POTASSIUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Potassium: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84174-8 1. Potassium-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on potassium. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON POTASSIUM ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Potassium...................................................................................... 7 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 62 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 72 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND POTASSIUM ................................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Finding Nutrition Studies on Potassium .................................................................................. 107 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 111 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 111 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND POTASSIUM ............................................................. 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 123 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 131 General References ..................................................................................................................... 144 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON POTASSIUM ............................................................................... 145 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 145 Dissertations on Potassium ....................................................................................................... 145 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 155 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON POTASSIUM .......................................................................................... 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 Patents on Potassium................................................................................................................. 157 Patent Applications on Potassium............................................................................................. 190 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 230 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON POTASSIUM.............................................................................................. 231 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 231 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 231 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 247 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 253 Chapters on Potassium .............................................................................................................. 254 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON POTASSIUM ................................................................................... 257 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 257 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 257 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 260 Bibliography: Multimedia on Potassium ................................................................................... 260 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON POTASSIUM ................................................................ 261 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 261 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 261 Newsletters on Potassium.......................................................................................................... 264 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 265 Academic Periodicals covering Potassium ................................................................................. 266 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 267 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 267 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 267 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 269 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 273 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 273 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 273 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 275
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Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 278 The Genome Project and Potassium........................................................................................... 278 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 289 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 289 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 289 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 296 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 299 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 299 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 299 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 299 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 299 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 305 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 309 POTASSIUM DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................... 311 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 415
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with potassium is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about potassium, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to potassium, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on potassium. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to potassium, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on potassium. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON POTASSIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on potassium.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and potassium, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Dialysate Potassium Source: Seminars in Dialysis. 4(1): 46-51. January-March 1991. Summary: Dialysis assumes a major role in potassium homeostasis in patients with endstage renal disease (ESRD). This review examines the role of dialysate potassium in maintaining potassium balance in hemodialysis patients. Topics include potassium balance in ESRD, hyperkalemia in ESRD, blood transfusion and potassium, potassium removal during hemodialysis, potassium and base interaction during hemodialysis, arrhythmias and dialysate potassium, and hypokalemia and hemodialysis. 36 references.
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ACE Inhibition or Angiotensin Receptor Blockade: Impact on Potassium in Renal Failure Source: Kidney International. 58(5): 2084-2092. November 2000. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. Journals Fulfillment Department, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148. (781) 388-8250. Summary: Inhibition of the renin angiotensin system is known to raise serum potassium (K+) levels in patients with renal insufficiency or diabetes. This study evaluates the comparative effects of an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor versus an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) on the changes in serum K+ in people with renal (kidney) insufficiency. A total of 35 people (21 males and 14 females, 19 African Americans and 16 Caucasians, mean age 56 years plus or minus 2 years) participated in the double crossover study. For the total group serum potassium level changes were not significantly different between the lisinopril (an ACE inhibitor) and valsartan (an ARB) treatments. The subgroup with glomerular filtration rate (a measure of kidney function) values of less than 60 milliliters per minute per 1.73 m-squared who received lisinopril demonstrated significant increases in serum potassium above the mean baseline. This increase in serum potassium was also accompanied by a decrease in plasma aldosterone. The lower GFR group taking valsartan, however, demonstrated a smaller rise in serum potassium; this represents a 43 percent lower value when compared with the change in those who received lisinopril. The authors conclude that, in the presence of renal insufficiency, the ARB valsartan did not raise serum potassium to the same degree as the ACE inhibitor lisinopril. 4 figures. 3 tables. 29 references.
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Truth About Potassium Source: TransDial. 4(4): 6. Winter-Spring 1990. Summary: Potassium is a mineral that is found in almost all foods. Although healthy kidneys maintain a normal balance of potassium in the body, diseased kidneys are unable to get rid of potassium adequately. Elevated blood potassium levels can cause an irregular heartbeat and can even cause heart failure. This brief article contains a list of foods that are very high in potassium and should be avoided by the person on hemodialysis. A second list of alternative foods that are more limited in potassium content is included. For each food on the list, the portion size and amount of potassium is noted.
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Physiological Effects of Slow Release Potassium Phosphate for Absorptive Hypercalciuria: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial Source: Journal of Urology. 160(3, Part 1): 664-668. September 1998. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax (301) 824-7290. Summary: This article describes a prospective, double blind, placebo controlled study that examined the physiological effects and tolerance of a slow release neutral form of potassium phosphate, UroPhos-K, in 31 patients with absorptive hypercalciuria (abnormally large amounts of calcium in the urine). All patients were first admitted to a research center for a control phase and placed on a constant metabolic diet with a daily composition of 400 milligrams (mg) calcium, 800 mg phosphate, and 100 mEq. sodium. After the control phase, patients were randomized into a group comprising 18 patients who took four tablets of UroPhos-K twice daily with breakfast and bedtime snack for 3 months (Group 1) and a group comprising 13 patients who took four placebo tablets
Studies
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twice daily for 3 months (Group 2). The study found that treatment with UroPhos-K did not cause significant gastrointestinal side effects, increase fasting serum potassium or phosphorus, or reduce hemoglobin or creatinine clearance. However, UroPhos-K reduced urinary calcium excretion by 111 mg per day and reduced serum 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D concentration by 16 percent. Indexes of intestinal calcium absorption and markers of bone turnover also decreased modestly. None of these changes were seen in the placebo group. The article concludes that, in patients with absorptive hypercalciuria, UroPhos-K seems to correct hypercalciuria by a combination of reduced intestinal absorption, bone resorption, and improved renal calcium reabsorption. The drug is well tolerated compared to placebo. 1 figure. 3 tables. 20 references. •
NuLYTELY (PEG 3350, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Bicarbonate and Potassium Chloride for Oral Solution) Source: Gastroenterology Nursing. 14(4): 200-203. February 1992. Summary: This article describes NuLYTELY, a new product that represents an effective alternative for bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy that may be more acceptable to some patients than the standby, GoLYTELY. NuLYTELY, a product from Braintree Laboratories, is a modification of GoLYTELY that has been found to have the same therapeutic advantages in terms of safety, efficacy, speed, and patient acceptance. The author discusses the indications, pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, dosage, contraindications and precautions, and nursing considerations for NuLYTELY. 8 references. (AA-M).
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Potassium Tips and Facts Source: Ostomy Quarterly. 31(1): 38-40. Winter 1993. Contact: Available from United Ostomy Association. 36 Executive Park, Suite 120, Irvine, CA 92714-6744. (800) 826-0826 or (714) 660-6744. Summary: This article provides nutrition information about potassium. Written for readers with ileostomies, the article describes how the body uses potassium and why people with ileostomies should increase their intake of potassium-rich foods and fluids during times of fluid loss. The author then details ten steps to prevent diarrhea and avoid dehydration. Other topics addressed include early and late signs of dehydration; food choices for increasing potassium intake; and knowing when to consult a health care provider about problems with dehydration. The article also includes three recipes: Frozen Bananas; Half-Time Snack; and Uncle Sam Muffins.
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Does the Potassium Stimulation Test Predict Cystometric, Cystoscopic Outcome in Interstitial Cystitis? Source: Journal of Urology. 168(8): 556-557. August 2002. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax (301) 824-7290. Summary: This article reports on a study that establishes the relationship among symptom duration, cystometric and cystoscopic findings, and the potassium stimulation test in patients with interstitial cystitis (IC). The authors performed a retrospective chart review of 189 patients who were treated at an ambulatory clinic between 1992 and 1998. Of the 189 patients diagnosed with IC, 173 (92 percent) were female and 16 (8 percent) were male. The potassium stimulation test was positive in 105 patients (83 percent),
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negative in 16 patients (13 percent) and equivocal in 6 patients (4 percent). A cystometrogram and potassium stimulation test were done in 118 patients. Bladder capacity averaged 259 milliliters in patients with tests potassium positive and negative, while average bladder volume at first sensation to void was 85 milliliters and 148 milliliters in those with negative and positive tests, respectively. Among the 102 patients with a positive potassium stimulation test, 52 had normal cystoscopic findings. The authors conclude that the potassium stimulation test is not correlated with either bladder capacity or cystoscopic findings. Nevertheless, considering that no specific diagnostic test exists for IC, the authors have found the potassium stimulation test to be helpful in cases when clinical presentation is challenging. 2 tables. 8 references. •
Prevention of Spinal Bone Loss by Potassium Citrate in Cases of Calcium Urolithiasis Source: Journal of Urology. 168(7): 31-34. July 2002. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax (301) 824-7290. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine if potassium citrate treatment stabilizes spinal bone density among patients with recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis (kidney stones consisting of calcium oxalate). The authors studied a group of 16 men and 5 women with stones taking potassium citrate from 11 to 120 months. This group represented all patients from the authors' Stone Clinic who took potassium citrate alone for at least 11 months. L2-L4 bone mineral density data before and after potassium citrate treatment were retrieved retrospectively and analyzed. In the combined group L2-L4 bone mineral density increased significantly by 3.1 percent over a mean duration of 44 months. Urinary pH, citrate and potassium increased significantly during treatment, but urinary calcium did not change. The authors conclude that potassium citrate, a commonly used drug for the prevention of recurrent nephrolithiasis, may avert age dependent bone loss. Spinal bone density increased in most patients when it normally decreases. 1 figure. 3 tables. 22 references.
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Too Much Potassium Can Kill You! Source: Renalife. 8(2): 16-18. 1993. Summary: This patient education article explores the problems of potassium levels in people on dialysis. After a review of the physiological role of potassium, the authors discuss why monitoring potassium is so important for dialysis patients. Topics include dietary restrictions, normal blood levels of potassium, the psychosocial factors associated with limited diets, and the importance of working closely with a dietitian. A list of high potassium foods, separated into the categories of dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and miscellaneous, is also included.
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Potassium Source: Journal of Renal Nutrition. 1(3): 144-145. July 1991. Summary: This patient education chart, suitable for photocopying and distribution to patients, reviews the role of potassium in the diets of people with kidney disease. The chart lists high-potassium foods and low-potassium foods in three categories: fruits, vegetables, and other foods. The authors caution that nearly all foods contain some potassium, so that a large portion of a low-potassium food may function as a highpotassium food.
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Federally Funded Research on Potassium The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to potassium. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to potassium. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore potassium. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for potassium: •
Project Title: ANESTHETICS EFFECTS ON ISCHEMIC MYOCARDIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Warltier, David C.; Professor; Anesthesiology; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532264801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1995; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract) The long-term objective of this work is a comprehensive analysis of the cardioprotective effects of volatile anesthetics. These agents are capable of reducing the contractile deficit (myocardial stunning) following a brief period of ischemia and the extent of myocardial infarction following a prolonged period of coronary artery occlusion. Recently, it was found that a prior, brief exposure to the volatile anesthetic, isoflurane, could reduce myocardial infarct size after its discontinuation. This phenomenon has a strong similarity to ischemic preconditioning, in which a brief period of coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion renders myocardium resistant to infarction after a subsequent prolonged ischemia insult. Anesthetic-induced preconditioning (APC) demonstrates a powerful cardioprotective effect with short and long-term memories. The major hypothesis to be tested in the present investigation is that volatile anesthetics directly produce early and late preconditioning against both myocardial stunning and infarction via enhanced opening of ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channels. Signal transduction pathways including adenosine receptors and protein kinase C serving as a mechanism(s) for APC will be characterized. APC-induced alterations in the interstitial concentration of adenosine and translocation of PKC isoforms will be measured in ischemic and control myocardium. Cardioprotective effects of the anesthetics will be studied in in vivo canine models of myocardial ventricular pressure-segment length diagrams, and myocardial infarct size will be measured by triphenyl tetrazolium histochemical staining. Alterations in potassium conductance through KATP channels will be studied directly by means of modification of the patch clamp technique in normal and previously ischemic ventricular myocytes. Because of the large number of patients with coronary artery disease undergoing infarction, the proposed research represents an investigation into a clinically relevant problem. Isoflurane has recently been shown to produce APC in
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Thus, this proposal will delineate mechanisms responsible for the novel and unique cardioprotective effects of volatile anesthetics against ischemia and reperfusion injury in vivo and provide direct evidence of the involvement of specific signal transduction pathways modulating the KATP channel in vitro. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SECRETION
ATP-SENSITIVE
POTASSIUM
CHANNELS
AND
INSULIN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Shyng, Show-Ling; Assistant Scientist; None; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: The pancreatic ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channels) control insulin secretion in B-cells. The long-term goal is to understand how KATP channels are regulated at the molecular level to control insulin secretion. In addition to being regulated by intracellular ATP and ADP, a property, which enables the channel to couple, cell energy to cell excitability, the investigators recently showed that the channel is profoundly regulated by membrane phosphoinositides. Phosphoinositides modulate the sensitivity of KATP channels to ATP over several orders of magnitude. This modulation provides a mechanism to allow channels to be gated by physiological concentrations of ATP and ADP. Relative to regulation by intracellular nucleotides, our understanding of channel regulation by phosphoinositides is still in its infancy. The research proposed is aimed at understanding the physiological significance and the molecular basis of this novel regulatory mechanism. To assess the physiological significance, the investigators will manipulate membrane phosphoinositide levels in insulin-secreting cells and-examine the effects on channel activity and insulin secretion. The investigators will also disrupt the interaction between phosphoinositides and channels in these cells by overexpressing mutant channels lacking the ability to interact with phosphoinositides, and inhibitory peptides that compete with endogenous channels for phosphoinositide binding, and evaluate the physiological outcome. The investigators will determine the structural elements within the channel proteins involved in phosphoinositide regulation using systematic site-directed mutagenesis approach combined with electrophysiolgical measurements that monitor functional interaction between the channel and phosphoinositides, and with biochemical measurements that monitor the physical interaction between the channel and phosphoinositides. The information we propose to obtain is crucial for understanding KATP channel regulation and, hence, insulin secretion. It will provide insights to novel therapeutic approaches to diseases of insulin secretion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: AUTOREGULATION AND HYPOXIC DILATION IN THE BRAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Harder, David R.; Director; Physiology; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532264801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1994; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract) The overall goal of the application is to define the role of products of a cytochrome P450 w-hydroxylase enzyme located in cerebral arterial muscle in mediating pressure-induced activation and hypoxia-induced inhibition of the cerebral vasculature. They will test the hypothesis that autoregulation of cerebral blood flow and the cerebral vascular response to hypoxia are mediated by a
