Bad Krozingen, DE), Sutter, Marius; (Binningen, CH) Correspondence: Syngenta Crop Protection , INC.; Patent And Trademark Department; 410 Swing Road; Greensboro; NC; 27409; US Patent Application Number: 20030148965 Date filed: September 27, 2002 Abstract: There is now described a method of controlling pests with macrolide compounds; more specificallyA) a method of controlling pests in and on transgenic crops of useful plants, such as, for example, in crops of maize, cereals, soya beans, tomatoes, cotton, potatoes, rice and mustard, with a macrolide compound, characterized in that a pesticidal composition comprising a macrolide compound in free form or in agrochemically useful salt form and at least one auxiliary is applied to the pests or their environment, in particular to the crop plant itself;B) A method of protecting plant propagation material and plant organs formed at a later point in time from attack by pests, characterized in that a pesticide comprising, as pesticidally active compound, at least one macrolide compound as active ingredient and at least one auxiliary in close spatial proximity to, or spatially together with, planting or applying the propagation material is employed to the site of planting or sowing;C) a method of controlling wood pests and molluscs with a macrolide compound, wherein a pesticidally active amount of a pesticide comprising, as pesticidally active compound, at least one macrolide, in free form or agrochemically utilizable salt form, as active ingredient and at least one auxiliary is applied to the pests or their environment;the corresponding use of these compounds, corresponding pesticides whose active ingredient is selected from amongst these compounds, a method for the preparation and the use of these compositions, and plant propagation material which is protected in this manner from attack by pests. Excerpt(s): (C) a method of controlling wood pests and molluscs with a macrolide compound. Certain pest control methods are proposed in the literature. However, these methods are not fully satisfactory in the field of pest control, which is why there is a demand for providing further methods for controlling and combating pests, in particular insects and representatives of the order Acarina, or for protecting plants, especially crop plants. This object is achieved according to the invention by providing the present method. (A) A first aspect of the present invention therefore relates to a method of controlling pests in crops of transgenic useful plants, such as, for example, in crops of maize, cereals, soya beans, tomatoes, cotton, potatoes, rice and mustard, characterized in that a pesticidal composition comprising a macrolide compound, in particular abamectin, in free form or in agrochemically useful salt form and at least one auxiliary is applied to the pests or their environment, in particular to the crop plant itself; to the use of the composition in question and to propagation material of transgenic plants which has been treated with it. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Whole ground oriental mustard biopesticide Inventor(s): Taylor, Thomas Dwayne; (Lakeland, FL) Correspondence: Thomas D. Taylor; 3705 Century Blvd #3; Lakeland; FL; 33811; US Patent Application Number: 20030194455 Date filed: April 12, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides a novel biopesticide comprised of Whole Ground Oriental Mustard for controlling soil born pathogens such as fungi and damaging nematodes. The present invention can replace many synthetically produced pesticides such as organophosphates and methyl bromide, which are damaging to the environment and to human health. Excerpt(s): Brown, Paul D. & Morra, Matthew J.(1 997)"Control of Soil-Borne Plant Pest Using Glucosinolate-Containing Plants", Advances in Agronomy, Vol 61, pp167-231. Harvey, S. G., Hannahan, H. N. & Sams, C. E.(2001)"Indian Mustard and Allyl Isothiocyanate Inhibit Sclerotium rolfsii", J. Amer. Soc.Hort.Sci. 127(1) pp27-31. Borek, V., Morra, M. J., Brown, P. D., & McCaffrey, J. P.(1 995)"Transformation of the glucosinolate-derived alleochemicals allyl isothiocyanate and allyl nitrile in soil" J. Agric. Food Chem. 43, 1935-1940. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with pesticides, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on pesticides. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning pesticides. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON PESTICIDES Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to pesticides. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on pesticides include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on pesticides: •
Food Safety Sourcebook Source: Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. 1999. 340 p. Contact: Available from Omnigraphics, Inc. 615 Griswold, Detroit, MI 48226. (800) 2341340. Fax (800) 875-1340. PRICE: $48.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0780803264. Summary: Consumer education about basic principles of food safety is an important component in preventing foodborne diseases. This Sourcebook offers tips to consumers about the safe handling of food in their own kitchen. The authors provide information about government guidelines for those who process and handle food, and information about government programs designed to ensure food safety. The authors describe several types of foodborne bacteria, parasites, worms, viruses, and natural toxins and provides background information about the onset, duration, and symptoms of foodborne illnesses. The book's 54 chapters are arranged in six sections: Introduction to Food Safety, which discusses basic food safety issues, including food handling, safer
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seafood, meat and poultry, eggs, juices, and pesticides; Common Foodborne Pathogens, covering foodborne illness, pathogenic bacteria, parasitic protozoa and worms, viruses, and natural toxins; the Consumer's Role in Food Safety, which explains various ways in which consumers can improve food safety at home; the Food Handler's Role in Food Safety, which examines food safety standards and their application in different settings; the Government's Role in Food Safety, which features articles on FoodNet and PulseNet as well as a government report on national food and drug safety; and Additional Help and Resources, including a glossary, a directory of resources, and information for consumers who have had a problem with food products. All contact data in the Resources section has been verified and includes web site and email addresses where available. The Sourcebook concludes with a subject index. •
Foods That Harm, Foods That Heal: An A-Z Guide to Safe and Healthy Eating Source: Pleasantville, NY: Reader's Digest. 1997. 400 p. Contact: Available from Customer Service, Reader's Digest. Pleasantville, NY 10570. (800) 846-2100. PRICE: $30.00. ISBN: 0895779129. Summary: This nutrition reference book features more than 400 photographs and illustrations with more than 400 A to Z entries on a vast range of foods and health concerns, include caffeine, cancer, diabetes, fast food, garlic, heart disease, influenza, osteoporosis, pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and vegetarianism. The book is designed to provide families with information to help understand the close links between foods and wellness. Each food entry provides at-a-glance information on its nutrients (or lack of) and its benefits and drawbacks. Each ailment is accompanied by a list of foods and beverages that are considered safe, and what foods or beverages should be cut down or avoided altogether. Personalized case studies help to illustrate various topics. There are special features on eating during different life stages, from infancy to old age, as well as such issues as genetically altered foods, irradiation, pesticides, and pollution. Other topics include how to cook foods to achieve maximum nutritional benefits; which dietary supplements really work; tips on exercising, storing food, and reading food labels; an instructive analysis of the most popular diet regimens; and controversial foods and additives such as eggs, nitrites, bran, cheese, milk, fat, wine, and alcohol. A glossary defines unfamiliar or technical terms; there is also a listing of organizations that can provide further information and resources. Topics specifically related to digestive diseases include allergic reactions to food, anorexia nervosa, antioxidants, appetite loss, basic food groups, carbohydrates, celiac disease, childhood and adolescent nutrition, cholesterol, constipation, convenience foods, Crohn's disease, diarrhea, dieting and weight control, digestive and malabsorption disorders, diverticulitis, fats, fiber, food poisoning, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gout, hiatal hernia, indigestion and heartburn, intolerance to milk and other foods, irritable bowel syndrome, malnutrition, medicine-food interactions, minerals, obesity, organic and health foods, preparation and storage of food, restaurants and eating out, smoking and diet, sports nutrition, supplements, traveler's health, ulcers, vitamins, and worms and other parasites.
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The EPA children's environmental health yearbook supplement Source: Washington, DC: Office of Children's Health Protection, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. 217 pp. Contact: Available from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Children's Health Protection, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Mail Code 1107A, Room 2512
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Ariel Rios North, Washington, DC 20004. Telephone: (202) 564-2188 / fax: (202) 564-2733 / Web site: http://yosemite.epa.gov/ochp/ochpweb.nsf/homepage. Available at no charge. Summary: This supplement provides a summary of new projects undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) since the publication of The EPA Children's Environmental Health Yearbook in June 1998 and updates descriptions of ongoing projects. It includes sections on asthma and respiratory effects, childhood cancer, developmental and neurological toxicity, health effects of pesticides, and potential risks from contaminated surface water and ground water. Additional chapters describe improvements in predicting health risks to children, highlights in international activities to protect children, environmental education programs addressing issues of children's health, and the Environmental Protection Agency's expansion of individuals' and families' right to know about environmental hazards. Also provided are a glossary, a listing of acronym and abbreviation definitions, and an index of environmental justice projects, EPA program offices, and EPA regions. The summary also includes an updated list of children's health resources for further information. •
The EPA children's environmental health yearbook Source: Washington, DC: Office of Children's Health Protection, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. 223 pp. Contact: Available from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Children's Health Protection, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Mail Code 1107A, Room 2512 Ariel Rios North, Washington, DC 20004. Telephone: (202) 564-2188 / fax: (202) 564-2733 / Web site: http://yosemite.epa.gov/ochp/ochpweb.nsf/homepage. Available at no charge. Summary: This yearbook reviews current actions by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to protect children from environmental hazards that present a danger to children's health. It includes sections on asthma and respiratory effects, childhood cancer, developmental and neurological toxicity, health effects of pesticides, and potential risks from contaminated surface water and ground water. Additional chapters describe improvements in predicting health risks to children, highlights in international activities to protect children, environmental education programs addressing issues of children's health, and the EPA's expansion of individuals' and families' right to know about environmental hazards. Also provided are a glossary, a listing of acronym and abbreviation definitions, and an index of environmental justice projects, EPA program offices, and EPA regions.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “pesticides” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “pesticides” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “pesticides” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com):
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A Review of the Scientific Literature As It Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses: Pesticides (Gulf War Illnesses Series) by Beatrice Alexandra Golomb (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0833026828; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0833026828/icongroupinterna
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Analysis of Pesticides in Ground and Surface Water II: Latest Developments and State-Of-The-Art of Multiple Residue Methods by H. J. Stan (1995); ISBN: 3540590536; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540590536/icongroupinterna
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Application of Pesticides to Crops by Graham A. Matthews (1999); ISBN: 1860941753; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1860941753/icongroupinterna
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Applying Pesticides Correctly: Private Applicator Supplement by Sally A. McDonald (1993); ISBN: 075672757X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/075672757X/icongroupinterna
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Aquatic Pest Control (Pesticide Application Compendium Volume 5) (2001); ISBN: 1879906538; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879906538/icongroupinterna
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Ashgate Handbook of Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals by George W. A. Milne (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0566083884; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0566083884/icongroupinterna
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Basic Guide to Pesticides: Their Characteristics and Hazards by Rachel Carson Council Staff, et al (1992); ISBN: 1560322535; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560322535/icongroupinterna
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Battling Resistance to Antibiotics and Pesticides: An Economic Approach by Ramanan Laxminarayan (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 1891853511; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891853511/icongroupinterna
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Beyond Pesticides by University Of California (1992); ISBN: 1879906104; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879906104/icongroupinterna
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Biological Effects and Environmental Fate, Biotechnology, Pesticides (Annual Book of A S T M Standards. Volume11.05) (1999); ISBN: 0803126913; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803126913/icongroupinterna
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Biopesticides: Use and Delivery (Methods in Biotechnology, 5) by Franklin R. Hall (Editor), Julius J. Menn (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0896035158; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896035158/icongroupinterna
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Carcinogenicity and Pesticides Principles Issues and Relationships (Acs Symposium Series, No 414) by Nancy N. Ragsdale (Editor), Robert E. Menzer (Editor) (1989); ISBN: 0841217033; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841217033/icongroupinterna
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Controlled-Release Delivery Systems for Pesticides by Herbert B. Scher (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0824719883; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824719883/icongroupinterna
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Cultivating Crisis : The Human Cost of Pesticides in Latin America by Douglas L. Murray (Author) (1995); ISBN: 0292751699; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0292751699/icongroupinterna
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Degradation of Pesticides, Desiccation and Defoliation, Ach-Receptors as Targets by H. Bergmann (1989); ISBN: 0387134883; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387134883/icongroupinterna
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Designer Poisons: How to Protect Your Health and Home from Toxic Pesticides by Marion Moses (1995); ISBN: 1881510158; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1881510158/icongroupinterna
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Dictionary of Electronic Pesticide (2003); ISBN: 9998139503; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9998139503/icongroupinterna
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Distribution Fate Effects of Pesticides by Stephen J. Klaine (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 1560327707; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560327707/icongroupinterna
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Documentation for the Survey of Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: The Survey Instrument (Gulf War Illnesses Series.) by Dalia M. Spektor, et al (2000); ISBN: 0833029002; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0833029002/icongroupinterna
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Economic, Environmental, and Health Tradeoffs in Agriculture: Pesticides and the Sustainability of Andean Potato Production (Natural Resource Management and Policy, 12) by Charles C. Crissman (Editor), et al (1998); ISBN: 0792380568; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792380568/icongroupinterna
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Ecotoxicology - Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms by Peter T. Haskell (Editor), Peter McEwen (1998); ISBN: 0412812908; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412812908/icongroupinterna
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Eighth International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry: Options 2000: Proceedings of a Conference (Conference Proceedings Series) by Nancy N. Ragsdale (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 0841229953; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841229953/icongroupinterna
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Enhanced Biodegradation of Pesticides in the Environment (Acs Symposium Series, No 426) by Kenneth D. Racke (Editor), Joel R. Coats (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 084121784X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/084121784X/icongroupinterna
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Environmental Fate and Effects of Pesticides (Acs Symposium Series) by Joel R. Coats (Editor), Hiroki Yamamoto (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0841237220; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841237220/icongroupinterna
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Environmental Immunochemical Analysis for Detection of Pesticides and Other Chemicals: A User's Guide by Shirley J. Gee, et al (1996); ISBN: 0815513976; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815513976/icongroupinterna
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Fate of Pesticides and Chemicals in the Environment by Jerald L. Schnoor (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 0471502324; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471502324/icongroupinterna
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Fundamentals of Pesticides: A Self Instruction Guide by George W. Ware (1991); ISBN: 0913702358; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913702358/icongroupinterna
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Future Harvest: Pesticide-Free Farming (Our Sustainable Future, Vol 5) by Jim Bender (1994); ISBN: 080321233X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080321233X/icongroupinterna
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Gulf War and Health: Insecticides and Solvents by Committee on Gulf War and Health: Literature Review of Pesticides (2004); ISBN: 030908458X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030908458X/icongroupinterna
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Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (2nd Edition, 2-Volume Set) by Robert Krieger (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0124262600; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0124262600/icongroupinterna
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How to Get Your Lawn and Garden Off Drugs: A Basic Guide to Pesticide-Free Gardening in North America-Revised by Carole Rubin, Robert Bateman (Foreword) (2003); ISBN: 1550173200; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1550173200/icongroupinterna
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How to Get Your Lawn and Garden Off Drugs: Pesticide Free Gardening for a Healthier Environment by Carole Rubin (1989); ISBN: 0929109007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929109007/icongroupinterna
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Human Health Effects of Pesticide by Matthew Keifer (1997); ISBN: 1560532432; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560532432/icongroupinterna
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Insecticide Resistance: From Mechanisms to Management by I. Denholm (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 0851993672; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851993672/icongroupinterna
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Insecticides With Novel Modes of Action: Mechanisms and Application (Applied Agriculture) by I. Ishaaya (Editor), Danny Degheele (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 3540630589; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540630589/icongroupinterna
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International Pesticide Product Registration Requirements: The Road to Harmonization (Acs Symposium Series, 724) by Willa Y. Garner (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 0841235996; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841235996/icongroupinterna
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Irptc Legal File: Regulations and Guidelines on Pesticides: An Extract of the Irptc Data Bank (1997); ISBN: 9280715445; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9280715445/icongroupinterna
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Manual of Chemical Methods for Pesticides and Devices (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) by Charles J. Stafford, et al (1992); ISBN: 0935584471; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935584471/icongroupinterna
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Mass Spectral and GC Data of Drugs, Poisons, Pesticides, Pollutants and Their Metabolites by Karl Pfleger, et al (2001); ISBN: 3527288805; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527288805/icongroupinterna
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Methods of Pesticide Exposure Assessment (NATO Challenges of Modern Society, Vol 19) by Patricia B. Curry (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 0306451301; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306451301/icongroupinterna
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Molecular Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance: Diversity Among Insects (Acs Symposium Series, No 505) by Christopher A. Mullin (Editor), Jeffrey G. Scott (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 0841224749; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841224749/icongroupinterna
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Occupational & Residential Exposure Assessment for Pesticides by Laire Frankiln (2004); ISBN: 0471489891; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471489891/icongroupinterna
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Occupational Hazards of Pesticide Exposure: Sampling, Monitoring, Measuring by Donald J. Ecobichon (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 1560327073; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560327073/icongroupinterna
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Optimising Pesticide Use [DOWNLOAD: ADOBE READER] by Michael F. Wilson (Editor) (2003); ISBN: B00013YNJK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00013YNJK/icongroupinterna
