PHLEBITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Phlebitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84165-9 1. Phlebitis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on phlebitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PHLEBITIS .................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Phlebitis......................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PHLEBITIS ........................................................................................ 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 Finding Nutrition Studies on Phlebitis ....................................................................................... 29 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 31 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND PHLEBITIS .................................................................. 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 33 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 35 General References ....................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND PHLEBITIS .............................................................................. 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Recent Trials on Phlebitis ............................................................................................................ 39 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 40 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON PHLEBITIS............................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Patents on Phlebitis ..................................................................................................................... 43 Patent Applications on Phlebitis.................................................................................................. 50 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON PHLEBITIS .................................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 53 Chapters on Phlebitis ................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PHLEBITIS .................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 55 Academic Periodicals covering Phlebitis...................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 59 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 60 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 63 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 65 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 69 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 74 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 77
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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 77 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 83 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 83 PHLEBITIS DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................ 85 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 119
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with phlebitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about phlebitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to phlebitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on phlebitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to phlebitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on phlebitis. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PHLEBITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on phlebitis.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and phlebitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “phlebitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Enteral vs. Parenteral Nutrition Support: Part One Source: Today's Dietitian. 3(8): 10-12. August 2001. Contact: Available from Great Valley Publishing Company, Inc. Today's Dietitian, Subscription Department, 3801 Schuylkill Road, Spring City, PA 19475. (610) 948-9500. Fax (610) 948-7202. Summary: Advances in both enteral (through the digestive tract) and parenteral (outside the digestive tract) products and devices have made clinical nutrition a most exciting and rewarding area of practice. This article, the first of two in a continuing education series for dietitians, explores the pros and cons of parenteral support. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) provides nutrients to a patient via vascular (blood vessel) access and can provide most of the necessary nutrients to patients unable to utilize their gastrointestinal
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(GI) tract effectively. Guidelines for the use of TPN include massive small bowel resection (surgical removal), severe diarrhea (if unresponsive to other treatments), intractable vomiting, acute pancreatitis, and malnutrition (if the patient is unable to use the GI tract for seven to 10 days). The authors describe access issues for TPN, formula preparation, fats, monitoring the TPN patient, and complications. Complications of TPN include phlebitis (inflammation of a vein) at the access site, pneumothorax (collapsed lung) during the insertion of the central line, thrombosis (clotting) of the vein, and infection of the venous access line. And because parenteral nutrition is much more complex and expensive than enteral nutrition therapies, its use must be closely monitored. 2 figures. 10 references. •
Popliteal Cysts in Adults: A Review Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 31(2): 108-118. October 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on a study that reviewed the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, imaging, differential diagnosis, complications, and treatment of popliteal cysts. References were taken from MEDLINE from 1985 to 1998 under the subject popliteal cyst with, subheadings of radiography, ultrasonography, and radionuclide imaging. Other pertinent references were used as well. Childhood cysts were excluded. The study found that, depending on the population investigated and the imaging technique used, 5 percent to 32 percent of knee problems may have these cysts, with two age incidence peaks of 4 to 7 years and 35 to 70 years. In older patients, there is usually coexistent joint pathology. The usual patient complaints resulting from popliteal cysts are swelling, a mass, pain, or stiffness, often aggravated by activity. Symptoms may arise in the popliteal fossa from the cyst itself or be dominated by knee pain from coexisting knee pathology. Many cysts are asymptomatic. Physical examination will miss one half of these cysts. Pathogenesis depends on the connection between the joint and the bursa, with a valvelike effect allowing passage of fluid from the joint into the bursa with subsequent distention producing these cysts. Some bursae have no such joint bursal communication, and cysts arise primarily as bursitis of the gastrocnemio semimembranosus bursa. Imaging is performed by plain x ray, ultrasound, arthrography, computerized axial tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or nuclear scan. Sonography is the method of choice. Complicated cysts with extension or rupture into the calf mimic phlebitis, an important differential diagnosis. The imperative consideration in the differential diagnosis is to distinguish deep vein thrombosis from ruptured popliteal cysts. Asymptomatic cysts found incidentally need no treatment. Most symptomatic cysts respond to intraarticular corticosteroid injections. Symptomatic cysts not communicating with the joint will not respond to intraarticular steroids and may require other considerations, for example, steroids injected directly into the cyst or excision. However, surgical excision is rarely needed. The article concludes that popliteal cysts are fairly common, may not be found on physical examination, require further imaging to be identified, mimic phlebitis when extending into the calf, and often respond to intraarticular steroid or, rarely, surgical resection. 3 figures and 96 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Phlebitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to phlebitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of
Studies
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Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to phlebitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore phlebitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for phlebitis: •
Project Title: HEME ARGINATE IN ACUTE PORPHYRIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Anderson, Karl E.; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The purpose of this project is to study heme arginate for the treatment of the acute porphyrias (acute intermittent porphyria, variegate porphyria, and hereditary coproporphyria). Heme arginate (Normosang(R), Leiras) is a stable heme preparation for intravenous use that was developed and studied in Europe for acute porphyrias, but has not been available in the United States. The heme preparation currently approved by the FDA as an orphan product for the treatment of these disorders has a number of disadvantages, including poor chemical stability, a short shelf life and troublesome side effects such as coagulation abnormalities and phlebitis at the site of intravenous infusion. These features have limited the application of heme treatment in porphyria patients in the United States. Therefore, availability of heme arginate would be a distinct advantage to patients with these disorders. The aims of these studies are 1) to examine the safety and efficacy of heme arginate in patients with acute attacks of porphyria in terms of producing remissions of symptoms and lowering porphyrin precursors; 2) to study the value of heme arginate infusions for the prevention of frequently occurring attacks of porphyria; 3) to carry out dose-ranging studies of effects of heme arginate on reducing porphyrin precursor levels in stable patients with acute intermittent porphyria. Enrollment in these multicenter studies has been completed and data is being analyzed in cooperation with the manufacturer with the aim of supporting the licensing of heme arginate in the U.S. The efficacy of a preventive regimen using heme therapy has been demonstrated for the first time. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “phlebitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for phlebitis in the PubMed Central database: •
Efficacy of Minocycline and EDTA Lock Solution in Preventing Catheter-Related Bacteremia, Septic Phlebitis, and Endocarditis in Rabbits. by Raad I, Hachem R, Tcholakian RK, Sherertz R.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127019
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with phlebitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “phlebitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for phlebitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of superficial septic thrombophlebitis in a varicose vein caused by Salmonella panama. Author(s): Salamon SA, Prag J. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2001 January; 7(1): 34-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11284943&dopt=Abstract
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A case report of acute pelvic thrombophlebitis missed by magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvic veins. Author(s): Magee LA, Redman CW. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2000 February; 88(2): 203-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10690682&dopt=Abstract
4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A comparison of transparent polyurethane and dry gauze dressings for peripheral i.v. catheter sites: rates of phlebitis, infiltration, and dislodgment by patients. Author(s): Tripepi-Bova KA, Woods KD, Loach MC. Source: American Journal of Critical Care : an Official Publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. 1997 September; 6(5): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9283675&dopt=Abstract
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A dedicated intravenous cannula for postoperative use effect on incidence and severity of phlebitis. Author(s): Panadero A, Iohom G, Taj J, Mackay N, Shorten G. Source: Anaesthesia. 2002 September; 57(9): 921-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190760&dopt=Abstract
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Acute myeloid leukemia accompanied by multiple thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Tsumita Y, Matsushima T, Uchiumi H, Narahara N, Tamura J, Karasawa M, Murakami H, Naruse T. Source: Intern Med. 1997 August; 36(8): 595-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9260781&dopt=Abstract
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Acute superficial venous thrombophlebitis: does emergency surgery have a role? Author(s): Beatty J, Fitridge R, Benveniste G, Greenstein D. Source: International Angiology : a Journal of the International Union of Angiology. 2002 March; 21(1): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11941280&dopt=Abstract
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An “enigmatic” cause of back pain following regional anaesthesia for caesarean section: septic pelvic thrombophlebitis. Author(s): French RA, Cole C. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1999 April; 27(2): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10212723&dopt=Abstract
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An adult case with an abnormal right ventricular structure causing intraventricular pressure gradient and a history of aphthous stomatitis and thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Sugishita Y, Tajima S, Shimizu T, Sugishita K, Harada K, Matsui H, Inoue M, Murakawa Y, Suzuki J, Takenaka K, Omata M, Takahashi T. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 1999 July; 40(4): 517-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10611919&dopt=Abstract
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An unusual presentation of enterocolic lymphocytic phlebitis. Author(s): Arain FA, Willey J, Richter J, Senagore A, Petras R. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002 March; 34(3): 252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11873107&dopt=Abstract
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Angiopericytomatosis and subcutaneus thrombophlebitis in multiple myeloma. Author(s): Rongioletti F, Gambinil C, Smollerl BR, Parodi A, Rebora A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 147(5): 1037-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410733&dopt=Abstract
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Antibiotics differ in their tendency to cause infusion phlebitis: a prospective observational study. Author(s): Lanbeck P, Odenholt I, Paulsen O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(7): 512-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195877&dopt=Abstract
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Arcuate and interlobular phlebitis in renal allografts. Author(s): Torbenson M, Randhawa P. Source: Human Pathology. 2001 December; 32(12): 1388-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11774174&dopt=Abstract
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Atypical Sweet's syndrome in a neutropenic patient with acute myeloid leukemia, secondary to a RAEB-T, simulating thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Equitani F, Mele L, Rutella S, Belli P, Paciaroni K, Piscitelli R, Pagano L. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1999 September; 41(3): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568127&dopt=Abstract
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Cannula related suppurative thrombophlebitis in the burned patient. Author(s): Gillespie P, Siddiqui H, Clarke J. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2000 March; 26(2): 200-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716366&dopt=Abstract
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Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis caused by sphenoid sinusitis--report of autopsy case. Author(s): Soga Y, Oka K, Sato M, Kabata T, Kawasaki T, Kawano H, Hayano M. Source: Clin Neuropathol. 2001 May-June; 20(3): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430492&dopt=Abstract
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Cerebral thrombophlebitis in three patients with probable multiple sclerosis. Role of lumbar puncture or intravenous corticosteroid treatment. Author(s): Albucher JF, Vuillemin-Azais C, Manelfe C, Clanet M, Guiraud-Chaumeil B, Chollet F. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 1999 September-October; 9(5): 298-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10473914&dopt=Abstract
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Circulating endothelial cells in Behcet's disease with cerebral thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Camoin-Jau L, Kone-Paut I, Chabrol B, Sampol J, Dignat-George F. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2000 April; 83(4): 631-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10780331&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical factors associated with the development of phlebitis after insertion of a peripherally inserted central catheter. Author(s): Mazzola JR, Schott-Baer D, Addy L. Source: Journal of Intravenous Nursing : the Official Publication of the Intravenous Nurses Society. 1999 January-February; 22(1): 36-42. Erratum In: J Intraven Nurs 1999 March-April; 22(2): 60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10335176&dopt=Abstract
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Clostridium perfringens septicemia with thrombophlebitis of the portal vein. Author(s): Shin DH, Park JH, Yoon KW, Shin JH, Kim SJ. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2003 May; 46(4): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799155&dopt=Abstract
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Combating phlebitis: a peripheral cannula grading scale. Author(s): Burke K. Source: Nurs Times. 2000 July 20-26; 96(29): 38-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11963013&dopt=Abstract
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Combination of various percutaneous techniques in the treatment of pylephlebitis. Author(s): Vivas I, Bilbao JI, Martinez-Cuesta A, Benito A, Delgado C, Velazquez P. Source: Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology : Jvir. 2000 June; 11(6): 777-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10877426&dopt=Abstract
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Crohn's disease presenting as septic thrombophlebitis of the portal vein (pylephlebitis): case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Baddley JW, Singh D, Correa P, Persich NJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 March; 94(3): 847-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10086679&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous nodules, pain, and thrombophlebitis as an adverse reaction to gadolinium contrast media. Author(s): Murphy KJ, Hansen R, Prince MR. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1997 July; 169(1): 318-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9207574&dopt=Abstract
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Deep venous thrombosis and venous thrombophlebitis associated with alprostadil treatment for erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Barthelmes L, Chezhian C, Aihaku EK. Source: International Journal of Impotence Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Impotence Research. 2002 June; 14(3): 199-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058249&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of post-partum ovarian vein thrombophlebitis by color Doppler ultrasonography: about 10 cases. Author(s): Giraud JR, Poulain P, Renaud-Giono A, Darnault JP, Proudhon JF, Grall JY, Mocquet PY. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1997 September; 76(8): 773-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9348257&dopt=Abstract
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Dicloxacillin: a higher risk than cloxacillin for infusion phlebitis. Author(s): Lanbeck P, Odenholt I, Paulsen O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(6-7): 397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953952&dopt=Abstract
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Disc edema and retinal periphlebitis as the initial manifestation of sarcoidosis. Author(s): Thorne JE, Galetta SL. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1998 June; 55(6): 862-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9626780&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of two different short peripheral catheter materials on phlebitis development. Author(s): Karadag A, Gorgulu S. Source: Journal of Intravenous Nursing : the Official Publication of the Intravenous Nurses Society. 2000 May-June; 23(3): 158-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11272972&dopt=Abstract