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common mechanism involving regulation of smooth muscle potassium channel activity and membrane potential. They plan to test the ability of the cerebral vasculature to form the P450 w-hydroxylase product 20-HETE upon elevation of transmural and arterial pressure, and the ability of reduced PO2 to inhibit such production. They also plan to determine if the action of hypoxia, and the parenchymal/endothelial factors released by hypoxia involves increasing potassium channel activity and hyperpolarizing the vascular muscle membrane. They will also determine if there is linkage between increased P450 w-hydroxylase activity in response to increasing transmural pressure and the cerebral vascular responses to changes in PO2. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOCHEMICALLY DETERMINED TOPOLOGY OF AN RENAL K+ CHANNEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwalbe, Ruth A.; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The long-term goal is to determine the topology of a kidney potassium channel critical to body floud homeostasis and relate the topology to ion conduction and modulation. The specific aims are to: 1)examine the validity of an alternative topological model that I have proposed to ROMK1; 2) investigate my model's implications for ion conduction; 3) determine whether the topology of IRK1 is similar to ROMK1. The health-relatedness of the project derives from ROMK1 being critical to potassium secretion in the kidney. A hereditary hypokalemia due to a mutant renal NA/K/Cl cotransporter has already been reported. ROMK1 may likewish be implicated in hereditary renal disease. The experimental design is to map the extracellular segments by N-glycosylaton substitution mutagenesis and epitope mapping, and to verify the predicted intracellular segments by protease digestion for ROMK1, as well as IRK1. Functional studies will test whether mutations or modifications of the Asn residues with or without carbohydrate alter the biophysical properties. The research methods combine: recombinant DNA to engineer N-glycosylation substitution mutants; expression of recombinant proteins in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells and Xenopus oocytes; biochemical methods for ascertaining glycosylation; and patch clamp measurements of the hererologously expressed currents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CA2+ SPARKS & URINARY BLADDER SMOOTH MUSCLE EXCITABILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Nelson, Mark T.; Professor and Chair; Pharmacology; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Detrusor instability is a major component of urinary bladder dysfunction, including outflow obstruction associated with benign prostate hyperplasia. The goal of this project is to understand the normal physiological regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM) excitability and to apply an experimental model of partial urinary outflow obstruction to address pathophysiological aspects of UBSM function. This proposal focuses on the communication among four key ion channels involved in regulating the excitationcontraction (E-C) coupling process in UBSM: 1) Voltage-dependent calcium channels
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(VDCC), which mediate the upstroke of the UBSM action potential. 2) Ryanodinesensitive calcium release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (RyRs), which release Ca2+ in the form of Ca2+ sparks. 3) Large-conductance, voltage/calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels, which mediate membrane repolarization of an action potential. 4) Small-conductance, calcium-activated (SK) channels, which are responsible for the after-hyperpolarization. This work builds on our discovery of Ca2+ sparks and their communication to BK channels in smooth muscle, and elucidation of key molecular components of this process. In an important advancement, we have found that the beta 1-subunit of the BK channel plays a major role by tuning the voltage/Ca2+ -sensitivity of this channel. We provide novel evidence that the BK channel beta 1-subunit and SK channels have profound effects on bladder function; data that point to potassium channel dysfunction as a significant contributor to detrusor instability following obstruction. An integrated approach, combining molecular and electrophysiological studies with functional measures of bladder contractility and cystometric parameters, will be applied using wild-type and genetically engineered mouse models. Our specific objectives are to elucidate the functional communication among VDCCs, RyRs and BK channels in normal and outflow obstructed bladders (Aim 1), to characterize the role of the beta 1-subunit in tuning the Ca2~ and voltage sensitivity of the BK channel (Aim 2), and to defme the roles of SK channels in the regulation of UBSM function (Aim 3). The long-term goal is to develop novel approaches for regulating urinary bladder function, with the main focus being on the therapy of detrusor instability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM ACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lingle, Christopher J.; Professor; Anesthesiology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 21-MAY-1993; Project End 31-DEC-2001 Summary: The aim of this work is to understand the functional and structural properties of an inactivation form of a large-conductance calcium (Ca2+)- and voltage-activated potassium (K+) channel (termed BK channel). BK channels play a critical role in coupling changes in submembrane Ca2+ concentrations to changes in membrane potential and excitability. BK currents among different cells exhibit markedly different apparent Ca2+ sensitivities and much of the functional diversity remains to be explained. In contrast to most previously described BK channels, most BK channels in rat chromaffin cells exhibit rapid inactivation (BKi). BKi channels are also found in the pancreas and hippocampus. The mechanism of inactivation appears to differ from mechanisms proposed for other voltage-gated channels. Using methods of electrophysiology combined with molecular biology and biochemistry, this project will define a likely inactivation mechanism and attempt to define the composition of BKi channels. First, the possible locations of barriers to ion permeation that occur during inactivation will be determined. Second, the extent to which inactivation is coupled to conformational changes associated with channel opening will be determined. Third, possible key structural components of BKi channels will be examined. Finally, the distribution and function of BKi channels in other tissues will be determined. This project will provide new information about a mechanistically unique form of channel inactivation. Furthermore, new information will be gained about possible structural changes associated with BK gating. In different tissues, BK channels contribute to regulation of neuronal excitability, smooth muscle relaxation, and hormone secretion. The BK channel is therefore of potential medical importance, not only because it may
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serve as an important therapeutic target but also altered function of this channel may contribute to pathological conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CARDIAC SURGICAL ISCHEMIA: BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Krukenkamp, Irvin B.; Director, Heart Center; Surgery; State University New York Stony Brook Stony Brook, Ny 11794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Most cardiac surgical procedures require induction and management of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Preconditioning by a brief period of unprotected ischemia and reperfusion confers myocardial protection subsequent to a more prolonged insult. The central hypothesis of this application is that understanding the changes in sarcolemmal membrane currents which underlie the ability of the myocyte to maintain excitability consequent to preconditioning may provide an avenue for new approaches to myocardial protection that would improve myocyte function as well as survival. Our novel models use guinea pig myocytes isolated preischemically, prior to metabolic inhibition by NaCN, and rabbit myocytes first exposed to global ischemia, and then isolated during reperfusion. Studies of intracellular calcium and pH, and sarcolemmal current-voltage relations demonstrate an increase in an outward potassium current that appears either during prolonged ischemia, or during reperfusion. This current is not blocked by glybenclamide, indicating an identity other than i(kATP) Ischemic preconditioning shortens the time to appearance of the current during ischemia, and prevents its expression during reperfusion. Using these biological markers, our specific aims are to study, 1.) whether preconditioning triggers intracellular calcium, pH, or potassium conductance changes evident during preischemia, 2.) whether depolarizing (K+ or K+/Mg ++) and/or hyperpolarizing (pinacidil or ACh) cardioplegic ischemia imparts protection by sarcolemmal conductance and intracellular ionic changes similar to preconditioning evident during reperfusion, and 3.) whether maintenance of a specific membrane potential during ischemia limits deleterious biophysical changes, and whether i(kl) or other inward rectifiers may act as mediators of the observed K+ current changes. This translational research effort supports our long-term aim to understand the biophysical mechanisms and triggers that will direct the development of specific methods to enhance the clinical conduct and outcome of cardiac ischemia for patients who must undergo surgical repair. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CARDIAC TOXICITY OF PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLITES Principal Investigator & Institution: Stimers, Joseph R.; Associate Professor; Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock 4301 W Markham St Little Rock, Ar 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract). The goal of this project is to investigate the role of the phospholipid metabolites, leukotoxin (Lx), and leukotoxindiol (Lx-diol) in the heart. Leukotoxin is an epoxide ring derivative of linoleic acid, a common component of cell membranes, formed by leukocytes in severely burned patients and during normal myocardial ischemia. Plasma levels of Lx have been correlated with late stage multiple organ failure in burn patients. One consequence is vascular collapse and cardiac arrest. Recently, Lx has been shown to cause cardiac arrest
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in dogs. Recent experiments in a cultured cell model have suggested that for Lx to be cytotoxic, it must first be metabolised to Lx-diol by a soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Their preliminary experiments show that, in rat heart, Lx is without effect; however, Lxdiol suppresses the cardiac action potential, sodium current and transient outward current. This study will test the hypothesis that the mechanism of cardiotoxic effects of Lx is that Lx is metabolized by sEH to Lx-diol, causing its activation. Furthermore, the effects of Lx-diol are mediated by modification of kinetic properties of ion channels through intramembrane interactions with channel proteins. Specifically, the investigators will measure effects of Lx and Lx-diol on the cardiac action potential, sodium, calcium, and potassium channel currents and sodium potassium pump current. Effects on the action potential and membrane currents will be compared between rat, mouse, and guinea pig myocytes, as these species are known to have different intrinsic activities of sEH. Currents identified as being altered by either Lx-diol or Lx will be further characterized as to kinetic and voltage dependent properties to determine the mechanism by which currents are modified. Isolated adult cardiac myocytes will be used as the model system to test this hypothesis. Whole cell patch clamp techniques will be used to measure action potential and ionic currents in the isolated myocytes. Results of current measurements will be used to make predictions on effects in intact cardiac muscle that will be tested with papillary muscle experiments. Results of this study should demonstrate the role of sEH in toxic effects of Lx in which compounds (Lx or Lx-diol) is having a direct effect on the heart and, therefore, may be responsible for the heart failure seen both clinically and in the laboratory animals. Furthermore, this will provide new insights into the mechanisms responsible for this type of heart failure. Finally, they will begin to understand the mechanism of action of these compounds in altering electrophysiological properties of cardiac myocytes. This new evidence will provide a better understanding of these clinically important toxicants and may provide the basis for rationale treatment of these patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CITRIC ACID CYCLE METABOLISM DURING CARDIAC SURGERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Jessen, Michael E.; Surgery; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JAN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract) This investigator proposes a series of studies which will quantify substrate utilization in pathways designed to replete citric acid cycle intermediates lost during myocardial ischemia under conditions encountered during routine cardiac surgery. The proposed experiments will be conducted using an isolated perfused rat heart preparation and involve the use of labeled substrates and NMR spectroscopy. Oxidation of multiple citric acid substrates and anaplerosis will be studied under steady-state as well as during and after ischemia in the setting of various cardioplegic solutions. Specifically, the metabolic effects of cardioplegia will be studied, first in control hearts and then in hearts administered 1) warm continuous potassium cardioplegia, 2) an intracellular based cardioplegic solution, 3) low sodium and low potassium cardioplegia, 4) potassium cardioplegia with tetrodotoxin added to achieve polarized arrest, 5) the potassium channel opener pinacidil to achieve hyperpolarized arrest, and 6) washed and packed porcine erythrocytes to evaluate the effects of red blood cells on cellular metabolism. Once the metabolic effects of these interventions have been determined, the mechanisms by which potassium cardioplegia achieves suppression of fatty acid oxidation and stimulation of anaplerosis will be studied using substrates which cannot enter the TCA cycle via anaplerotic pathways. Studies will also
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be conducted in perfused hearts in which only pyruvate is labeled in order to detect the contribution of exogenous pyruvate. The next phase of the experiment includes evaluation of the metabolic effects of infusing potassium cardioplegia after ischemia. Finally, cardioplegic composition will be altered to include glutamate and aspartate. These studies will be designed to determine the linkage between metabolism and function and further eliminate mechanism of actions. It is anticipated that the findings will provide new information on the metabolic mechanisms that are important to preserving or enhancing cellular energy stores. This, in turn, should lead to improvements in cardioplegic solutions currently used. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COCHLEAR AND VESTIBULAR ION TRANSPORT Principal Investigator & Institution: Marcus, Daniel C.; Professor; Anatomy and Physiology; Kansas State University 2 Fairchild Hall Manhattan, Ks 665061103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1983; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Meniere?s Disease is one of the pathological entities characterized by endolymphatic hydrops of the cochlear and vestibular labyrinths. Hydrops can result from an alteration of ion transport properties of the epithelial cells bordering the endolymphatic system. Little is known about the cellular basis of the pathologic processes involved because data are lacking from normal as well as pathological systems concerning active and passive mechanisms of secretion and absorption of ions. Endolymph is unique in that it is the only extracellular fluid in the body with a high potassium (K+) concentration and low sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) concentrations. It is proposed to study the ion transport processes responsible for fluxes of K+, Na+ and Ca2+ in the vestibular labyrinth and cochlea, specifically vestibular dark cells (VDC) and strial marginal cells (SMC), by further utilization of electrophysiologic techniques and in vitro preparations developed in this laboratory. Specific goals to be addressed by the proposed studies include determining a) the generator of endocochlear potential (EP) and cellular signaling pathways controlling K+ secretion by stria vascularis; b) cellular pathways mediating Ca2+ secretion and absorption; c) cellular pathways mediating control of Na+ and K+ absorption; and d) cellular pathways mediating control of Cl and HCO3 secretion and absorption. Specific parameters to be measured include transepithelial voltage and resistance with the micro-Ussing chamber, transepithelial fluxes of K+, Cl- and Ca2+ with ion- selective vibrating probes, and electrical properties of cell membranes with several configurations of the patch clamp technique. The completion of this project will further our understanding of the processes controlling secretion and absorption of medicallyimportant ions in the inner ear and may provide a foundation for the pharmacological management of inner ear disorders such as genetically-based syndromes and Meniere?s disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COCHLEAR HOMEOSTASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Adams, Joe C.; Professor; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary 243 Charles St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: The goal of the proposed work is to explore mechanisms of hearing loss induced by inflammatory cytokines in the cochlea. The work focused on the spiral ligament, because our recent work suggests that it 1) plays a critical role in cochlear fluid