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Our Children's Toxic Legacy: How Science and Law Fail to Protect Us from Pesticides by John Wargo (1998); ISBN: 0300074468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0300074468/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Application Equipment for Use in Agriculture (FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin: 112/2) by E.W. Thornhill, G.A. Matthews (1995); ISBN: 9251036160; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9251036160/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Biotransformation in Plants and Microorganisms: Similarities and Divergences (Acs Symposium Series, 777) by J. Christopher Hall (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0841237042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841237042/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Decontamination and Detoxification by Jay J. Gan (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0841238472; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841238472/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Directory, 1998-1999 by W. T. Thomson, Lori T. Harvey (1998); ISBN: 0913702455; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913702455/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Effects on Terrestrial Wildlife by L. Somerville, C. H. Walker (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0850667674; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0850667674/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Environmental Fate: Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Field Studies (Acs Symposium Series, 813) by Warner Phelps (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 0841237263; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841237263/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Fact Handbook by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, et al (1990); ISBN: 0815512392; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815512392/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems (Astm Special Technical Publication, 1312) by Hopkinson (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 0803120354; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803120354/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: International Aspects (Stp 1036) by James L. Hazen, David A. Hovde (Editor) (1989); ISBN: 0803114508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803114508/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Litigation Manual by John M. Johnson, George W. Ware (1991); ISBN: 0876327382; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876327382/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Microbiology: Microbiological Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment by I. R. Hill (Editor), S. J. Wright (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0123486505; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0123486505/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Properties in the Environment by Arthur G. Hornsby, et al (1995); ISBN: 0387943536; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387943536/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Remediation in Soils and Water by Philip C. Kearney (Editor), Terry Roberts (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0471968056; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471968056/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Residues and Food Safety by B. G. Tweedy (1991); ISBN: 0841219060; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841219060/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Residues in Food 1999 Evaluations: Residues (Fao Plant Production and Protection Paper, 157) by Fao (2000); ISBN: 925104466X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/925104466X/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Residues in Food 2000 Report (Pesticide Residues in Food, 2000) (2001); ISBN: 925104547X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/925104547X/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Residues in Foods : Methods, Techniques, and Regulations by W. George Fong (Author), et al (1999); ISBN: 0471574007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471574007/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Synthesis Handbook by Thomas A. Unger (1996); ISBN: 0815514018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815514018/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation by Timothy C. Marrs (Editor), Bryan Ballantyne (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 0471496448; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471496448/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Transformation Products: Fate and Significance in the Environment (Acs Symposium Series, No 459) by L. Somasundaram (Editor), Joel R. Coats (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 084121994X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/084121994X/icongroupinterna
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Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans (Gulf War Illnesses Series) by Ronald D. Fricker (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 0833028952; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0833028952/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides & Human Welfare by Brenda Gunn (1989); ISBN: 0198545223; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198545223/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides (Critical Thinking About Environmental Issues Series) by Samantha Beres, Greenhaven Press (2002); ISBN: 0737712724; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0737712724/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides and Non Target Invertebrates by Paul C. Jepson (Editor) (1989); ISBN: 0946707170; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0946707170/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides and the Immune System: The Public Health Risks by Sanjay S. Baliga, Robert C. Repetto (1996); ISBN: 1569730873; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569730873/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides and Wildlife (Acs Symposium Series, 771) by John J. Johnston (Editor), La.) / American Chemical Society Meeting 1999 New Orleans, La.) American Chemical Society Meeting 1999 New Orleans (2000); ISBN: 0841237093; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841237093/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides in Agriculture and the Environment (Books in Soils, Plants, and the Environment, 90) by Willis B. Wheeler (Editor), Marcel Dekker (2002); ISBN: 0824708091; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824708091/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides in Drinking Water by David I. Gustafson (Author) (1993); ISBN: 0471284971; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471284971/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables by Susan E. Kegley, Laura J. Wise (1998); ISBN: 0935702466; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935702466/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides in Our Communities: Choices for Change (Community Action Guides Series) by Susan Boyd (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 0937345091; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937345091/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides Laboratory Training Manual by Clifton E. Meloan (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 0935584609; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935584609/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides Law Handbook: A Legal and Regulatory Guide for Business by Marshall Lee Miller (Editor), Bethami Auerbach (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0865876339; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865876339/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides, Pollutants, Fertilizers and Trees: Their Role in Forests and Amenity Woodlands by J. R. Aldhous (1999); ISBN: 0863801994; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863801994/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides: An International Guide to 1800 Pest Control Chemicals by G. W. A. Milne (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 0566085429; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0566085429/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides: Developments, Impacts, and Control by Gerry Best (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0854047859; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0854047859/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides: Manging Risks and Optimizing Benefits (Acs Symposium Series, 734) by Nancy N. Ragsdale (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 084123616X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/084123616X/icongroupinterna
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Pesticides: Problems, Improvements, Alternatives by Frank Den Hond (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0632056592; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632056592/icongroupinterna
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Pests of the Garden and Small Farm: A Grower's Guide to Using Less Pesticide by Mary Louise Flint (1998); ISBN: 1879906406; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879906406/icongroupinterna
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Progress in Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology of Pesticides and Drugs by D. J. Beadle (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0854047298; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0854047298/icongroupinterna
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Protect Yourself from Pesticides: A Guide for Pesticide Handlers (1993); ISBN: 0788123882; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788123882/icongroupinterna
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Resistance '91: Achievements and Developments in Combating Pesticide Resistance by Resistance '91: Achievements and Developments in Combating Pesticide R, et al (2002); ISBN: 1851668861; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1851668861/icongroupinterna
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Safety of Microbial Insecticides by Marshall Laird, et al (1990); ISBN: 0849347939; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849347939/icongroupinterna
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Saving the Planet With Pesticides and Plastic: The Environmental Triumph of HighYield Farming by Dennis T. Avery (2000); ISBN: 1558130691; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558130691/icongroupinterna
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Sorption and Degradation of Pesticides and Organic Chemicals in Soil: Proceedings of a Symposium Sponsored by Divisions S-3, S-1, S-2, and A-5 of th by T.H. Carski, et al (1993); ISBN: 0891188037; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891188037/icongroupinterna
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Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides: Structures and Properties (Chemistry of Plant Protection, Vol 4) by K. Naumann (1990); ISBN: 0387513132; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387513132/icongroupinterna
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Techniques for Reducing Pesticide Use : Economic and Environmental Benefits by David Pimentel (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0471968382; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471968382/icongroupinterna
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The Complete Book of Pesticide Management: Science, Regulation, Stewardship,and Communication by Fred Whitford (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0471407283; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471407283/icongroupinterna
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The Pesticide Conspiracy by Robert Van Den Bosch (1989); ISBN: 0520068238; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0520068238/icongroupinterna
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The Pesticide Hazard: A Global Health and Environmental Audit by Barbara Dinham (Compiler) (1993); ISBN: 1856492028; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1856492028/icongroupinterna
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The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics, and Ethics by David Pimentel, Hugh Lehman (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0412035812; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412035812/icongroupinterna
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The Uk Pesticide Guide 2003 and the E-Uk Pesticide Guide 2003 by R. Whitehead (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0851996892; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851996892/icongroupinterna
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The Way We Grow: Good-Sense Solutions for Protecting Our Families from Pesticides in Food by Anne Witte Garland (1993); ISBN: 042514061X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/042514061X/icongroupinterna
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Tree Turf and Ornamental Pesticide Guide by W. T. Thomson (1999); ISBN: 0913702463; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913702463/icongroupinterna
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UK Pesticide Guide 1997 Annual Publication by R. Whitehead (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0851992056; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851992056/icongroupinterna
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World Directory of Pesticide Control Organisations by George Ekstrom (1994); ISBN: 0948404787; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0948404787/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search
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area, simply type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
[Collection of miscellaneous publications on pesticides].; Year: 1965
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Bibliography, abstracts of research literature: pesticide residues in milk and other agricultural products. [Prepared by C. W. England]. Author: Dairy Industry Committee.; Year: 1963; Washington, 1961
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Labeling and registration of economic poisons. Hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, United States Senate, Eighty-eighth Congress, first session, on S. 1605; a bill to amend the Federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act.Sept. 10, 1963. Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture and Forestry.; Year: 1965; Washington, 1963
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New developments and problems in the use of pesticides; proceedings of a symposium held on November 29, 1962 in connection with the 12th annual meeting of the Liaison Panel on the Food Protection Committee. Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Food Protection Committee.; Year: 1963; Washington, 1963
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Organic pesticides in the environment; a symposium co-sponsored by the Division of Water, Air, and Waste Chemistry and the Pesticide Subdivision of the Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry at the 150th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N. J., Sept. 13-15, 1965. Aaron A. Rosen and H. F. Kraybill, symposium chairmen. Author: American Chemical Society. Division of Water, Air, and Waste Chemistry.; Year: 1966; Washington, 1966
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Pesticide controls; hearings before the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, Eighty-eighth Congress, first session, on H. R. 2857, H. R. 5589.H. R. 4487, H. R. 5588.June 18 and 19, 1963. Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.; Year: 1964; Washington, 1963
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Pesticide index. Author: Frear, Donald E. H. (Donald Elisha Harding),; Year: 1964; State College, Pa., College Science Publishers [c1963]
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Pesticides in clinical practice; identification, pharmacology, and therapeutics. Author: Brown, Royal Lee,; Year: 1966; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1966]
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Pesticides in soil and water; an annotated bibliography [prepared by] Engineering Section, Basic and Applied Sciences Branch, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center. Author: United States. Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control.; Year: 1964; Cincinnati, 1964
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Pesticides in the environment and their effects on wildlife; the proceedings of an advanced study institute, sponsored by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Monks Wood Experimental Station, England, 1-14 July 1965. Ed. by N. W. Moore, assisted by Janet Moore. Author: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.; Year: 1965; Oxford, Blackwell, 1966
11
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Pesticides on your farm; a guide to the legal and safe use of chemicals in agriculture. Author: Pennsylvania State University. College of Agriculture. Extension Service.; Year: 1960; University Park, Pa. [1965?]
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Pesticide-wildlife studies: a review Fish and Wildlife Service investigations during 1961 and 1962. Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.; Year: 1965; Washington, 1963
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Preliminary report on pesticides in California; a description of current programs in the control of pesticides, an identification of shortcomings in the present programs, and recommendations for new programs needed to meet the State's total obligation to its citizens. Author: California. Governor's Committee on Pesticide Review.; Year: 1965; Sacramento, 1964
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Radioisotopes in the detection of pesticide residues; proceedings.; Year: 1964; Vienna, 1966
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Review of the persistent organochlorine pesticides; report to the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the Minister of Health and the Secretary of State for Scotland. Author: Great Britain. Advisory Committee on Poisonous Substances Used in Agriculture and Food Storage.; Year: 1964; London, 1964
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Submission on pesticides to the Special Committee of the House of Commons on Food and Drugs. Author: Consumers' Association of Canada.; Year: 1961; [Ottawa] 1963
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Summaries of pesticide toxicity. Author: Lehman, Arnold John,; Year: 1966; Topeka, Kan., Assn. of Food and Drug Officials of the United States, 1965
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The use and effects of pesticides; a symposium. Author: New York (State) Legislature. Joint Committee on Natural Resources.; Year: 1963; Albany, 1963
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U. S. D. A. summary of registered agricultural pesticide chemical uses. Author: United States. Pesticides Regulation Division.; Year: 1964; Washington, For sale by the Supt. of Docs, U. S. Govt, Print. Off., 1964-
Chapters on Pesticides In order to find chapters that specifically relate to pesticides, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and pesticides using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on pesticides: •
Infections, Intoxication, and Iatrogens Source: in Gerber, S.E. Etiology and Prevention of Communicative Disorders. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1998. p. 83-127. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $65.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565939476. Summary: This chapter on infection, intoxication, and iatrogens is from a textbook that focuses on the primary and secondary prevention of communicative disorders. In this chapter, the author focuses on exogenous factors for communication disorders, that is,
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factors that come from outside the organism. The author discusses viral diseases, including rubella, cytomegalovirus, and AIDS; protozoal diseases, including syphilis, and toxoplasmosis; bacterial diseases; maternal diseases, including diabetes, thyroid disorders, and hyperbilirubinemia; acquired diseases; intoxication, including environmental toxins, lead and other metals, radiation, petroleum and petroleum products, pesticides and other chemicals, foods and food additives, social toxins, fetal alcohol syndrome, drugs, and smoking; and iatrogens, including teratogens, neurotoxins, ototoxicity, antibiotics, loop diuretics, antimalarial agents, and antineoplastic or chemotherapeutic agents. The author concludes with a brief discussion of the preventive efforts appropriate in these areas. The chapter concludes with a glossary of terms and a reference list. 13 figures. 6 tables. 183 references. •
Food-Borne Illness Source: in Frank-Spohrer, G.C. Community Nutrition: Applying Epidemiology to Contemporary Practice. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1996. p. 187-206. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21701. (800) 638-8437. PRICE: $48.00. ISBN: 0834207842. Summary: This chapter, from an epidemiologic text on community nutrition, discusses foodborne illness. Topics include infectious versus noninfectious disease; the progression of foodborne illness; basic food service sanitation procedures, including the steps in the hazard analysis and critical control points system; the major bacteria that cause foodborne illnesses; the role of pesticides in food production; and the components of an emergency survival kit. The author relates suggestions to the Healthy People 2000 objectives. 1 appendix. 12 figures. 3 tables. 23 references.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON PESTICIDES Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on pesticides. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on pesticides is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “pesticides” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on pesticides: •
The Awakening in the Field Contact: CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://cdcnpin.org. Summary: This videotape discusses the problems of HIV/AIDS among Hispanic migrant farmworkers. The videotape begins with a review of the lifestyle of the typical migrant farmworker. The physical and health problems associated with exposure to pesticides, cramped living conditions, lack of sleep, lack of child care, and poor nutrition are addressed. This population also experiences a feeling of isolation from their culture and families. The AIDS epidemic is a great threat to this community and there is a need for increased outreach, education, and prevention programs. The use of drugs and alcohol often leads migrant workers to engage in high-risk behaviors, and the fear of rejection based on homosexuality often further isolates infected farmworkers. Those interviewed for this videotape include health care workers, outreach workers, and the farmworkers and their families. They discuss both the progress that has been
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made thus far in terms of prevention and education, and the work that remains to be done. •
My kids Source: No place: TV Interactive. n.d. 1 videotape (ca. 30 minutes,VHS,1/2 inch). Contact: Available from National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse, 2070 Chain Bridge Road, Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182-2536. Telephone: (703) 356-1964 or (888) 4344MCH / fax: (703) 821-2098 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.nmchc.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This videotape presents environmental health information for parents. It discusses indoor and outdoor pollution, lead poisoning, asthma, sun exposure, and pesticides. It discusses the difference between adults and children and why children are more affected by environmental pollutants than adults; it also covers how to prevent environmental problems and resources available on the World Wide Web or via phone.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Pesticides The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in pesticides (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on pesticides: •
Community pharmacists' role in preventing and treating insect, pesticide, and suninduced medical problems [videorecording] Source: [presented by] the Medical University of South Carolina, College of Pharmacy and Health Communications Network; Year: 1991; Format: Videorecording; Charleston, S.C.: The University, c1991
•
Emergency treatment of dogs and cats poisoned by convulsing pesticides [videorecording] Source: produced by Biomedical Communications, College of Veterinary Medicine, in cooperation with WOI-TV, Iowa State University; Year: 1979; Format: Videorecording; Ames, Iowa: Biomedical Communications, [1979]
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Inventory of IPCS and other WHO pesticide evaluations and summary of toxicological evaluations performed by the Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) Source: International Programme on Chemical Safety; Year: 9999; [Geneva]: International Programme on Chemical Safety, [1996]-
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Office of Pesticide Programs Science Policy on [electronic resource]: the use of data on cholinesterase inhibition for risk assessments of organophosphorous and carbamate pesticides Format: Electronic resource;: ,
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Organophosphate pesticide poisonings [motion picture]: diagnosis and treatment Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides Programs, Division of Pesticide Community Studies; produced by National Medical Audiovisual Center; Year: 1969; Format: Motion picture; [Washington]: The Agency: [for sale by National Audiovisual Center; Atlanta: for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center], 1969
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Pesticide exposure [videorecording]: cancer and birth defects Source: [presented by] Agromedicine Program; Health Communication [s] Network production; Year: 1990; Format: Videorecording; Charleston, S.C.: MUSC-HCN, c1990
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Pesticide poisonings and injuries [slide]: where, when, and how: a self-instructional presentation Source: Institute of Agricultural Medicine and Environmental Health, Dept. of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, College of Medicine, the University; Year: 1978; Format: Slide; Oakdale, Iowa: The Institute, 1978
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Pesticide toxicology [videorecording]: diagnosis and treatment Source: presented by Agromedicine Program, Clemson University and Medical University of South Carolina; a production of the Health Communications Network; Year: 1989; Format: Videorecording; [Charleston, S.C.]: The Program, c1989
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Pesticides [videorecording] Source: Emergency Film Group; a Detrick Lawrence production; Year: 2001; Format: Videorecording; Edgartown, MA: Emergency Film Group, c2001
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The Epidemiology of pesticide poisonings [motion picture] Source: Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Services, Office of Product Safety; produced by National Medical Audiovisual Center; Year: 1969; Format: Motion picture; [Washington]: The Office; [Atlanta: for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center], 1969
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The safe use of pesticides [motion picture]: follow the label Source: [presented by] U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Food and Drug Administration; produced by Motion Picture Serv; Year: 1950; Format: Motion picture; [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1950?]