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Effective prevention of 5-fluorouracil-induced superficial phlebitis by ketoprofen lysine salt gel. Author(s): Berardi R, Piga A, Pulita F, Romagnoli E, Pietroselli D, Carle F, Cascinu S, Cellerino R. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2003 October 1; 115(5): 415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14553886&dopt=Abstract
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Endophlebitis of the leg caused by brucella infection. Author(s): Memish ZA, Bannatyne RM, Alshaalan M. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2001 May; 42(4): 281-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11545574&dopt=Abstract
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Enterocolic (lymphocytic) phlebitis: a rare cause of intestinal ischemic necrosis: a series of six patients and review of the literature. Author(s): Saraga E, Bouzourenne H. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2000 June; 24(6): 824-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10843284&dopt=Abstract
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Enterocolic lymphocytic phlebitis of the right colon as a cause of massive gastrointestinal bleeding. Author(s): Pares D, Biondo S, Marti-Rague J, Vidal A, Kreisler E, Jaurrieta E. Source: Colorectal Disease : the Official Journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. 2003 July; 5(4): 376-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814421&dopt=Abstract
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Enterocolic lymphocytic phlebitis: a case report. Author(s): Chergui MH, Vandeperre J, Van Eeckhout P. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 1997 December; 97(6): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9457320&dopt=Abstract
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Erythropoietin therapy improves graft patency with no increased incidence of thrombosis or thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Martino MA, Vogel KM, O'Brien SP, Kerstein MD. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 1998 December; 187(6): 616-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9849735&dopt=Abstract
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Extensive thrombophlebitis with reactive thrombocytosis in a high risk Chinese parturient associated with retained placenta increta: a case report. Author(s): Chen CH, Yin CS, Chu TW, Chu TY, Chen WH, Hsiao HS. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1997 October; 60(4): 224-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9439053&dopt=Abstract
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Facial vein thrombophlebitis: A rare but potentially lethal entity. Author(s): Goldenberg D, Karam M, Netzer A, Galamidi Z, Golz A, Golsovsky M, Joachims HZ. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2000 May; 122(5): 769-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10793364&dopt=Abstract
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Favourable evolution of a deep humeral thrombophlebitis after paraffin oil injection. Author(s): Aguemon AR, Biaou O, Atchade D, Padonou J, Hounkpe C, Sacca J. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2001 December; 48(11): 1169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744600&dopt=Abstract
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Focal retinal phlebitis as a presenting sign of systemic Bartonella henselae infection. Author(s): Chang MS, Lee SS, Cunningham ET Jr. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2001; 21(3): 280-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421028&dopt=Abstract
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Fusarium proliferatum superficial suppurative thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Murray CK, Beckius ML, McAllister K. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 May; 168(5): 426-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775184&dopt=Abstract
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Giant cell phlebitis as a cause of large intestinal stricture. Author(s): Sharma MC, Deshpande V, Sharma R, Pal S, Sahni P. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1998 July; 27(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9706778&dopt=Abstract
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Glycosaminoglycans of normal veins and their alterations in varicose veins and varicose veins complicated by thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Wolanska M, Sobolewski K, Glowinski S, Kowalewski R, Plonski A. Source: European Surgical Research. Europaische Chirurgische Forschung. Recherches Chirurgicales Europeennes. 2001; 33(1): 28-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340269&dopt=Abstract
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Granulomatous phlebitis of small hepatic vein. Author(s): Saito T, Harada K, Nakanuma Y. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2002 December; 17(12): 1334-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423283&dopt=Abstract
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Guess what! Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis. Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Pena-penabad C, Martinez W, del Pozo J, Garcia-Silva J, Yebra MT, Fonseca E. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2000 July-August; 10(5): 405-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11023339&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatic hilar inflammatory pseudotumor mimicking cholangiocarcinoma with cholangitis and phlebitis--a variant of primary sclerosing cholangitis? Author(s): Nonomura A, Minato H, Shimizu K, Kadoya M, Matsui O. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1997; 193(7): 519-25; Discussion 526. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9342759&dopt=Abstract
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High versus low doses of unfractionated heparin for the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. A prospective, controlled, randomized study. Author(s): Marchiori A, Verlato F, Sabbion P, Camporese G, Rosso F, Mosena L, Andreozzi GM, Prandoni P. Source: Haematologica. 2002 May; 87(5): 523-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010667&dopt=Abstract
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I.v.-related phlebitis, complications and length of hospital stay: 1. Author(s): Campbell L. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1998 November 26December 9; 7(21): 1304-6, 1308-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10076204&dopt=Abstract
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I.v.-related phlebitis, complications and length of hospital stay: 2. Author(s): Campbell L. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1998 December 10-1999 January 13; 7(22): 1364-6, 1368-70, 1372-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10076215&dopt=Abstract
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Idiopathic enterocolic lymphocytic phlebitis: a rare cause of ischemic colitis. Author(s): Tuppy H, Haidenthaler A, Schandalik R, Oberhuber G. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 2000 August; 13(8): 897-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10955457&dopt=Abstract
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Idiopathic pylephlebitis and idiopathic sclerosing peritonitis in a man with protein S deficiency. Author(s): Sillero JM, Calvet X, Musulen E, Diaz-Ruiz MJ, Tolosa C, Pardo A, Corcuera A, Malet A, Font J. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2001 March; 32(3): 262-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11246360&dopt=Abstract
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Images for surgeons. Pylephlebitis secondary to intestinal ischemia. Author(s): Gasparri MG, Pipinos II, Bleza DA, Shepard AD. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2000 February; 190(2): 265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10656565&dopt=Abstract
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Images in clinical medicine. Superficial thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Lucia MA, Ely EW. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 April 19; 344(16): 1214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11309636&dopt=Abstract
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Imaging of puerperal septic thrombophlebitis: primary role for sonography. Author(s): Grant TH. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1998 May; 170(5): 1396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9574625&dopt=Abstract
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Imaging of puerperal septic thrombophlebitis: prospective comparison of MR imaging, CT, and sonography. Author(s): Twickler DM, Setiawan AT, Evans RS, Erdman WA, Stettler RW, Brown CE, Cunningham FG. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1997 October; 169(4): 1039-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9308461&dopt=Abstract
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Imaging quiz case 2. Lemierre syndrome: septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein, or “postanginal” sepsis. Author(s): Holland BW, McGuirt WF Jr. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2000 December; 126(12): 1500,1504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11115292&dopt=Abstract
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Infection control--a battle in vein: infusion phlebitis. Author(s): Jackson A. Source: Nurs Times. 1998 January 28-February 3; 94(4): 68, 71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9510815&dopt=Abstract
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Inflammatory pseudotumour (inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour) of the pancreas: a report of six cases associated with obliterative phlebitis. Author(s): Wreesmann V, van Eijck CH, Naus DC, van Velthuysen ML, Jeekel J, Mooi WJ. Source: Histopathology. 2001 February; 38(2): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207823&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of fine-bore catheter length on infusion thrombophlebitis in peripheral intravenous nutrition: a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Everitt NJ, McMahon MJ. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1997 May; 79(3): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9196346&dopt=Abstract
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Infusion phlebitis and peripheral parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Kuwahara T. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1999 April; 15(4): 329. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10319370&dopt=Abstract
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Infusion phlebitis and peripheral parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Macfie J. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1998 February; 14(2): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9530653&dopt=Abstract
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Infusion phlebitis in patients in a general internal medicine service. Author(s): Pose-Reino A, Taboada-Coton JM, Alvarez D, Suarez J, Valdes L. Source: Chest. 2000 June; 117(6): 1822-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10858431&dopt=Abstract
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Infusion phlebitis in patients with acute pneumonia: a prospective study. Author(s): Monreal M, Quilez F, Rey-Joly C, Rodriguez S, Sopena N, Neira C, Roca J. Source: Chest. 1999 June; 115(6): 1576-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10378551&dopt=Abstract
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Infusion phlebitis in post-operative patients: when and why. Author(s): Monreal M, Oller B, Rodriguez N, Vega J, Torres T, Valero P, Mach G, Ruiz AE, Roca J. Source: Haemostasis. 1999; 29(5): 247-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10754376&dopt=Abstract
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Insights. Pylephlebitis. Author(s): Pohl JF, Murarka P, Farrell MK, Bezerra J. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 October; 135(4): 529. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10518092&dopt=Abstract
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Intraoperative US diagnosis of pylephlebitis (portal vein thrombosis) as a complication of appendicitis: a case report. Author(s): Farin P, Paajanen H, Miettinen P. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 1997 July-August; 22(4): 401-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9157860&dopt=Abstract
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Isolated granulomatous phlebitis: rare cause of ischemic necrosis of the colon: report of a case. Author(s): Martinet O, Reis ED, Joseph JM, Saraga E, Gillet TM. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2000 November; 43(11): 1601-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11089601&dopt=Abstract
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Late-onset puerperal ovarian vein thrombophlebitis treated laparoscopically. Author(s): Hill DA. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2000 May; 7(2): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10806275&dopt=Abstract
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Lemierre syndrome: usefulness of CT in detection of extensive occult thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Nguyen-Dinh KV, Marsot-Dupuch K, Portier F, Lamblin B, Lasjaunias P. Source: Journal of Neuroradiology. Journal De Neuroradiologie. 2002 June; 29(2): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12297736&dopt=Abstract
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Ligation versus anticoagulation: treatment of above-knee superficial thrombophlebitis not involving the deep venous system. Author(s): Sullivan V, Denk PM, Sonnad SS, Eagleton MJ, Wakefield TW. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2001 November; 193(5): 556-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708514&dopt=Abstract
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Lupus associated frosted branch periphlebitis and exudative maculopathy. Author(s): Quillen DA, Stathopoulos NA, Blankenship GW, Ferriss JA. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 1997; 17(5): 449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9355196&dopt=Abstract
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Lymphohistiocytic and granulomatous phlebitis in penile lichen sclerosus. Author(s): Cabaleiro P, Drut RM, Drut R. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2000 August; 22(4): 316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10949456&dopt=Abstract
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Management of candidal thrombophlebitis of the central veins: case report and review. Author(s): Benoit D, Decruyenaere J, Vandewoude K, Roosens C, Hoste E, Poelaert J, Vermassen F, Colardyn F. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 February; 26(2): 393-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9502461&dopt=Abstract
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Management of suppurative pylephlebitis by percutaneous drainage: placing a drainage catheter into the portal vein. Author(s): Pelsang RE, Johlin F, Dhadha R, Bogdanowicz M, Schweiger GD. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 November; 96(11): 3192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11721772&dopt=Abstract
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Morbidity in superficial thrombophlebitis and its potential surgical prevention. Author(s): Rohrbach N, Mouton WG, Naef M, Otten KT, Zehnder T, Wagner HE. Source: Swiss Surg. 2003; 9(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661427&dopt=Abstract
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Multi-centre research surveillance project to reduce infections/phlebitis associated with peripheral vascular catheters. Author(s): Curran ET, Coia JE, Gilmour H, McNamee S, Hood J. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2000 November; 46(3): 194-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11073728&dopt=Abstract
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Musculoskeletal case 11. Ruptured Baker's cyst producing a pseudothrombophlebitis syndrome. Author(s): Munk PL, Lee MJ, Marchinkow LO. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 2000 August; 43(4): 255, 310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10948684&dopt=Abstract
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Neutralization of prostaglandin E1 intravenous solution reduces infusion phlebitis. Author(s): Fujita M, Hatori N, Shimizu M, Yoshizu H, Segawa D, Kimura T, Iizuka Y, Tanaka S. Source: Angiology. 2000 September; 51(9): 719-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10999612&dopt=Abstract
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Notoginseny cream in the treatment of phlebitis. Author(s): Gouping Z, Wan-Er T, Xue-Ling W, Min-Qian X, Kun F, Turale S, Fisher JW. Source: Journal of Infusion Nursing : the Official Publication of the Infusion Nurses Society. 2003 January-February; 26(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544367&dopt=Abstract
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Nurses' knowledge regarding patients with intravenous catheters and phlebitis interventions. Author(s): Karadeniz G, Kutlu N, Tatlisumak E, Ozbakkaloglu B. Source: Journal of Vascular Nursing : Official Publication of the Society for Peripheral Vascular Nursing. 2003 June; 21(2): 44-7; Quiz 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12813411&dopt=Abstract
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Occult deep venous thrombosis complicating superficial thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Blumenberg RM, Barton E, Gelfand ML, Skudder P, Brennan J. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 1998 February; 27(2): 338-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9510288&dopt=Abstract
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Papillophlebitis associated with coexisting factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations. Author(s): Charakidas A, Brouzas D, Andrioti E, Kalogeraki A, Koukoulomatis P. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2002 April; 22(2): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927866&dopt=Abstract
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Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and concomitant uveitis/periphlebitis retinae are not distinct from those without intraocular inflammation. Author(s): Schmidt S, Wessels L, Augustin A, Klockgether T. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2001 June 15; 187(1-2): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440744&dopt=Abstract
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Peripheral intravenous therapy-related phlebitis rates in an adult population. Author(s): White SA. Source: Journal of Intravenous Nursing : the Official Publication of the Intravenous Nurses Society. 2001 January-February; 24(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11836840&dopt=Abstract
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Peripheral parenteral nutrition and venous thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Kane KF, Lowes JR. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1997 June; 13(6): 577-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9263244&dopt=Abstract
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Peripheral Teflon catheters: factors determining incidence of phlebitis and duration of cannulation. Author(s): Cornely OA, Bethe U, Pauls R, Waldschmidt D. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2002 May; 23(5): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026149&dopt=Abstract
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Phakic patients with cystoid macular edema, retinal periphlebitis, and vitreous inflammation. Author(s): Park DW, Folk JC, Whitcup SM, Polk TD, Kansupada K, Fountain C, Brown J, Nussenblatt RB. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1998 August; 116(8): 1025-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9715682&dopt=Abstract
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Phimosis after penile Mondor's phlebitis. Author(s): Lilas LA, Mumtaz FH, Madders DJ, McNicholas TA. Source: Bju International. 1999 March; 83(4): 520-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10210588&dopt=Abstract
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Phlebitis due to irinotecan. Author(s): Tas F, Karagol H, Karadeniz A, Topuz E. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2003 May; 15(3): 167. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801060&dopt=Abstract