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and ion homeostasis and 2) may be particularly susceptible to inflammatory processes. Type 1 fibrocytes are the most common cell type within the spiral ligament. They are part of a syncytium of cochlear supporting cells joined by intercellular connections called gap junctions. We have hypothesized that this gap junctional that this gap junctional system is essential for potassium ion recirculation from the organ of Corti to the stria vascularis and ultimately into endolymph, where a high potassium level is critical for normal high cell function. We have also found that type 1 fibrocytes contain high levels of the transcription factor NFkappaB, a protein that plays a key role in the acute phase inflammatory response of tissue to trauma or infections. In other tissues, inflammatory cytokines induced by NFkappaB can disrupt gap functional conductivity. Our working hypotheses is that inflammatory processes in the cochlea, arising from a wide array of disease states, induce cytokines in the spiral ligament, thereby blocking gap junctions between type 1 fibrocytes, depriving the stria vascularis of its potassium supply and producing profound sensorineural hearing loss. We will test this hypothesis by characterizing physiological and cytochemical responses of the cochlea following administration or induction of cytokines. We will measure changes in cochlear function by measuring evoke potentials and the endolymphatic potential and will use immunocytochemistry to document changes in cytochemical constituents of cochlear cells following the pharmacological experiments in order to determine the mechanisms underlying the cytokines' effects. The results may shed considerable light on the bases for sensorineural hearing loss in a variety of common, but poorly understood, otological disorders such as labyrinthitis, otosclerosis, genetic hearing losses involving gap junction proteins, and immune-mediated hearing loss. The proposed characterization of cytochemical substrates of inflammatory processes within the cochlea may help devise treatments or means of preventing hearing loss associated with these disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF ION CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Roux, Benoit; Professor; Biochemistry; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: Ion channels are highly specific membrane-scanning protein structures which facilitate and control the passage of ions across the cell membrane, our goal is to gain deeper insight into the structure and function of some important ion channels and lay the foundations for an understanding of the fundamental microscopic principles governing ion permeation using computational methods. We will study several aspects of the KcsA channel, the only channel selective for potassium ions for which the threedimensional (3d) structure was determined at atomic resolution. In addition, we will construct and refine 3d models of important K-channels. Using their homology t9 the known KcsA , and generate models of inhibiting toxins associated with the channel models using data from mutant cycles. These modeling projects are inter-related, e.g., the toxin/channel complexes are helpful for validating the channel models. Lastly, we will establish the range of microscopic validity of descriptions of ion permeation (Brownian dynamics, Nernst-Planck, Poisson-Nernst-Planck, Poisson- Boltzmann, and kinetic rate models) in relation to molecular dynamics stimulations and elucidate the importance of electrostatics on the charge specificity of porins. New software for simulating ion permeation will be developed and freely distributed for research and education. Our goal with these computations is to complement the (sometimes limited) information that is currently available from experiments and, ultimately, progress in our understanding of ion channels. In addition, the calculations are used to characterize
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various microscopic factors which cannot easily be accessed experimentally, but are essential for understanding the molecular determinants of channel function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CYTOSOLIC REGULATION OF INNER EAR ION TRANSPORT Principal Investigator & Institution: Wangemann, a P.; Professor; Anatomy and Physiology; Kansas State University 2 Fairchild Hall Manhattan, Ks 665061103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-1992; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Defects in potassium cycling, gap junction-mediated intercellular communication and cochlear metabolism are re-sponsible for the over whelming majority of hearing impairments This proposal is designed to further our under-standing of potassium cycling, by determining the role of connexins in potassium cycling, glutamate metabolism and the prevention of apoptosis and to determine whether a monocarboxylate shuttle contributes to meet the energetic needs of the cochlea. In detail, under Specific Aim 1, we will define the path of potassium cycling that leads from the hair cells in the organ of Corti to strial marginal cells in stria vascularis. Under Specific Aim 2, we will detelmine the subunit composition of the potassium channels KCNQ1 in strial marginal cells, KCNQ4 in outer hair cells and KCNJ10 in strial intermediate cells. These potassium channels are associated with hereditary forms of deafness KCNQ1 mediates potassium secretion into endolyinph, KCNQ4 mediates potassium release out of outer hair cells and KCNJ10 generates the endocochlear potentia. Each of these potassium channels is thus a major contributor to potassium cycling. Under Specific Aim 3, we will determine the role of connexins in glutamate metabolism and the prevention of apoptosis We hypothesize that glutamate metabolism in the organ of Corti is obligatorily dependent on connexin-mediated intracellular communication and that connexin hemichannels in supporting cells limit glutamate release from the inner hair cells. We will determine whether the capacity to metabolize glutamate is reduced by disruption of connexin-mediated intercellular communication and whether glutamate-induced metabolic stress causes opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore to initiate apoptosis. Finally, under Specific Aim 4, we propose to test the hypothesis that a monocarboxylate shuttle based in stria vascularis contributes to meet the metabolic needs of the organ of Corti. The completion of these studies will further our understanding of cochlear metabolism and homeostasis and provide a basic understanding of the molecular mechanisms that initiate the irreversible loss of sensory function in the inner ear. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF THE XENOPUS ACOUSTICO-VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Serrano, Elba E.; Associate Professor; Biology; New Mexico State University Las Cruces Las Cruces, Nm 880038001 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The goal of this research is to gain an integrated view of the mechanisms that underlie development an, maturation of the sensory endorgans of the inner ear. Experiments will focus on the auditory and vestibular hair cells of the amphibian, Xenopus laevis. The proposed research will exploit the advantages that Xenopus offers as a classical system for developmental studies. The potassium channels of the inner ear will be a central subject of these investigations, and will be used to test hypotheses about hair cell development and differentiation. A major objective of this research is to
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establish the pattern of potassium channel gene expression in the developing inner ear. Electrophysiological methods (patch clamp) will be used to study ion channel function in dissociated hair cells. Molecular techniques will be used to clone ear potassium channels (RT-PCR, RACE, recombinant DNA) and will be combined with anatomical methods (in situ hybridization) to examine potassium channel mRNA expression in the ear. The specific aims of this research are to test the following hypotheses: (1) An outward potassium channel homologous to drkl is expressed in the Xenopus inner ear, (2) Xenopus saccular hair cell bundle morphology can be correlated with saccular hair cell electrical membrane properties, (3) The types of ion channels expressed in Xenopus saccular hair cells change as hair cells develop, (4) The properties of ion charmers differ between hair cells of the Xenopus sacculus, amphibian papilla, and basilar papilla. Experimental results are expected to advance fundamental understanding about the genetic basis of hair cell diversity, and about the genetic control of ear development. The long-term goal of this research is to lay the foundation for future studies that will determine how genes expressed in the ear are regulated during development and regeneration. Results of these investigations will provide essential knowledge that can be used to develop effective treatments for hearing loss such as that caused by trauma or genetic disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENTAL CONTROL OF THE DIAPHRAGM AND UPPER AIRWAYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cameron, William E.; Associate Professor; Physiology and Pharmacology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): This proposal will characterize the postnatal development of the genioglossal and phrenic motoneurons, by correlating physiological changes in membrane conductance and spiking properties with changes in anatomy. The strength of respiratory muscle contraction is determined by the number of respiratory motoneurons activated and their rate of discharge. Both the order in which the neurons are activated and their discharge rates are a function of their resting conductance, that is, the number of membrane channels open at any given time. Most membrane channels are controlled by neurotransmitters and/or by the intrinsic electrical state of the cell membrane. The change in the balance of these two processes are most dramatic during postnatal development. The applicant is interested in these processes that occur in the two respiratory motoneurons that affect the performance of the diaphragm and genioglossus. Activation of these two muscles must be coordinated to move air into the lungs with the least effort; this may be particularly relevant to the pathophysiology of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). In the past period, the applicant established that glycine significantly contributed to the increase in resting membrane conductance that occurs at 3 weeks, and that these age-related increases in resting conductance result from an increase in the number of open potassium channels. The proposed studies will be performed on genioglossal and phrenic motoneurons in slice preparations of the rat brainstem and spinal cord. Visually identified motoneurons will be studied from four different age groups (1-2, 5-7, 13-15 and 19-22 days) with a combination of patch-clamp recording, three-dimensional neuronal reconstruction and immunocytochemical localization of certain receptors and ion channels. The application will: 1) examine the anatomy and physiology of glycine, GABA, and glutamate neurotransmitter systems at the four stages during postnatal development; 2) identify
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specific potassium channels that contribute to the increase in membrane conductance and spike characteristics; and 3) explore the intracellular pathways mediating the enhanced potassium conductance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DUAL GENE THERAPY FOR HEART FAILURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Nuss, H B.; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: Heart failure is a multifactorial disease, having both electrical and contractile components. Downregulation of key potassium channels and concomitant prolongation and instability of repolarization, predispose the heart to arrhythmias. Meanwhile, downregulation of the sarcoplasmic reticulurn Ca2+ ATPase and concomitant calcium handling abnormalities contribute to depressed myocardial contractility. The electrical abnormalities and the contractile abnormalities are not mutually exclusive. Alterations in the control of membrane voltage will modulate the triggered release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulurn and, conversely, alterations in the intracellular calcium transient will influence membrane potential. It is the interplay between the electrical and contractile abnormalities of heart failure which compounds the complexity of abnormalities and confounds the design of successful treatments. Novel antiarrhythmic gene therapy based upon manipulation of a select K channel gene alone to decrease susceptibility to arrhythmias may lead to depressed contractility, which is already depressed in heart failure. Conversely, genetic manipulation of a SR Ca2+ ATPase protein alone, to amplify contractility, may create a proarrhythmic substrate in a failing heart which is already predisposed to fatal arrhythmic events. Thus, monogenic strategies, based upon selective overexpression of a single gene, may not suffice to correct heart failure abnormalities because of the interplay between excitation and contraction in cardiac muscle. This proposal seeks to offset abnormalities of tachycardia, pacing- induced heart failure in rabbits using combination gene therapy: overexpression of a select K channel gene and a SR Ca2+ ATPase gene in tandem. As a prelude we will test the hypotheses that gene therapy targeted to correct the electrical abnormalities alone or the calcium handling abnormalities alone will result in adverse conditions. The proposal focuses on potassium channels and SR Ca2+ ATPase's that are highly relevant to repolarization and contractility in the human heart failure. In vivo adenoviral mediated gene transfer, cellular and cardiac electrophysiology, and quantitative modeling will be used to investigate repolarization and calcium handling with the goal of correcting the electrical and contractile abnormalities in heart failure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EFFECTS OF EPOXYEICOSATRIENOIC ACIDS ON KATP CHANNEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Hon-Chi; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): This proposal aims to explore the mechanisms of EET on KATP channels in heart. It is hypothesized that EETs are endogenous activators of KATP channels, and these actions are mediated through effects on ATP mediated inhibition of the Kir6.2 subunit. Molecular studies indicate that KATP channels consist of at least two types of subunits: the K channel subunit is referred to as KIR6.2, and the other subunit is a sulfonylurea receptor subunit (SUR).
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KIR6.2 is a member of the inward rectifier family of potassium channels. The SUR subunit is a member of the ATP binding cassette family of proteins and confers channel sensitivity to the sulfonylurea drugs. The functional channel is assumed to be an octomer consisting of four KIR6.2 subunits and four SUR subunits. The pancreatic beta cell KATP channel is composed of KIR6.2 and SUR1. The cardiac channel consists of KIR6.2 and SUR2A whereas the smooth muscle channel consists of KIR6.2 and SUR2B. EETs are potent endothelium-derived vasodilators that modulate vascular tone by way of enhancement of calcium-activated potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases convert arachidonic acid to 4 epoxyeicosatrienoic acid regioisomers, including 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12- and 14,15- EET, as well as the 19 and 20 hydroxyecosatetronoic acids (HETE). Studies have shown that rat heart contains substantial amounts of endogenous EET, and 11, 12 EET has been shown to enhance the recovery of cardiac function following global ischemia. Under normal conditions, EETs are present at nM concentrations in plasma. During conditions of ischemia, formation of cellular EETs may be enhanced, thus EET's may play a role in the modulation of cardiac electrophysiology and vascular tone during ischemia. These hypotheses will be addressed by testing EETs on KATP channels using electrophysiology. EC50s for channel activation and the effects of ATP dependent inhibition will be evaluated. The structural determinants of EETs required in modulating channel function will be explored. The stereoisomers of EETs and as well as carbon chain elongated and shortened variants will be studied. The molecular mechanisms of EET will be examined using mutant Kir6.2 and SUR2A to determine the subunit requirements for modulation and to map the sites of action. The first specific aim is to determine the effects of the four EET isomers on KATP channels in rat ventricular myocytes using patch clamp methods. The effects of EETs on the pharmacological and electrophysiological properties of cardiac KATP channels will be investigated. It is hypothesized that EETs are endogenous activators of the channel. Although this may be the case, these experiments will not be able to determine whether EETs are endogenous activators by studying rat myocytes. Nevertheless, these experiments will provide an important characterization of the native channels. The second aim is to identify the structural determinants of EETs important for modulating KATP channels. The PI will investigate 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12- and 14,15- EETs to explore the chemical requirements for activity. These experiments seem well thought out and should provide novel insights into the mechanisms of activation and specificity. A third aim will determine molecular mechanisms of EET effects on KATP channels by using cloned KIR6.2/SUR2A channels. The hypothesis is that EETs modulate the channel through altering the ATP interaction. It is believed from preliminary data that 11,12 EET caused a decrease in the ATP binding rate. This will be further explored through analysis of these actions on single KATP channels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENHANCED DRUG DELIVERY TO METASTATIC BRAIN TUMORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Black, Keith L.; Director; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Box 48750, 8700 Beverly Blvd Los Angeles, Ca 90048 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brain capillary endothelium and its contiguous cells, pericytes and astrocytes, are the structural and functional components of the bloodbrain barrier (BBB). Microvessels supplying brain tumors retain characteristics of the BBB, forming a blood-tumor barrier (BTB). While adequate delivery of drugs occurs to systemic tumors, the BTB limits delivery of antineoplastic agents to metastatic brain tumors. Drugs such as Herceptin, which is effective in treating metastatic tumors
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outside the brain have a high failure rate within the brain due to inadequate delivery across the BTB. The incidence of metastatic brain tumors is ten-fold higher than primary brain tumors. We have demonstrated that calcium-sensitive potassium (KCa) channel agonists selectively increase drug delivery across the BTB, and have postulated the biochemical mechanisms of this selective BTB permeability increase. We also have preliminary data suggesting that ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel agonists selectively increase BTB permeability independent of KCa channels. These novel observations allow for a pharmacological mechanism for selectively increasing drug delivery across the BTB. This proposal will (a) further understand the mechanisms of KCa, and KATP channel activation in increasing BTB permeability and (b) optimize delivery of effective concentrations of drugs to metastatic breast and lung tumors in rats and humans via potassium channel-based mechanisms. We build on our data showing the ability of KCa channel agonists to selectively increase drug delivery across the BTB in rat glioma models and preliminary evidence suggesting that the BTB permeability increase may relate to over expression of KCa channels on glioma cells and tumor capillary endothelium. In this grant we will investigate 5 specific aims. Aim 1: To determine whether KCa and KATP channels are over expressed in metastatic brain tumor microvessels and tumor cells and whether increased expression correlates with increased permeability induced by KCa and KATP agonists. To test whether tumor cells can induce over expression of KCa or KATP channels on brain endothelial cells. Aim 2: To test by quantitative electron microscopy whether the mechanism of KATP channel agonist-induced BTB permeability increase is due to increased endothelial vesicular transport or opening of tight junctions. To test whether increased vesicle formation is correlated with changes in endothelial and tumor cell membrane potential. Aim 3: To investigate whether KCa and KATP channel agonists increase delivery of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and chemotherapeutic drugs across the BTB into metastatic human breast and lung cancer in nude rats/mice. Aim 4: In nude rats/mice harboring metastatic breast and lung tumors we will investigate whether increased drug delivery across the BTB using KCa or KATP agonists results in inhibition of tumor growth, and whether survival is increased. Aim 5: The ability of a KATP channel agonist, minoxidil, to increase delivery of an anti-tumor drug to patients with brain tumors will be determined by LC-MS-MS in resected tumor tissues. This grant is responsive to the recent Brain Tumor PRG recommendation in 2001 to support studies to improve delivery of drugs across the BBB, particularly for metastatic brain tumors. Overall, these studies will further delineate the role of KCa and KATP channel activation as a mechanism for selective delivery of anti-cancer agents across the BTB and could potentially result in improved control of disease in patients with metastatic brain tumors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL ACTION THROUGH THE BK POTASSIUM CHANNEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Pierce-Shimomura, Jonathan T.; Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center 5858 Horton St, Ste 200 Emeryville, Ca 94608 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The long-term goal of these studies is to molecularly characterize the action of important in vivo targets of ethanol in the nervous system that contribute to intoxication and addiction. Forward genetic screens in C. elegans have identified several key in vivo targets of ethanol that are required for intoxication. Most strikingly, the majority of the intoxicating effects of acute ethanol application in C. e/egans appear to be mediated via the ortholog of the human large-conductance potassium (BK) channel