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PESTICIDES Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover pesticides.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on pesticides is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to pesticides. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “pesticides” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for pesticides: •
Lab findings support Parkinson's-inducing effect for pesticides Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 13, 2003
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EPA sued over children's exposure to pesticides Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 15, 2003
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Indian lawmakers to check for pesticides in soft drinks Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 22, 2003
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Indian states to test Coke, Pepsi for pesticides Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 07, 2003
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Coke, Pepsi India deny pesticides in soft drinks Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 05, 2003
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Coke and Pepsi deny pesticides in soft drinks in India Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 05, 2003
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Risk of acute insecticide-related illness associated with mosquito spraying is low Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 10, 2003
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US court lifts ban on pesticide testing in humans Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 04, 2003
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U.S. court lifts ban on human tests of pesticides Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 04, 2003
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Supermarket's meat poisoned with pesticide: CDC Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 08, 2003
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Key to mosquito insecticide resistance discovered Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 07, 2003
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Pesticides linked with prostate cancer in farmers Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 01, 2003
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Pesticide exposure linked to breast cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 24, 2003
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On-the-job pesticide exposure ups risk of neurologic impairment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 28, 2003
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Pesticide poisoning tied to asthma symptoms Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 27, 2003
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Rural education can cut pesticide deaths: report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 26, 2003
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Ethics of human pesticide studies questioned Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 09, 2003
Periodicals and News
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UN environment agency seeks tough pesticide curbs Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 30, 2002
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Can pesticides trigger depression? Study continues Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 05, 2002
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Pesticide-laden salt sickens restaurant diners Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 06, 2002
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Pesticide-contaminated salt causes food poisoning in restaurant Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 06, 2002
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Little evidence of breast cancer, pesticide link Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 06, 2002
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Pesticides, solvents may lead to male impotence Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 03, 2002
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Pesticide, estrogen cause abnormal growth in rats Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 20, 2002
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Organic foods in Germany contaminated by pesticide Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 30, 2002
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UK studies links between pesticides, Parkinson's Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 17, 2002
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Some organic foods do contain pesticides Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 08, 2002
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UK group urges retailers to reduce pesticide levels Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 13, 2002
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Experts: Human pesticide tests unethical, useless Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 04, 2002
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Some farmers prone to pesticide-associated illness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 01, 2002
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Pesticide exposure linked to preterm birth Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 13, 2001
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UK co-op to ban pesticides in foods Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 02, 2001
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Canada supreme court allows ban on lawn pesticides Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 28, 2001
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Pesticide producers promise clean-up in developing countries Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 10, 2001
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Industry vows help to remove obsolete pesticides Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 10, 2001
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UN issues widespread pesticide waste alert Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 09, 2001
•
Pesticide waste menaces developing world's health Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 09, 2001 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or
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you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “pesticides” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to pesticides, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “pesticides” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on pesticides: •
Genetically Engineered Foods. Are They Safe? Source: Nutrition Action Healthletter. 28(9): 1, 3-8. November 2001. Contact: Center for Science in the Public Interest. 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009-5728. Summary: Using a question-and-answer format, this article discusses the safety of genetically engineered foods, their benefits to consumers, their risks and benefits to the environment, and the role of the Government in regulating genetically engineered crops. The article concludes that genetically engineered foods that are currently on the market are safe. By increasing yields and reducing the use of pesticides, they benefit farmers and the environment. A sidebar discusses the advantages and disadvantages of genetically engineered salmon. The article makes recommendations for Congress, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the United States Government.
Academic Periodicals covering Pesticides Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to pesticides. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering pesticides that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.”
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If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for pesticides. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with pesticides. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to pesticides: Anticholinergics/Antispasmodics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anaspaz; A-Spas S/L; Banthine; Bentyl; Cantil; Cystospaz; Cystospaz-M; Donnamar; ED-SPAZ; Gastrosed; Homapin; Levbid; Levsin; Levsin/SL; Levsinex Timecaps; Pro-Banthine; Quarzan; Robinul; Robinul Forte; Symax SL; Transderm-Scop http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202049.html
Lindane •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Bio-Well; GBH; G-well; Kildane; Kwell; Kwildane; Scabene; Thionex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202329.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.
PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “pesticides” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
America's children and the environment: Measures of contaminants, body burdens, and illnesses. (2nd ed.) Source: Washington, DC: Office of Children's Health Protection, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. 171 pp. Contact: Available from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Children's Health Protection, Room 2512 Ariel Rios North, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Mail Code 1107A, Washington, DC 20004. Telephone: (202) 564-2188 / fax: (202) 564-2733 / Web site: http://yosemite.epa.gov/ochp/ochpweb.nsf/homepage. Available from the Web site at no charge. Summary: This report brings together quantitative information on trends in levels of environmental contaminants; concentrations of contaminants measured in the bodies of children and women; and childhood illnesses that may be influenced by exposure to environmental contaminants. Report sections discuss environmental contaminants of outdoor and indoor air, drinking water, pesticides, and land contaminants; body burdens of concentrations of lead, mercury, and cotinine; and childhood illnesses such as respiratory diseases, childhood cancer, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Section four of the report discusses emerging issues such as mercury in fish and attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Special features, part five of the report, focuses on lead in California schools, pesticides in Minnesota schools, and birth defects in California. Each section contains references. Also included is a section on future directions of measurements used in this report as well as a glossary of terms. The appendices include data tables, data and methods used, and environmental health objectives in Healthy People 2010 and in the Environmental Protection Agency's strategic plan.
•
Birth defects tracking and prevention: Too many states are not making the grade Source: Washington, DC: Trust for America's Health. 2002. 33 pp. Contact: Available from Trust for America's Health, 1101 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Suite 501, Washington, DC 22205. Telephone: (202) 589-0940 / fax: (202) 589-0945 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://healthyamericans.org. Available from the Web site at no charge.
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Summary: This report grades each of the 50 states, plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, on their efforts to monitor and research birth defects. The report includes an executive summary; an analysis of the national statistics on birth defects; a discussion of the grading system; conclusions; and recommendations. Extensive appendices outline estimated lifetime costs of selected birth defects; the top 20 pesticides recognized or suspected developmental toxicants; programs with environmental exposure studies; standards; definitions; state-by-state evaluations of minimum national standards; and state monitoring programs and registries. References conclude the report. •
Manual on Running an NGO Resource Centre Contact: Powerful Information, Bradwell Abbey, City Discovery Centre, Milton Keynes, http://www.powerfulinformation.org. Summary: This report provides advice and information on planning, setting up, and operating a resource center. The report is aimed at nongovernmental and communitybased organizations (NGOs and CBOs) and is based on the experiences of Pesticides Action Network, UK and three West African NGOs in a project to promote more sustainable agriculture in West Africa with a focus on the danger to health and environment of the unregulated use of synthetic pesticides. The report discusses (1) getting started; (2) selection and acquisition of materials; cataloging and record keeping; (3) managing the resource center, including staffing, membership, and security; and (4) monitoring the use of the center and assessing its impact on the community. The annexes contain a draft resource center constitution and draft contract for resource center staff.
•
Second national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals Source: Atlanta, GA: National Center for Environmental Health. 2003. 251 pp.; exec summ. (6 pp.), 2 fact sheets. Contact: Available from National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Highway, N.E, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724. Telephone: (770) 488-7171 / fax: (770) 488-7197 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh. Available at no charge; also available from the Web site at no charge. Summary: This report provides current toxicology and health-risk information about the levels of environmental chemicals found in the blood or urine of people who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 and 2000. Data is provided for 116 chemicals, grouped into the following categories: metals, cotinine, several pesticides subcategories, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phytoestrogens, and herbicides. Additional topics include public health uses of the report and interpreting data. Separate documents include an executive summary, and two fact sheets, one spotlighting cotinine and one giving frequently asked questions about the report.
•
Farmworker women speak out: Priorities and policy recommendations to improve the lives of farmworker families Source: Washington, DC: Farmworker Justice Fund. 1994. 24 pp. Contact: Available from Farmworker Justice Fund, 2001 S Street, N.W., Suite 210, Washington, DC 20009. Telephone: (202) 462-8192. $10.95. Summary: This report traces the development of the Farmworker Women's Health Project in 1991. It focuses on the founding conference, the first meeting of the steering
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committee, and two subsequent conferences that focused on farmworker women and AIDS. The report describes events at each of the meetings that contributed to the formulation of the policy recommendations contained in the report. These recommendations cover specific health issues that are important to farmworker women such as AIDS, health, housing, exposure to pesticides, and wages and working conditions. [Funded in part by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 42553 989 198 3 1 43744
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “pesticides” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
16
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on pesticides can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to pesticides. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to pesticides. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “pesticides”:
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•
Other guides Anthrax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anthrax.html Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html Chemical Weapons http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chemicalweapons.html Drinking Water http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drinkingwater.html Environmental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/environmentalhealth.html Household Poisons http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/householdpoisons.html Indoor Air Pollution http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/indoorairpollution.html Malaria http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malaria.html Molds http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/molds.html Occupational Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/occupationalhealth.html Veteran's Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/veteranshealth.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to pesticides, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Tox Town Source: National Library of Medicine http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Biopesticide Active Ingredients Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/index.htm Choosing Pesticides Wisely Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001276/d001276.html Consumer Articles Treated with Pesticides Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/treatart.htm
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How to Use Insect Repellents Safely Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/insectrp.htm In Case of Pesticide Poisoning Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/incaseof.htm Pesticide Active Ingredients Source: National Pesticide Information Center http://npic.orst.edu/npicfact.htm Pesticide Safety Tips Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/pest_ti.htm Pesticides and Mosquito Control Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/pesticides4mosquitos.htm Potential of Chemicals to Affect the Endocrine System Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/3file.htm Read the Label First Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/label/ Safe Disposal of Pesticides Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/disposal.htm Safe Storage of Pesticides Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/store.htm Safety Precautions for Total Release Foggers Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/fogger.htm Spray Drift of Pesticides Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/spraydrift.htm Understanding Pesticide Labels Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001291/d001291.html •
Children Help! It's a Roach! Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/kids/roaches/english/
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Learn about Chemicals Around Your House Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs http://www.epa.gov/kidshometour/ Protecting Children from Pesticides Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/kidpesticide.htm Read the Label First! Protect Your Kids http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/labeling/rtlf/kids.pdf •
From the National Institutes of Health Pesticides Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/faq/pest.htm
•
Latest News Study Links Pesticides with Parkinson's Disease Source: 11/13/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14661 .html
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Law and Policy Worker Safety and Training Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/worker.htm
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Organizations Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/ National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/ National Pesticide Information Center Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Oregon State University http://npic.orst.edu
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Prevention/Screening Handle with Care! Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/grtlakes/seahome/housewaste/src/handle.htm Read the Label First! Protect Your Household http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/labeling/rtlf/home.pdf Read the Label First! Protect Your Pet http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/labeling/rtlf/pets.pdf
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Research Agricultural Health Study Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/pressreleases/AHSfactsheet Agricultural Pesticide Use May Be Associated with Increased Risk of Prostate Cancer Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/pressreleases/AgricultureHealthStudy Dioxin Research Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/oc/factsheets/dioxin.htm
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on pesticides. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Consumer's Guide to Pesticides and Food Safety Source: Washington, DC: International Food Information Council Foundation. 199x. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from International Food Information Council Foundation. 1100 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 430, Washington, DC 20036. (202) 296-6540. Website: ificinfo.health.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Summary: This brochure answers common consumer questions about pesticides and their impact on food safety by explaining how pesticides are regulated, noting their risks and benefits, and offering other information to help readers make informed decisions about diet and health. The brochure emphasizes that careful, judicious use of pesticides can minimize crop damage, help produce a safe and abundant food supply, and keep a variety of fruits, vegetables, breads, and other foods available year round at affordable prices. Topics covered include the types of pesticides, the role of the U.S. Government in approving the use of pesticides, the role of the Environmental Protection Agency in regulating pesticide use, ways of determining pesticide safety, and monitoring the food supply for pesticide residues, the risks related to pesticides, the ways cooking affects pesticide residues, the use of integrated pest management techniques in farming to minimize pesticide use, and sources of additional information on pesticides. The
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brochure concludes with the addresses and telephone numbers of various resource organizations, including Federal Government agencies. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
About Chemicals Around Your House Summary: Play this game and learn more about pesticides and other chemicals around the home. Source: Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances/EPA http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5740
•
Citizen's Guide to Pest Control and Pesticide Safety Summary: This publication has been developed to help consumers understand what steps to take to control pest in and around your home; what alternatives to chemical pesticides are available, including pest Source: Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=70
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Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC) Summary: EDSTAC is a committee formed by EPA under the Federal Advisory Committee Act to advise the Agency on the screening and testing of pesticides and chemicals for their potential to disrupt the endocrine Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Information Resource Center, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1112
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FAQ - About Pesticides Summary: Get answers to your basic questions about pesticides, pesticide management, pesticide poisoning and sensitivity to these products. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2994
Patient Resources
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FDA Glossary of Pesticide Chemicals Summary: This is a glossary of alternative names for pesticides and related chemicals. Most of the chemicals included in this glossary are pesticides used during the production of foods or animal feeds. Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3706
•
FDA Pestrak Files Summary: These files provide information about pesticides of interest to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because of their potential for use on foods. Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3707
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Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances Summary: There are many health risks associated with pesticides and toxic substances. Source: Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1111
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Pesticide Applicator and Worker Safety (The Worker Protection Standard) Summary: Information about the Worker Protection Standard -- intended to reduce the risk of pesticide poisonings and injuries among agricultural workers and to reduce the risk of pesticide poisonings and Source: Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances/EPA http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3016
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Pesticides and Child Safety Summary: This consumer health information document discusses pesticide poisoning of children in the home and precautions to protect children from accidental pesticide poisonings or exposures. Source: Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances/EPA http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3017
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Pesticides and Food: What You and Your Family Need to Know Summary: An overview of pesticides designed to keep you and your family safe. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4780
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•
Safely Handling Pesticides Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3482
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Ten Tips to Protect Children from Pesticide and Lead Poisonings Around the Home Source: Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances/EPA http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2991
•
What is a Pesticide? Summary: This consumer health information document contains a description of a pesticide (includes herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances used to control pests) as well as a list of some common Source: Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2993 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to pesticides. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Associations and Pesticides The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to pesticides: •
National Pesticide Information Center Telephone: Toll-free: (800) 858-7378 Fax: (541) 737-0761 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://npic.orst.edu Background: The National Pesticide Information Center, known formerly as the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network, provides objective, science-based information on a wide variety of pesticide-related topics. It is a toll-free telephone service available to anyone in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. NPIC is a cooperative effort of Oregon State University and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It operates from 6:30 a.m. To 4:30 p.m. Pacific Standard Time daily, including weekends. Relevant area(s) of interest: Pesticides
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to pesticides. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with pesticides. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about pesticides. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/.