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Phlebitis. Author(s): Macklin D. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2003 February; 103(2): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582339&dopt=Abstract
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Pichia ohmeri fungemia associated with phlebitis: successful treatment with amphotericin B. Author(s): Shin DH, Park JH, Shin JH, Suh SP, Ryang DW, Kim SJ. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 9(1): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673414&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing chemical phlebitis. Author(s): Kokotis K. Source: Nursing. 1998 November; 28(11): 41-6; Quiz 47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9856034&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of deep venous thrombosis associated with superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg by early saphenous vein ligation. Author(s): Krause U, Kock HJ, Kroger K, Albrecht K, Rudofsky G. Source: Vasa. Zeitschrift Fur Gefasskrankheiten. Journal for Vascular Diseases. 1998 February; 27(1): 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9540431&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of vinorelbine phlebitis with cimetidine. A two-step design study. Author(s): Vassilomanolakis M, Koumakis G, Barbounis V, Orphanos G, Efremidis A. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2001 March; 9(2): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305068&dopt=Abstract
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Protein S deficiency in repetitive superficial thrombophlebitis. Author(s): de Godoy JM, Braile DM. Source: Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis : Official Journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2003 January; 9(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643325&dopt=Abstract
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Pseudothrombophlebitis in a patient with Behcet's syndrome: Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Author(s): Ozgocmen S, Kocakoc E, Kiris A, Ardicoglu O. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2002 February; 21(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11954888&dopt=Abstract
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Puerperal septic pelvic thrombophlebitis: incidence and response to heparin therapy. Author(s): Brown CE, Stettler RW, Twickler D, Cunningham FG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 July; 181(1): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10411810&dopt=Abstract
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Pylephlebitis after appendicitis in a child. Author(s): Vanamo K, Kiekara O. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 October; 36(10): 1574-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11584411&dopt=Abstract
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Pylephlebitis associated with appendicitis. Author(s): Lim HE, Cheong HJ, Woo HJ, Kim WJ, Kim MJ, Lee CH, Park SC. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 1999 January; 14(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10063317&dopt=Abstract
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Pylephlebitis of portal venous system associated with urinary infection. Author(s): Mendez-Sanchez N, Sanchez-Gomez H, Rojas E, Uribe M. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 April; 48(4): 834-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12741481&dopt=Abstract
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Pylephlebitis, portal-mesenteric thrombosis, and multiple liver abscesses owing to perforated appendicitis. Author(s): Chang TN, Tang L, Keller K, Harrison MR, Farmer DL, Albanese CT. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 September; 36(9): E19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11528636&dopt=Abstract
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Pylephlebitis--diagnosis and management. Author(s): Singh P, Yadav N, Visvalingam V, Indaram A, Bank S. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 April; 96(4): 1312-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316205&dopt=Abstract
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Reducing infusion phlebitis in Singapore hospitals using extended life end-line filters. Author(s): Chee S, Tan W. Source: Journal of Infusion Nursing : the Official Publication of the Infusion Nurses Society. 2002 March-April; 25(2): 95-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11984223&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between peripheral intravenous catheter Dwell time and the development of phlebitis and infiltration. Author(s): Catney MR, Hillis S, Wakefield B, Simpson L, Domino L, Keller S, Connelly T, White M, Price D, Wagner K. Source: Journal of Infusion Nursing : the Official Publication of the Infusion Nurses Society. 2001 September-October; 24(5): 332-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11575049&dopt=Abstract
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Retinal periphlebitis as zoster sine herpete. Author(s): Noda Y, Nakazawa M, Takahashi D, Tsuruya T, Saito M, Sekine M. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2001 October; 119(10): 1550-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594964&dopt=Abstract
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Retinal periphlebitis in a patient with pineal germinoma. Author(s): Chang CW, Hay D, Chang TS, Nguyen R, Lyons CJ. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1999 October; 117(10): 1434-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10532463&dopt=Abstract
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Ruptured retrocecal appendicitis in an adolescent presenting as portal-mesenteric thrombosis and pylephlebitis. Author(s): Kader HA, Baldassano RN, Harty MP, Nicotra JJ, von Allmen D, Finn L, Markowitz J, Carrier M, Piccoli DA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1998 November; 27(5): 5848. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9822327&dopt=Abstract
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Saphenous vein thrombophlebitis (SVT): a deceptively benign disease. Author(s): Hanson JN, Ascher E, DePippo P, Lorensen E, Scheinman M, Yorkovich W, Hingorani A. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 1998 April; 27(4): 677-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9576081&dopt=Abstract
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Septic thrombophlebitis of the hepatic veins after colonoscopy: a case report. Author(s): Ross JJ, Cooley JS, Lee DL. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 July; 58(1): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838249&dopt=Abstract
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Septic thrombophlebitis of the inferior mesenteric vein from sigmoid diverticulitis. Author(s): Sywak M, Romano C, Raber E, Pasieka JL. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2003 February; 196(2): 326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602366&dopt=Abstract
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Septic thrombophlebitis of the mesenteric and portal veins: CT imaging. Author(s): Balthazar EJ, Gollapudi P. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2000 September-October; 24(5): 75560. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11045699&dopt=Abstract
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Septic thrombophlebitis with multiple pulmonary abscesses. Author(s): Thomson EC, Lynn WA. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 3(2): 86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12560193&dopt=Abstract
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Sickle cell episode manifesting as superficial thrombophlebitis of the penis. Author(s): Nachmann MM, Jaffe JS, Ginsberg PC, Horrow MM, Harkaway RC. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2003 February; 103(2): 102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622355&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneous ultrasound identification of acute appendicitis, septic thrombophlebitis of the portal vein and pyogenic liver abscess. Author(s): Pitcher R, McKenzie C. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2003 June; 93(6): 426-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916378&dopt=Abstract
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Sonography of postpartum ovarian vein thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Johnson SC, Esclapes M. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1998 March-April; 26(3): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9502037&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial suppurative thrombophlebitis in children, caused by anaerobic bacteria. Author(s): Brook I. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1998 August; 33(8): 1279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9722004&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial thrombophlebitis and anticardiolipin antibodies--report of association. Author(s): de Godoy JM, Batigalia F, Braile DM. Source: Angiology. 2001 February; 52(2): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11228085&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial thrombophlebitis and deep vein thrombosis. A controversial association. Author(s): Bounameaux H, Reber-Wasem MA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1997 September 8; 157(16): 1822-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9290540&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial thrombophlebitis and low-molecular-weight heparins. Author(s): Kalodiki E, Nicolaides AN. Source: Angiology. 2002 November-December; 53(6): 659-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463618&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial thrombophlebitis and risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism. Author(s): Schonauer V, Kyrle PA, Weltermann A, Minar E, Bialonczyk C, Hirschl M, Quehenberger P, Schneider B, Partsch H, Eichinger S. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2003 April; 37(4): 834-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663985&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial thrombophlebitis followed by pulmonary embolism. Author(s): Huang A, Hindle KS. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2001 July; 94(7): 369. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11418716&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial thrombophlebitis followed by pulmonary embolism. Author(s): Kesteven P, Robinson B. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2001 April; 94(4): 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317624&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial thrombophlebitis of pubic collateral veins after gynecological surgery: a case report. Author(s): Tielliu IF, De Maeseneer MG, Tjalma WA, Van Schil PE, Eyskens EJ. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1999 October; 86(2): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10509793&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial thrombophlebitis of the breast (Mondor's disease). Author(s): Becker L, McCurdy LI, Taves DH. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 2001 June; 52(3): 193-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11436415&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial thrombophlebitis of the legs: a randomized, controlled, follow-up study. Author(s): Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Errichi BM, Cesarone MR, De Sanctis MT, Incandela L, Venniker R. Source: Angiology. 1999 July; 50(7): 523-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10431991&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs in patients with varicose veins. Author(s): Unno N, Mitsuoka H, Uchiyama T, Yamamoto N, Saito T, Ishimaru K, Kaneko H, Nakamura S. Source: Surgery Today. 2002; 32(5): 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12061687&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial thrombophlebitis: underlying hypercoagulable states. Author(s): Subramaniam P, Van Doornum S. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1999 June; 69(6): 461-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10392894&dopt=Abstract
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Superior mesenteric thrombophlebitis subsequent to acute appendicitis in an adult. Author(s): Chou YH, Tiu CM, Chen JD. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2003 June; 31(5): 288-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767025&dopt=Abstract
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Surgical management of ascending saphenous thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Murgia AP, Cisno C, Pansini GC, Manfredini R, Liboni A, Zamboni P. Source: International Angiology : a Journal of the International Union of Angiology. 1999 December; 18(4): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10811526&dopt=Abstract
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Sweet's syndrome: recurrent oral ulceration, pyrexia, thrombophlebitis, and cutaneous lesions. Author(s): Femiano F, Gombos F, Scully C. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2003 March; 95(3): 324-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627104&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology of peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis: a critical review. Author(s): Tagalakis V, Kahn SR, Libman M, Blostein M. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 August 1; 113(2): 146-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12133753&dopt=Abstract
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The pivotal role of deep vein thrombophlebitis in the development of acute disseminated staphylococcal disease in children. Author(s): Gorenstein A, Gross E, Houri S, Gewirts G, Katz S. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 December; 106(6): E87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099630&dopt=Abstract
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The risk of peripheral vein phlebitis associated with chlorhexidine-coated catheters: a randomized, double-blind trial. Author(s): Sherertz RJ, Stephens JL, Marosok RD, Carruth WA, Rich HA, Hampton KD, Motsinger SM, Harris LC, Scuderi PE, Pappas JG, Felton SC, Solomon DD. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1997 April; 18(4): 230-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9131364&dopt=Abstract
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The role of granulomatous phlebitis and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis and portal hypertension in sarcoidosis. Author(s): Moreno-Merlo F, Wanless IR, Shimamatsu K, Sherman M, Greig P, Chiasson D. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1997 September; 26(3): 554-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9303482&dopt=Abstract
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The world's first case of Serratia liquefaciens intravascular catheter-related suppurative thrombophlebitis and native valve endocarditis. Author(s): Mossad SB. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2000 October; 6(10): 559-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11168051&dopt=Abstract
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Thrombophlebitis and pseudothrombophlebitis in the ED. Author(s): Drescher MJ, Smally AJ. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1997 November; 15(7): 683-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9375552&dopt=Abstract
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Thrombophlebitis associated with intravenous injection anaesthetics: influence of arm positioning. Author(s): Pingsmann A, Kroger K, Patsalis T, Voges S, Drebes A. Source: Vasa. Zeitschrift Fur Gefasskrankheiten. Journal for Vascular Diseases. 2002 November; 31(4): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12510551&dopt=Abstract
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Thrombophlebitis of the inferior vena cava involving the retroperitoneum with Crohn's disease: MR demonstration. Author(s): Sashi R, Ito I, Watarai J, Miura K, Horie Y. Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 1997; 15(9): 1099-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9364958&dopt=Abstract
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Thrombosis and infection: a case of transient anti-cardiolipin antibody associated with pylephlebitis. Author(s): Liappis AP, Roberts AD, Schwartz AM, Simon GL. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2003 June; 325(6): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12811233&dopt=Abstract
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Topical heparin for the treatment of acute superficial phlebitis secondary to indwelling intravenous catheter. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Vilardell M, Sabat D, Arnaiz JA, Bleda MJ, Castel JM, Laporte JR, Vallve C. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 February; 54(12): 917-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10192751&dopt=Abstract
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Transdermal nitroglycerin for the prevention of intravenous infusion failure due to phlebitis and extravasation. Author(s): Tjon JA, Ansani NT. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 October; 34(10): 1189-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054989&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of superficial vein thrombophlebitis of the arm with Essaven gel--a placebo-controlled, randomized study. Author(s): De Sanctis MT, Cesarone MR, Incandela L, Belcaro G, Griffin M. Source: Angiology. 2001 December; 52 Suppl 3: S63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775652&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of thrombophlebitis of Behcet's disease with low dose cyclosporin A. Author(s): Cantini F, Salvarani C, Niccoli L, Padula A, Arena AI, Bellandi F, Macchioni P, Olivieri I. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 May-June; 17(3): 391-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10410282&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasonographic investigation of the pathogenesis of infusion thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Everitt NJ, Krupowicz DW, Evans JA, McMahon MJ. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1997 May; 84(5): 642-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9171751&dopt=Abstract
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Umbilical arteritis and phlebitis mark different stages of the fetal inflammatory response. Author(s): Kim CJ, Yoon BH, Romero R, Moon JB, Kim M, Park SS, Chi JG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 August; 185(2): 496-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518916&dopt=Abstract
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Varicella zoster meningitis preceeded by thrombophlebitis in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Saif MW, Hamilton JM, Allegra CJ. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2000 October; 39(3-4): 421-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11342324&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PHLEBITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and phlebitis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Phlebitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “phlebitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Phlebitis
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “phlebitis” (or a synonym): •
Experimental infusion phlebitis: tolerance osmolality of peripheral venous endothelial cells. Author(s): Naruto Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Tokushima, Japan. Source: Kuwahara, T Asanami, S Kubo, S Nutrition. 1998 June; 14(6): 496-501 0899-9007
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Failure of intravenous infusions from extravasation and phlebitis. Author(s): Department of Physiology, University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W. Source: Hecker, J F Anaesth-Intensive-Care. 1989 November; 17(4): 433-9 0310-057X
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Neutralization of prostaglandin E1 intravenous solution reduces infusion phlebitis. Author(s): Department of Surgery II, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Fujita, M Hatori, N Shimizu, M Yoshizu, H Segawa, D Kimura, T Iizuka, Y Tanaka, S Angiology. 2000 September; 51(9): 719-23 0003-3197
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Notoginseny cream in the treatment of phlebitis. Author(s): Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdon Province, People's Republic of China.