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called SLO-1. Electrophysiological analyses found that ethanol potentiates the activity of the BK channel in vivo. The ethanol-induced increase in potassium efflux through the BK channel would cause a decrease in neuronal excitability, which may explain much of the depressive effects of ethanol on behavior. By combining the powerful genetic and molecular techniques of C. e/egans together with patch-clamp recording, the precise mechanism for how ethanol produces intoxication via the BK channel in vivo will be examined. This work will attempt to elucidate the site of ethanol action on the BK channel through site-directed and random mutagenesis of the channel. Studying mutants that are abnormally sensitive to ethanol may also identify proteins that interact with the BK-channel pathway to produce intoxication. Determination of the fundamental molecular mechanisms of ethanol action through the BK channel may provide a basis for a directed approach to design therapeutics to treat the detrimental effects of alcohol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXCITABILITY, SYNAPTIC FUNCTION OF COCHLEAR HAIR CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fuchs, Paul A.; Professor; Otolaryn & Head & Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1984; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: adapted from applicant's abstract): This application calls for the continued study of excitability and synaptic function in mechanosensory hair cells of the chicken inner ear, especially concerning the role of voltage-gated ion channels. A new venture will involve extending these efforts to hair cells of the mouse cochlea. The regulated expression of voltage-gated calcium channels supports transmitter release, while associated calcium-activated (BK) potassium channels help to shape the receptor potential arising during transduction. The proposal seeks to understand the mechanisms that contribute to ion channel function and their role in synaptic transmission by the hair cell. The investigators will continue to probe the molecular composition of BK potassium channels in chick hair cells. They suggest that both alternative splicing of the alpha subunit, and modulation by accessory beta subunits contribute to the cell-specific kinetics of these channels. Thus, the investigators will seek further evidence for the differential distribution of beta subunits and of alpha subunits splice unit variants in the mature and developing cochlea of the chick. Single channel recording will be used to determine if the gating of native BK channels is consistent with the known influence of the beta subunit. Histological techniques and quantitative RTPCR will be used to chart the distribution and development of specific alpha and beta channel subunits. This application also proposes extend the studies to mammalian hair cells by making voltage clamp recordings in an excised preparation of the mouse cochlea. The investigators will examine the genesis of spontaneous activity in neonatal spiral ganglion neurons, characterize the biophysics and pharmacology of synaptic currents in afferent neurites at the bases of inner hair cells, quantify the relationship between hair cell calcium current and transmitter release, and determine how that varies with cochlear position and developmental age. These studies promise to further our understanding of the molecular physiology of cochlear hair cells. Further, the regulated expression of ion channels provides a window into the mechanisms that determine hair cell differentiation. The inclusion of the mouse model in this work tests the generality of these mechanisms among vertebrates, and provides an essential basis for the implementation of such studies in transgenic animals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EXTRA-RENAL REGULATION OF POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcdonough, Alicia A.; Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Extracellular fluid (ECF) +} must be maintained within a narrow range. If ECF +] falls too low (hypokalemia), cell membranes hyperpolarize, and if ECF +] increases too much (hyperkalemia) cell membranes depobrize, both disrupt normal electrical excitability and can have life threatening cardiac effects. Kidneys and muscle work in concert to maintain ECF ]. During hypokalemia muscle ICF K is redistributed to buffer the fall in ECF }. During hyperkalemia K+ is pumped into muscle ICF until renal adjustments can occur. These important muscle specific homeostatic processes are only beginning to be understood at the molecular level. Evidence supports the hypothesis that K loss from muscle during hypokalemia results from decreased active K+ influx mediated by sodium pump (Na,KATPase, NKA) inhibition, and that K+ uptake during hyperktilemia is mediated by sodium pump activation. Our lab has established that during low K+ diet abundance of NKA subunits are depressed in an isoform and muscle specific manner: 60-95 percent fall in a2, not a 1. Using a novel K+ clamp technique, we recently showed that early in K+ restriction, prior to fall in a2, there is a severe blunting of both insulin stimulated K+ uptake, and of insulin stimulated redistribution of NKA ct2 type pumps from endosomes to the plasma membrane (PM). Evidence is mounting that the bumetanide sensitive Na,K,2C1 cotransporter also accounts for a component of muscle K+ influx and, thus, could play a role in potassium homeostasis. The overall aims are to determine the molecular mechanisms responsible for tapping muscle K+ stores during hypokalemia, for clearing excess plasma +] into the ICF store after K+ restoration, and to understand how these processes are altered in a set of clinically relevant paradigms. The contribution of both Na,K-ATPase isoforms and NKCCI in both red oxidative white glycolytic muscle will be studied with a compartmental analysis approach in which the following are assessed: whole body K+ uptake, muscle specific K+ transport, subcellular distribution and activity of K+ transporters, and pool size regulation of K transporter protein and mRNA levels. Aim 1 will test the hypothesis that the shift of K+ to ECF during K restriction is mediated by decreased plasma membrane (PM) expression of both NKA a2 and NKCC1 coupled to resistance to insulin stimulated K+ uptake, and that this process is altered in uremia accompanying chronic renal failure. Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that thyroid hormone or dexamethasone, both of which increase NKA cx2 (and perhaps NKCC 1), alter extrarenal control of K+ horneostasis. Aim 3 will test the hypothesis that the uptake of K+ from ECF to ICF during K+ restoration (following K+ restriction) is mediated by normalizing surface expression of both NKA a2 and NKCC1. Accomplishing these aims will identify the cellular mechanisms responsible for tapping and repleting the muscle K+ reservoir, which will, ideally, suggest strategies to manipulate muscle K stores in clinical settings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FUNCTION AND REGULATION OF CGMP GATED RENAL K+ CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Desir, Gary V.; Professor of Medicine; Internal Medicine; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1994; Project End 31-MAR-2002
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Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The kidney is the main organ involved in the long term regulation of total body potassium. Disorders of potassium balance occur frequently in patients who have hypertension, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver and renal dysfunction. Hypokalemia causes significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients treated with diuretics. Furthermore, abnormal regulation of K channels may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. This laboratory is focused on the study of renal potassium channels. This work has let to the discovery of several novel K channel genes. One of these genes encode a cGMPactivated, K-selective channel (KCNA 10a) which is expressed in kidney, heart, muscle and blood vessels. KCNA10a has kinetic properties similar to those of the nitric oxide sensitive K channels detected in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. The work now proposed is an extension of the original proposal. The investigative team has recently succeeded in optimizing KCNA10a current expression in Xenopus oocytes and are now able to study its kinetic properties of the single channel level in detail. They will then determine if it is a hetero-multimeric protein and if its expression levels and/or kinetic properties are modulated by any of the live previously cloned a subunits. They will investigate the regulation of KCNA10a by cGMP and ask whether cGMP activates by binding to the cGMP-binding domain and/or via protein phosphorylation. Finally, a panel of high affinity polyclonal antibodies specific for the KCNA10a protein will be developed in order to examine its tissue distribution and membrane localization. The intent is that studies already carried out and those that are proposed in the current application will provide insight into the mechanisms by which K balance is maintained and should, therefore, have direct clinical applications. It is also hoped that the discovery of new molecular structures will expand the existing physiological framework of potassium homeostasis and will lead to the development of new therapeutic agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTION AND RENAL REGULATION X/K -ATPASE ISOFORMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kone, Bruce C.; Director; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: The H+ -K+ -ATPase alpha2 (HKalpha2) gene expressed in kidney and colon plays a critical role in the maintenance of body potassium and acid-base balance during chronic hypokalemia and chronic sodium depletion. The broad objectives of the proposed research are to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of this gene in the kidney and colon during these commonly encountered clinical conditions. Data are presented to indicate that the HKalpha2 gene is differentially regulated at the transcriptional level in the renal outer medulla and distal colon in response to chronic hypokalemia and states of aldosterone excess, respectively. The proposal examines the hypothesis that specific transcription factors selectively expressed or induced in these tissues interact with cis- regulatory elements to control HKalpha2 gene expression. The structural organization and precise chromosomal position of the murine HKalpha2 gene will be characterized. The selective effects of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids on HKalpha2 transcription in the distal colon and kidney will be analyzed to determine whether transcriptional induction is specific to the cognate nuclear receptors for these ligands. DNase I hypersensitivity assays and in vivo footprinting coupled with analysis of HKalpha2 regulatory regionreporter gene constructs will be used to map, at single nucleotide resolution, cellspecific promoter and enhancer elements in epithelial cell lines derived from the renal medullary collecting duct and distal colon under normal conditions and in response to
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low external K+ and aldosterone. Gel shift and supershift assays of nuclear extracts will be used to identify further the trans-acting factors responsible for HKalpha2 transcriptional control. The ability of the nuclear proteins to alter HKalpha2 promoter/enhancer in trans will be tested in coexpression experiments. Studies in transgenic mice will test whether candidate regulatory elements identified in vitro faithfully mirror the tissue expression and responses to chronic K+ - or Na+-deprivation, and aldosterone excess of the endogenous HKalpha2 gene. The results of these studies should provide important molecular insights into the regulation of the HKalpha2 gene and its unique roles in renal and intestinal cell biology and pathobiology. The proposed studies should also yield fundamental information that can be more broadly applied to the Na+-K+-ATPase/H+-K+-ATPase multi-gene family, the molecular basis for tissuespecific gene regulation, and the molecular mechanisms responsible for selective steroid action on target genes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENOMICS OF POTASSIUM CHANNELS IN C ELEGANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Salkoff, Lawrence B.; Professor; Anatomy and Neurobiology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: This is a proposal to undertake a comprehensive study that will reveal the structure, expression patterns, and basic functional properties of all potassium channels in C. elegans. The project will provide the first glimpse of the entire K channel set in one animal, without favoring any cell, tissue type or abundance class, revealing aspects of genomic organization that are not discernible without the complete gene sequences. Initially, all sequence information revealed by the C. elegans genomic project at Washington University will be compiled, and then the expression patterns of individual K channels will be determined. Because there are an estimated 100 potassium channels in an organism with only 302 neurons, many of these channels may be under coordinated regulation for expression; this may be required for complex electrical behavior. This study may lead to a profile not only of structure an functional properties, but also tissue distribution and amount and timing of expression. These data may serve as a model for interpreting the human genome sequence data, and may also lead to clinical applications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GLIAL-NEURONAL INTERACTIONS IN THE RETINA Principal Investigator & Institution: Newman, Eric A.; Professor; Neuroscience; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1990; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Verbatim from applicant's abstract): The long-term objective of this project is to determine the functions of glial cells (Muller cells and astrocytes) in the mammalian retina. It is widely recognized that glial cells have important support functions in the retina, including uptake of neurotransmitters and regulation of extracellular potassium and pH. The role of glial cells in direct modulation of neuronal activity is not yet understood, however. In the preceding project period, we demonstrated that intercellular Ca2+ waves can be propagated through glial cells in the rat retina and that these glial Ca2+ waves modulate spike activity in neighboring neurons. In the proposed project period, we will extend our studies of glial modulation of neuronal activity and explore additional aspects of glial Ca2+ signaling with the goal of determining the
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significance of these interactions in vivo. The specific aims for the project period are: (1) to identify natural stimuli that elicit Ca2+ signals in retinal glial cells; the hypotheses to be tested are that: (a) chemicals released under normal or pathological conditions evoke glial Ca2+ increases, and (b) light stimulation evokes glial Ca2+ increases; (2) to test the hypothesis that spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in glial cells modulate the activity of neighboring neurons, using regression analysis to correlate neuronal spike activity and membrane potential with Ca2+ levels in adjacent glial cells displaying spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations; (3) to characterize mechanisms of glial cell modulation of neuronal activity; the hypotheses to be tested are that: (a) excitatory neuronal modulation is mediated by release of glutamate from glial cells onto neurons, and (b) inhibitory modulation is mediated indirectly by glial activation of inhibitory amacrine cells; (4) to elucidate the mechanism by which Ca2+ waves are propagated in retinal glial cells; the hypothesis to be tested is that wave propagation is mediated by the release of ATP, which functions as an extracellular messenger; and (5) to characterize physiological changes in retinal glial cells elicited by propagation of Ca2+ waves; the hypotheses to be tested are that: (a) Ca2+ increases modulate inward rectifier potassium and Ca2+dependent potassium conductances, and (b) Ca2+ increases generate intracellular pH variations in retinal glial cells. Glial cells have been implicated in many types of retinal pathology, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and macular degeneration. Knowledge of the basic physiological properties of retinal glial cells and their interactions with retinal neurons will add to our understanding of how these cells contribute to retinal pathology. The research outlined in this application will provide significant progress towards this goal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: H,K,ATPASE FUNCTION IN POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wingo, Charles S.; Professor of Medicine and Physiology; Medicine; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The long-range goal of this research is to examine the role of H,K-ATPases in potassium homeostasis and to determine how these ion-motive pumps are regulated by ion channels. H,K-ATPases are important for renal potassium conservation, but it is now apparent that the kidney possesses several different H,K-ATPase enzymatic activities which likely reflect the presence of multiple gene products. Experiments in Specific Aim 1 will determine the molecular identities of the H,K-ATPase subunit isoforms that are responsible for specific enzymatic activities, and for potassium and proton flux in discrete nephron segments, by the study of animals with targeted gene disruption of the H,K-ATPase HK-alpha-1, HK-alpha-2, or HK-beta genes. Experiments in Specific Aim 2 will examine whether knockout of HK-alpha-1, HK-alpha-2, or HKbeta subunits affects the normal anatomy of the kidney or the morphological response to potassium depletion. Experiments in Specific Aim 3 will characterize fully the newly discovered potassium-permeable ion channels that are present at the apical membrane of the inner stripe of the outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD), and the cell types that contain these channels. These channels exhibit novel properties since they appear to be stimulated by cellular acidification whereas most potassium channels are inhibited by acidosis. The proposed experiments are intended to establish the contribution of each of these genes to an important adaptive response (potassium depletion), the compensatory renal response to the disruption of these genes, and whether these genes are involved in the normal morphology of the kidney or its response to potassium depletion. Since accruing evidence indicates that modest potassium depletion causes or contributes to
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systemic arterial hypertension, and may contribute to chronic renal insufficiency, these studies area expected to contribute to our understanding of the role of potassium depletion as a risk factor for both renal and cardiovascular disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTION
HETEROGENEITY
IN
CARDIAC
POTASSIUM
CHANNEL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Roden, Dan M.; Professor; Medicine; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1992; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: The electrophysiologic behavior of the heart is highly heterogeneous. It has been, and continues to be, the goal of this Program to define mechanisms underlying this heterogeneity. In the last period of support, substantial progress has been made toward this goal. The present renewal application has been restructured to focus specifically on cardiac potassium channels, testing the overall working hypothesis that variability in expression or function of these channels is an important determinant of heterogenous repolarization both in health and in disease. The studies proposed will incorporate both conventional molecular and electrophysiologic techniques as well as new techniques in which Program investigators and collaborators have developed considerable expertise in the last period of support; these include generation of genetically-modified mice, in situ hybridization, the molecular genetics of cardiac ion channels, and spin labeling/EPR technology. In each Project, preliminary data that attest to feasibility are presented, and specific hypotheses relating to the mechanisms underlying heterogeneous function or expression of cardiac K plus channels are proposed for testing. The experimental models include wild-type and mutant channels in heterologous expression systems, the use of genetically-modified animals, and studies in human subjects. The focus of the central theme of cardiac potassium channels allows a high degree of scientific interchange among Projects; this includes the use of shared reagents, as well as the likelihood that results in one Project influence the scientific direction in others. Dysfunction of cardiac potassium channels is increasingly recognized to play a role in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias. The studies proposed in this Program will help elucidate mechanisms underlying this dysfunction, and therefore point to novel approaches to therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HUMAN SPERM ZONA ACCEPTOR: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Benoff, Susan H.; Associate Professor; North Shore University Hospital 300 Community Dr Manhasset, Ny 11030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): We focus on developing an understanding of toxic metal action in the human testis. A male factor is present about 60% of infertile couples, but underlying molecular mechanisms are largely uncharacterized. Exciting results from our current work hints at one mechanism. Lead levels were elevated markedly in testes and seminal plasma (in 25% of males in four independent populations). High lead correlated with expression of particular potassium and calcium ion channel isofomis, with poor sperm-fertilization-potential biomarkers and low fertility by IVF, artificial insemination and coitus. A significant fraction of subjects studied longitudinally switched from high lead states to low lead states, with simultaneous conversion of biomarkers from infertile to fertile and switch in potassium channel isoform expression.