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Simply type in “pesticides” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “pesticides”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “pesticides” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “pesticides” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
24
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on pesticides: •
Basic Guidelines for Pesticides Insecticide Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002832.htm Pesticide risks around the home Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001986.htm Pesticides Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002430.htm Pesticides and fruits - vegetables Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001987.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Pesticides Abdominal cramps Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm
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Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Anxiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Blue lips and fingernails Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm Coma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Difficulty breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Dizziness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Increased salivation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003048.htm Increased tearing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003036.htm Increased urination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003146.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Muscle spasms Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Nausea and/or vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Skin redness or inflammation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm
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Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Tearing, increased Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003036.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Pesticides Gastric lavage Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003882.htm
•
Nutrition for Pesticides Fat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm Low-fat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm Pesticides Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002430.htm
•
Background Topics for Pesticides Alcohol consumption Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001944.htm Paradichlorobenzene Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002902.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Safety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001931.htm Smoking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002032.htm Toxins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002331.htm
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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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PESTICIDES DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-alpha: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits. [NIH] Acanthocephala: A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]
Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many
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immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescent Nutrition: Nutrition of children aged 13-18 years. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the
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tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agrochemicals: Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc. [NIH] Air Pollutants: Substances which pollute the air. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]
Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU]
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Allium: A genus of liliaceous herbs containing onions (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and others; many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as food, condiment, and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine. [NIH] Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amniocentesis: Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and
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central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesics: Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anesthesia. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]
Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneuploidy: The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes or chromosome pairs. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol: 2N+1). [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH]
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Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anopheline: Malaria-carrier mosquito, having straight form of body from tip of proboscis to top of abdomen while resting with black spots on the wings. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]
Anovulation: Suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals and humans. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidepressive Agents: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (antidepressive agents, secondgeneration) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
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Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH]
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Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspartate Transaminase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Authorship: The profession of writing. Also the identity of the writer as the creator of a literary production. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Auxins: Organic compounds found in plant sprouts. They promote tissue growth through cell elongation rather than multiplication. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or
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bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bactericide: An agent that destroys bacteria. [EU] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biodegradation: The series of processes by which living organisms degrade pollutant chemicals, organic wastes, pesticides, and implantable materials. [NIH] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and
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physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biometry: The use of statistical methods to analyze biological observations and phenomena. [NIH]
Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Bioreactors: Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotic: Pertaining to living organisms in their ecological rather than their physiological relations. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH]
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Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Injuries: Acute and chronic injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with diffuse axonal injury or coma, posttraumatic. Localized injuries may be associated with neurobehavioral manifestations; hemiparesis, or other focal neurologic deficits. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes
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smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries. [NIH]
Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including starches, glycogens, cellulose, gums, and simple sugars. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogenicity: The ability to cause cancer. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease
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of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catechols: A group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula R-C6H5O2. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Causality: The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Aging: The decrease in the cell's ability to proliferate with the passing of time. Each cell is programmed for a certain number of cell divisions and at the end of that time proliferation halts. The cell enters a quiescent state after which it experiences cell death via the process of apoptosis. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Extracts: Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH]
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Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH]
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Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion. [NIH]
Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chlorotrianisene: A powerful synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen. [NIH] Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system. [NIH] Chromaffin System: The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic leukemia: A slowly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Chrysosporium: A mitosporic Onygenaceae fungal genus which causes adiaspiromycosis, a pulmonary mycosis of man and rodents. One of its teleomorphs is Ajellomyces. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH]
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Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Civil Defense: Preventive emergency measures and programs designed to protect the individual or community in times of hostile attack. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical series: A case series in which the patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codons: Any triplet of nucleotides (coding unit) in DNA or RNA (if RNA is the carrier of primary genetic information as in some viruses) that codes for particular amino acid or signals the beginning or end of the message. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all
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consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Comet Assay: A genotoxicological technique for measuring DNA damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Cell DNA fragments assume a "comet with tail" formation on electrophoresis and are detected with an image analysis system. Alkaline assay conditions facilitate sensitive detection of single-strand damage. [NIH] Communication Disorders: Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive language disorders, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., mental retardation), psychiatric conditions, and hearing disorders. [NIH] Community Health Centers: Facilities which administer the delivery of health care services to people living in a community or neighborhood. [NIH] Compacta: Part of substantia nigra. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices
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are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or
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treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Contrast Media: Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues. [NIH]
Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cotinine: 1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone antidepressant. Synonym: Scotine. [NIH]
fumarate.
Stimulant
proposed
as
Crabs: Chiefly marine, largely carnivorous crustaceans including the genera: Cancer, Uca, and Callinectes. It includes crabs as food. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cryptorchidism: A condition in which one or both testicles fail to move from the abdomen, where they develop before birth, into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism may increase the risk for development of testicular cancer. Also called undescended testicles. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU]
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Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytokinin: One of a group of N-substituted adenines which promote the division of plant cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] DDE: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes),
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bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Assistants: Individuals who assist the dentist or the dental hygienist. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depsipeptide: Anticancer drugs obtained from microorganisms. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desiccation: Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.). [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide. [NIH]
Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
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Diffuse Axonal Injury: A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include neurobehavioral manifestations; persistent vegetative state; dementia; and other disorders. [NIH]
Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dioxins: Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions
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of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide. [NIH] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosimeter: In nuclear science and radiotherapy, a device used for the detection and measurement of radiation absorbed dose or any dose-related ionizing radiation received by the individual; a radiation meter intended to measure absorbed dose. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysgeusia: A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. [NIH] Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH]
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Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromagnetic Fields: Fields representing the joint interplay of electric and magnetic forces. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Embryotoxicity: Any toxic effect on the conceptus as a result of prenatal exposure during the embryonic stages of development. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endoderm: The inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH]
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Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Environmental tobacco smoke: ETS. Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers (second-hand smoke). Inhaling ETS is called involuntary or passive smoking. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Stability: The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH]
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Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Farnesyl: Enzyme which adds 15 carbon atoms to the Ras precursor protein. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feasibility Studies: Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place
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in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A disorder occurring in children born to alcoholic women who continue to drink heavily during pregnancy. Common abnormalities are growth deficiency (prenatal and postnatal), altered morphogenesis, mental deficiency, and characteristic facies - small eyes and flattened nasal bridge. Fine motor dysfunction and tremulousness are observed in the newborn. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibril: Most bacterial viruses have a hollow tail with specialized fibrils at its tip. The tail fibers attach to the cell wall of the host. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Foetal: Of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Follicular Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with menstruation and ends with ovulation. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]
Food Chain: The sequence of transfers of matter and energy from organism to organism in the form of food. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is
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eaten by a larger animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter. [NIH] Food Handling: Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Foodborne Illness: An acute gastrointestinal infection caused by food that contains harmful bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and chills. Also called food poisoning. [NIH] Forestry: The science of developing, caring for, or cultivating forests. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a
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aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed i.e., transcribed, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germline mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that
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becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called hereditary mutation. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Gibberellins: A class of plant growth hormone isolated from cultures of Gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus causing Bakanae disease in rice. There are many different members of the family as well as mixtures of multiple members; all are diterpenoid acids based on the gibberellane skeleton. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH]
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Government Programs: Programs and activities sponsored or administered by local, state, or national governments. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]
Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulosa Cells: Cells of the membrana granulosa lining the vesicular ovarian follicle which become luteal cells after ovulation. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Hair Color: Color of hair or fur. [NIH] Hair Dyes: Dyes used as cosmetics to change hair color either permanently or temporarily. [NIH]
Hairy cell leukemia: A type of chronic leukemia in which the abnormal white blood cells appear to be covered with tiny hairs when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Hallucinogens: Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal
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condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hazardous Substances: Substances which, upon release into the atmosphere, water, or soil, or which, in direct contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, or as additives to food, cause health risks to humans or animals through absorption, inhalation, or ingestion. The concept includes safe handling, transportation, and storage of these substances. [NIH] Hazardous Waste: Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil, cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Policy: Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system. [NIH] Health Resources: Available manpower, facilities, revenue, equipment, and supplies to produce requisite health care and services. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Health Surveys: A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area. [NIH] Hearing Disorders: Conditions that impair the transmission or perception of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of
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glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Hereditary mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; hereditary mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called germline mutation. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent. [NIH] Hiatal Hernia: A small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest. Causes heartburn from stomach acid flowing back up through the opening. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homosexuality: Sexual attraction or relationship between members of the same sex. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU]
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Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hospital Records: Compilations of data on hospital activities and programs; excludes patient medical records. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydra: A genus of freshwater cnidarians, of interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals. [NIH]
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolases: Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). EC 3. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH]
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Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypospadias: A developmental anomaly in the male in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis or on the perineum. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] Impregnation: 1. The act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant. 2. The process or act of saturation; a saturated condition. [EU]
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In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incidental: 1. Small and relatively unimportant, minor; 2. Accompanying, but not a major part of something; 3. (To something) Liable to occur because of something or in connection with something (said of risks, responsibilities, .) [EU] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Industrial Waste: Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. It represents an ecological problem and health hazard. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Information Systems: Integrated set of files, procedures, and equipment for the storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inhibin: Glyceroprotein hormone produced in the seminiferous tubules by the Sertoli cells in the male and by the granulosa cells in the female follicles. The hormone inhibits FSH and LH synthesis and secretion by the pituitary cells thereby affecting sexual maturation and
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fertility. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticide Resistance: The development by insects of resistance to insecticides. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interindividual: Occurring between two or more individuals. [EU] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
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Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Isoenzymes: One of various structurally related forms of an enzyme, each having the same mechanism but with differing chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics. [NIH] Isoprenoid: Molecule that might anchor G protein to the cell membrane as it is hydrophobic. [NIH]
Isothiocyanates: Organic compounds with the general formula R-NCS. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Jellyfish: Free swimming marine cnidarians. Most of the large jellyfish are in the class Scyphozoa; the small jellyfish are in the class Hydrozoa (hydra). [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Killifish: Small oviparous fishes usually striped or barred black. They are much used in mosquito control. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or
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expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Latent period: A seemingly inactive period, as that between exposure of tissue to an injurious agent and the manifestation of response, or that between the instant of stimulation and the beginning of response. [EU] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Lead Poisoning: Disease caused by the gradual accumulation of a significant body burden of lead. [NIH] Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances, usually of plant origin, that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes and thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. It has been shown to cause cancer. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together
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from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linkage Disequilibrium: Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The
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color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lyases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of C-C, C-O, and C-N, and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysophospholipase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a single fatty acid ester bond in lysoglycerophosphatidates with the formation of glyceryl phosphatidates and a fatty acid. EC 3.1.1.5. [NIH] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe
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than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mass Media: Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a fullterm fetus. It consists of secretions of the intestinal glands, bile pigments, fatty acids, amniotic fluid, and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn. [NIH]
Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH]
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Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menarche: The establishment or beginning of the menstrual function. [EU] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental deficiency: A condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesencephalic: Ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis and contralateral tremor, spasm. or choreic movements of the face and limbs. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metamorphosis: The ontogeny of insects, i. e. the series of changes undergone from egg, through larva and pupa, or through nymph, to adult. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae. [NIH]
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Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of
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a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Monosomy: The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mosquito Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Mucilaginous: Pertaining to or secreting mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]
Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU]
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Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nematocide: A chemical used to kill nematodes. [NIH] Nematoda: A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephron: A tiny part of the kidneys. Each kidney is made up of about 1 million nephrons, which are the working units of the kidneys, removing wastes and extra fluids from the blood. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural Crest: A strip of specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonal neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms a column of isolated cells along the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. Most of the cranial and all of the spinal sensory ganglion cells arise by differentiation of neural crest cells. [NIH] Neurobehavioral Manifestations: Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information. [NIH]
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH]
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Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosecretory Systems: A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14.