[email protected] Source: Gouping, Z Wan Er, T Xue Ling, W Min Qian, X Kun, F Turale, S Fisher, J W JInfus-Nurs. 2003 Jan-February; 26(1): 49-54 1533-1458
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Peripheral intravenous line survival and phlebitis prevention in patients receiving intravenous antibiotics: heparin/hydrocortisone versus in-line filters. Author(s): Pharmacy Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia. Source: Roberts, G W Holmes, M D Staugas, R E Day, R A Finlay, C F Pitcher, A AnnPharmacother. 1994 January; 28(1): 11-6 1060-0280
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Prevention of vinorelbine phlebitis with cimetidine. A two-step design study. Author(s): 2nd Department of Medical Oncology, St Savas, Oncology Hospital Athens, Greece. Source: Vassilomanolakis, M Koumakis, G Barbounis, V Orphanos, G Efremidis, A Support-Care-Cancer. 2001 March; 9(2): 108-11 0941-4355
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Role of intravenous heparin and hydrocortisone in prevention of infusion thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Government Medical College, Miraj. Source: Subrahmanyam, M Indian-J-Physiol-Pharmacol. 1988 Jan-March; 32(1): 37-40 0019-5499
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Saphenous vein thrombophlebitis (SVT): a deceptively benign disease. Author(s): Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA. Source: Hanson, J N Ascher, E DePippo, P Lorensen, E Scheinman, M Yorkovich, W Hingorani, A J-Vasc-Surg. 1998 April; 27(4): 677-80 0741-5214
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Three-phase study of phlebitis in patients receiving peripheral intravenous hyperalimentation. Author(s): Nutritional Support Team, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Long Beach, California. Source: Rypins, E B Johnson, B H Reder, B Sarfeh, I J Shimoda, K Am-J-Surg. 1990 February; 159(2): 222-5 0002-9610
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND PHLEBITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to phlebitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to phlebitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “phlebitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to phlebitis: •
Baker's cysts, pseudothrombophlebitis, pseudo-pseudothrombophlebitis: where do we stand? Author(s): Soriano ER, Catoggio LJ. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1990 March-April; 8(2): 107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2186884&dopt=Abstract
•
Deep vein thrombophlebitis after acupuncture. Author(s): Blanchard BM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1991 November 1; 115(9): 748. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1929045&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of minocycline and EDTA lock solution in preventing catheter-related bacteremia, septic phlebitis, and endocarditis in rabbits. Author(s): Raad I, Hachem R, Tcholakian RK, Sherertz R.
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Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 February; 46(2): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796338&dopt=Abstract •
Notoginseny cream in the treatment of phlebitis. Author(s): Gouping Z, Wan-Er T, Xue-Ling W, Min-Qian X, Kun F, Turale S, Fisher JW. Source: Journal of Infusion Nursing : the Official Publication of the Infusion Nurses Society. 2003 January-February; 26(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544367&dopt=Abstract
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Phlebitis complicating central venous infusion. Author(s): Laucks SS 2nd, Kukrika MD. Source: Pa Med. 1986 March; 89(3): 62, 64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3960550&dopt=Abstract
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Phlebitis due to irinotecan. Author(s): Tas F, Karagol H, Karadeniz A, Topuz E. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2003 May; 15(3): 167. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801060&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of thrombophlebitis in spinal injury patients. Author(s): van Hove E. Source: Paraplegia. 1978 November; 16(3): 332-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=733317&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of vinorelbine phlebitis with cimetidine. A two-step design study. Author(s): Vassilomanolakis M, Koumakis G, Barbounis V, Orphanos G, Efremidis A. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2001 March; 9(2): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305068&dopt=Abstract
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Thrombophlebitis associated with vitamin E therapy. With a commentary on other medical side effects. Author(s): Roberts HJ. Source: Angiology. 1979 March; 30(3): 169-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=434574&dopt=Abstract
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Traditional Chinese treatment of acute and subacute thrombophlebitis profundus. Report of 60 cases. Author(s): Xi JY, Wang TD, Gu CY. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1984 March; 4(1): 35-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6565882&dopt=Abstract
Alternative Medicine 35
•
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the symptomatic management of thrombophlebitis. Author(s): Roberts HJ. Source: Angiology. 1979 April; 30(4): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=443590&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of superficial vein thrombophlebitis of the arm with Essaven gel--a placebo-controlled, randomized study. Author(s): De Sanctis MT, Cesarone MR, Incandela L, Belcaro G, Griffin M. Source: Angiology. 2001 December; 52 Suppl 3: S63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775652&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to phlebitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Phlebitis
Phlebitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Alternative Therapy Massage Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,716,00.html Reflexology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,730,00.html Shiatsu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,733,00.html
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Herbs and Supplements Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ananas Comosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aortic Glycosaminoglycans Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arnica Montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine 37
Bromelain Alternative names: Ananas comosus, Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Butcher's Broom Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Centella Alternative names: Gotu Kola; Centella asiatica (Linn.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Comfrey Alternative names: Symphytum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Horse Chestnut Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Horse Chestnut Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Symphytum Alternative names: Comfrey; Symphytum officinale L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND PHLEBITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning phlebitis.
Recent Trials on Phlebitis The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to phlebitis.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Treatment for Blood Clots in the Veins of the Legs Condition(s): Embolism; Thrombophlebitis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Warren G Magnuson Clinical Center (CC) Purpose - Excerpt: Acute deep venous thrombosis (ADVT) of the lower extremity is a common disorder. Traditional treatment with anticoagulation therapy is effective in reducing the associated risk of pulmonary embolism, but is ineffective in restoring patency of the venous system of the lower extremity. While systemic thrombolytic therapy has been shown to be more effective than anticoagulation, catheter directed local thrombolytic therapy is the most effective treatment in restoring venous patency. Current treatment regimens are based on use of urokinase, infused continuously through catheters imbedded into the thrombus. These treatment regimens require doses on the order of 10,000,000 units of urokinase, resulting in significant bleeding complications and prohibitive costs. Experience at NIH with pulse-spray treatment of axillary subclavian venous thrombosis with rtPA indicates that this is a highly effective and safe alternative thrombolytic regimen. The proposed protocol is designed to evaluate the efficiency, safety, and doses of rtPA associated with pulse spray directed rtPA treatment of the more extensive venous thrombosis encountered in the lower extremity. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Phlebitis
Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001713 •
Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation (BAATAF) Condition(s): Arrhythmia; Atrial Fibrillation; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cerebral Embolism and Thrombosis; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Heart Diseases; Thrombophlebitis; Cerebrovascular Accident Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To determine the benefits and risks of oral anticoagulant therapy in reducing embolic stroke and systemic emboli in patients with atrial fibrillation without rheumatic heart disease. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000517
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “phlebitis” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
Clinical Trials 41
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON PHLEBITIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “phlebitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on phlebitis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Phlebitis By performing a patent search focusing on phlebitis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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Phlebitis
will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on phlebitis: •
Comfort support seat cushion assembly Inventor(s): Green; James A. (Garden Grove, CA) Assignee(s): Rockwell International Corporation (El Segundo, CA) Patent Number: 4,132,228 Date filed: July 8, 1977 Abstract: A comfort support seat cushion assembly to alleviate discomfort of people that are required to sit for long terms. This comfort support seat cushion provides even pressure distribution on the gluteal region with pressure relief for the ischial tuberosities, coccyx, and perineum. A pulsating means can also be provided to administer therapeutic relief to assist in alleviating discomfort for long term sedentary positions. Excerpt(s): While the invention will be described in connection with the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to those embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents that may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as described by the appended claims. Also preferably included in this embodiment are a pressure regulator 56 and rate sequencing means 58. Rate sequencing means 58 is preferably a rheostat which varies the imput power to the motor (not shown) driving the distribution means 52. This allows the user to vary both the intensity and rate of transverse wave travel to further alleviate discomfort from long sedentary positions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04132228__
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Cosmetic compositions comprising a native mineral substance for the treatment of phlebectasiae and process for preparing same Inventor(s): Hanko; Laszlo (Lovag u. 10. III/2, 1066 Budapest, HU) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,091,194 Date filed: December 14, 1988 Abstract: The invention relates to cosmetic compositions for the treatment of phlebectasiae, particularly haemorrhoids and phlebectasiae mainly occurring on the lower limbs optionally accompanied with phlebitis, as well as for relieving the phlebalgia thereby induced, with comprises potassium aluminum sulfate and/or one or more hydrates thereof in admixture with one or more cosemtically acceptable carriers, auxiliary and optionally odorizing materials commonly used in the preparation of cosmetics.The compositions according to the invention preferably contain potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate in an amount of 10 to 90% by weight, most preferably 40 to 70% by weight and are preferably formulated to ointments, creams, lotions or pastes. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to cosmetic compositions for treating phlebectasiae, particularly haemorrhoids and phlebectasiae mainly occurring on the lower limbs and optionally accompanied with phlebitis as well as for relieving the phlebalgia thereby
Patents 45
induced, which comprise a native mineral substance. According to an other aspect of the invention, there is provided a process for the preparation of these new compositions. Hereinafter, by the term "haemorrhoids", there are meant the dilatations of the valvefree venour vascular system in the lowest segment of the rectum ("nodi haemorrhoidales"). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05091194__ •
Device for prolonged intravascular infusion Inventor(s): Guerra; Luis A. (Apt. 3A, 239 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,106,491 Date filed: December 13, 1976 Abstract: An improved device for the introduction of fluids into blood vessels, and, particularly, into veins, includes a cannula-containing portion fitted with a valve which is normally closed. A connector portion can be connected to a source of fluid such as IV, special medication or alimentation. The connector portion is so shaped that it can be joined tightly to the cannula-containing portion, simultaneously and automatically opening the valve so that fluid can pass in sequence through the connector portion and through the cannula. A metal cannula can be used where fluid is to be supplied for moderate periods such as a few hours. Where fluid is to be supplied for longer periods, provision is made for introduction into the blood vessel of a cannula of a plastic which is low in thrombogenicity and tendency to cause phlebitis. Excerpt(s): In my previous patents I disclosed a device for taking blood samples from patients by the use of evacuated containers attached through a connector which could be joined to a body holding a metal cannula. The body holding the metal cannula was referred to as a support portion and was fitted with a valve which was normally closed but which opened on making connection between the support portion and the connector to the evacuated container. While the possibility of using the support portion for the introduction of medication into a patient was disclosed, the technique by which such introduction was to be effected was not such as to make it convenient to allow the cannula to remain in the vein of a patient for periods as long as several days. In view of the fact that procedures requiring the presence of a cannula or a catheter in the vein of a patient for extended periods are now becoming common, it is evident that there is a need for a device by which such procedures can be carried out conveniently, effectively and safely. The device should make it easy to change and control the fluids being fed to the patient and should also be relatively inexpensive. Further, it would be desirable that said support portion be useable in the manner disclosed in my previous patents, namely, for taking of one or more blood samples without repeated puncture of the individual. A most important point is the present techniques for introducing fluid into a vein or other blood vessel require connection of a source of fluid to a cannula after emplacement of the cannula in the blood vessel. Under such circumstances there is always some loss of blood from the maximal end of the cannula, an undesirable feature. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04106491__
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•
Educational medical mannequin Inventor(s): Aponte; Marivel (1104 McKinnon Ave., Oviedo, FL 32765) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,314,339 Date filed: March 29, 1993 Abstract: An educational medical mannequin comprising head, neck, torso, arms and legs. Alternate embodiments of the educational medical mannequin may comprise, in any combination, a tracheostomy opening, injection zones disposed at various locations, nitro patches, a J feeding tube, a stoma, a supra pubic catheter opening, a wound, a decubitus site, a vein with phlebitis, an edematous hand, a breathing sound generator, and kidney location indicia. Additional equipment that may be used in combination with the educational medical mannequin include an intravenous assembly, a catheter and a hypodermic syringe. The educational medical mannequin is used for training nurses and lay persons in various medical procedures. Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates to training devices, and in particular to an educational medical mannequin. The present invention is intended to aid in the training of two groups of individuals: those being cared for in a home care environment and their caregivers, and professional individuals such as nurses. At the present time in the United States, rapidly increasing medical care costs are creating grave problems. The use of limited national financial resources to pay for medical care renders those funds unavailable for investment and other urgently needed national spending priorities, and increases the size of the deficit (a serious problem in its own right). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05314339__
•
Limb monitoring method and associated apparatus Inventor(s): Nemesdy; Gabor (200 E. 16th St., Apt. 20A, New York, NY 10003), Wilk; Peter J. (185 W. End Ave., New York, NY 10023) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,497,787 Date filed: August 5, 1994 Abstract: A medical method comprises the steps of attaching a sensing device to a limb of a patient, automatically operating the sensing device to monitor a circumference of the limb, automatically comparing a measured circumference with a reference value, and automatically generating an alarm signal upon detecting that the measured circumference differs from the reference value by more than a predetermined magnitude. In one application of the method, an intravenous catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the limb, and a fluid is fed into the blood vessel via the catheter. The limb is covered upon insertion of the catheter and attachment of the sensing device, thereby preventing direct visual observation of the limb during performance of a surgical operation on the patient. The circumference measurements and automatic comparisons are performed periodically. In another application of the method, where the limb is one leg of the patient, a detecting device attached to the other leg of the patient, monitors a circumference of that other leg. The circumferences of the two legs are peridocially compared with one another and with reference values to determine an increase in circumference of just one leg, indicating possible phlebitis.