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This suggested lead epigerietically modified testicular gene expression (at the levels of transcription and mRNA splicing) and that potassium channel isoforms could be developed as biomarkers for lead exposure. A preliminary DNA microarray study of a lead-treated "lead-resistant" rat strain identified many lead-affected genes as being involved in calcium-mediated induction of apoptosis, including a potassium channel. Supported by current somatic cell apoptosis mechanisms, this prompted our hypothesis that lead exposures produce male infertility by altering calcium homeostatsis, and a related detailed mechanism of lead action. These will be tested in a lead-treated leadsensitive" rat strain and in humans. We will use microarrays to probe in rats for affected testicular genes with CAMP response elements and other genes involved in calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV signaling. Controls include metal testing by atomic absorption, TUNEL estimates of apoptosis, cell type levels by histology and by cell-type-specific mRNA levels, and protein expression by Westerns. Comparison with the "lead-resistant" strain should identify lead-sensitivity" genes. We will probe for the same genes in a human clinical population, with similar controls. We will also probe for genes co-regulated with the potassium channel above. Results will test several specific steps in our proposed mechanism: verifying, negating or modifying it. Because microarrays cannot detect differential calcium channel splicing events correlated with lead effects upon human testes, this gene and other calcium transporters will be studied by immunocytochemistry, RT in situ PCR and real-time PCR. Outcome is test of hypothesis, and possible mechanism explaining infertility associated with low sperm counts or idiopathic male infertility, tools for diagnosis, and hope for treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IGF-1 & RAS IN DEVELOPMENT /REGRESSION OF HYPERTROPHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Haddad, Georges E.; Assistant Professor; Howard University 2400 6Th St Nw Washington, Dc 20059 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1977; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: Cardiac hypertrophy is a pathological state that can lead to heart failure. More than the quarter of US adult American population lives , whereby more than half of these cases are associated with cardiac hypertrophy. A universal electrophysiological finding in ventricular cells of hypertrophied heart is prolonged on the action potential duration (APD), which facilitates the propagation of re-entry arrhythmias and heart failure. The role of different ionic currents responsible for this APD lengthening is still debatable; mainly due to the fact and electrophysiological alterations are dependent on the etiology stage and model of hypertrophy and species. On the other hand, the reninangiotensin system plays an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular tone and hypertrophy through its vasoactive component, angiotensin II (ANG II) mainly via its non-tyrosine kinase G-protein AT1 receptors. However, it is more evident that ANG II mitogenic effects are mediated essentially by the tyrosine kinase IGF-1 receptors through a cross talk with activated AT1 receptors. This proposal is intended to elucidate the modulation by ANG II and IGF-1 of potassium (IK1 and IK-ATP) and calcium (Ica,L) channels during the development and regression phases by (angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) or AT1-antagonist treatment) of cardiac hypertrophy in the adult rat. The patch-clamp technique will be used to study channel activity, while the intracellular imaging technique with Fura-II will be used to monitor changes in intracellular calcium handling in isolated ventricular myocytes. Changes at the membrane level will be correlated to ANG II- and IGF-1-induced changes at 2nd messenger level (PKA, PKC, PI-3 kinase, and downstream tyrosine kinase and MAP kinase) during cardiac hypertrophy and after its regression by ACE-I or AT1-antagonist.
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The mitogenic effects of ANG II and its cross talk with IGF-1 signal transduction will be evaluated in association with the electrophysiological changes during both phases. Therefore, the effects of ANG II on Ica, L and [Ca2+]i as well as potassium currents (IK1 and IK-ATP) will be compared in the presence of varying IGF-1 concentrations. Thus, this project will identify and evaluate the signal transduction pathways mediating both ANG II and IGF-1 effects and the importance of the cross talk during the development and regression of cardiac hypertrophy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INACTIVATION OF NEURONAL KV4 POTASSIUM CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Covarrubias, Manuel L.; Assistant Professor; Pathology, Anat/Cell Biology; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-DEC-1993; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this project is to understand the molecular mechanisms that control inactivation of neuronal Kv4 potassium channels. These potassium channels mediate the transient potassium current that is necessary for coding, integration and amplification of electrical signals in the nervous system. Kv4 channels probably utilize novel mechanisms of inactivation, which are distinct from those better known in Shaker potassium channels. Discoveries made during the last funding period are beginning to shed light on the physiological basis of Kv4 inactivation and how novel subunits shape this process. The specific aims for the next funding period are: (1) To probe conformational changes underlying a prominent pathway of inactivation in Kv4 channels; (2) To map the cytoplasmic moving regions controlling inactivation gating of Kv4 channels; (3) To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying remodeling of Kv4 inactivation by Kv4-specific neuronal calcium sensors (KChlPs);(4) To investigate the molecular determinants of a KChIP domain with unique modulatory properties. Recombinant DNA technology, patchclamp electrophysiology and thiol-specific reagents are applied to study inactivation of Kv4 channels expressed in heterologous expression systems (e.g., Xenopus oocytes or mammalian cells). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is applied to solve the structure of a putative inactivation domain in Kv4 channels. By investigating these aims, this project may gain insights into the molecular basis of brain functions that depend on the precise timing of electrical signaling, a domain where inactivation gating of Kv4 channels plays its most significant role. Specific areas that may benefit from this research include studies of associative learning and epilepsy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ION CHANNEL FUNCTION IN AUDITORY & VESTIBULAR HAIR CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Holt, Jeffrey R.; Assistant Professor; Neuroscience; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: The studies proposed here focus on the function of KCNQ potassium channels in the sensory hair cells of the auditory and vestibular systems. Mutations in four of the five members of this newly discovered class of voltage-gated ion channels cause inherited human diseases. At least three of these proteins are expressed in the auditory and vestibular periphery: KCNQ1, 3 and 4. Mutations in two of them, KCNQ1 and 4, cause severe auditory dysfunction. Although the etiologies of these inherited
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conditions are not well understood, the profound sensory deficits imply an important role for KNCQ proteins in normal auditory function. This project has two main goals. This first goal is to correlate expression of KCNQ potassium channels with the normal physiology of auditory and vestibular hair cells. This will provide new insight into how mutations in the KCNQ gene family lead to pathological states. The second goal is to investigate the role of KCNQ channels in synaptic transmission in the vestibular periphery. Specifically, we will test the hypothesis that the type I hair cell afferent synapse utilizes a novel form of K+-dependent neurotransmission. To address these questions we have devised a common strategy. A mutation within the pore-forming region of these potassium channels acts in a dominant manner to block conduction. Using virus-mediated gene transfer we will express mutant KCNQ genes in cells of organotypic cultures from the mouse auditory and vestibular organs. Expression of mutant KCNQ genes in normal cells will suppress the activity of wildtype KCNQ subunits. To assay for disrupted function we will characterize the electrophysiological properties of infected cells, identified by coexpression of green fluorescent protein, and neighboring uninfected control cells. Thus, in a specific and controlled manner we will link a molecular identity with its physiologic correlate. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ITO IN DOGS WITH INHERITED VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kornreich, Bruce G.; Molecular Medicine; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: Abnormalities of ventricular repolarization have been identified in a number of cardiac disease states and may predispose to malignant or fatal ventricular arrhythmias. The transient outward potassium current, I- to, is an important determinant of ventricular repolarization. The potassium channel isoform responsible for I-to varies between species. Kv1.4, Kv1.5, Kv4.2, and Kv4.3 have been identified as contributors to ventricular repolarization in various species, with Kv1.4, Kv4.2, and Kv4.3 representing the most likely contributors to I-to in canine cardiac myocytes. Decreased I-to density has been found in several pathologic states including myocardial hypertrophy, terminal heart failure, and acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection, and prolonged ventricular repolarization may increase the morbidity and mortality of these conditions. Moise and collaborators have previously reported a line of German Shepherd dogs with inherited ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Affected dogs have a decreased sympathetic innervation of the left ventricle and decreased left ventricular I-to density. Norepinephrine application rescues I-to in myocytes isolated from affected regions in these dogs, suggesting that the decreased I-to may result from a loss of the trophic influence of the sympathetic nervous system during development. Nerve growth factor and enkephalins have been shown to promote growth and survival of central and peripheral neurons. Using whole cell patch clamp recording ribonuclease protection assays, and Western blot techniques, we will address the following questions: (1) Is decreased NGF and ppENK expression responsible for the abnormal peripheral sympathetic innervation in the hearts of affected dogs? (2) Which potassium channels (Kv1.4, Kv1.5, Kv4.2, and Kv4.3) are responsible for I-to in affected dogs? Is the decreased expression of one or a combination of these channel isoforms responsible for deceased I-to in affected dogs? Is the increased expression of one or a combination of these isoforms responsible for NE mediated restoration of I-to in affected dogs?, and (3) Is the restoration of I-to by NE in the hearts of affected dogs mediated by alpha or beta adrenergic receptors and their associated second messenger cascades? The scientific
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training obtained while performing this research in a vital and supportive intellectual environment will provide valuable theoretical and technical experience for the applicant to expand upon his clinical and basic scientific experience to achieve his goal of a link between the basic scientific study of membrane bound ion channels/receptors and clinical cardiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: K+ CHANNEL EXPRESSION ON MYELIN REACTIVE EFFECTOR T CELL Principal Investigator & Institution: Calabresi, Peter A.; Associate Professor; Neurology and Neurosurgery; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Strategies designed to specifically suppress the function of myelin-reactive T cells are an objective of pharmacological therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS). We have focused our studies on identifying markers of costimulation independent memory cells that might be amenable to therapeutic intervention. In the last two years, we have demonstrated that two chemokine receptors, CXCR3 and CXCR6, are highly expressed on Th1 myelin specific effector T cells. We have also determined that the loss of the lymph node homing chemokine receptor, CCR7, is an excellent marker of conversion of myelin reactive T cell lines from an early effector state CD45RA-/CCR7+) to an effector memory state (TEM=CD45RA-/CCR7-), and that these TEM are synonymous with the previously described costimulation independent T cells in MS. In a recent collaboration, we have now identified a voltagegated potassium (K+) channel, Kv1.3, which is specifically and highly expressed on chronically differentiated TEM. We have demonstrated that the myelin reactive Kv1.3highTEM are present in MS patients and not in controls. We will now characterize the specificity of Kv1.3 expression on effector and regulatory subtypes of CD4 and CD8 T cells, and test the hypothesis that specific Kv1.3 inhibitors will selectively suppress TEM, without compromising immediate immune responses or regulatory T cells. We will examine these hypotheses through the following specific aims: Specific Aim 1. To determine the peptide specificity of the myelin reactive TEM (CCR7-, Kv1.3highlKCa1low). Specific Aim 2. To determine whether CD8 myelin specific T cells from MS patients have the TEM (CCR7-, Kv1.3highlKCa1 low) phenotype as compared to controls using class I tetramers. Specific Aim 3. To evaluate the effects of Kv1.3 antagonists on TEM function. Specific Aim 4. To determine the expression and function of Kv1.3 on myeloid lineage cells in vitro and in the inflammatory infiltrate of MS brain tissue. The results from these K+ channel studies on human immune cells will have broad implications for defining the potential role of K+ channel blockers in specifically targeting effector cells, and could lead to novel treatment strategies for MS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: K-DEPENDENT NA/CA EXCHANGE IN HUMAN PLATELETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kimura, Masayuki; Pediatrics; Univ of Med/Dent Nj Newark Newark, Nj 07103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Recent work has demonstrated that the platelet Na/Ca exchanger (NCX) in human beings is identical to the retinal rod NCX. This exchanger plays an important role in regulating platelet Ca stores and it is driven not only by the Na electrochemical gradient but also by the K electrochemical gradient across the platelet plasma