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Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] N-methyl: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleotidases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nulliparous: Having never given birth to a viable infant. [EU] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Nymph: The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH]
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Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligomenorrhea: Abnormally infrequent menstruation. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncologist: A doctor who specializes in treating cancer. Some oncologists specialize in a particular type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organic Chemicals: A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form. [NIH] Organogenesis: Clonal propagation which involves culturing explants from roots, leaves, or stems to form undifferentiated callus tissue; after the cells form shoots, they are separated and rooted. Alternatively, if the callus is put in liquid culture, somatic embryos form. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]
Organophosphorus Compounds: Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Ornithine Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated Sadenosylmethionine to form spermidine. EC 4.1.1.17. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis,
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especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Oxaloacetate: An anionic form of oxaloacetic acid. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papule: A small circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of the skin. [EU] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraoxon: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH]
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Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parathion: A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Peak flow: The maximum amount of air breathed out; the power needed to produce this amount. [EU] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Hydrolases: A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Exopeptidases and endopeptidases make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic
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nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pest Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects or other animals. [NIH] Pesticide Residues: Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacists: Those persons legally qualified by education and training to engage in the practice of pharmacy. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH]
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Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases: A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines. Piperidine itself is found in the pepper plant as the alkaloid piperine. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plant Growth Regulators: Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. [NIH] Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU]
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Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH]
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Population Control: Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium hydroxide: A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparatrion of some drugs. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Power Plants: Units that convert some form of energy into electrical energy, such as hydroelectric or steam-generating stations, diesel-electric engines in locomotives, or nuclear power plants. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitating Factors: Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH]
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Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Program Development: The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development). [NIH]
Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH]
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Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Engineering: Procedures by which nonrandom single-site changes are introduced into structural genes (site-specific mutagenesis) in order to produce mutant genes which can be coupled to promoters that direct the synthesis of a specifically altered protein, which is then analyzed for structural and functional properties and then compared with the predicted and sought-after properties. The design of the protein may be assisted by computer graphic technology and other advanced molecular modeling techniques. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents). [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Housing: Housing subsidized by tax funds, usually intended for low income persons or families. [NIH]
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Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupa: An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects. [NIH] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation oncologist: A doctor who specializes in using radiation to treat cancer. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign
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conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into
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the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Reproductive History: An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rickettsia: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer. The natural cycle of its organisms generally involves a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. Species of the genus are the etiological agents of human diseases, such as typhus. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH]
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Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]
Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarin: An organophosphorous ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent. [NIH]
Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Scabicide: An agent which has the power to destroy sarcoptes scabiei. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU]
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Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Ratio: The number of males per 100 females. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Ships: Large vessels propelled by power or sail used for transportation on rivers, seas, oceans, or other navigable waters. Boats are smaller vessels propelled by oars, paddles, sail, or power; they may or may not have a deck. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell
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activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]
Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Problems: Situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community, and that require programs of amelioration. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH]
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Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spider Venoms: Venoms of arthropods of the order Araneida of the Arachnida. The venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including enzymes, hemolytic, neurolytic, and other toxins. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sprayer: A device for converting a medicated liquid into a vapor for inhalation; an instrument for applying a spray which is a jet of fine medicated vapor used either as an application to a diseased part or to charge the air of a room with a disinfectant. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become
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specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stria: 1. A streak, or line. 2. A narrow bandlike structure; a general term for such longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain. [EU] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH]
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Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an
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agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Technology Transfer: Spread and adoption of inventions and techniques from one geographic area to another, from one discipline to another, or from one sector of the economy to another. For example, improvements in medical equipment may be transferred from industrial countries to developing countries, advances arising from aerospace engineering may be applied to equipment for persons with disabilities, and innovations in science arising from government research are made available to private enterprise. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenesis: Production of monstrous growths or fetuses. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Teratogens: An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH]
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Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Titre: The quantity of a substance required to produce a reaction with a given volume of another substance, or the amount of one substance required to correspond with a given amount of another substance. [EU] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicologic: Pertaining to toxicology. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Transaminase: Aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins. [EU]
Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH]
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Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using gene transfer techniques. [NIH]
Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide. [NIH] Trihalomethanes: Methanes substituted with three halogen atoms, which may be the same or different. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]
Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH]
316 Pesticides
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in electron transport in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Umbilical Arteries: Either of a pair of arteries originating from the internal iliac artery and passing through the umbilical cord to carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical cord blood: Blood from the placenta (afterbirth) that contains high concentrations of stem cells needed to produce new blood cells. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Urban Population: The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH]
Dictionary 317
Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetarianism: Dietary practice of consuming only vegetables, grains, and nuts. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU]
318 Pesticides
Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin D: The vitamin that mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism, and probably muscle activity. It usually acts as a hormone precursor, requiring 2 stages of metabolism before reaching actual hormonal form. It is isolated from fish liver oils and used in the treatment and prevention of rickets. [NIH] Vitelline Membrane: The plasma membrane of the egg. [NIH] Vitellogenin: A serum and yolk protein which has been characterized as a calcium-binding glycolipophosphoprotein. It is induced by estrogen or juvenile hormone and is essential for yolk formation in various insect species. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Wetting Agents: A surfactant that renders a surface wettable by water or enhances the spreading of water over the surface; used in foods and cosmetics; important in contrast media; also with contact lenses, dentures, and some prostheses. Synonyms: humectants; hydrating agents. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]
Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yolk Sac: An embryonic membrane formed from endoderm and mesoderm. In reptiles and birds it incorporates the yolk into the digestive tract for nourishing the embryo. In placental mammals its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of most of the intestinal mucosa and the site of formation of the germ cells. It is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the vitelline membrane of the egg. [NIH]
Dictionary 319
Zebrafish: A species of North American fishes of the family Cyprinidae. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
321
INDEX 5 5-alpha, 15, 247 A Abdomen, 247, 252, 256, 257, 265, 283, 286, 296, 298, 310, 311 Abdominal, 243, 244, 247, 267, 274, 275, 283, 296, 298 Aberrant, 57, 247 Abortion, 46, 247, 301 Abscisic Acid, 160, 247 Acanthocephala, 247, 278 Acceptor, 127, 247, 286, 296, 314, 315 ACE, 235, 247 Acetylcholine, 11, 47, 247, 261, 293 Acetylcholinesterase, 34, 47, 73, 247 Acetylcysteine, 15, 247 Acrylonitrile, 166, 247, 307 Acuity, 4, 247, 285 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 25, 247, 248 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 247 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 248 Acute myeloid leukemia, 25, 248 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 248 Acute renal, 248, 279 Acyl, 156, 164, 248 Adaptability, 248, 259 Adenocarcinoma, 73, 248 Adenosine, 66, 248, 258, 299 Adhesives, 173, 247, 248 Adipose Tissue, 82, 83, 87, 96, 248 Adjustment, 23, 27, 248 Adjuvant, 155, 156, 158, 159, 248, 275 Adolescent Nutrition, 192, 248 Adrenergic, 248, 252, 269, 271, 312 Adsorption, 143, 145, 164, 248 Adsorptive, 248 Adverse Effect, 10, 18, 21, 30, 31, 39, 45, 57, 59, 248, 308 Aerobic, 70, 248, 290, 306, 316 Aerosol, 153, 248, 312 Affinity, 83, 138, 142, 165, 248, 249, 254, 286, 309 Ageing, 161, 249 Agonist, 47, 249, 269, 293, 313 Agrochemicals, 161, 249 Air Pollutants, 23, 249 Albumin, 97, 249, 299