Patents 47
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and associated apparatus for detecting an abnormal medical condition of a patient's limb. More particularly, this invention pertains to a method and associated apparatus for monitoring limbs for the abnormal infusion of fluids into the limbs. In certain kinds of thoracic surgery, e.g., open heart surgery, it is necessary to keep the arms of the patient extending alongside the patient's flanks. This arm configuration maximizes the number of surgical personnel who can stand beside the patient. At least one arm of the patient is infused with blood via an intravenous catheter. The arm and the catheter are covered with a drape sheet during the operation. Because the patient is occasionally moved during surgery, the catheter can become displaced and can perforate the vein so that blood infiltrates the tissues of the arm rather than being fed into the cardiovascular system. Because the arm is covered, the infiltration is frequently not detected until the missing blood results in other symptoms. Infiltration can also result in a so-called compartment syndrome wherein the pressurized fluid in the muscular tissues collapses arteries feeding the arm and thereby prevents oxygenation of the tissues of the arm. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05497787__ •
Metallized polymeric implant with ion embedded coating Inventor(s): Farivar; Mohammad (Chestnut Hill, MA), Sioshansi; Piran (Lincoln, MA) Assignee(s): Spire Corporation (Bedford, MA) Patent Number: 5,468,562 Date filed: February 10, 1994 Abstract: Surface metallized polymeric implants, such as cannula, needles, catheters, connectors and the like, a dry coating method therefor and apparatus to accomplish the same are disclosed. The metallization of the implants is intended to improve their biocompatibility and to reduce infusion-associated phlebitis and infection. The method essentially includes the dry coating of the outside surfaces of the polymeric implants with a metallic thin film. The apparatus to effect the dry coating method essentially includes a vacuum chamber, an evaporator and an ion source mounted in operative association within the chamber, and means for rotatably mounting a plurality of polymeric implants for exposure to the evaporator and the ion source. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to polymeric implants and, more particularly, to surface metallized polymeric implants so as to improve their biocompatibility, a dry coating method and an apparatus for effecting the metallization. Fluid replacement and administration of drugs and nutrients by the intravenous route have become an integral part of patient care. It has been estimated that over one-fourth of patients hospitalized in the U.S.A. receive intravenous infusions for one reason or another. The introduction of plastic catheters in 1945 was enthusiastically received for delivering intravenous fluids. Polymers have good bulk properties, such as flexibility. Plastic catheters also are less expensive to make than are steel needles. Hence, many medical device manufacturers prefer using polymeric materials for making implants, such as cannula, needles, catheters, percutaneous connectors and the like. "Cannula" is a general term used in the medical devices field that includes all types of plastic catheters, percutaneous devices, draining tubes and steel needles. The use of polymeric implants, however, has brought with it alarming reports of complications, especially thrombophlebitis and sepsis. See Dennis G. Maki, M.D., et al "Infection Control in Intravenous Therapy," Annals of Internal Medicine 79:867-887, 1973; J. Lewis et al "Assessment of Thromboresistance of Intravenous Cannulae by.sup.125 I-Fibrinogen
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Scanning," Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 19, 99-113 (1985); Mario L. Corona, M.D. et al "Infections Related to Central Venous Catheters," Mayo Clinic Proc. July 1990, Vo. 65. The common assignee herein, Spire Corporation of Bedford, Massachusetts, has been one of the pioneers in the field of ion beam technology. A plasma-supported ion beam technique for coating industrial cutting tools with a thin layer of cubic boron nitride to improve the tools' cutting properties is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,108, of Roger G. Little et al, granted Apr. 3, 1984, and assigned to said Spire Corporation. A plasma-ion deposition process of large-grain, thin semiconductor films directly on low-cost amorphous substrates is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,443,488, also of Roger G. Little et al, granted Apr. 17, 1984 and assigned to said Spire Corporation. A process of preventing surface discoloration in titanium orthopaedic implants by ion implantation is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,693,760 of Piran Sioshansi, granted Sep. 15, 1987 and assigned to said Spire Corporation. An ion implantation process for plastics to enhance their surface hardness and their resistance to chemical attack is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,493 of Piran Sioshansi et al, granted May 10, 1988 and assigned to said Spire Corporation. A process for passivating the electrochemically active surface of metal alloys so as to inhibit their corrosion is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,308 of Piran Sloshansi et al, granted May 10, 1988 and assigned to said Spire Corporation. A sputter-enhanced ion implantation process, primarily of ball bearings, without the use of a separate evaporation system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,026 of Piran Sioshansi, granted Aug. 8, 1989 and assigned to said Spire Corporation. An improved method and apparatus for the uniform ion implantation of spherical surfaces, such as ball bearings, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,872,922 of Stephen N. Bunker et al, granted Oct. 10, 1989 and assigned to said Spire Corporation. A method of depositing an ionized cluster on a substrate is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,152,478 of Toshinori Takagi, granted May 1, 1979. And a method of coating a substrate with a stoichiometric compound is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,281,029 of Toshinori Takagi et al, granted Jul. 28, 1981. The use of ion beam processing is thus well known and widespread. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05468562__ •
Method for detecting phlebitis Inventor(s): Wilk; Peter J. (185 W. End Ave., New York, NY 10023) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,247,940 Date filed: October 20, 1992 Abstract: A device for detecting phlebitis comprises a housing and a plurality of temperature sensors mounted to the housing in spaced relation to one another so that the sensors are disposable in juxtaposition with a skin surface. A comparator mounted to the housing is operatively connected to the sensors for comparing temperatures simultaneously detected by the sensors upon juxtaposition thereof with the skin surface. The comparator includes a circuit or other component for generating a signal upon the detecting by the comparator of a temperature difference greater than a predetermined threshold. An indicator is mounted to the housing and operatively connected to the comparator for providing a sensible indication to an operator in response to the signal. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a device for use in the detection of phlebitis. This invention also relates to an associated method for detecting phlebitis. Phlebitis is a serious problem in hospitals. Many patients on intravenous lines contract phlebitis.
Patents 49
Occasionally fatalities result. A need exists for a technique which will result in the early detection of phlebitis, before the condition becomes severe. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05247940__ •
Pharmaceutical composition containing esters of.omega.-3 polyunsaturated acids and their use in the topical treatment of morbid affections Inventor(s): Bruzzese; Tiberio (Milan, IT), Mozzi; Giovanni (Milan, IT), Ruggeri; Remo (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Prospa B.V. (Amsterdam, NL) Patent Number: 5,472,705 Date filed: July 23, 1993 Abstract: New pharmaceutical compositions for topical use containing esters of.omega.3 polyunsaturated acids having a high concentration have been obtained. Such formulations have been added with phenolic antioxidants and with adjuvants.The present formulations have been found clinically useful in the treatment of morbid affections, in particular in the treatment of psoriasis, phlebitis and the correlated pathologies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to new pharmaceutical compositions containing esters of.omega.-3 polyunsaturated acids and to their use in the topical treatment of morbid affections. The treatment of morbid affections, in particular of psoriasis, phlebitis and the related pathologies is effected, since a long time, by orally administering formulations comprising.omega.-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or the esters thereof (usually the glyceride esters thereof) (Bittiner S. B. et al., Lancet, 378, 1, 1988; Ziboh V. A., Arch. Dermatol., 122, 1277, 1986; Maurice P. D. L. et al., Brit. J. Dermatol., 117, 599, 1987; Woodcock B. F. et al., Brit. Med. J., 288, 592, 1984). A number of collateral and undesired effects may be however present using systemic administering route. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05472705__
•
Portable bed adjusting device for patients and the like Inventor(s): Webb; Norma M. (1532 Alison Dr., West Chester, PA 19380) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,312,088 Date filed: April 28, 1980 Abstract: A portable device for raising one end of a bed a selected height, to incline the mattress longitudinally without consequent displacement, to provide comfort for a sleeper suffering from ailments such as a hiatal hernia, cardiac failure, varicose veins or phlebitis. The device includes bed elevating blocks adapted to be inserted under one end of the bed and longitudinally extending mattress retainers adapted to be inserted between the mattress and the mattress support, such as a box spring, to secure the mattress against longitudinal movement when the bed is inclined. The bed elevating blocks may be constituted of two separate, connectable components which are adjustable relative to each other to provide selectivity in the elevation of one end of the bed. The mattress retainers are constituted of two separate, longitudinally aligned,
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detachably connectable, L-shaped elements, each of the elements having a short perpendicular leg, the two legs extending in opposite directions. The oppositely disposed short legs function as grips for engaging, respectively, the mattress and the mattress support, thereby preventing the mattress from moving relative to its support. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a device in the nature of accessory implements for a standard or conventional bed to elevate the bed at one end to incline its mattress longitudinally without displacing the mattress relative to the bed. A great many people-and not all of them hospital patients--suffer from physical ailments which require, or are relieved by, sleeping in a longitudinally inclined position. Such physical ailments include hiatal hernias, cardiac failure and respiratory difficulties, in respect to which it is desirable, and often necessary, to sleep with the head elevated. Other physical conditions, such as phlebitis or varicose veins, often require sleeping with the feet and legs elevated. The therapeutic value and comfort realized by hospital patients and other persons who suffer from physical ailments such as those described above, by sleeping in beds in which the mattresses are disposed in an inclined longitudinal plane, are well known. Many devices, accessories and arrangements have been suggested for modifying a bed to achieve the desired angular adjustment. But most solutions provide either for the special construction of an entire bed incorporating such adjustment means-which is costly, but satisfactory for hospital use--or for accessories or attachments which, because of their size and weight, must be stored in the vicinity of the bed or beds for which they are to be used. Examples of known arrangements for raising one end of the bed, to incline its mattress longitudinally, may be seen from U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,110,039, 3,259,921 and 3,795,925. Further, examples of known devices for retaining a mattress against slippage or displacement, when one end of the bed is elevated, are shown in the following U.S. Pat. Nos.: 1,683,795, 2,067,515, 2,082,131, 2,147,538 and 4,017,919. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04312088__
Patent Applications on Phlebitis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to phlebitis: •
Method for detecting body condition using nano and microdevices Inventor(s): Bender, Gerald E.; (Cheshire, MA), Donnelly, Denis P.; (Saratoga Springs, NY), Erlach, Julian Van; (Clifton Park, NY), Hirsch, Robert S.; (Troy, NY), Olsen, Arlen L.; (Clifton Park, NY), Peterson, James E.; (Delmar, NY), Scott, Mark D.; (Clifton Park, NY), Smith, Jeffrey M.; (Pittsfield, MA), Smith, Laura B.; (Pittsfield, MA), Stinchcomb, Audra L.; (Latham, NY) Correspondence: Arlen L. Olsen; Schmeiser, Olsen & Watts; 3 Lear Jet Lane; Suite 201; Latham; NY; 12110; US Patent Application Number: 20020111551 Date filed: November 30, 2000
10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
Patents 51
Abstract: A method for detecting body condition using nano and microdevices is disclosed. The microdevice or nanodevice is inserted into a fluid stream within a body, and used in detecting a bodily condition. The bodily condition may be myocardial infarction, stroke, sickle cell anemia, phlebitis, or a vascular aneurysm. The micro or nano device may be detected using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electron spin resonance (ESR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to nano and microtechnology. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for detecting a body condition using a microdevice or a nanodevice. Heretofore, various methods and apparatus have been disclosed for using substrates in combination with biological members. U.S. Pat. No. 6,123,819 discloses an array of electrodes built on a single chip used to simultaneously detect, characterize and quantify individual proteins or biological molecules in solutions. U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,380 discloses a microelectronic device designed to carry out and control complex molecular biological processes, including antibody/antigen reactions, nucleic acid hybridizations, DNA amplification, clinical diagnostics and biopolymer synthesis. None of the references, however, adequately describe attaching a substrate to a biological member for controlling and analyzing complex molecular biological processes and bodily conditions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Tissue monitoring system for intravascular infusion Inventor(s): Jersey-Willuhn, Karen; (Olivenhain, CA), Soleimani, Manuchehr; (Manchester, GB) Correspondence: Koestner Bertani Llp; 18662 Macarthur Blvd; Suite 400; Irvine; CA; 92612; US Patent Application Number: 20030216663 Date filed: August 23, 2002 Abstract: An infusion system has a capability to monitor infusion complications such as extravasation, tissue necrosis, infiltration, phlebitis, and blood clots. The infusion system has at least partially transparent flexible film barrier dressing in a flexible membrane that incorporates a plurality of sensors capable of detecting tissue condition and a control unit capable of coupling to the film barrier dressing that monitors signals from the sensors. A device is capable of executing non-invasive physiological measurements to characterize physiologic information from cross-sectional surface and subcutaneous tissue to detect the presence or absence of tissue conditions such as infiltration or extravasation during intravascular infusion. In some examples, the device utilizes depth-selective methods to sense, detect, quantify, monitor, and generate an alert notification of tissue parameters. Excerpt(s): This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/351,094, filed on Jan. 25, 2002. 2. U.S. patent application Ser. No. xx/xxx,xxx entitled "Conductivity Reconstruction Based on Inverse Finite Element Measurements in a Tissue Monitoring System",