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membrane. In addition, platelets express the alpha3 isoform of the Na-pump, an isoform with a heightened sensitivity to cardiac glycosides. These features of the platelet ion transport strongly link platelet Ca metabolism to fluctuations in systemic Na and K homeostasis and to the activity of the platelet Na-pump. At the core of this project is the hypothesis that the link between platelet Ca homeostasis and systemic Na/K regulation explains some cardiovascular effects of high Na and high K intakes that are independent of the effects of Na and K intakes on blood pressure. Three specific aims will explore this hypothesis. Specific Aim 1 will decipher the physiological and molecular characteristics of the Na-pump in human platelets, focusing on the alpha3 subunit isoform in these cells and its sensitivity to cardiac glycosides. The results will provide a better appreciation of the link between platelet NCX and the Na-pump. Specific Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that a high Na intake raises cytosolic Na, lowers cytosolic K, and inhibits the NCX to increase platelet Ca stores and platelet reactivity in human beings. Specific Aim 3 will test the hypothesis that a high K intake lowers cytosolic Na, raises cytosolic K and stimulates platelet NCX activity to diminish platelet Ca stores and platelet reactivity in human beings. Findings of this project might identify previously unknown cardiovascular effects of dietary Na and K, thereby revealing a new dimension of 'salt sensitivity' in human beings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MEASURING FLUORESCENCE
ION
CHANNEL
PORE
DYNAMICS
WITH
Principal Investigator & Institution: Korn, Stephen J.; Professor; Physiology and Neurobiology; University of Connecticut Storrs Unit 1133 Storrs-Mansfield, Ct 06269 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Voltage-activated potassium channels serve several critical functions in all excitable cells (brain, heart, endocrine and muscle), including repolarization of action potentials and control of rhythmic firing patterns. Channel properties that control the functional outcome of channel activity include current magnitude and the rate of channel gating events (activation, inactivation and deactivation). The functionally rich outer vestibule/selectivity filter region of the potassium channel pore has been considered to have just a single conformation in the open state, and have little or no role in the modulation of open channel function. Recently, we described a novel mechanism by which current magnitude, activation rate and inactivation rate, as well as both internal and external channel pharmacology, are modulated by relevant changes in external potassium concentration. We demonstrated that changes in these channel properties, which can be substantial, result from a previously unknown type of conformational change that occurs in the outer vestibule of the pore. Furthermore, this conformational change in the outer vestibule is observed only in channels that display properties consistent with a "structurally flexible" selectivity filter region of the pore. These results suggest the possibility that, in contrast to what has been previously believed, the permeation pathway in some ion channels has a significant degree of "structural flexibility," and that this "flexibility" can markedly affect open channel function. Neither the nature of the conformational change, nor a detailed understanding of how it is regulated, can be obtained solely with electrophysiological techniques. The goal of this application is to integrate two sophisticated fluorescence techniques, fluorescence quenching and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), with patch clamp electrophysiology in our lab. This will allow us to directly examine the nature of the conformational change, and the mechanisms that control the conformational change. It will also allow us to test the
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fundamentally novel hypothesis that differences in "structural flexibility" of the permeation pathway underlie, in part, differences in functional regulation of closely related ion channels. The ability to incorporate this technology into our research will provide a new and enhanced approach for our study of ion channel mechanisms, and will allow us to collect preliminary data necessary for subsequent funding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF UTERINE VASCULAR ADAPTATION IN PREGNANCY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gokina, Natalia I.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 04-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Normal pregnancy is characterized by a remarkable enhancement of uterine blood flow due to vasodilation and growth and remodeling of uterine vasculature that is associated with an increased uterine reactivity to vasoconstrictors. The long-term goal of this proposal is to understand the causes and cellular mechanisms underlying the modulation of uterine vascular contractility during gestation, with a specific focus on the role of ion channels in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Our central hypothesis is that pregnancy down- regulates the delayed rectifier and Ca2+-activated potassium channels with a resultant increase in Ca 2+ influx and smooth muscle contractility. Enhanced Ca 2+ sensitization of contractile process is a synergistical mechanism. Pregnancy-induced up-regulation of PKC and RhoA is proposed as a common regulatory mechanism for enhanced Ca 2+ sensitization and inhibition of K+ channel function. These adaptive changes are counteracted by increased Ca2+-dependent production of endothelium-derived NO and EDHF. Furthermore, we suggest that the effects of pregnancy are highly localized by the side of placentation and are mediated by estrogen. Specific Aim 1 will determine the mechanisms that regulate a steady state global [Ca2+]_ in smooth muscle of uterine resistance arteries, and their modulation in pregnancy. The role of PKC and RhoA in regulation of Ca 2+ sensitization and ion channel function will be studied. Specific Aim 2 will explore the mechanisms by which NO and EDHF mediates the effects of pregnancy on uterine arterial contractility with a specific focus on the role of endothelial intracellular Ca 2+ and small conductance Ca 2+-activated potassium channels. Specific Aim 3 will test the role of local vs. systemic factors, and of estrogen in mediating the effects of pregnancy on uterine artery function. The three Specific aims will integrate the physiological function (regulation of arterial diameter) with intracellular (Ca 2+ signaling, Ca 2+ sensitivity and ion channel function) and molecular (PKC and RhoA) mechanisms and will be accomplished by direct measurements of arterial diameter, intracellular Ca, membrane potential, expression and distribution of PKC and RhoA, and ion currents in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. The proposed study will provide new insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of pregnancy and estrogen on uterine blood flow and significantly deepen the understanding how these mechanisms are altered in pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: MEMBRANE PROCESSES MEDIATING K+ SECRETION Principal Investigator & Institution: Palmer, Lawrence G.; Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021
32
Potassium
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1981; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The kidney maintains the appropriate amounts of potassium in the body by matching the amounts of salt excreted to those which are in the diet. The final regulation of K+ balance is thought to occur in the collecting tubule. Here, the amount of K+ secreted or absorbed depends on the activities of apical K+ channels. Previous work showed that when dietary K+ is high, the density of apical K+ channels is increased through a mechanism which is independent of aldosterone. In the proposed research they will explore this regulatory process further, focusing on the systems controlling the K+ channels. Experimental studies will involve the use of a combination of electrophysiological and molecular biological approaches. They will explore in detail the relationship between K+ channel density and dietaryes, they will examine the time course and load dependence of the upregulation of conducting K+ channel density. They will also test whether the channels are downregulated in animals on a K+-restricted diet. The principal investigator will test the hypothesis that increased levels of mRNA underly the control of the density of conducting channels using quantitative in situ hybridization techniques. The principal investigator will use antibodies raised against the K+ channel to map the sites of apical K+ channel expression and to assess the role of changes in the amount of K+ channel protein in the regulatory process. He will also explore the relationship between the longterm regulation of the K+ channels with more short-term processes. These will include both regulation through cAMP and PKA, and channel activation by acute elevation of extracellular K+. The biophysical and molecular basis for the latter effect will also be studied using the Xenopus oocyte expression system. This research should help illuminate how K+ transport by the distal nephron is regulated during health (changes in diet) and disease (e.g. renal insufficiency). It will also help to clarify how Na+ and K+ transport can be regulated separately in the collecting tubule to maintain blood volume and pressure as well as plasma K+ concentration within narrow limits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MEMBRANE TRAFFICKING AND CHANNEL ABUNDANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Jan, Lily Y.; Professor and Hhmi Investigator; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): For signaling to proceed normally in the nervous system, there has to be the right number of the right type of ion channels and transmitter receptors on the neuronal membrane. What kind of quality control machinery can ensure the proper assembly of these membrane protein complexes? How does a cell control the number of channels and receptors on its cell membrane? We have found a novel quality control mechanism that curtails the trafficking of inadequately assembled membrane protein complexes from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cell membrane. This ensures surface expression of fully assembled ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP channels with four Kir6.2 and four SUR subunits, and of properly assembled, heterodimeric GABA-B receptors that can functionally couple to the G protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK or Kir3) channels. The ER retention/retrieval signals in the K-ATP channels also limit the number of these channels on the cell surface. How general might be the use of ER retention/retrieval in the quality control of membrane protein complexes? Does the cell regulate other steps of membrane trafficking to control the number and type of ion channels and transmitter receptors? We have developed new methods to test the hypothesis that the numbers of different potassium channels are subjected to different membrane trafficking
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regulations. The examples to be used in our study are potassium channels that mediate slow synaptic potentials, control neuronal excitability, and potentially protect central neurons under stress. Mutations of potassium channel proteins are known to cause ataxia, epilepsy, deafness, arrhythmia, hypertension, and unchecked insulin release leading to hypoglycemia. Indeed, human epilepsy could result from mutations that reduce the M-type potassium channel activity by only 25 percent. And some of the disease-causing mutations alter the amount of functional potassium channels on the cell membrane. Our goal is to achieve better understanding as to how membrane trafficking regulates channel number and type. This may help us appreciate in the long run how regulation of membrane trafficking might contribute to synaptic plasticity, and whether malfunctions of this process contribute to mental and neurological diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MODIFIERS OF POTASSIUM CHANNEL FUNCTION AND EXPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Robertson, Gail A.; Associate Professor; Physiology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) encodes an ion channel subunit underlying IKr, a potassium current required for the normal repolarization of ventricular cells in the human heart. More than 90 inherited mutations in HERG cause Long QT Syndrome (LQTS), a leading cause of sudden cardiac death. Some mutations alter gating, but more disrupt trafficking. Because the subunit composition of HERG is uncertain, and the mechanisms underlying HERG biogenesis, processing and targeting to the membrane are unknown, we carried out a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify proteins that interact with HERG. Using the carboxy terminus as bait to screen a human heart library, we isolated five genes encoding HERGinteracting proteins ("HIPs"). Two of these proteins have been previously identified: Tara, an actin-binding protein, and GM 130, a peripheral membrane protein of the Golgi apparatus. Little is known about the function of either. Tara co-localizes with HERG to a region in rat cardiac myocytes corresponding to the T-tubules, as determined by confocal immunocytochemistry. Consistent with a stabilizing role at the membrane, Tara enhances expression in HERG when co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes. GM 130 specifically localizes to the Golgi, where a prominent HERG signal is also observed. In contrast to Tara, GM130 suppresses HERG signal in oocytes. Deletion mapping in binary yeast two-hybrid assays reveals that the C terminus contains distinct domains with which the HIPs selectively interact. Certain LQT2 (HERG) mutations selectively disrupt interactions with only two of the proteins. Three of the proteins, Tara, H17 and H3, interact with each other, implying that they function as an interactive complex. Of the HIPs, Tara alone interacts with another cardiac ion channel protein, KvLQT1, in binary yeast two-hybrid assays, but none interacts with Shaker. Each HIP represents a potential target for LQTS to the extent that its expression is required for the normal expression or targeting of HERG channels. The long-range goal of this research is to elucidate the basic biological processes that are disrupted by the disease process. The specific aims of this proposal are: (1) to demonstrate that HERG and the HIPs interact in vivo: (2) to extend our immunocytochemical and electrophysiological analyses, tests for specificity and domain mapping; (3) to determine the necessity of HIP interactions for HERG channels by reciprocal analysis of HERG C terminal truncations and selective disruption of HIPs in native tissues and heterologous systems; and (4) to screen unmapped LQTS families for disease mutations in the genes encoding the HIPs.