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 67, 249 Aldehydes, 48, 249 Aldicarb, 73, 126, 249 Alertness, 249, 257 Alfalfa, 145, 249 Algorithms, 249, 256 Alkaline, 249, 250, 258, 263, 296, 298 Alkaloid, 249, 258, 262, 293, 299 Alkylation, 172, 249 Alleles, 249, 286 Allergen, 98, 249 Allium, 104, 250 Alloys, 250, 262 Allylamine, 250 Alpha Particles, 250, 304 Alternative medicine, 212, 250 Aluminum, 35, 250 Amenorrhea, 46, 134, 250, 252 Amine, 155, 250, 279 Amino Acid Sequence, 149, 250, 252, 275 Ammonia, 144, 250, 316 Amniocentesis, 57, 250 Amnion, 250 Amniotic Fluid, 57, 250, 276, 288 Amphetamines, 250, 262 Amplification, 9, 66, 251 Anaerobic, 251, 291 Anaesthesia, 251, 282 Anal, 26, 86, 118, 251, 271, 286 Analgesics, 59, 251 Analog, 15, 251, 289 Analogous, 251, 300, 315 Analytes, 149, 174, 175, 251 Anatomical, 64, 251, 261, 281, 290 Androgenic, 15, 251 Androgens, 251, 253 Anemia, 251, 257, 262, 287 Anesthesia, 251, 252, 265 Anesthetics, 4, 251, 255, 271 Aneuploidy, 56, 251 Animal model, 9, 18, 36, 37, 55, 57, 251 Anionic, 148, 159, 186, 251, 296 Anions, 174, 249, 251, 284, 312 Anode, 251, 252 Anomalies, 8, 29, 45, 55, 252, 313 Anopheline, 12, 252 Anorexia, 192, 251, 252, 275 Anorexia Nervosa, 192, 252
322 Pesticides
Anovulation, 46, 135, 252 Antagonism, 252, 258 Anthrax, 228, 252 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 252, 303, 314 Antibacterial, 146, 181, 252, 268, 310 Antibiotic, 146, 176, 252, 257, 297, 310 Antibodies, 5, 43, 70, 138, 142, 252, 278, 287, 299 Antibody, 14, 48, 70, 249, 252, 253, 263, 278, 279, 281, 282, 284, 288, 290, 304, 305, 310, 318 Anticoagulant, 252, 302 Anticonvulsant, 4, 252 Antidepressant, 252, 265 Antidepressive Agents, 252, 303 Antiemetic, 4, 252 Antifungal, 146, 253 Antigen, 249, 252, 253, 263, 279, 281, 282, 288, 290 Anti-infective, 4, 253, 273, 280 Anti-Infective Agents, 253, 273 Anti-inflammatory, 4, 253, 296 Antineoplastic, 203, 253 Antioxidant, 19, 37, 116, 253, 296 Antispasmodic, 4, 253 Antiviral, 247, 253, 283 Anus, 251, 253, 257, 263, 297, 300 Aperture, 165, 253 Aphids, 145, 180, 253 Apoptosis, 9, 39, 253, 259 Applicability, 7, 253 Aqueous, 63, 141, 147, 150, 151, 155, 160, 177, 181, 185, 186, 253, 255, 266, 270, 280 Arginine, 253, 293, 295, 304 Aromatase, 78, 84, 89, 253 Aromatic, 24, 72, 83, 107, 148, 161, 162, 175, 183, 223, 253, 298, 310, 311 Arterial, 250, 253, 281, 303 Arteries, 253, 254, 256, 257, 265, 290, 316 Arterioles, 254, 257, 258 Artery, 253, 254, 256, 265, 304, 307, 316, 317 Articular, 254, 296 Asbestos, 33, 254 Asbestosis, 254 Aseptic, 168, 254, 311 Aspartate, 73, 254 Aspartate Transaminase, 73, 254 Assay, 11, 34, 40, 46, 51, 52, 83, 93, 109, 173, 254, 263, 281, 315 Astringents, 254, 289 Astrocytes, 254, 290
Atmospheric Pressure, 165, 254 Atrophy, 254, 292 Authorship, 176, 254 Autonomic, 247, 254, 294, 297 Autonomic Nervous System, 254, 297 Auxins, 160, 254, 299 B Bacillus, 66, 70, 73, 78, 138, 146, 252, 254 Bacterial Infections, 146, 255, 260 Bactericidal, 138, 146, 176, 255, 272 Bactericide, 151, 255 Bacteriostatic, 250, 255 Bacterium, 71, 138, 178, 255, 264, 279 Barbiturate, 255, 313 Base, 31, 144, 255, 266, 267, 272, 274, 275, 284, 298, 313, 315 Benign, 255, 274, 278, 292, 304 Benzene, 255, 259 Bilateral, 17, 255, 292 Bile, 255, 274, 284, 286, 288, 311 Bile Pigments, 255, 284, 288 Bilirubin, 249, 255, 280 Binding Sites, 72, 255 Bioassay, 43, 105, 255 Bioavailability, 6, 32, 255 Bioavailable, 6, 255 Biochemical, 10, 41, 42, 43, 55, 61, 83, 88, 98, 117, 160, 168, 249, 255, 285, 296 Biodegradation, 40, 85, 195, 255 Biological Markers, 8, 255 Biological response modifier, 256, 283 Biological therapy, 256, 277 Biomarkers, 17, 18, 23, 46, 58, 62, 65, 92, 256 Biometry, 16, 32, 256 Biopsy, 256, 297 Bioreactors, 168, 256 Biotechnology, 30, 65, 74, 79, 107, 194, 201, 212, 221, 256 Biotic, 76, 129, 256 Biotransformation, 62, 74, 197, 256 Bladder, 17, 94, 107, 256, 261, 264, 302, 316 Blastocyst, 256, 264, 270, 299 Bloating, 256, 282 Blood Coagulation, 256, 258, 313 Blood pressure, 256, 281, 290, 309 Blood vessel, 247, 256, 257, 258, 261, 271, 279, 287, 297, 309, 311, 313, 317 Body Burden, 27, 222, 257, 285 Body Fluids, 256, 257, 309, 315 Bone Marrow, 13, 247, 248, 255, 257, 281, 287, 291
Index 323
Bowel, 192, 251, 257, 268, 283 Bowel Movement, 257, 268 Brachytherapy, 257, 283, 284, 304, 318 Bradykinin, 257, 293, 299 Brain Injuries, 95, 257 Brain Stem, 257, 260 Branch, 106, 201, 241, 257, 266, 287, 297, 303, 309, 313 Breakdown, 72, 169, 257, 268, 275, 298 Broad-spectrum, 167, 257 Buccal, 13, 21, 93, 257 Burns, 16, 154, 257 Burns, Electric, 257 C Cadmium, 30, 39, 62, 257 Cadmium Poisoning, 257 Caffeine, 22, 24, 192, 257 Calcium, 160, 184, 254, 258, 262, 263, 308, 318 Calculi, 258, 276 Callus, 258, 295 Camptothecin, 66, 114, 258 Capillary, 91, 165, 257, 258, 307, 317 Capsules, 258, 275 Carbaryl, 68, 72, 258 Carbohydrates, 184, 192, 258, 259 Carbon Dioxide, 154, 258, 266, 299, 306, 316 Carcinogen, 6, 258, 291 Carcinogenesis, 5, 17, 53, 80, 258 Carcinogenic, 37, 59, 105, 255, 258, 268, 283, 302, 311 Carcinogenicity, 80, 173, 194, 258 Carcinoma, 51, 89, 258 Cardiac, 43, 250, 258, 271, 292, 311 Cardiovascular, 4, 258 Case series, 258, 262 Case-Control Studies, 27, 85, 106, 258, 271 Caspase, 9, 41, 259 Catalyse, 259, 314 Catecholamine, 252, 259, 269 Catechols, 15, 259 Cations, 259, 284 Causal, 9, 259, 271, 306 Causality, 39, 259 Celiac Disease, 192, 259 Cell Aging, 42, 259 Cell Death, 5, 9, 39, 49, 133, 253, 259 Cell Differentiation, 259, 308 Cell Division, 254, 259, 266, 277, 288, 290, 299, 302 Cell Extracts, 48, 259
Cell membrane, 259, 267, 272, 275, 284, 299 Cell proliferation, 5, 259, 283, 308 Cell Respiration, 259, 290, 306 Cell Survival, 259, 277 Cellobiose, 259, 260 Cellulose, 71, 73, 74, 144, 258, 259, 260, 274, 299 Central Nervous System, 56, 247, 251, 254, 255, 257, 260, 261, 262, 274, 278, 290 Central Nervous System Infections, 260, 278 Centrifugation, 260, 290 Cerebellar, 260, 315 Cerebellar Diseases, 260, 315 Cerebellum, 257, 260 Cerebral, 257, 260, 265, 271, 287, 303 Cerebral hemispheres, 257, 260 Cervical, 260 Cervix, 247, 260, 306 Character, 12, 139, 260, 266, 276 Chelating Agents, 159, 260 Chemical Warfare, 33, 47, 143, 163, 260, 266, 307, 309 Chemical Warfare Agents, 33, 143, 163, 260, 266 Chemotherapeutic agent, 151, 203, 260 Chemotherapy, 52, 260 Child Care, 205, 260 Chin, 73, 261, 289 Chlorides, 154, 261 Chlorine, 143, 183, 261 Chlorophyll, 260, 261, 274 Chlorotrianisene, 15, 261 Chlorpyrifos, 18, 28, 30, 47, 79, 86, 187, 261 Cholesterol, 192, 255, 261, 311, 313 Choline, 11, 247, 261 Cholinergic, 11, 41, 261, 293 Cholinesterase Inhibitors, 258, 261 Chromaffin System, 261, 270 Chromatin, 253, 261 Chromosomal, 8, 29, 56, 251, 261, 300, 307 Chromosome, 20, 26, 43, 56, 251, 261, 264, 277, 284, 285, 286, 291, 307, 315, 316 Chronic, 9, 18, 37, 40, 47, 53, 61, 77, 78, 80, 257, 261, 268, 277, 282, 311, 317 Chronic leukemia, 261, 277 Chrysosporium, 71, 261 Circulatory system, 261, 270 Citric Acid, 155, 262 Citrus, 126, 262 Civil Defense, 50, 262
324 Pesticides
Clear cell carcinoma, 262, 267 Clinical Medicine, 262, 301 Clinical series, 22, 262 Clinical trial, 4, 8, 133, 135, 221, 262, 265, 305 Cloning, 67, 69, 73, 256, 262 Cobalt, 109, 262 Coca, 262 Cocaine, 43, 67, 262 Cod Liver Oil, 262, 270 Codons, 262, 275, 295 Cofactor, 262, 303, 313 Cognition, 12, 262 Cohort Studies, 262, 271 Collagen, 248, 250, 262, 275, 300 Collapse, 183, 257, 263 Colloidal, 181, 249, 263, 270, 298, 312 Colon, 263, 285 Colorectal, 17, 58, 263 Colorectal Cancer, 17, 58, 263 Comet Assay, 79, 263 Communication Disorders, 136, 202, 220, 263 Community Health Centers, 33, 263 Compacta, 30, 263 Complement, 263, 264, 275, 284, 299 Complementary and alternative medicine, 113, 124, 263 Complementary medicine, 113, 264 Compliance, 46, 175, 185, 264 Computational Biology, 221, 264 Concentric, 165, 264 Conception, 46, 247, 264, 273, 301, 311 Conjugated, 264, 266 Conjugation, 48, 256, 264 Conjunctiva, 264, 282 Connective Tissue, 257, 262, 264, 267, 274, 275, 287 Consciousness, 12, 251, 252, 264, 268, 269 Constipation, 192, 264 Constitutional, 56, 149, 264 Constriction, 264, 307 Consumption, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 35, 37, 89, 168, 245, 264, 267, 275, 296 Contraindications, ii, 264 Contralateral, 265, 289 Contrast Media, 265, 318 Control group, 13, 28, 33, 265 Convulsions, 244, 252, 255, 265 Coordination, 33, 175, 260, 265 Coronary, 265, 290 Coronary Thrombosis, 265, 290
Cortisol, 249, 265 Cotinine, 222, 223, 265 Crabs, 28, 265 Cranial, 260, 265, 278, 292, 294, 298 Craniocerebral Trauma, 265, 278 Criterion, 169, 265 Cross-Sectional Studies, 265, 271 Cryptorchidism, 45, 265 Curare, 265, 291 Curative, 265, 306, 313 Cutaneous, 17, 70, 117, 252, 265, 285 Cyclic, 153, 156, 158, 162, 164, 167, 178, 181, 258, 265, 277, 293 Cytochrome, 15, 36, 41, 42, 49, 66, 67, 68, 69, 74, 114, 116, 117, 253, 266 Cytochrome b, 42, 266 Cytogenetics, 16, 94, 266, 307 Cytokine, 266, 313 Cytokinin, 160, 266 Cytomegalovirus, 203, 266 Cytoplasm, 253, 259, 266, 271, 277, 291, 312 Cytosine, 266, 304 Cytotoxic, 29, 88, 94, 266, 305, 309 Cytotoxicity, 138, 250, 266 D Data Collection, 8, 17, 20, 266, 273 DDE, 27, 51, 127, 266 De novo, 8, 266 Decarboxylation, 266, 279, 295, 304 Decidua, 266, 299 Decontamination, 34, 197, 266 Degenerative, 12, 47, 266, 295 Deletion, 48, 253, 266, 286 Delivery of Health Care, 263, 267 Dendrites, 267, 293 Density, 21, 260, 267, 295 Dental Assistants, 8, 267 Dentures, 267, 318 Depolarization, 41, 267, 309 Depsipeptide, 178, 267 Dermal, 51, 82, 258, 267 Dermatitis, 81, 267 Dermis, 267, 314 DES, 82, 91, 107, 267 Desiccation, 160, 194, 267 Detoxification, 7, 22, 33, 42, 48, 122, 126, 130, 197, 267 Deuterium, 267, 280 Developed Countries, 267, 273 Developing Countries, 31, 212, 267, 313 Diagnostic procedure, 137, 212, 267
Index 325
Diaphragm, 165, 267, 279 Diarrhea, 192, 244, 267, 274 Diarrhoea, 267, 275 Diazinon, 18, 47, 175, 267 Dicamba, 52, 267 Dietary Fats, 267, 286 Diffuse Axonal Injury, 257, 268 Digestion, 255, 257, 268, 269, 282, 283, 286, 311, 317 Digestive system, 136, 268 Digestive tract, 268, 309, 318 Dihydrotestosterone, 247, 268, 305 Dilatation, 247, 268, 302 Dilution, 51, 52, 148, 180, 268 Dimethoate, 101, 268 Dimethyl, 148, 268 Dioxins, 90, 183, 268 Diploid, 251, 268, 291, 299, 315 Discrimination, 82, 268 Disease Progression, 5, 268 Disease Vectors, 12, 268, 283 Disinfectant, 268, 272, 310 Disinfection, 151, 268 Disposition, 36, 268 Dissociation, 138, 249, 268, 284 Dissociative Disorders, 268 Distal, 39, 269, 298, 303 Diuresis, 258, 269 Diuron, 168, 269 Diverticula, 269 Diverticulitis, 192, 269 Diverticulum, 269 Dopamine, 11, 19, 22, 30, 41, 114, 262, 269, 290, 293, 298 Dorsal, 269, 292, 301, 310 Dosimeter, 65, 269 Drug Interactions, 15, 59, 216, 269 Drug Tolerance, 269, 314 Dyes, 8, 269, 277, 298 Dysgeusia, 4, 269 Dysmenorrhea, 46, 134, 269 Dyspepsia, 269, 282 Dyspnea, 149, 269 E Ecosystem, 166, 269 Ectoderm, 269, 292 Effector, 142, 247, 263, 269 Efficacy, 33, 148, 155, 158, 159, 160, 169, 180, 269 Ejaculation, 270, 308 Elastic, 139, 270, 276, 312 Elective, 119, 270
Electrolysis, 251, 259, 270 Electrolyte, 270, 301, 309 Electromagnetic Fields, 8, 270 Electrophoresis, 29, 149, 263, 270 Elementary Particles, 270, 293, 303 Embryo, 19, 247, 250, 256, 259, 269, 270, 273, 282, 289, 300, 301, 310, 313, 316, 318 Embryo Transfer, 270, 301 Embryotoxicity, 19, 270 Emulsion, 141, 148, 186, 270 Encapsulated, 162, 270 Endemic, 56, 270, 287, 310 Endocrine Glands, 270 Endocrine System, 54, 57, 229, 270, 293 Endoderm, 270, 318 Endogenous, 22, 41, 53, 57, 269, 270 Endometrial, 5, 53, 271 Endometrium, 266, 271, 289 Endothelium, 271, 293 Endothelium-derived, 271, 293 Endotoxins, 6, 23, 50, 263, 271, 284 Environmental Exposure, 13, 17, 18, 19, 22, 26, 28, 30, 38, 46, 56, 223, 256, 271, 295 Environmental tobacco smoke, 23, 271 Enzymatic, 43, 50, 68, 250, 258, 263, 271, 279 Enzyme Stability, 50, 271 Epidemic, 205, 271, 310 Epidemiologic Studies, 8, 17, 52, 64, 256, 271 Epidemiological, 9, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 31, 53, 77, 271, 306 Epinephrine, 248, 269, 271, 293, 294, 315 Epithelial, 39, 139, 248, 266, 271, 279 Epithelial Cells, 139, 271, 279 Epithelium, 37, 271 Erythrocytes, 251, 257, 271, 305 Esophagus, 17, 268, 271, 278, 298, 311 Estrogen, 5, 15, 46, 53, 57, 63, 115, 135, 211, 253, 261, 271, 272, 308, 313, 318 Estrogen receptor, 5, 15, 54, 63, 272 Ethanol, 272, 273 Ether, 66, 72, 74, 272 Ethnic Groups, 17, 272 Eukaryotic Cells, 272, 295, 316 Evacuation, 264, 272 Excipients, 272, 273, 298 Excrete, 272, 305 Exhaustion, 252, 272, 287 Exocytosis, 272, 312 Exogenous, 173, 202, 248, 256, 270, 272
326 Pesticides