naming Karen JerseyWilluhn and Manuchehr Soleimani as inventors and filed on even date herewith. The invention relates generally to physiological monitoring devices and, more particularly, to tissue monitoring devices and methods for detecting harmful conditions including conditions that occur during intravascular infusion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with phlebitis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “phlebitis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on phlebitis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning phlebitis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON PHLEBITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to phlebitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on phlebitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “phlebitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
"Rheumatism," a treatise explaining the relationship of phlebitis to arthritis, neuritis, and muscular rheumatism, by Otto Meyer, M. D. Author: Meyer, Otto,; Year: 1960; New York, Elliot publishing company [c1935]
•
Ailments of the leg; describing the symptoms and most advanced methods of treating varicose veins, phlebitis, thrombosis and ulcers of the leg. By Otto Meyer, M. D. Author: Meyer, Otto,; Year: 1959; New York, Elliot publishing company, 1932
•
Common ailments of the leg and foot; varicose veins, phlebitis, leg ulcers, leg eczemas, foot trouble, arthritis, rheumatism, gout. [Ed.] by John J. Reilly. Author: Meyer, Otto,; Year: 1961; Garden City, N. Y., Garden City Health Book Co. [c1950]
11
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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•
Etiology, pathology and treatment of phlebitis. Author: Chapman, William Louis,; Year: 1989; Providence, Snow; Farnham, 1913
•
Phlebitis, the hidden cause of most leg and foot ailments, by Otto Meyer, M. D. Author: Meyer, Otto,; Year: 1939; New York, N. Y., Savoy book publishers, inc., 1940
•
Post-operative thrombo-phlebitis. Author: Wiese, Henning Fritzhof Blomberg.; Year: 1994; [Minneapolis] 1922
•
The history, pathology, and treatment of puerperal fever and crural phlebitis. With an introductory essay. Author: Meigs, Charles D. (Charles Delucena),; Year: 1971; Philadelphia, Barrington; Haswell, 1842
•
Ulcers and eczema of the leg, sequels of phlebitis, etc.; studies on static diseases of the lower limbs and their treatment. Author: Bisgaard, Holger Ove,; Year: 1945; Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1948
•
Varicose veins; phlebitis, leg ulcers, dropsy, eczema, haemorrhoids. Author: Foote, Robert Rowden.; Year: 1969; London, Duckworth [1954]
Chapters on Phlebitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to phlebitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and phlebitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “phlebitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PHLEBITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover phlebitis.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on phlebitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “phlebitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to phlebitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “phlebitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for phlebitis: •
Superficial Thrombophlebitis Rarely Associated With Deep Vein Thrombosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 12, 1997
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “phlebitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “phlebitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to phlebitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “phlebitis” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Phlebitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to phlebitis. In addition to these
Periodicals and News
57
sources, you can search for articles covering phlebitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for phlebitis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with phlebitis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to phlebitis: Clomiphene •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Clomid; Milophene; Serophene http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202151.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
63
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
65
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “phlebitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 21569 76 143 16 0 21804
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “phlebitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
16
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on phlebitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to phlebitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to phlebitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “phlebitis”:
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Other guides Rehabilitation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rehabilitation.html Thrombophlebitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thrombophlebitis.html Traveler's Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/travelershealth.html Varicose Veins http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/varicoseveins.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to phlebitis, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Thrombophlebitis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00223
•
Diagnosis/Symptoms Leg Problems: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/541.xml Vascular Diseases Diagnosis Source: Society of Interventional Radiology http://www.sirweb.org/patPub/vascularDiagnosis.shtml
•
Treatment Coumadin - Introduction for New Users http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/coumadinIntroductionfornewuse rsloader.html Treatment of Blood Clots http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/106/20/e138.pdf Vascular Diseases Treatments Source: Society of Interventional Radiology http://www.sirweb.org/patPub/vascularTreatments.shtml What Are Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents? Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=84
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Deep Vein Thrombosis Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=264&topcategory=Hip& all=all
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Flight-Related Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - “Economy Class Syndrome” Source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://ohp.nasa.gov/alerts/dvt.html New Perspective on Deep Vein Thrombosis Source: American Venous Forum http://www.dvt-info.com/education/newpers.html Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/106/12/1436.pdf •
From the National Institutes of Health What Is Deep Vein Thrombosis? Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://dci.nhlbi.nih.gov/Diseases/Dvt/DVT_WhatIs.html
•
Organizations American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1200000 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
•
Pictures/Diagrams Atlas of the Body: The Circulatory System -- Venous Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZG57C56JC& sub_cat=510
•
Prevention/Screening Aspirin: From Pain Relief to Preventive Medicine Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00269
•
Research Comparison of Two Methods of Starting the Anticoagulant Drug Warfarin Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/138/9/I-50 Congenital Causes of Venous Thrombosis--Classification System Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/138/2/I-39 Heparin a Better Choice for Cancer Patients with Blood Clots Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Heparin_a_Better_Ch oice_for_Cancer_Patients_with_Blood_Clots.asp Low Dose Warfarin Prevents Recurrence of Blood Clots - NHLBI Stops Study Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/feb2003/nhlbi-24.htm
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Negative Results on a Quantitative Latex D-Dimer Test Exclude Deep Leg Clots Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/138/10/I-30 New Guidelines Focus on Fish, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3006624 Risks for Persistent Clots in Leg Veins Despite Treatment Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/137/12/I-32 What Is the Most Effective Blood Thinner for Treating Patients with Blood Clots in the Veins? Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/138/9/I-63 You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on phlebitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Varicose Veins: A Guide for Patients Source: San Ramon, CA: Health Information Network (HIN), Inc. 1995. 28 p. Contact: Available from Health Information Network (HIN), Inc. 231 Market Place, No. 331, San Ramon, CA 94583. (800) HIN-1947. Website: HINbooks.com. PRICE: $2.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN 188527422X. Order Number: 0202. Summary: This illustrated booklet provides people who have varicose veins with an overview of this condition. Varicose veins occur when the valves between the deep and superficial veins fail and blood flows the wrong way. Valves may fail because of a defect in the valve, an inherited susceptibility to valve defects, or a defective vein. The booklet outlines the symptoms and discusses the complications that may occur with more severe varicose veins, including phlebitis, bleeding, and leg ulcers. Other topics include ways to treat varicose veins, such as making adjustments to daily routine and lifestyle, wearing elastic support stockings, having surgery to remove the veins, and undergoing sclerotherapy. The booklet explains the standard regimen of care, focusing on being evaluated before surgery and recovering, and also describes sclerotherapy. In addition, the booklet discusses the occurrence of varicose veins during pregnancy and their
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reappearance following surgery and injections. The booklet concludes with a glossary of terms. •
Erythema Nodosum Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184. Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This pamphlet provides people who have erythema nodosum with information on the etiology, symptoms, and treatment of this inflammation of the subcutaneous fat tissue. Erythema nodosum occurs three times more often in women than in men and most often affects people between the ages of 15 and 30. The causes of erythema nodosum include medications, such as sulfa drugs and some brands of oral contraceptives, and infection with streptococcus and tuberculosis. The skin lesions of erythema nodosum, which are painful, are usually slightly raised and bright red, and as they fade, they get a yellowish color. They can range in size from one half inch to several inches. The differential diagnosis includes insect bites, bruises, pancreatitis, and phlebitis. A biopsy and other diagnostic tests are used in diagnosing the disease. The most effective treatment is to eliminate the cause. Other modalities include drugs and bed rest. 2 figures. The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to phlebitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to phlebitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with phlebitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about phlebitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “phlebitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “phlebitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “phlebitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:”
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box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “phlebitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
24
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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PHLEBITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Alprostadil: A potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow. It inhibits platelet aggregation and has many other biological effects such as bronchodilation, mediation of inflammation, etc. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and
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herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier
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for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthrography: Roentgenography of a joint, usually after injection of either positive or negative contrast medium. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU]
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Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]
Axillary Vein: The venous trunk of the upper limb; a continuation of the basilar and brachial veins running from the lower border of the teres major muscle to the outer border of the first rib where it becomes the subclavian vein. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bed Rest: Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH]
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Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Brucella: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes brucellosis. Its cells are nonmotile coccobacilli and are animal parasites and pathogens. The bacterium is transmissible to humans through contact with infected dairy products or tissue. [NIH] Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caesarean section: A surgical incision through the abdominal and uterine walls in order to deliver a baby. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH]
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Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for
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the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of oxacillin. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2.