34
Potassium
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MODULATION OF K+ CHANNELS IN RENAL COLLECTING DUCT Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, Wen-Hui; Professor; Pharmacology; New York Medical College Valhalla, Ny 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1994; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: The cortical collecting duct (CCD) plays an important role in Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion. Both K+ secretion and Na+ reabsorption involve several transport proteins including apical Na+ and K+ channels, Na-K-ATPase, and basolateral K+ channels. The basolateral K+ channels participate in generating cell membrane potential and play a critical role in K+ recycling which is important for maintaining the activity of the Na-K-ATPase. Preliminary experiments show that the basolateral small conductance K+ channel (SK) is involved in K+ recycling since the activity of the SK channels is closely related to the apical Na+ transport. That apical Na+ transport acts in concert with Na-K-ATPase and basolateral K+ conductance is important for maintaining a constant intracellular ion concentration and cell volume in the CCD. Therefore, the basolateral K+ channels must be regulated so that K+ recycling can match the apical Na+ transport. We have previously shown that the SK channels are activated by nitric oxide (NO) via a cGMP-dependent pathway. Furthermore, preliminary data demonstrated that inhibiting the apical Na+ transport reduces the activity of the basolateral SK channel activity and the effect of inhibiting Na+ transport depends on NO-cGMP signal transduction pathways. We propose to test the hypothesis that NO is critically involved in coupling the activity of the SK channels to the apical Na+ transport and the activity of Na-K-ATPase. The proposed studies have four Aims. Aim 1 will involve investigating the effects of NO on the SK channels and exploring the mechanisms by which NO regulates the SK channels. Aim 2 will study the role of NO in mediating the Ca2+ effects on the SK channels. Aim 3 will assess the role of NO in mediating the coupling mechanism between apical Na+ transport and basolateral K+ channels and between Na-K-ATPase and basolateral K+ channels. Aim 4 will examine the effect of Angiotensin II on the SK channel and investigate the role of NO in mediating the effect of angiotensin IL. Since the studies are conducted on freshly isolated CCD, the results will provide information essential for understanding the role of NO in the regulation of Na+ and K+ transport in the CCD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: MODULATION OF OLFACTORY BULB NEURON CURRENT PROPERTIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Fadool, Debra A.; Assistant Professor; Biological Science; Florida State University 97 South Woodward Avenue Tallahassee, Fl 323064166 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The designed research is a multidisciplinary analysis of the modulation of potassium currents in granule and mitral cells of the olfactory bulb. The broad, long-term objective of this research is to elucidate how neurotrophins and growth factors can utilize ion channels as substrates for phosphorylation to give rise to short-term and long-term plastic changes in synaptic efficacy or to aid in the establishment of neural circuits in the olfactory bulb. Understanding the general principles governing these transduction cascades and the involvement of ion channels will provide information of how protein kinases and protein phosphatases contribute to the onset or severity of specific neuronal diseases,
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35
such as Alzheimer's, or how uncontrolled signaling of these enzymes leads to deregulated cell proliferation and diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Because of the unique trophic and regenerative capacity of neurons in the olfactory system, continual expression of neuromodulators could alter patterns of electrical excitability in addition to their well-studied roles in growth and differentiation. The specific aims of this proposal are to characterize using patch-clamp electrophysiology how receptor-linked tyrosine phosphorylation signaling in the olfactory bulb is altered by sensory experience, patterned electrical stimulation, and trophic factor infusion. By utilizing the cloned, olfactory bulb potassium channel Kv1.3 as a parallel model, combined biochemical measurement of kinase-induced tyrosine phosphorylation, coimmunoprecipitation, and molecular mutagenesis will elucidate the mechanistic details of how ion channels form molecular scaffolds with kinases and adaptor proteins through discrete protein-protein interactions at SH2, SH3, PDZ, and PTB domains. Gene-targeted deletions in Kv1.3 channel, insulin receptor kinase, and TrkB kinase will provide mechanistic details for the role for tyrosine phosphorylation signaling in olfaction and for neuromodulation in the CNS in general, as defined by loss of function experiments (behavioral, biochemical, electrophysiological) using knock-out mice strains. The proposal will provide new important information regarding the integration of signaling molecules by construction of protein-protein interactions with ion channels. Modulation of ion channel function would thus be dependent upon the repertoire of signaling proteins expressed in a given neuron, a background that could change with sensory experience or electrical patterning. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR AND PHYSIOLOGIC STUDIES OF A COLONIC K ATPASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Binder, Henry J.; Professor; Internal Medicine; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1976; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: This application proposes continuation of physiologic and molecular studies of potassium absorption in the rat distal colon. The PI has identified an active K absorptive process in the rat distal colon associated with an apical K/H exchange energized by a novel H,K-ATPase. The PI has also shown that this process is upregulated by both aldosterone and dietary K depletion. The PI's recent studies have focused on correlating the H,K-ATPase activity with the upregulation of K absorption both at the molecular and physiologic levels of study. The PI has reported that H,KATPase of rat distal colon is partially ouabain sensitive, pointing to the possible presence of two different potassium absorptive processes and H,K-ATPase isoforms. His group was recently successful in cloning the HCKalpha1 cDNA. The expression of this cDNA in SF9 cells showed ouabain insensitivity in contrast to studies from other groups using the oocyte expression system. In this proposal he, therefore, plans to determine the physiological function of the transporter cDNAs after transfection in a mammalian cell expression system. Studies are also proposed to determine whether the recently cloned rat colon-specific beta subunit is the elusive and putative beta subunit for optimal functional expression. The PI has identified an ouabain-sensitive Kdependent pHi recovery process in the colonic crypt. The PI hypothesizes that this pHi regulation will be modified by dietary K depletion and will, therefore, represent the second H,K-ATPase function. To identify the second colonic H,K-ATPase, the PI will use a cloning strategy based on its probable upregulation by dietary potassium depletion, its identity to the H-3 domain region rather than to the 5' end of HCKalpha1 cDNA and
36
Potassium
its exclusive localization in colonic crypts. It is also hypothesized that dietary potassium depletion might regulate the second colonic H,K-ATPase (HCKa2 and/or HCKab) at the apical membrane and/or electroneutral KCl cotransport at the basolateral membrane. The PI plans to employ cell and molecular biology studies to accomplish his four specific aims aimed at gaining more understanding of colonic potassium absorption. This proposal certainly has relevance to clinical medicine and would enhance our knowledge of potassium transport. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR VASORELAXATION
BASIS
OF
CAMP
INDUCED
CORONARY
Principal Investigator & Institution: White, Richard E.; Associate Professor; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Medical College of Georgia 1120 15Th St Augusta, Ga 30912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Verbatim from the application): Heart failure is often the lethal consequence of a variety of cardiovascular disorders, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, and coronary artery dysfunction. Although agents that elevate cAMP are commonly used to treat heart failure, knowledge of the cellular/molecular basis of how these drugs act is limited. The long-term goal of the proposed study is to understand how cAMPdependent vasodilators reduce morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disorders, and thereby suggest new approaches for the treatment of heart failure. Preliminary studies indicate that cAMP-dependent vasodilators relax coronary arteries in vitro by an endothelium-independent mechanism that involves K efflux. Subsequent patch-clamp studies suggest that cAMP opens the large-conductance, calcium- and voltage-activated potassium (BKCa) channel by stimulating the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) instead of PKA. Preliminary biochemical studies have confirmed this cross-activation. Furthermore, the effects of cAMP can be reversed by agents that inhibit the activity of phosphoprotein phosphatases. Therefore, the hypothesis of the proposed studies is that cAMP-producing agents relax coronary arteries by opening BKCa channels in coronary smooth muscle by stimulating the activity of PKG (but not PKA) and phosphoprotein phoshatase 2A (PP2A). This hypothesis will be tested by employing state-of-the-art techniques of electrophysiology and biochemistry / molecular biology to determine 1) the effect of cAMP-dependent vasodilators on coronary arteries in vitro; 2) the effect of cAMP-stimulating agents on whole-cell and single-channel K currents from single myocytes isolated from coronary arteries; 3) cAMP-dependent 'cross-activation' of PKG; and 4) a potential role of phosphates activity in mediating the response to cAMP in coronary arteries and whether there is a direct interaction between the BKCa channel and PP2A. It is hoped that these studies will lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents that will help reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases (e.g. agents that target BKCa channels of phosphoprotein phosphatases). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR BASIS OF K+ CURRENT DURING SECRETION Principal Investigator & Institution: Nehrke, Keith W.; Assistant Research Professor; Oral Biology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003
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Summary: Salivary gland hypofunction enhances the risk of oral and systemic disease, and results in a deterioration in the ability to chew, swallow, and speak. The secretion of saliva helps to maintain oral health by lubricating and hydrating mucosal surfaces, as well as protecting the oral cavity from mechanical and chemical stresses and microbial invasion. The process of secretion couples the action of multiple ion channels, cotransporters, and exchangers to drive the transepithelial movement of water. In particular, a calcium-activated potassium channel located on the basolateral membrane of acinar cells is coupled to a calcium-activated chloride channel on the apical membrane, and these channels work together to allow stimulated secretion by muscarinic agonists. The molecular identity of each of these channels remains unknown. Until recently, the large-conductance BK (slo) channel was thought to carry the majority of the calcium-activated potassium current during stimulated secretion. However, pharmacological evidence exists that secretion in the submandibular gland occurs primarily through the action of an intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel. A candidate cDNA, termed SK4/IK1, was recently cloned based upon homology with the SK family of small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Over the range of tissues examined, the highest level of expression of the human IK isoform, hIK1, occurs in salivary glands. To better define the involvement of IK1 in stimulated secretion, we propose to use molecular and immunological tools to localize the IK1 transcript and protein in the parotid gland of a mouse model system. We will further exploit the utility of this system by studying the physiological consequences of the loss of mIK1 activity. Using a transgenic strain containing a targeted gene disruption of mIK1 which we are generating presently, we will examine mIK1-mediated changes in saliva flow rate and ion composition. Because recombinant mIK1 has been suggested to convey a novel ability to undergo regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in Xenopus oocytes, we will further assay whether mIK1 is involved in RVD in a mammalian expression system and in the parotid gland. Finally, we will look at compensatory changes that occur in the expression of functionally-related ion transport proteins in the transgenic strain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY OF AN INHERITED HEART DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kass, Robert S.; Professor of Pharmaclogy and Chairman; Pharmacology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2001 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's abstract): The overall goal of the research proposed in this application is to develop novel therapeutic approaches, based on specific properties of an inherited molecular genetic defect, to the management of electrophysiological aberrations that occur in two forms (LQT-3 and LQT-1) of an inherited cardiac disorder, the long QT syndrome. This project is designed to integrate clinical, molecular, and cellular studies in order to test the overall hypothesis that mutations in genes that encode the heart sodium channel alpha-subunit (SCN5A), and the slow potassium channel current (IKs) KvLQT-1/or minK cause identifiable changes in expressed sodium and potassium channel activity that underlie diseased-associated changes in repolarization and associated rhythm disturbances and that, in turn, make mutant channels distinct targets of therapeutic drugs. Thus, it is the long-term goal of this research to develop a more effective and specific therapeutic approach to manage and prevent life-threatening arrhythmias associated with this disease and that therapies will be developed that are targeted for specific gene defects. In vitro experiments will be
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Potassium
carried out using patch-clamp procedures to measure whole-cell currents expressed in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that have been transiently transfected with cDNAs encoding wild-type (hH1) and LQT-3 mutant (deltaKPQ) forms of the human sodium channel alpha-subunit as well as cells that have been co-transfected with cDNA encoding wild-type and mutant forms of KvLQT1 and minK. Experiments focusing on possible roles of adrenergic modulation, cellular pH and calcium influx will test for voltage-dependent kinetic and neurohumoral factors that may distinguish KvLQT-1 from SCN5A-derived phenotypes. In addition, experiments will be carried out on each gene defect testing for specific pharmacological interventions that are designed to modulate expressed channel activity in a manner to compensate for individual gene defects. The principal investigator will consult with Dr. Arthur J. Moss at the University of Rochester, who will be directing parallel clinical studies in order to optimize pharmacological approaches to manage and correct identified gene defects. Experimental data obtained from recombinant channel activity will be shared and integrated with the results of clinical non-invasive electrocardiologic studies that will be carried out in vivo on carriers vs. non-carriers of the LQT-1 and LQT-3 gene mutations to optimize experimental design and therapeutic approaches. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR COTRANSPORTERS
PHYSIOLOY
OF
BRAIN
CATION-CL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Delpire, Eric J.; Anesthesiology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-JUL-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): g-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, and plays a prominent inhibitory role in the brainstem and spinal cord as well. One mechanism through which GABA produces its inhibitory action is via GABAA receptors which produce fast synaptic inhibition of neurons by activation of intrinsic CI- channels. GABA opening of CIchannels produces an inward movement of CI-, driven by a low intracellular CIconcentration which is maintained by an active CI- extrusion mechanism: presumed to be the neuronal-specific isoform of the K-CI cotransporter, KCC2. We have disrupted Sic12a5, the gene encoding this isoform of the K-CI cotransporter, and the homozygous mutant mice die shortly after birth of repeated seizures. Epileptic seizure activity in the KCC2 knockout brain suggests hyper-excitability, in agreement with the putative role of KCC2 in controlling hyperpolarizing GABA responses. This proposal is aimed at understanding the role of KCC2 in controlling CNS excitability and epilepsy. We will 1) investigate the developmental role of KCC2 in regulating intracellular CI- and controlling the maturation of GABA hyperpolarization, 2) investigate the role of KCC2 in preventing hyper-excitability and the participation of the cotransporter in depolarizing GABA responses during high frequency synaptic activation. This will be achieved through detailed electrophysiological measurements in hippocampal slices and isolated cortical neurons, 3) develop brain-region-specific and inducible knockout of KCC2 to study the knockout phenotype in the adult and examine the effect of graded reduction in KCC2 expression, and 4) examine the determinants of KCC2 function and regulation, by focusing mainly on phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the protein. The epileptic seizure phenotype of the KCC2 knockout mouse demonstrates the importance of KCC2 in preventing hyper-excitability and controlling CNS function. Results of these molecular, physiological, and behavioral studies will lead to a better
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understanding of the relationship between cation-chloride cotransporters, ion homeostasis, synaptic transmission and brain excitability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MUSCARINIC TRANSDUCTION
AND
ADENOSINE
RECEPTOR
SIGNAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mortensen, Richard M.; Assistant Professor of Physiology & Inte; Physiology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) In cardiac tissue acetylcholine liberated from parasympathetic nerves acts via the m2 receptor to slow the heart (negative chronotropy) and decrease the force of contraction (negative inotropy). Adenosine, produced locally in the heart in response to ischemia, acts through A1 receptors to produce similar effects. These receptors can activate a number of different pertussis toxin sensitive G-proteins to directly and indirectly (via second messengers) regulate ion channels (inwardly rectifying potassium channels, acetylcholine activated potassium channels, L-type calcium channels, and pacemaker channels). Although some specificity in the signal transduction cascade has been defined, the exact role of these subtypes is unclear. The G-proteins in these pathways have been reported to be upregulated in heart failure and pertussis toxin sensitive pathways play a role in decreased adrenergic responsiveness. In order to correlate physiological function and the function of the pathways activated, targeted disruption of alpha subunit genes (alpha-i2, alphai3, alpha-o) in mice and in embryonic stems cell has been performed. Inactivation of each alpha subunit has a specific disruption of some signaling pathways but not others. Alpha-o inactivation affects L-type Ca current and negative chronotropy whereas alphai1 and alpha-i3 disrupt activation of the acetylcholine activated potassium channel. This application proposes to define the specific role of these intracellular signaling cascades in the heart. The ionic channel, chronotropic and inotropic responses ro A1 adenosine and carbachol stimulation will be further defined in knockout mice and knockout cell lines. The mechanisms for these effects will be explored by characterizing receptor number and affinity, expression of other G proteins, and activation of second messenger cAMP. The structural basis for G-protein specificity in effector coupling will be studied by the production of mutant alpha-o molecules and testing their ability to restore functional coupling of effectors to receptors. These experiments should provide important information on the specificity of signal transduction by G proteins in heart. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEOCORTICAL EPILEPSY DURING DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Hablitz, John J.; Professor; Neurobiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Neuronal migration disorders resulting in cortical dysplasia, microgyria, and hectrotopias are associated with intractable seizure disorders in humans. We have used the rat freeze lesion model to examine neural mechanisms underlying hyperexcitability in dysplastic cortex. Proposed studies will combine optical imaging and whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques to test specific hypotheses about mechanisms that control excitability in the dysplastic cortex. These mechanisms are alterations in N-methyl-Daspartate receptors (NMDARs) in local horizontal pathways and remodeling of