Expiration, 21, 272, 306 External-beam radiation, 272, 284, 304, 318 Extracellular, 254, 264, 272, 309 Extraction, 20, 22, 76, 77, 80, 87, 91, 105, 113, 116, 119, 155, 272 Extrapyramidal, 269, 272 F Fallopian tube, 272, 306 Family Planning, 221, 272 Farnesyl, 59, 272 Fat, 95, 192, 245, 248, 257, 272, 286, 294, 300, 309, 312 Fatigue, 80, 272 Fatty acids, 249, 272, 288 Feasibility Studies, 57, 272 Feces, 264, 272 Fenthion, 101, 272 Fermentation, 167, 272, 274 Ferritin, 37, 273 Fertilization in Vitro, 273, 301 Fertilizers, 140, 141, 154, 163, 174, 184, 185, 199, 249, 273 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, 44, 203, 273 Fetal Development, 57, 273 Fetus, 29, 247, 273, 288, 299, 302, 310, 311, 316 Fibril, 60, 273 Fibrillation, 100, 273 Filtration, 107, 182, 273 Fish Products, 273, 307 Flatus, 273, 275 Flavoring Agents, 273, 298 Focus Groups, 32, 273 Foetal, 95, 273 Fold, 25, 51, 273 Follicles, 267, 273, 282 Follicular Phase, 46, 135, 273 Food Additives, 75, 81, 93, 95, 101, 203, 273 Food Chain, 183, 273 Food Handling, 191, 274 Food Preservatives, 273, 274 Foodborne Illness, 191, 203, 274 Forestry, 115, 129, 139, 201, 274 Fractionation, 86, 97, 274 Frameshift, 274, 315 Frameshift Mutation, 274, 315 Free Radicals, 253, 268, 274 Fungi, 53, 145, 151, 176, 187, 189, 253, 264, 274, 277, 290, 292, 318
Fungicide, 35, 56, 69, 70, 72, 74, 120, 151, 155, 166, 201, 274, 279, 288 Fungus, 120, 150, 155, 176, 274, 276, 291 G Gallbladder, 247, 268, 274 Gamma Rays, 274, 291, 304, 305 Ganglia, 247, 274, 292, 298 Ganglion, 274, 292 Gap Junctions, 275, 312 Gas, 30, 52, 87, 91, 100, 116, 143, 150, 167, 176, 250, 258, 261, 273, 275, 280, 282, 291, 293, 294, 311, 312 Gastric, 245, 275, 278, 279, 280 Gastrin, 275, 280 Gastritis, 192, 275 Gastroenteritis, 192, 275 Gastrointestinal, 254, 257, 261, 271, 272, 274, 275, 287, 311, 315 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 254, 275 Gelatin, 146, 275, 276, 312 Gene Expression, 5, 11, 44, 63, 98, 275 Gene Expression Profiling, 11, 275 Genetic Code, 275, 294 Genetic Engineering, 256, 262, 275 Genetic Markers, 16, 275 Genetics, 7, 11, 16, 30, 33, 58, 94, 104, 264, 266, 275 Genital, 45, 262, 275 Genotype, 17, 30, 38, 275, 298 Germ Cells, 63, 275, 288, 309, 313, 318 Germline mutation, 8, 275, 279 Gestation, 276, 297, 299, 310 Gestational, 30, 45, 276 Gestational Age, 30, 45, 276 Gibberellins, 276, 299 Ginseng, 119, 124, 276 Gland, 71, 118, 261, 276, 287, 296, 302, 307, 311, 313 Glucose, 259, 260, 276, 278, 307 Glutamate, 254, 276 Glutathione Peroxidase, 276, 308 Gluten, 259, 276 Glycine, 44, 177, 250, 276, 293 Glycols, 276, 280 Glycoprotein, 36, 138, 139, 276, 285, 291, 313, 315 Glycoside, 276, 280, 307 Goats, 187, 276 Gonadal, 276, 311 Gout, 192, 276 Governing Board, 276, 301 Government Agencies, 32, 276, 301
Index 327
Government Programs, 191, 277 Grade, 177, 179, 222, 277 Grading, 223, 277 Graft, 277, 280 Grafting, 277, 281 Gram-negative, 277, 291, 306 Granule, 148, 277 Granulocytes, 277, 285, 309, 318 Granulosa Cells, 277, 282 Grasses, 178, 277 Growth factors, 24, 277, 290 Guanylate Cyclase, 277, 293 H Habitual, 38, 260, 277 Haemorrhage, 247, 277 Hair Color, 277 Hair Dyes, 173, 277 Hairy cell leukemia, 17, 85, 106, 277 Hallucinogens, 277, 303 Haploid, 277, 299 Haptens, 14, 249, 278 Hazardous Substances, 32, 278 Hazardous Waste, 88, 143, 278 Headache, 149, 244, 258, 278, 282 Headache Disorders, 278 Health Policy, 56, 278 Health Resources, iv, 4, 193, 278 Health Services, 27, 33, 207, 267, 278 Health Status, 33, 278 Health Surveys, 55, 278 Hearing Disorders, 263, 278 Heartburn, 192, 278, 279, 282 Helminths, 157, 178, 278, 282, 292 Heme, 255, 266, 278 Hemiparesis, 257, 278 Hemoglobin, 251, 260, 271, 278, 279 Hemoglobin A, 260, 279 Hemolytic, 149, 279, 310 Hemorrhage, 265, 278, 279, 311 Hepatic, 15, 249, 279 Hepatocytes, 105, 279 Hereditary, 17, 276, 279, 292 Hereditary mutation, 276, 279 Heredity, 275, 279 Heterogeneity, 7, 8, 249, 279 Heterotrophic, 274, 279 Hexachlorobenzene, 51, 279 Hiatal Hernia, 192, 279 Histamine, 279 Histidine, 173, 279 Histology, 11, 279, 296 Homeostasis, 11, 20, 57, 279
Homogeneous, 53, 279 Homologous, 138, 249, 279, 312 Homosexuality, 205, 279 Hormonal, 17, 93, 160, 254, 279, 318 Hospital Records, 46, 280 Host, 130, 145, 151, 158, 268, 273, 274, 280, 281, 306, 317 Hybrid, 280 Hybridization, 9, 280 Hydra, 280, 284 Hydrochloric Acid, 261, 280 Hydrogen Peroxide, 143, 276, 280, 286, 312 Hydrogenation, 280, 304 Hydrolases, 33, 280, 299 Hydrolysis, 68, 76, 172, 177, 247, 256, 259, 280, 287, 297, 298, 299, 303 Hydrophilic, 159, 186, 280 Hydrophobic, 48, 71, 177, 183, 186, 280, 284 Hydroxides, 280 Hydroxyl Radical, 161, 280 Hydroxylation, 15, 280 Hydroxyproline, 250, 263, 280 Hyperbilirubinemia, 203, 280, 284 Hypersensitivity, 249, 281 Hypertension, 278, 281 Hyperuricemia, 276, 281 Hypnotic, 255, 281, 313 Hypospadias, 45, 281 Hypothalamic, 35, 281 Hypothalamus, 254, 281 I Id, 110, 120, 234, 240, 242, 281 Idiopathic, 5, 30, 36, 281 Immune function, 50, 281 Immune response, 248, 253, 278, 281, 309, 311, 317 Immune system, 45, 60, 256, 281, 287, 317, 318 Immunity, 45, 87, 281 Immunization, 281, 302 Immunoassay, 149, 150, 281 Immunoglobulin, 97, 252, 281, 291 Immunologic, 276, 281, 305 Immunology, 39, 40, 109, 248, 249, 281 Impairment, 4, 19, 23, 36, 210, 281, 289 Implant radiation, 281, 283, 284, 304, 318 Implantation, 19, 46, 264, 281 Impotence, 211, 281 Impregnation, 117, 281
328 Pesticides
In vitro, 15, 19, 35, 36, 41, 47, 53, 68, 69, 84, 88, 107, 270, 282 In vivo, 11, 15, 19, 36, 48, 53, 69, 106, 282 Incidental, 6, 132, 282 Incision, 282, 283 Indicative, 37, 193, 282, 297, 317 Indigestion, 192, 282 Induction, 36, 39, 70, 89, 98, 117, 251, 282 Industrial Waste, 175, 282 Infancy, 192, 282, 306 Infarction, 265, 282, 290 Infertility, 21, 56, 121, 134, 282 Infestation, 35, 179, 185, 282 Inflammation, 19, 244, 249, 253, 267, 269, 275, 282, 300 Influenza, 192, 282 Information Systems, 64, 128, 132, 282 Ingestion, 6, 92, 104, 158, 252, 257, 278, 282, 300 Inhalation, 80, 248, 254, 278, 282, 300, 310 Inhibin, 21, 46, 135, 282 Initiation, 52, 283 Inlay, 283, 306 Innervation, 5, 283 Inorganic, 106, 160, 261, 280, 283 Inotropic, 269, 283 Insecticide Resistance, 66, 69, 196, 210, 283 Insecticides, 7, 12, 29, 43, 47, 53, 63, 68, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 132, 147, 156, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 170, 180, 181, 195, 196, 199, 200, 283, 298, 318 Interferon, 50, 283, 287 Interferon-alpha, 283 Interindividual, 11, 36, 283 Interleukins, 50, 283 Intermittent, 168, 283 Internal radiation, 283, 284, 304, 318 Interstitial, 257, 283, 284, 318 Intestinal, 259, 283, 287, 288, 318 Intestinal Mucosa, 259, 283, 318 Intestine, 257, 263, 283, 285 Intoxication, 202, 283, 317 Intracellular, 37, 40, 60, 258, 282, 283, 289, 293, 301, 308 Intraperitoneal, 47, 283 Intrinsic, 42, 249, 283 Invasive, 54, 281, 283 Invertebrates, 45, 58, 198, 268, 284 Involuntary, 271, 273, 284, 292, 309 Ion Channels, 39, 254, 284, 312 Ionization, 13, 59, 284
Ionizing, 250, 269, 271, 284, 304 Ions, 60, 142, 160, 255, 260, 268, 270, 280, 284 Irradiation, 192, 284, 318 Isoenzymes, 117, 284 Isoprenoid, 59, 71, 118, 284 Isothiocyanates, 37, 284 Isozymes, 116, 284 J Jaundice, 280, 284 Jellyfish, 149, 284 Joint, 61, 202, 206, 254, 270, 284, 295, 312 K Karyotype, 250, 284 Kb, 220, 284 Keto, 284, 314 Killifish, 63, 284 Kinetic, 51, 60, 61, 284 L Lag, 51, 284 Language Disorders, 263, 284 Large Intestine, 263, 268, 283, 285, 305, 309 Larva, 122, 285, 289 Latent, 64, 285 Latent period, 64, 285 Lavage, 245, 285 Lead Poisoning, 6, 206, 234, 285 Lectins, 142, 285 Leishmaniasis, 70, 115, 117, 285 Lenses, 285, 305, 318 Lethal, 48, 118, 255, 285, 291 Leucocyte, 285, 287 Leukemia, 13, 17, 25, 26, 81, 85, 285 Leukocytes, 257, 277, 283, 285, 291, 315 Library Services, 240, 285 Lice, 106, 114, 258, 285 Life cycle, 274, 285, 294, 304 Life Expectancy, 18, 285 Ligament, 272, 285, 302 Lindane, 19, 30, 123, 216, 285 Linkage, 14, 16, 17, 49, 259, 275, 285, 286 Linkage Disequilibrium, 17, 286 Lip, 165, 286 Lipase, 47, 286 Lipid, 261, 284, 286, 296, 316 Lipid Peroxidation, 286, 296 Lipophilic, 159, 286, 300 Liposomes, 145, 286 Localization, 64, 286 Localized, 257, 270, 282, 286, 299 Locomotion, 286, 299 Locomotor, 30, 286
Index 329
Longitudinal study, 45, 61, 286 Loop, 203, 286 Loss of Heterozygosity, 8, 286 Lubricants, 286, 298 Luciferase, 64, 286 Luteal Phase, 46, 135, 287 Lyases, 143, 287 Lymph, 260, 261, 271, 287 Lymph node, 260, 287 Lymphatic, 121, 271, 282, 287, 310 Lymphatic system, 287, 310 Lymphoblastic, 287 Lymphoblasts, 11, 247, 248, 287 Lymphocyte, 39, 94, 253, 287, 288 Lymphoid, 17, 39, 252, 285, 287 Lymphokine, 94, 287 Lymphoma, 8, 76, 85, 89, 92, 106, 287 Lysophospholipase, 47, 287 M Macrolides, 188, 287 Malabsorption, 192, 259, 287 Malaria, 70, 115, 117, 118, 119, 228, 252, 287 Malaria, Falciparum, 287, 288 Malaria, Vivax, 287 Malignancy, 51, 78, 288 Malignant, 17, 248, 253, 288, 292, 304 Malnutrition, 19, 192, 249, 254, 288 Mammary, 37, 288, 313 Maneb, 30, 105, 288 Manifest, 23, 39, 53, 288 Mannans, 274, 288 Mass Media, 288 Meat, 184, 192, 210, 267, 288 Meconium, 29, 65, 91, 288 Mediate, 269, 288 Mediator, 39, 288 Medical Records, 8, 280, 288, 306 Medicament, 250, 288, 312 MEDLINE, 221, 288 Medullary, 39, 288 Meiosis, 288, 312, 316 Melanin, 288, 298, 315 Melanocytes, 288 Melanoma, 17, 288, 316 Membrane Proteins, 286, 289 Memory, 252, 289 Menarche, 99, 289, 306 Meninges, 260, 265, 289 Menopause, 289, 301, 302, 306 Menstrual Cycle, 273, 287, 289, 302
Menstruation, 46, 134, 250, 266, 269, 273, 287, 289, 295, 306 Mental, iv, 4, 28, 136, 220, 224, 261, 262, 263, 268, 272, 273, 289, 302, 303 Mental deficiency, 273, 289 Mental Disorders, 136, 289, 302 Mental Health, iv, 4, 136, 220, 224, 289, 302, 303 Mental Processes, 268, 289, 303 Mental Retardation, 263, 289 Mercury, 27, 30, 61, 222, 289 Mesencephalic, 9, 20, 289 Mesoderm, 289, 318 Metabolic disorder, 276, 289 Metabolite, 15, 30, 35, 43, 46, 71, 79, 118, 129, 146, 256, 266, 268, 289 Metamorphosis, 58, 289, 294 Methionine, 106, 268, 289, 311 Methoprene, 180, 289 Methoxychlor, 15, 57, 290 MI, 30, 191, 246, 290 Microbe, 168, 290, 314 Microglia, 254, 290 Micronutrients, 163, 182, 290 Microorganism, 40, 262, 290, 297, 318 Micro-organism, 269, 290, 299 Microscopy, 41, 61, 290 Microsomal, 118, 290 Miscible, 148, 290 Mitochondria, 20, 41, 290, 295 Mitosis, 48, 253, 285, 290 Modeling, 49, 53, 58, 59, 129, 290, 303 Modification, 6, 7, 33, 35, 48, 49, 50, 57, 250, 275, 290, 304 Monitor, 34, 61, 87, 105, 175, 223, 290, 294 Monoamine, 20, 252, 290 Monoclonal, 284, 290, 304, 318 Monocytes, 285, 291, 313 Monosomy, 251, 291 Morphogenesis, 273, 291 Morphological, 249, 270, 274, 288, 291 Morphology, 46, 134, 138, 291 Mosquito Control, 13, 229, 284, 291 Motility, 46, 134, 291 Motion Sickness, 291, 292 Motor Activity, 12, 265, 291 Motor nerve, 291, 294 Mucilaginous, 288, 291 Mucocutaneous, 285, 291 Mucolytic, 247, 291 Multidrug resistance, 36, 291 Muscle relaxant, 4, 252, 291
330 Pesticides
Muscle tension, 291 Mustard Gas, 291 Mutagen, 17, 291 Mutagenic, 173, 268, 291 Mutagenicity, 173, 291 Myalgia, 282, 291 Mycoplasma, 151, 260, 291 Mycosis, 261, 291 Mycotoxins, 101, 109, 249, 292 Myocardium, 290, 292 N Nasal Mucosa, 282, 292 Nausea, 149, 244, 252, 275, 282, 292 NCI, 1, 3, 8, 37, 52, 135, 219, 292 Nematocide, 249, 292 Nematoda, 278, 292 Neonatal, 8, 28, 29, 37, 292 Neoplasia, 292 Neoplasm, 292 Neoplastic, 39, 286, 287, 292 Nephron, 39, 292 Nerve, 33, 47, 50, 84, 142, 174, 248, 251, 261, 267, 274, 283, 288, 291, 292, 293, 294, 298, 301, 310, 311, 315 Nervous System, 18, 57, 63, 180, 254, 260, 288, 292, 293, 297, 307, 312, 317 Networks, 31, 292 Neural, 19, 132, 290, 292 Neural Crest, 19, 292 Neurobehavioral Manifestations, 257, 268, 292 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 18, 292 Neuroendocrine, 35, 293 Neurologic, 18, 210, 252, 257, 293 Neuromuscular, 84, 247, 293 Neuromuscular Junction, 247, 293 Neuronal, 11, 24, 28, 30, 35, 37, 41, 60, 293 Neurons, 5, 9, 11, 19, 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 262, 267, 274, 291, 293, 312 Neuropathy, 47, 293, 298 Neurophysiology, 267, 293 Neurosecretory Systems, 270, 293 Neurotoxic, 56, 65, 293 Neurotoxicity, 10, 27, 41, 49, 56, 68, 107, 293 Neurotoxins, 13, 41, 203, 293 Neurotransmitter, 247, 248, 250, 257, 261, 269, 276, 279, 284, 293, 294, 308, 311, 312 Neutrons, 250, 284, 293, 304 Nicotine, 24, 293 Nitric Oxide, 44, 293
Nitrogen, 127, 140, 155, 158, 159, 174, 175, 182, 249, 250, 251, 293, 295 N-methyl, 71, 90, 294 Nonverbal Communication, 263, 294 Norepinephrine, 248, 269, 293, 294 Nuclear, 258, 262, 264, 269, 272, 274, 294, 301 Nuclei, 250, 264, 275, 290, 293, 294, 303 Nucleic acid, 29, 173, 266, 275, 280, 294, 304, 310 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 280, 294 Nucleotidases, 280, 294 Nucleus, 253, 254, 261, 265, 266, 267, 270, 272, 274, 288, 291, 293, 294, 302, 303, 311 Nulliparous, 28, 294 Nutritive Value, 273, 294 Nymph, 289, 294 O Occupational Exposure, 8, 23, 84, 94, 100, 294 Oculomotor, 289, 294 Odds Ratio, 9, 294 Odour, 253, 295 Ointments, 295, 296 Oligomenorrhea, 46, 134, 295 Oncogene, 115, 295 Oncologist, 29, 295 Oncology, 29, 92, 106, 295 Opacity, 267, 295 Open Reading Frames, 43, 295 Operon, 173, 295, 306 Organelles, 143, 260, 266, 288, 291, 295, 300 Organic Chemicals, 29, 200, 295 Organogenesis, 57, 295 Organoleptic, 20, 295 Organophosphorus Compounds, 50, 143, 295 Ornithine, 66, 295, 304 Ornithine Decarboxylase, 66, 295 Osmotic, 249, 295 Osteoarthritis, 61, 295 Osteoporosis, 192, 296 Ovaries, 253, 296, 306, 308 Overexpress, 44, 296 Ovulation, 252, 273, 277, 287, 296 Oxaloacetate, 254, 296 Oxidation, 19, 42, 47, 116, 143, 163, 247, 253, 256, 266, 276, 286, 287, 296 Oxidation-Reduction, 256, 296 Oxidative Stress, 5, 9, 11, 19, 20, 24, 37, 52, 108, 296