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Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective
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tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Media: Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues. [NIH]
Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cystoid: Like a bladder or a cyst. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as
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cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the
Dictionary 95
effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Enteral Nutrition: Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]
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Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Nodosum: An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH]
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Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibrinolytic Agents: Fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to fibrinolysin (plasmin). [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fungemia: The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH]
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Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germinoma: The most frequent type of germ-cell tumor in the brain. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]
Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU]
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Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Veins: Veins which drain the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hiatal Hernia: A small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest. Causes heartburn from stomach acid flowing back up through the opening. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humeral: 1. Of, relating to, or situated in the region of the humerus: brachial. 2. Of or belonging to the shoulder. 3. Of, relating to, or being any of several body parts that are analogous in structure, function, or location to the humerus or shoulder. [EU] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic
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conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]
Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypesthesia: Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation. [NIH] Hypodermic: Applied or administered beneath the skin. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inferior vena cava: A large vein that empties into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet, and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it
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or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] In-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irinotecan: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of anticancer drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. It is a camptothecin analogue. Also called CPT 11. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic Colitis: Decreased blood flow to the colon. Causes fever, pain, and bloody diarrhea. [NIH] Ischial: A pointed projection on the posterior margin of the ischium. [NIH] Jejunostomy: Surgical formation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum, usually for enteral hyperalimentation. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoprofen: An ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called
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colon. [NIH] Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of
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the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]
antibiotic
effective
against
tetracycline-resistant
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Multicenter Studies: Controlled studies which are planned and carried out by several cooperating institutions to assess certain variables and outcomes in specific patient populations, for example, a multicenter study of congenital anomalies in children. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH]
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Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH]
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Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Osmolality: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions; osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressure lowering. [EU] Osmoles: The standard unit of osmotic pressure. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to flucloxacillin used in resistant staphylococci infections. [NIH]
Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar
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gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]
Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a
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single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage: Bleeding from a peptic ulcer. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phlebitis: Inflammation of a vein. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH]
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Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air or gas in the space between the lung and chest wall, resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Popliteal: Compression of the nerve at the neck of the fibula. [NIH] Popliteal Cyst: A synovial cyst in the popliteal space arising from the semimembranous bursa or the knee joint. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]
Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Portal Hypertension: High blood pressure in the portal vein. This vein carries blood into the liver. Portal hypertension is caused by a blood clot. This is a common complication of cirrhosis. [NIH]
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Portal Vein: A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Irritation, scarring, and narrowing of the bile ducts inside and outside the liver. Bile builds up in the liver and may damage its cells. Many people with this condition also have ulcerative colitis. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the
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prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]
Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pseudotumour: An enlargement that resembles a tumour. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a
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thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyrexia: A fever, or a febrile condition; abnormal elevation of the body temperature. [EU] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radionuclide Imaging: Process whereby a radionuclide is injected or measured (through tissue) from an external source, and a display is obtained from any one of several rectilinear scanner or gamma camera systems. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph. [NIH]
Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinae: A congenital notch or cleft of the retina, usually located inferiorly. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU]
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Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Sclerotherapy: Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH]
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Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoid Colon: The lower part of the colon that empties into the rectum. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Sphenoid Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating with the highest meatus of the nasal cavity on the same side. [NIH] Sphenoid Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sphenoid sinus. This condition usually is accompanied by pansinusitis and may present itself in an acute or chronic form. [NIH] Spinal Injuries: Injuries involving the vertebral column. [NIH] Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to
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collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenic Vein: Vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stoma: A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH]
Dictionary 115
Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Cyst: A nodular, tumorlike lesion in or about a tendon sheath or joint capsule, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. It is not a true cyst as it lacks an epithelial wall, and it does not communicate with the underlying synovial space. The lesion represents a focal accumulation of mucin in the dermis of the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanges or, less often, other portions of the extremities. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracic Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the heart, lungs, and esophagus. Two major types of thoracic surgery are classified as pulmonary and cardiovascular. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombolytic Therapy: Use of infusions of fibrinolytic agents to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts. [NIH] Thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen
116 Phlebitis
plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Topoisomerase inhibitors: A family of anticancer drugs. The topoisomerase enzymes are responsible for the arrangement and rearrangement of DNA in the cell and for cell growth and replication. Inhibiting these enzymes may kill cancer cells or stop their growth. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheostomy: Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath,
Dictionary 117
pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urokinase: A drug that dissolves blood clots or prevents them from forming. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose Ulcer: Ulcer due to varicose veins. Chronic venous insufficiency in the deep veins of the legs leads to shunting the venous return into the superficial veins, in which pressure and flow rate, as well as oxygen content, are increased. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH]
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Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vinorelbine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]
119
INDEX A Abdomen, 85, 89, 90, 95, 100, 101, 102, 106, 114, 115 Abdominal, 15, 85, 89, 94, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107, 116 Abdominal Pain, 85, 107, 116 Abscess, 22, 85 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 85 Acute myeloid leukemia, 7, 8, 85 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 85 Adjustment, 50, 85 Adrenal Cortex, 85, 93, 99, 109 Adverse Effect, 85, 113 Aerobic, 85, 89 Algorithms, 85, 88 Alimentary, 85, 95, 106, 107 Allografts, 8, 85 Alloys, 48, 85 Alprostadil, 10, 85 Alternative medicine, 56, 85 Aluminum, 44, 86 Alveoli, 86, 117 Amino acid, 86, 98, 102, 107, 110, 116 Amino Acid Sequence, 86, 98 Amplification, 51, 86 Anaerobic, 22, 86, 114 Anaesthesia, 7, 11, 86 Analgesic, 86, 100, 101 Analog, 86, 97 Analogous, 86, 99, 116 Androgens, 85, 86, 93 Anemia, 51, 86, 103 Aneurysm, 51, 86 Angina, 86, 104 Ankle, 86, 117 Anomalies, 86, 103 Antibiotic, 86, 91, 97, 103, 105, 115 Antibodies, 23, 86, 102, 108 Antibody, 26, 51, 86, 87, 92, 100 Anticoagulant, 40, 71, 87 Antigen, 51, 86, 87, 92, 98, 100 Anti-infective, 87, 91 Anti-inflammatory, 87, 93, 98, 100, 101, 106 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 87, 93 Antimetabolite, 87, 97 Antineoplastic, 87, 93, 97, 118 Antioxidants, 49, 87
Antipyretic, 87, 101 Anus, 87, 89, 92, 107 Aphthous Stomatitis, 7, 87 Appendicitis, 15, 20, 21, 22, 24, 87 Arachidonic Acid, 87, 109 Arterial, 87, 100, 102, 104, 110 Arteries, 47, 87, 89, 93, 103, 104 Arterioles, 87, 89 Arteritis, 27, 87 Artery, 86, 87, 93, 95, 103, 106, 110 Arthrography, 4, 87 Asymptomatic, 4, 87, 106 Atrial, 40, 87 Atrial Fibrillation, 40, 87 Atrium, 87, 117 Atrophy, 88, 96 Autodigestion, 88, 106 Autoimmune disease, 88, 104 Autopsy, 8, 88 Axillary, 39, 88, 114 Axillary Vein, 88, 114 B Back Pain, 7, 88 Bacteremia, 6, 33, 88 Bacteria, 22, 86, 87, 88, 89, 95, 98, 113, 114, 116, 117 Bacterium, 88, 89 Base, 88, 98, 101, 117 Bed Rest, 73, 88 Benign, 21, 30, 88, 97, 104 Bilateral, 88, 96, 106 Bile, 88, 91, 97, 102, 109, 114 Bile duct, 88, 91, 109 Biliary, 88, 90, 106 Biliary Tract, 88, 90, 106 Biopsy, 73, 88, 107 Biotechnology, 5, 6, 53, 56, 65, 88 Bladder, 89, 93, 104, 117 Blastocyst, 89, 107 Blood pressure, 89, 100, 103, 108, 113 Blood vessel, 3, 45, 46, 89, 90, 91, 95, 101, 103, 107, 113, 114, 115, 117 Bone Marrow, 85, 89, 102, 103 Boron, 48, 89 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 89 Bowel, 4, 89, 94, 101, 107, 114, 116 Bowel Movement, 89, 94, 114 Brachial, 88, 89, 99
120 Phlebitis
Branch, 16, 81, 89, 103, 106, 113, 115 Brucella, 10, 89 Brucellosis, 89 Bursitis, 4, 89 Bypass, 89, 115 C Caesarean section, 7, 89 Calcium, 89, 92, 110 Calculi, 90, 98 Camptothecin, 90, 101 Cannula, 7, 8, 9, 45, 47, 90 Carbohydrate, 90, 93, 108 Carbon Dioxide, 90, 97, 107, 111 Carcinogenic, 90, 114 Cardiac, 49, 50, 87, 90, 95, 104, 114 Cardiovascular, 17, 21, 23, 40, 47, 90, 115 Cardiovascular System, 47, 90 Carotene, 90, 111 Case report, 6, 9, 11, 15, 16, 22, 23, 90 Catheter, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14, 16, 21, 25, 26, 33, 39, 45, 46, 47, 90 Cell, 12, 22, 51, 88, 89, 90, 92, 95, 97, 98, 101, 107, 108, 110, 111, 116, 118 Cell Division, 88, 90, 108 Central Nervous System, 90, 97, 104 Cerebral, 8, 9, 40, 90 Cerebrospinal, 90, 102, 114 Cerebrospinal fluid, 90, 102, 114 Cerebrum, 90 Chest wall, 90, 108 Chin, 34, 90, 103 Chlorhexidine, 25, 91 Cholangitis, 12, 91 Cholesterol, 88, 91, 114 Chromosomal, 86, 91 Chronic, 88, 91, 100, 106, 110, 113, 114, 116, 117 Cimetidine, 19, 30, 34, 91 Cirrhosis, 25, 91, 108 CIS, 91, 111 Clinical Medicine, 13, 91, 109 Clinical trial, 5, 39, 40, 65, 91, 94, 103, 110, 111 Cloning, 88, 91 Cloxacillin, 10, 91 Coagulation, 5, 89, 91, 108, 115 Cofactor, 91, 110 Collagen, 86, 91, 99, 108 Collagen disease, 91, 99 Collapse, 91, 108 Colon, 11, 15, 92, 101, 113, 116 Colonoscopy, 22, 92
Complement, 92, 108 Complementary and alternative medicine, 33, 37, 92 Complementary medicine, 33, 92 Computational Biology, 65, 92 Concomitant, 18, 92 Cones, 92, 111 Congestion, 92, 96 Connective Tissue, 89, 91, 92, 93, 97, 102, 112, 115 Constipation, 93, 107 Constriction, 93, 101 Contraindications, ii, 93 Contrast Media, 9, 93 Contrast medium, 87, 93 Coordination, 93, 104 Cornea, 93, 112, 117, 118 Coronary, 93, 103, 104 Coronary Thrombosis, 93, 103, 104 Corpus, 93, 106, 109, 118 Corrosion, 48, 93 Corticosteroid, 4, 8, 93 Cranial, 93, 104, 106, 113 Curative, 93, 115 Cutaneous, 9, 24, 93, 100 Cyclic, 93, 108, 110 Cyst, 4, 17, 93, 115 Cystoid, 18, 93 Cytochrome, 91, 93 D Dairy Products, 89, 94 Decidua, 94, 107 Decubitus, 46, 94 Dermatitis, 94, 95 Diagnostic procedure, 43, 56, 94 Diaphragm, 94, 99 Diarrhea, 4, 94, 101 Digestion, 85, 88, 89, 94, 101, 102, 107, 114 Digestive system, 41, 94 Digestive tract, 3, 94 Dilatation, 86, 94 Dilator, 94, 104 Direct, iii, 46, 59, 91, 94, 111, 114 Discrete, 94, 115, 118 Distention, 4, 94 Diverticula, 94 Diverticulitis, 22, 94 Diverticulum, 94 Double-blind, 25, 26, 94 Drug Interactions, 60, 94 Drug Tolerance, 94, 115 Duct, 90, 95, 96, 112, 114
Index 121
Dura mater, 95, 103, 105 E Eczema, 54, 95 Edema, 10, 18, 95, 117 Efficacy, 5, 6, 33, 95 Elastic, 72, 95 Electrocoagulation, 91, 95 Electrolyte, 93, 95, 103, 109, 113, 117 Emboli, 40, 95 Emollient, 95, 105 Endocarditis, 6, 25, 33, 95 Endocardium, 95 Endogenous, 95 Endothelial cell, 9, 30, 95 Enteral Nutrition, 4, 95 Environmental Health, 64, 66, 95 Enzymatic, 86, 89, 90, 92, 95, 97, 99, 111 Enzyme, 90, 95, 103, 106, 108, 114, 115, 118 Epigastric, 95, 105 Epithelium, 95, 118 Erectile, 10, 96, 106 Erection, 96 ERV, 15, 96 Erythema, 73, 96 Erythema Nodosum, 73, 96 Erythrocytes, 86, 89, 96 Esophageal, 96, 112 Esophageal Varices, 96, 112 Esophagus, 94, 96, 99, 114, 115 Exocrine, 96, 105 Exogenous, 95, 96 Expiratory, 96 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 96 Extensor, 96, 110 Extravasation, 26, 30, 51, 96 Extremity, 39, 96, 102, 106 F Family Planning, 65, 96 Fat, 73, 87, 89, 90, 93, 95, 96, 102, 104, 108, 112 Fatigue, 96 Fatty acids, 96, 109 Febrile, 96, 111 Fetus, 96, 107 Fibrin, 96, 97, 107, 115 Fibrinolytic, 97, 115 Fibrinolytic Agents, 97, 115 Fibrosis, 97, 112 Fibula, 97, 108 Fluorouracil, 10, 97 Fold, 97, 103 Fossa, 4, 97
Fungemia, 19, 97 Fungi, 97 G Gadolinium, 9, 97 Gallbladder, 85, 88, 94, 97 Ganglion, 97, 118 Gas, 90, 96, 97, 100, 108, 117 Gas exchange, 97, 117 Gastric, 88, 91, 97, 99, 107, 112 Gastrin, 91, 97, 99 Gastrointestinal, 3, 11, 22, 95, 97 Gastrostomy, 95, 97 Gene, 53, 88, 97 Generator, 46, 97 Genetic Code, 98, 104 Genotype, 85, 98 Germinoma, 21, 98 Gestation, 98, 107 Giant Cells, 98, 112 Gland, 85, 98, 102, 105, 106, 107, 112, 114 Glucocorticoid, 98, 99 Glucuronic Acid, 98, 99 Gonadal, 98, 114 Gout, 53, 98 Governing Board, 98, 109 Grade, 98 Grading, 9, 98 Graft, 11, 85, 98, 99 Grafting, 98, 100 Gram-negative, 89, 98 Gram-positive, 98, 114 Growth, 86, 98, 99, 102, 104, 108, 116 H Heartburn, 99 Heme, 5, 93, 99, 108 Hemoglobin, 86, 96, 99, 108 Hemorrhage, 95, 99, 114 Hemorrhoids, 99, 112 Heparin, 13, 20, 26, 30, 71, 99 Hepatic, 12, 22, 99, 108 Hepatic Veins, 22, 99 Hereditary, 5, 98, 99 Heredity, 97, 99 Hiatal Hernia, 49, 50, 99 Histamine, 91, 99 Histology, 99, 106 Hormonal, 88, 93, 99 Hormone, 93, 97, 99, 109, 112 Host, 85, 99 Humeral, 11, 99 Hydrocortisone, 30, 99 Hydrogen, 88, 90, 100, 103, 105
122 Phlebitis
Hydrogen Bonding, 100, 105 Hypertension, 100, 108, 117 Hyperuricemia, 98, 100 Hypesthesia, 100, 104 Hypodermic, 46, 100 I Ibuprofen, 100, 101 Id, 31, 35, 70, 71, 73, 80, 82, 100 Idiopathic, 13, 100, 112 Immune response, 87, 88, 93, 100, 118 Immunosuppressant, 97, 100 Impairment, 100, 103 Implantation, 48, 100 Impotence, 10, 96, 100 In vivo, 99, 100 Incision, 89, 100, 101 Indicative, 100, 106, 117 Infarction, 100 Inferior vena cava, 26, 100 Infiltration, 7, 21, 47, 51, 100, 118 Infusion, 5, 8, 10, 14, 15, 17, 21, 25, 26, 27, 30, 34, 45, 47, 51, 101, 112 In-line, 30, 101 Insulator, 101, 104 Intermittent, 5, 101 Internal Medicine, 15, 23, 33, 47, 101 Intestinal, 11, 12, 13, 90, 101 Intestine, 89, 99, 101, 104 Intracellular, 100, 101, 109, 110 Intramuscular, 101, 106 Intraocular, 18, 101 Intravascular, 25, 45, 51, 101 Intravenous, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 17, 18, 21, 26, 30, 46, 47, 48, 97, 101, 106 Invasive, 51, 101, 102 Ions, 88, 95, 100, 101, 110 Irinotecan, 19, 34, 101 Ischemia, 13, 88, 101 Ischemic Colitis, 13, 101 Ischial, 44, 101 J Jejunostomy, 95, 101 Joint, 4, 87, 101, 105, 108, 115 K Kb, 64, 101 Ketoprofen, 10, 101 L Large Intestine, 94, 101, 111 Leg Ulcer, 53, 54, 72, 102 Lethal, 11, 102 Leukemia, 27, 102 Library Services, 80, 102
Ligation, 16, 19, 102 Lipid, 102, 104 Liquor, 102, 111 Liver, 20, 22, 85, 87, 88, 91, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 108, 109, 112 Localized, 100, 102, 108, 112, 116 Lumbar, 8, 88, 102, 114 Lumbar puncture, 8, 102, 114 Lumen, 90, 102 Lymph, 88, 95, 102, 112 Lymph node, 88, 102, 112 Lymphatic, 100, 102, 114 Lymphocyte, 87, 102 Lymphocytic, 7, 11, 13, 102 Lymphoid, 86, 102 Lysine, 10, 102 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 4, 6, 20, 26, 102 Malignant, 87, 102, 103, 104 Malignant tumor, 102, 103 Malnutrition, 4, 88, 102 Meatus, 102, 113 Medial, 103, 113 MEDLINE, 4, 65, 103 Membrane, 51, 87, 92, 98, 103, 105, 107, 111, 116, 118 Meninges, 90, 95, 103 Meningitis, 27, 103 Mental, iv, 5, 41, 64, 66, 90, 96, 103, 110, 117 Mental Disorders, 41, 103, 110 Mesenteric, 20, 21, 22, 24, 103, 109 Mesentery, 103, 107, 114 Metabolic disorder, 98, 103 MI, 83, 103 Mineralocorticoids, 85, 93, 103 Minocycline, 6, 33, 103 Molecular, 23, 51, 65, 67, 86, 88, 92, 99, 103, 116 Molecule, 87, 88, 92, 103, 105, 111 Monitor, 46, 51, 103, 104 Multicenter Studies, 5, 103 Multicenter study, 103 Multiple Myeloma, 8, 103 Multiple sclerosis, 8, 104 Musculoskeletal System, 104, 105 Myelin, 104 Myocardial infarction, 51, 93, 103, 104 Myocardium, 103, 104 N Nasal Cavity, 104, 106, 113
Index 123
Nasogastric, 95, 104 NCI, 1, 40, 63, 91, 104 Need, 3, 4, 45, 49, 54, 74, 85, 104, 115 Neoplasm, 104, 116 Neoplastic, 99, 104 Nerve, 35, 91, 97, 104, 105, 106, 108, 111, 112, 114, 118 Nervous System, 90, 104 Neuritis, 53, 104 Nitroglycerin, 26, 104 Nuclear, 4, 51, 90, 97, 104 Nuclei, 102, 104 Nucleic acid, 51, 98, 104 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 51, 105 O Observational study, 8, 105 Occult, 16, 17, 105 Ointments, 44, 105, 106 Opsin, 105, 111, 112 Orthopaedic, 48, 70, 105 Osmolality, 30, 105 Osmoles, 105 Osmotic, 105 Osteoarthritis, 101, 105 Oxacillin, 91, 105 Oxidation, 87, 93, 105 Oxygenation, 47, 105 P Pachymeningitis, 103, 105 Palliative, 105, 115 Pancreas, 14, 85, 94, 105, 106, 114 Pancreatic, 106 Pancreatitis, 4, 73, 106 Paraffin, 11, 106 Paranasal Sinuses, 106, 113 Parenteral, 3, 14, 15, 18, 106 Parenteral Nutrition, 3, 14, 15, 18, 106 Paresis, 104, 106 Paresthesias, 104, 106 Parotid, 106, 112 Pathogenesis, 4, 25, 27, 106 Pathologic, 88, 93, 106, 110 Pathologies, 49, 106 Patient Education, 72, 78, 80, 83, 106 Pelvic, 6, 7, 20, 106 Pelvis, 85, 100, 102, 106 Penis, 22, 106 Pepsin, 91, 106, 107 Pepsin A, 91, 106, 107 Peptic, 107, 112 Peptic Ulcer, 107, 112 Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage, 107, 112
Peptide, 86, 106, 107, 110 Percutaneous, 9, 16, 47, 107 Perineum, 44, 107 Peripheral blood, 85, 107 Peritoneum, 103, 107 Peritonitis, 13, 107 Petroleum, 106, 107 Pharmacologic, 107, 116 Phospholipids, 96, 107 Photocoagulation, 91, 107 Physical Examination, 4, 107 Physiologic, 51, 107, 109, 111 Pigments, 90, 107, 111 Pituitary Gland, 93, 107 Placenta, 11, 107, 109 Plant Oils, 105, 107 Plants, 90, 107, 108, 112, 116 Plaque, 91, 108 Plasma, 48, 86, 99, 103, 108, 110 Plasma cells, 86, 103, 108 Plasma protein, 108, 110 Platelet Aggregation, 85, 108 Platelets, 108, 115 Pneumonia, 15, 93, 108 Pneumothorax, 4, 108 Poisoning, 108, 113 Polysaccharide, 87, 108 Polyunsaturated fat, 49, 108 Popliteal, 4, 108 Popliteal Cyst, 4, 108 Porphyria, 5, 108 Porphyrins, 108 Portal Hypertension, 25, 108 Portal Vein, 9, 15, 16, 22, 108, 109 Posterior, 88, 101, 105, 109, 112, 113 Postoperative, 7, 97, 109 Potassium, 44, 103, 109 Practice Guidelines, 66, 109 Precursor, 5, 87, 95, 109, 110 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, 12, 109 Progesterone, 109, 114 Progressive, 91, 94, 99, 105, 109, 116 Projection, 101, 109 Proportional, 105, 109 Prospective study, 15, 109 Prostaglandin, 17, 30, 109 Prostaglandins A, 109, 110 Protein S, 19, 53, 88, 98, 110, 115 Proteins, 51, 86, 87, 91, 92, 100, 103, 106, 107, 108, 110, 113 Proteinuria, 103, 110 Prothrombin, 18, 110, 115
124 Phlebitis
Protocol, 39, 110 Pruritic, 95, 110 Pseudotumour, 14, 110 Psoriasis, 49, 110 Psychiatry, 110, 117 Psychic, 103, 110 Public Policy, 65, 110 Pulmonary, 22, 23, 39, 71, 89, 110, 115, 117 Pulmonary Artery, 89, 110, 117 Pulmonary Embolism, 23, 39, 71, 110 Pulse, 39, 103, 110 Purulent, 85, 110 Pyogenic, 22, 110 Pyrexia, 24, 111 R Radioactive, 100, 104, 111 Radiography, 4, 93, 111 Radiological, 107, 111 Radionuclide Imaging, 4, 111 Radiopharmaceutical, 97, 111 Randomized, 13, 24, 25, 26, 35, 95, 111 Receptor, 87, 111 Rectum, 15, 45, 87, 89, 92, 94, 97, 101, 111, 113 Refer, 1, 92, 97, 111, 116 Reference Values, 46, 111 Regimen, 5, 39, 72, 95, 111 Resection, 4, 111 Respiration, 90, 103, 111 Respiratory Physiology, 111, 117 Retina, 12, 16, 18, 92, 111, 117, 118 Retinae, 18, 111 Retinal, 10, 12, 18, 21, 111, 112 Retinol, 111, 112 Rheumatism, 4, 53, 100, 112 Rheumatoid, 91, 101, 112 Rheumatoid arthritis, 91, 101, 112 Rhodopsin, 105, 111, 112 Risk factor, 109, 112 S Salivary, 94, 112 Salivary glands, 94, 112 Saphenous, 19, 21, 24, 30, 112 Saphenous Vein, 19, 112 Saponins, 112, 114 Sarcoidosis, 10, 25, 112 Sclera, 112, 117 Sclerosis, 18, 91, 104, 112 Sclerotherapy, 72, 112 Screening, 91, 112 Secretion, 91, 93, 99, 103, 112 Sedentary, 44, 112
Semisynthetic, 90, 103, 112 Sensibility, 86, 112 Sepsis, 14, 47, 97, 113 Septic, 6, 7, 9, 14, 20, 22, 33, 113 Septicemia, 9, 113 Sequencing, 44, 113 Serum, 92, 103, 107, 113 Shock, 99, 113, 116 Side effect, 5, 34, 59, 85, 100, 113, 116 Sigmoid, 22, 113 Sigmoid Colon, 113 Skeletal, 86, 103, 113 Skeleton, 101, 109, 113 Smooth muscle, 99, 104, 113 Sodium, 98, 103, 113 Solvent, 105, 113 Soybean Oil, 108, 113 Specialist, 74, 113 Species, 85, 113, 114 Sphenoid, 8, 106, 113 Sphenoid Sinus, 8, 113 Sphenoid Sinusitis, 8, 113 Spinal Injuries, 113 Spinal tap, 102, 113 Spleen, 102, 112, 114 Splenic Vein, 109, 114 Staphylococcus, 103, 114 Steel, 47, 114 Stenosis, 114 Steroid, 4, 112, 114 Stimulus, 106, 114, 115 Stoma, 46, 114 Stomach, 85, 88, 94, 96, 97, 99, 104, 106, 114 Stool, 92, 101, 114 Streptococcus, 73, 114 Stricture, 12, 114 Stroke, 40, 41, 51, 64, 114 Subacute, 34, 100, 114 Subclavian, 39, 88, 114 Subclinical, 100, 114 Subcutaneous, 51, 73, 95, 106, 114 Substrate, 48, 51, 114 Suppression, 93, 114 Symptomatic, 4, 35, 106, 115 Synovial, 108, 115 Synovial Cyst, 108, 115 Systemic, 12, 39, 40, 49, 60, 89, 91, 100, 112, 113, 115 T Tachycardia, 88, 115 Tachypnea, 88, 115
Index 125
Tendon, 89, 97, 115 Tetracycline, 103, 115 Therapeutics, 60, 115 Thoracic, 47, 88, 94, 115 Thoracic Surgery, 47, 115 Thorax, 85, 102, 115 Threshold, 48, 100, 115 Thrombin, 96, 108, 110, 115 Thromboembolism, 23, 115 Thrombolytic, 39, 115 Thrombolytic Therapy, 39, 115 Thrombosis, 4, 9, 11, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 39, 40, 53, 55, 70, 71, 110, 112, 114, 115 Thrombus, 39, 93, 100, 108, 115, 117 Tolerance, 30, 115 Tomography, 4, 22, 115 Topical, 26, 49, 91, 106, 116 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 101, 116 Toxic, iv, 116 Toxicity, 94, 116 Toxicology, 66, 116 Toxin, 115, 116 Trace element, 89, 116 Trachea, 116 Tracheostomy, 46, 116 Transfection, 88, 116 Translational, 116 Trauma, 106, 116 Tumour, 14, 97, 110, 116 U Ulcer, 107, 116, 117 Ulceration, 24, 102, 116 Ulcerative colitis, 109, 116 Ultrasonography, 4, 10, 116 Unconscious, 100, 116 Uraemia, 106, 116 Urethra, 106, 117 Uric, 98, 100, 117
Urinary, 20, 90, 117 Urine, 89, 110, 117 Urokinase, 39, 117 Uvea, 117 Uveitis, 18, 117 V Vaccine, 110, 117 Valves, 72, 117 Varicose, 6, 12, 24, 36, 49, 50, 53, 54, 70, 72, 102, 112, 117 Varicose Ulcer, 102, 117 Varicose vein, 6, 12, 24, 49, 50, 53, 54, 72, 112, 117 Vascular, 3, 9, 17, 19, 21, 23, 26, 45, 51, 70, 100, 107, 115, 117 Vasculitis, 106, 117 Vasodilator, 85, 99, 117 Vena, 117 Venous, 4, 7, 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 30, 34, 39, 48, 71, 88, 99, 102, 104, 110, 117 Venous Thrombosis, 10, 17, 19, 39, 71, 117 Ventilation, 117 Ventricle, 110, 117 Ventricular, 7, 117 Venules, 89, 117 Vertebral, 113, 118 Veterinary Medicine, 65, 118 Vinca Alkaloids, 118 Vinorelbine, 19, 30, 34, 118 Virus, 98, 108, 118 Vitreous, 18, 111, 118 Vitreous Body, 111, 118 Vitro, 99, 100, 118 W White blood cell, 86, 102, 108, 118 X X-ray, 93, 104, 118 Z Zoster, 21, 27, 118
126 Phlebitis
Index 127
128 Phlebitis