Index 331
Oxides, 14, 296 Oxygen Consumption, 40, 296, 306 P Palliative, 296, 313 Pancreas, 247, 256, 268, 286, 296, 315 Pancreatic, 17, 296 Pancreatic cancer, 17, 296 Papule, 149, 296 Paraffin, 8, 296 Paralysis, 265, 278, 289, 296 Paraoxon, 175, 296 Parasite, 117, 274, 296, 297 Parasitic, 69, 153, 162, 192, 247, 278, 282, 285, 297, 299 Parathion, 175, 297 Patch, 51, 297, 314 Pathogen, 44, 55, 59, 69, 297 Pathogenesis, 8, 10, 52, 297 Pathologic, 36, 253, 256, 265, 280, 281, 297 Pathologic Processes, 253, 297 Patient Education, 231, 238, 240, 246, 297 Peak flow, 32, 297 Pelvic, 297, 302 Penicillin, 167, 252, 297 Penis, 270, 281, 297, 306 Peptide, 33, 250, 280, 297, 302, 303 Peptide Hydrolases, 280, 297 Percutaneous, 158, 250, 297 Perennial, 297, 315 Perforation, 253, 297 Perfusion, 256, 297 Perinatal, 27, 35, 297 Perineum, 281, 297 Peripheral blood, 13, 283, 297 Peripheral Nervous System, 18, 292, 293, 297, 311 Peripheral Neuropathy, 77, 298 Peritoneal, 283, 298 Peritoneal Cavity, 283, 298 Peroxide, 37, 298 Pest Control, 6, 105, 144, 153, 156, 165, 166, 176, 178, 181, 186, 188, 194, 199, 232, 298 Pesticide Residues, 27, 105, 107, 198, 201, 202, 206, 231, 298 Petrolatum, 270, 298 Petroleum, 173, 203, 296, 298 Pharmaceutic Aids, 273, 298 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 260, 272, 275, 298 Pharmacists, 206, 298 Pharmacologic, 251, 298, 314
Pharynx, 282, 298 Phenolphthalein, 270, 298 Phenotype, 17, 42, 54, 105, 255, 298 Phenyl, 70, 156, 164, 165, 166, 171, 172, 175, 181, 298 Phenylalanine, 298, 315 Phospholipases, 298, 309 Phospholipids, 272, 299 Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, 280, 299 Phosphorous, 155, 299 Phosphorus, 14, 72, 143, 164, 182, 258, 295, 299 Phosphorylation, 47, 299 Physical Examination, 276, 299 Physiologic, 249, 273, 289, 290, 299, 305, 315 Physiology, 41, 57, 118, 256, 285, 293, 299 Pigments, 255, 262, 299, 300 Pilot study, 17, 27, 37, 62, 75, 299 Piperidines, 175, 176, 299 Placenta, 43, 253, 299, 302, 316 Plant Diseases, 146, 151, 187, 299 Plant Growth Regulators, 159, 160, 161, 163, 169, 299 Plant Viruses, 151, 299 Plasma, 70, 75, 97, 143, 249, 252, 259, 275, 278, 291, 299, 308, 318 Plasma cells, 252, 299 Plasma protein, 249, 299 Plasmid, 67, 71, 300, 317 Plastids, 295, 300 Platelet Activation, 300, 309 Platelet Aggregation, 293, 300 Platelets, 293, 300 Platinum, 286, 300 Platyhelminths, 278, 300 Pneumonia, 265, 300 Poisoning, 6, 47, 50, 70, 71, 95, 109, 128, 133, 143, 164, 192, 210, 211, 229, 232, 233, 257, 260, 274, 275, 283, 289, 292, 300 Policy Making, 276, 300 Pollen, 130, 300, 304 Polychlorinated Biphenyls, 21, 27, 35, 51, 82, 87, 93, 97, 100, 223, 300 Polymerase, 173, 300, 305 Polymers, 146, 175, 300, 303, 311 Polymorphism, 30, 300 Polyposis, 263, 300 Polysaccharide, 253, 260, 300 Population Control, 49, 301 Posterior, 251, 260, 269, 296, 301
332 Pesticides
Postmenopausal, 296, 301 Postnatal, 23, 28, 30, 273, 301, 310 Postsynaptic, 301, 308, 312 Post-synaptic, 11, 301 Post-translational, 44, 301 Post-traumatic, 257, 278, 301 Potassium, 155, 301 Potassium hydroxide, 155, 301 Potentiation, 261, 301, 309 Power Plants, 166, 301 Practicability, 272, 301 Practice Guidelines, 224, 301 Precipitating Factors, 259, 278, 301 Precursor, 8, 14, 19, 261, 269, 271, 272, 294, 298, 301, 310, 315, 318 Pregnancy Outcome, 16, 46, 135, 301 Pregnancy Tests, 276, 301 Premenopausal, 17, 302 Prenatal, 18, 23, 28, 56, 64, 98, 270, 273, 302 Presynaptic, 293, 302, 312 Prevalence, 22, 29, 31, 70, 73, 294, 302 Primary Prevention, 56, 302 Primary tumor, 53, 302 Probe, 34, 302 Progeny, 264, 302 Progesterone, 302, 311 Program Development, 60, 302 Progression, 5, 17, 18, 46, 48, 53, 61, 134, 203, 251, 302 Progressive, 259, 269, 277, 292, 295, 300, 302 Promoter, 11, 36, 302 Prone, 166, 211, 302 Prophase, 302, 312, 316 Propoxur, 18, 30, 302 Prospective study, 46, 286, 302 Prostate, 17, 32, 61, 73, 98, 101, 122, 210, 231, 256, 302, 306, 315 Protease, 14, 66, 67, 302 Protein C, 48, 139, 184, 249, 250, 273, 302, 303, 316 Protein Conformation, 250, 303 Protein Engineering, 59, 303 Protein S, 201, 256, 275, 303 Proteolytic, 9, 263, 271, 303 Protons, 42, 250, 280, 284, 303, 304 Protozoa, 192, 264, 285, 290, 303 Protozoal, 203, 303 Protozoan, 260, 287, 303 Proximal, 269, 302, 303 Psychiatric, 256, 263, 289, 303 Psychic, 289, 303, 308
Psychology, 268, 303 Psychomotor, 28, 303 Psychotropic, 4, 303 Psychotropic Drugs, 4, 303 Public Health, 6, 7, 32, 33, 45, 46, 56, 58, 80, 88, 104, 198, 223, 224, 303 Public Housing, 6, 303 Public Policy, 94, 221, 304 Pulmonary, 256, 261, 264, 304, 312, 317 Pulmonary Edema, 261, 304 Pulse, 149, 290, 304 Pupa, 289, 304 Putrescine, 295, 304, 310 Pyridoxal, 295, 304, 314 Pyrimidines, 154, 157, 304 Q Quality of Life, 18, 33, 61, 304 Quaternary, 143, 159, 303, 304 Quercetin, 117, 304 Quiescent, 259, 304 Quinolones, 181, 304 R Race, 7, 284, 304 Radiation, 142, 143, 203, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274, 283, 284, 295, 304, 316, 318 Radiation oncologist, 295, 304 Radiation therapy, 272, 274, 283, 284, 304, 318 Radioactive, 34, 257, 266, 280, 281, 283, 284, 294, 304, 318 Radiography, 265, 276, 304 Radiolabeled, 34, 47, 284, 304, 318 Radiological, 26, 297, 304 Radiotherapy, 257, 269, 284, 304, 318 Randomized, 33, 38, 85, 269, 305 Reactive Oxygen Species, 47, 305 Reagent, 261, 280, 287, 305 Receptor, 4, 24, 39, 41, 47, 52, 54, 83, 89, 138, 139, 253, 269, 305, 308 Recombinant, 14, 43, 67, 68, 70, 256, 305, 317 Recombinant Proteins, 43, 305 Recombination, 264, 275, 305 Rectum, 253, 257, 263, 268, 273, 275, 285, 302, 305, 312 Recurrence, 53, 305 Red blood cells, 271, 279, 305, 307 Reductase, 15, 253, 305 Refer, 1, 257, 263, 274, 286, 293, 305, 314 Refraction, 305, 310 Regimen, 269, 305 Registries, 223, 305
Index 333
Regurgitation, 278, 305 Relaxant, 305 Remission, 305 Renal tubular, 39, 305 Repressor, 295, 305 Reproduction Techniques, 301, 306 Reproductive cells, 275, 279, 306 Reproductive History, 14, 26, 306 Reproductive system, 45, 306 Research Design, 9, 306 Research Support, 54, 306 Respiration, 12, 258, 265, 290, 306 Restoration, 19, 306 Retrospective, 35, 46, 80, 306 Retrospective Studies, 46, 306 Retrospective study, 35, 80, 306 Reversion, 173, 306, 315 Rickets, 306, 318 Rickettsia, 151, 306 Rigidity, 299, 306 Rod, 254, 255, 306 Rodenticides, 161, 298, 307 Rubber, 247, 307 Rubella, 203 Ruminants, 276, 307 Rural Population, 7, 15, 307 Rutin, 304, 307 S Saliva, 307 Salivary, 266, 268, 296, 307 Salivary glands, 266, 268, 307 Salivation, 244, 307 Sanitation, 166, 203, 307 Saponins, 307, 311 Sarin, 50, 307 Satellite, 49, 174, 307 Scabicide, 285, 307 Scatter, 307, 316 Screening, 34, 58, 76, 77, 87, 91, 98, 109, 113, 116, 127, 232, 262, 307 Scrotum, 265, 307, 313 Seafood, 192, 307 Secretion, 279, 282, 283, 290, 307, 308, 317 Secretory, 71, 118, 307, 312 Sediment, 63, 94, 183, 307 Seizures, 308, 309 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 308, 312 Selenium, 61, 62, 308 Semen, 21, 46, 134, 270, 302, 308 Seminiferous tubule, 282, 308 Semisynthetic, 51, 258, 308
Senile, 296, 308 Sensor, 142, 174, 308 Septic, 254, 308 Sequester, 48, 308, 312 Serologic, 281, 308 Serum, 27, 28, 45, 51, 57, 75, 77, 82, 83, 95, 100, 249, 263, 308, 315, 318 Sex Characteristics, 251, 308, 313 Sex Ratio, 56, 308 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 192, 308 Ships, 166, 308 Side effect, 57, 215, 248, 256, 281, 308, 314 Signal Transduction, 45, 47, 63, 70, 308 Skeleton, 276, 284, 309 Skin test, 50, 309 Skull, 265, 309, 313 Small intestine, 280, 283, 309 Smooth muscle, 250, 251, 258, 279, 309, 311 Social Environment, 304, 309 Social Problems, 179, 309 Social Support, 33, 309 Sodium, 155, 276, 309 Soft tissue, 257, 309 Solvent, 25, 51, 143, 146, 148, 184, 186, 255, 272, 295, 309 Soma, 118, 309 Soman, 50, 309 Somatic, 56, 288, 290, 295, 297, 298, 309 Somatic cells, 288, 290, 309 Spasm, 253, 289, 309 Specialist, 235, 309 Specificity, 65, 142, 149, 249, 310 Spectroscopic, 42, 310 Spectrum, 14, 17, 27, 126, 152, 169, 290, 310 Sperm, 21, 56, 58, 251, 261, 275, 279, 300, 306, 308, 310, 313 Spermatogenesis, 21, 310 Spermidine, 295, 310 Spices, 108, 310 Spider Venoms, 13, 310 Spinal cord, 254, 257, 260, 261, 274, 289, 292, 293, 297, 310 Spinal Nerves, 298, 310 Spirochete, 310, 312 Spleen, 266, 287, 310 Spontaneous Abortion, 46, 122, 135, 301, 310 Sporadic, 5, 9, 17, 22, 292, 310 Sprayer, 139, 310 Steady state, 51, 310
334 Pesticides
Steel, 130, 310, 317 Stem Cells, 310, 316 Sterile, 254, 311 Sterility, 282, 311 Steroid, 21, 45, 253, 265, 307, 311 Stillbirth, 301, 311 Stimulant, 257, 265, 279, 311 Stimulus, 283, 284, 311, 313 Stomach, 247, 268, 271, 275, 279, 280, 285, 292, 298, 307, 309, 310, 311 Strand, 141, 263, 300, 311 Stria, 20, 311 Stroke, 136, 220, 311 Styrene, 160, 161, 307, 311 Subacute, 282, 311 Subarachnoid, 278, 311 Subclinical, 46, 282, 308, 311 Subspecies, 310, 311 Substance P, 257, 289, 307, 311 Substrate, 30, 34, 43, 280, 311 Suction, 273, 311 Sulfur, 42, 63, 289, 295, 311 Sunburn, 312, 316 Superoxide, 52, 72, 312 Superoxide Dismutase, 52, 72, 312 Supplementation, 19, 312 Suppositories, 275, 312 Surfactant, 148, 151, 312, 318 Suspensions, 161, 312 Sympathomimetic, 269, 271, 294, 312 Symphysis, 261, 302, 312 Synapse, 248, 293, 302, 312, 315 Synapsis, 312 Synaptic, 11, 20, 293, 309, 312 Synaptic Transmission, 11, 293, 312 Synaptic Vesicles, 20, 312 Synergistic, 100, 151, 187, 312 Syphilis, 203, 312 Systemic, 19, 151, 216, 256, 268, 271, 282, 284, 304, 312, 318 T Tamoxifen, 15, 54, 308, 312 Technology Transfer, 32, 313 Temporal, 13, 278, 313 Teratogenesis, 47, 313 Teratogenic, 19, 268, 313 Teratogens, 19, 29, 203, 313 Testicles, 265, 307, 313 Testicular, 51, 253, 265, 313 Testis, 313 Testosterone, 15, 21, 45, 46, 135, 247, 305, 313
Thalidomide, 19, 313 Therapeutics, 62, 107, 145, 201, 216, 313 Thermal, 82, 91, 127, 166, 183, 254, 268, 293, 313 Thoracic, 267, 313, 318 Threshold, 80, 281, 313 Thrombin, 300, 302, 313 Thrombomodulin, 302, 313 Thrombosis, 303, 311, 313 Thyroid, 18, 79, 97, 203, 313, 314, 315 Thyroid Gland, 313, 314 Thyroid Hormones, 79, 313, 314, 315 Thyroxine, 249, 298, 314 Ticks, 12, 282, 294, 314 Tin, 130, 298, 300, 314 Tissue, 9, 15, 17, 19, 40, 49, 58, 63, 133, 138, 183, 248, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 264, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274, 277, 281, 283, 285, 287, 288, 289, 292, 293, 295, 297, 298, 300, 306, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314 Titre, 167, 314 Tolerance, 66, 67, 114, 248, 314 Topical, 151, 158, 216, 254, 272, 280, 296, 298, 314 Toxicologic, 62, 157, 314 Toxin, 5, 20, 30, 49, 138, 314 Toxoplasmosis, 203, 314 Trace element, 62, 262, 314 Trachea, 298, 313, 314 Tranquilizing Agents, 303, 314 Transaminase, 73, 314 Transdermal, 158, 314 Transduction, 308, 314 Transfection, 159, 160, 256, 315 Transferases, 52, 70, 315 Transgenes, 64, 315 Translating, 7, 32, 315 Translation, 250, 315 Translational, 315 Translocation, 8, 315 Transmitter, 247, 254, 269, 284, 288, 294, 312, 315 Trauma, 257, 315 Trees, 142, 153, 160, 165, 199, 307, 315 Tremor, 18, 22, 289, 315 Trifluralin, 69, 187, 315 Trihalomethanes, 58, 315 Trisomy, 251, 315 Tumor marker, 256, 315 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 313, 315 Tumor suppressor gene, 286, 315
Index 335
Typhimurium, 173, 315 Tyrosine, 36, 269, 315 U Ubiquinone, 66, 316 Ubiquitin, 48, 316 Ultrasonography, 276, 316 Ultraviolet radiation, 141, 312, 316 Umbilical Arteries, 316 Umbilical Cord, 24, 57, 83, 316 Umbilical cord blood, 30, 57, 316 Unconscious, 251, 281, 316 Univalent, 280, 296, 316 Uracil, 304, 316 Urban Population, 49, 133, 316 Urea, 68, 70, 131, 295, 316 Urease, 117, 316 Urethra, 281, 297, 302, 316 Uric, 276, 281, 316 Urinary, 37, 46, 52, 89, 129, 258, 261, 316 Urine, 28, 35, 37, 46, 50, 52, 65, 76, 77, 99, 223, 256, 269, 316 Uterine Contraction, 247, 316 Uterus, 247, 250, 260, 266, 271, 289, 296, 302, 306, 316, 317 V Vaccine, 248, 317 Vacuoles, 295, 317 Vagina, 260, 267, 289, 306, 317 Vanadium, 143, 163, 317 Vascular, 250, 267, 271, 278, 282, 293, 299, 313, 317 Vasodilator, 257, 269, 279, 317 Vector, 13, 42, 98, 115, 116, 118, 145, 314, 317 Vegetarianism, 192, 317 Vegetative, 109, 186, 268, 317 Vein, 294, 307, 316, 317 Venereal, 312, 317 Venoms, 13, 293, 310, 317
Venous, 22, 303, 317 Ventricle, 281, 304, 317 Venules, 257, 258, 317 Vesicular, 11, 20, 277, 290, 317 Veterinary Medicine, 142, 206, 221, 317 Villous, 259, 317 Viral, 145, 151, 203, 247, 282, 314, 317 Virulence, 167, 314, 317 Virus, 68, 72, 73, 99, 253, 260, 275, 283, 314, 317 Virus Diseases, 253, 317 Visceral, 19, 115, 122, 254, 285, 317 Viscosity, 247, 318 Vitamin D, 4, 306, 318 Vitelline Membrane, 318 Vitellogenin, 105, 318 Vitro, 15, 318 Vivo, 15, 47, 48, 50, 53, 318 W War, 12, 130, 194, 195, 198, 260, 291, 318 Wetting Agents, 161, 318 White blood cell, 247, 248, 252, 277, 285, 287, 299, 318 Windpipe, 298, 313, 318 Womb, 306, 316, 318 X Xenobiotics, 36, 43, 57, 58, 88, 107, 118, 318 Xenograft, 251, 318 X-ray, 4, 42, 59, 274, 284, 291, 294, 304, 305, 318 X-ray therapy, 284, 318 Y Yeasts, 274, 298, 318 Yolk Sac, 19, 318 Z Zebrafish, 63, 319 Zygote, 264, 319 Zymogen, 302, 319
336 Pesticides