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GABAergic networks. Experiments will investigate if the enhanced spread of voltage sensitive dye signals we observed in slices from dysplastic cortex is due to an increased contribution from NMDARs in intracortical horizontal pathways. It will be determined if blockage of NMDAR activation changes the spatial and temporal extent of cortical circuit activation. We will examine if NR2B subunit containing NMDARs in lesioned cortex confer hyperexcitability through the prolongation of excitatory postsynaptic currents. It is hypothesized that NMDAR EPSCs are prolonged in dysplastic cortex and resemble those seen at earlier stages of development in normal neocortex. Anatomical studies will determine if there are changes in the number or extent of axon collaterals forming horizontal connections. We will also determine the site of origin and pattern of spread of depolarizing GABA waves in dysplastic neocortex. It is hypothesized that reorganization of GABA-ergic networks in dysplastic cortex will result in different patterns and rates of propagation. We will delineate the site of origin and pattern of spread of depolarizing GABA waves in dysplastic neocortex. It is hypothesized that a propagating wave of potassium results in spreading changes in intracellular chloride due to activity of potassium-coupled chloride cotransporters. Changes in extracellular potassium and application of transport blockers are predicted to change or block propagation. Glial cells are coupled by gap junctions and participate in spatial buffering of potassium. Disruption of gap junctions is predicted to change or block propagation. These studies will provide important new information about NMDA and GABA receptors in neocortex. They will also contribute to our understanding of the functional changes at both the cellular and circuit level, responsible for the intrinsic hyperexcitability of dysplastic cortex in the freeze lesion model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROGENETICS OF THE SEIZURE (DERG) POTASSIUM CHANNEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Massa, Enrique; Associate Professor; Texas A&M University-Kingsville 700 University Blvd Kingsville, Tx 78363 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: Potassium channels make up a diverse group of ion channels that play integral in roles action potential generation and fine-tuning of firing properties of excitable cells. The ether-a-go-gorelated (ERG) potassium channels are a relatively new family of potassium channels. The human ERG ismutant in a form of familial Long QT syndrome or sudden cardiac death. The role of ERG in cells is not fully understood and the identification of mutations in this channel warrant the further examination of the function of this ion channel. The previous funding period for this proposal resulted in the characterization of the Drosophila ERG channel which is mutant in the seizure mutation. The seizure (DERG) channel transcriptional start sites were identified and mapped to three distinct promoters which exhibit cell-specific transcriptional regulation patterns. This proposalexamines the promoters of DERG and their control by specific DNA elements. We propose to examine the seizure (DERG) channel gone by transgenic regulation of promotedreporter gone fusions and identificationof conserved regulatory elements acrossthree Drosophilid species. The coordinate transcriptional regulation of seizure (DERG) and gamma-SNAPwill also be examined. The gamma-SNAP gene lies on the opposite DNA strand and transcribes antiparallel to DERG. The most proximal seizure (DERG) promoter overlaps with the promoter of gamma-SNAP. Interestingly, both genes exhibit the same expression profile on Northern blot analysis. We propose to examine this coordinate regulation by identifying the minimal gamma-SNAP promoter and correlating with the minimal regulatory sequences of the proximal seizure (DERG)
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promoter. We will also utilize genetic screens to identify genes that modify seizure mutantphenotypes and compdse either accessory subunitsor play similar roles in modulating membrane excitability. In addition, electrophysiological analysisand recombination mapping of the identified mutants will be performed on previously identified seizure (DERG) modifiers. The ease of generating mutations in Drosophila and the availability of the annotated genome allows us to combine physiological analyses with genetics approaches to address questions pertaining ion channel regulation and function. These studies may shed light upon the physiological role of ERG and provide evidence of the pathophysiology of LQT syndrome and epilepsy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NICOTINE INDUCED CEREBROVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mayhan, William G.; Professor, Vice Chair of Physiology; Physiology and Biophysics; University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Ne 681987835 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) While cigarette smoke contains many toxic substances, it appears that nicotine may be responsible for the adverse effects of tobacco products on the cardiovascular system. Recent studies suggest that nicotine impairs nitric oxide synthase-dependent, but not -independent, dilatation of peripheral arterioles. While there is evidence, which suggests that smoking is a risk factor for the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular disorders, including stroke, mechanisms, which contribute to the development of cerebrovascular disorders remain uncertain. Thus, the central hypothesis of this application is that nicotine contributes to the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular abnormalities via alterations in cellularprocesses, which govern reactivity of cerebral arterioles. We propose two specific aims. In aim #1, we will determine the effects of nicotine on nitric oxide synthase-dependent and -independent responses of cerebral resistance arterioles. In addition, we propose to examine several potential mechanisms by which acute and chronic exposure to nicotine might influence nitric oxide synthase-dependent reactivity of cerebral arterioles. Our hypothesis is that nicotine impairs dilatation of cerebral arterioles via impairment in the arginine/nitric oxide syntheses biosynthetic pathway, and/or stimulation of oxygen derived free radicals. In aim #2, we will determine the effects of nicotine on reactivity of cerebral arterioles to activation of potassium channels. Activation of potassium channels plays an important role in the regulation of cerebrovascular tone in response to a variety of stimuli. We propose to examine the effects of nicotine on reactivity of cerebral arterioles to activation of potassium channels and examine potential mechanisms, which contribute to altered responses of cerebral arterioles during activation of potassium channels. Our hypothesis is that nicotine alters dilatation of cerebral arterioles in response to activation of potassium channels. In summary, studies proposed in this application will be the first comprehensive attempt to examine the effects of nicotine on cellular pathways, which govern reactivity of cerebral arterioles. Our studies will provide valuable insights into mechanisms by which nicotine may contribute to cerebral microvascular dysfunction, including stroke, observed in cigarette smokers and users of tobacco products. In addition, results of these studies may provide insights regarding possible therapeutic approaches for the treatment of nicotine-induced vascular dysfunction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CHRONIC CEREBRAL VASOSPASM Principal Investigator & Institution: Macdonald, R. Loch.; Associate Professor; Surgery; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1988; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): We are investigating cerebral vasospasm which is an important cause of cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The longterm objective of this grant is to determine the mechanism of vasospasm after SAH and to thereby develop treatments that will prevent and/or reverse it. We have shown that hemoglobin causes vasospasm and that vasospasm is associated with impaired arterial relaxation. One mechanism of hemoglobin-induced vasospasm may be the binding and removal of nitric oxide (NO). We have used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to detect nitrosyl hemoglobin in the subarachnoid space after SAH, proving that this mechanism occurs. We will therefore test the hypothesis that there is an NO-reversible component of vasospasm by: 1) defining the extent to which vasospasm is reversible with NO donors in a monkey model of SAH; 2) measuring heme-NO adducts (nitrosyl hemoglobin) by EPR spectroscopy in clots removed from the subarachnoid space of monkeys at different times after SAH; 3) quantifying NO in the perivascular space at different times after SAH in monkeys; and 4) defining the time course of changes in and the immunohistochemical locations of the 3 isoforms of NOS in cerebral arteries and perivascular blood clot after SAH in monkeys. Second, because vasospasm does not seem to be completely preventable by NO donors, we will investigate mechanisms of NO-independent vasospasm by: 1) measuring protein kinase G messenger ribonucleic acid, protein and activity during the time course of vasospasm in monkeys; and 2) assessing calcium sensitivity of monkey cerebral arteries during the time course of vasospasm. In a rat model, we will assess the contribution of other downstream effectors of NO-induced relaxation by: 1) assessing potassium channel function during vasospasm (calcium-activated potassium channel density, single channel conductance, and open probability will be assessed using whole cell and single channel patch clamp recordings of isolated vasospastic rat cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells); and 2) measuring whole cell calcium currents during vasospasm in rats because assessment of potassium channel function requires knowledge of intracellular calcium and because smooth muscle calcium homeostasis may be altered during vasospasm after SAH. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PDZ INTERACTION AND INWARD RECTIFIER K+ CHANNEL FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Vandenberg, Carol A.; Associate Professor; None; University of California Santa Barbara 3227 Cheadle Hall Santa Barbara, Ca 93106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The strong inward rectifier potassium channels are involved in action potential repolarization, modulation of cell excitability, and determination of cell resting potential in the brain and other excitable cells. Indeed, mutations in these channels are associated with defects in cell excitability, periodic paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias, and developmental abnormalities. Recently, it has been demonstrated that proteins that are associated with ion channels may modulate the functional properties of the channels, and such interactions may have profound implications in normal physiology and disease. Defects in channel-interacting proteins could lead to problems in channel expression, membrane targeting, association of
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channels with signaling complexes, and channel electrical activity. This proposal aims to identify and characterize the proteins that interact with inward rectifier potassium channels. Recently, we have identified such an interaction between inward rectifier channels and the scaffolding protein SAP97 in the brain. The goal of this project is to identify the complex of proteins that associate with inward rectifier potassium channels and to analyze the functional ability of these proteins to cluster, localize and regulate the activity of the channels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHOSPHOINOSITIDES AND ATP-SENSITIVE K+ CHANNELS IN HEART Principal Investigator & Institution: Fan, Zheng; Assistant Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; University of Tennessee Health Sci Ctr Memphis, Tn 38163 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channels) are present in many cell types, and their activity in cardiac myocytes is thought to be related to the etiology of ischemic heart disease. KATP channels sense changes in intracellular ATP concentrations and convert this signal to changes in membrane potential and membrane potassium permeability. Previous studies in this and other laboratories have shown that membrane phosphoinositides (PPIs) modulate KATPchannel activity and ATP sensitivity. Electrophysiological results suggest that these effects are due to a direct and specific interaction between PPIs and the channelforming subunit (Kir6.2) of the KATPchannel. The overall objective of this research proposal is to clarify the structural basis responsible for this specific PPI-KATP channel interaction, and to elucidate how it affects ATP sensitivity. Our recent work using biochemical binding assays shows that the ability of PPIs to bind Kir6.2 depends on the headgroup of the PPI. We have also shown that PPIs reduce photolabeling of Kir6.2 by ATP photoaffinity analogs. Based on these preliminary results, we propose to address the following Specific Aims: (1) We will investigate the selectivity of PPI binding and structural requirement in the PPI-KATP channel interaction in order to determine whether PPIs act on Kir6.2 through a direct and structure-specific interaction. (2) We will investigate the structural mechanism for ATP binding and whether PPIKir6.2 association modulates ATP binding. (3) We will investigate the role of SUR2, the regulatory subunit of the KATPchannel, in PPI-KATP channel interaction and PPI modulation of ATP binding. Using a variety of complementary techniques, including binding assays, photolabeling, enzymatic digestion analysis, sitedirected mutagenesis, and electrophysiological measurements, we will provide direct evidence demonstrating how PPIs and KATP channels interact, and how this interaction modulates ATP binding. The results of this work will significantly improve our understanding of how KATpchannels respond to PPI-mediated signal transduction in heart. The results will also offer insightful structural information on the ATP sensitivity of this channel. In the broader area of ion channel physiology, knowledge gained from study of the mechanisms of PPI-KATP channel interaction and use of KATPchannel function as a model system will help us to understand the general principles that dominate specific lipid-channel interactions and channel functions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: POLARIZED TRAFFICKING OF K+ CHANNELS IN THE KIDNEY Principal Investigator & Institution: Welling, Paul A.; Associate Professor; Physiology; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Polarized trafficking, appropriate surface expression and disparate regulation of at least two different potassium channels on opposite membrane domains of the renal cortical collecting duct (CCD) principal cell insure an efficient potassium secretion process and potassium homeostasis. Here, we propose to elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing polarized targeting and surface expression of the basolateral CCD channel, Kir 2.3. Our previous work suggests a hierarchical trafficking program, involving a novel biosynthetic sorting process and dynamic, PDZ dependent retention at the basolateral membrane. To critically test this hypothesis, a stepwise multidisciplinary approach, combining molecular genetics, cellular biology, electrophysiology and transgenics, will be employed to answer the following questions: 1. How is the basolateral trafficking signal in Kit 2.3 interpreted within the biosynthetic sorting pathway? This aim is designed to critically test the role of novel biosynthetic sorting machinery candidates. 2. Does internalization of Kit 2.3 occur via clathrin-dependent mechanism, involving a direct interaction with the ? subunit of AP2 adaptor complex. This aim is designed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in endocytotic trafficking of Kit 2.3, providing a context to understand how PDZ interactions regulate Kit 2.3 expression. 3. Does interaction with the Lin-7/CASK PDZ complex coordinate basolateral expression of Kit 2.3 by limiting endosomal trafficking. In this aim, plasma membrane turnover rate and intracellular trafficking of externally tagged channels will be assessed in the absence and presence of dominant interfering Lin-7 constructs. 4. How is interaction with MOPP, a unique PDZ protein, regulated to control surface expression of Kir 2.3? This aim is designed to test the hypothesis that MOPP acts as a natural negative regulator of Lin 7 PDZ scaffoldingcomplexes. 5. Does Lin-7 interaction regulate Kir 2.3 expression in the CCD during potassium adaptation? In this aim, we will determine if Lin -7 interaction underpins the physiological regulation of Kir 2.3. Wild-type and Lin-7 knockout mice will be studied. These studies represent a timely and important extension of the principal investigator's work, and should ultimately provide considerable insight into the basis of renal K handling and K homeostasis in health and disease while illuminating new and presently unexplored mechanisms controlling membrane-protein sorting in the kidney. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: POTASSIUM AND THE MUSCLE REFLEX IN HUMAN SUBJECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Daley, Joseph C.; Medicine; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Dr Hershey, Pa 17033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: PROPOSAL (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The long-term goal of the principal investigator (PI) is to become a clinician scientist examining issues pertaining to autonomic regulation in health and disease. The main objective of this project is to examine the metabolic and mechanical factors that initiate and sustain the muscle exercise pressor reflex. This reflex is a major determinant of blood flow and pressure during exercise. In addition, diseases, such as congestive heart failure (CHF) are associated with pathologic activation of this reflex and may contribute to the morbidity and mortality of this common disorder. Two basic theoretical components of neural control of circulation predominate. "Central command," a feed forward signal emanating from the central motor areas, suggests that neural motor and sympathetic activation occur in parallel. This system may be integrally linked to skeletal muscle metabolic demand. The second component of the reflex is the muscle reflex, and is the subject of this investigation. It is clear chemical byproducts of muscle contraction can
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evoke a pressor response. However, the specific interstitial chemical(s) that stimulate the muscle fiber afferents, and engage the reflex, remains an area of considerable controversy. This study proposes investigation of the relationship between interstitial potassium concentration and muscle sympathetic nervous activity (MSNA). Recent studies have implicated potassium as a potential mediator of the muscle reflex; however, conclusive evidence linking interstitial K+ with MSNA does not exist. The investigators will examine the "real time" interstitial concentration of potassium in exercising muscle and MSNA simultaneously, as well as venous plasma effluent, to further our understanding of this relationship. In addition, they propose examination of the exercise pressor response after directly inhibiting Na+/K+ pump with regional digoxin administration. This project will further increase their knowledge of the mechanisms regulating the muscle exercise pressor response, and may add to understanding of the role of this reflex in diseases such as CHF. The PI has been funded by an NRSA (F32 HL10320). This proposal will give the PI the additional support and training necessary to become an independent investigator. The mentor for this project has recently received a K24 Award and is the Program Director (PD) of their General Clinical Research Center (GCRC). Accordingly, he is ideally suited to serve in this capacity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: POTASSIUM CHANNEL GATING Principal Investigator & Institution: Mackinnon, Roderick; Associate Professor; Lab/Mol Neurobiology/Biophysic; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-1990; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of this project is to understand the mechanisms of K + channel gating, that is, how the opening of K + channels is regulated in living cells. Potassium channels play a central role in many different cellular processes including the production of electrical impulses in the nervous system, the control of heart rate, blood pressure, and the secretion of hormones such as insulin. For these reasons, a deeper understanding of how K+ channels open and close - based on their chemistry and structure -will eventually enhance our ability to treat many illnesses that afflict humans, including seizure disorders, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, and asthma. A wide range of techniques will be applied to the study of K + channel gating, including molecular biology, protein biochemistry, electrophysiology, and X-ray crystallography. Three fundamentally different gating mechanisms will be studied: channel opening induced by Ca 2+ binding, by G-protein binding, and by membrane voltage. The first of these mechanisms underlies muscle contraction and signal processing in the nervous system, the second mechanism controls heart rate and neurotransmitter responses, and the third is responsible for generating electrical impulses known as action potentials in both nervous and non-nervous cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASTASIS OF KV 1.3-DEFICIENT MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Xu, Jianchao; Internal Medicine; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (adapted from the application) Disturbances of potassium homeostasis can result in fatal consequences such as cardiac arrest. The kidney is a vital organ that maintains serum potassium concentration in a very narrow range. To achieve this, renal
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epithelial cells are equipped with membrane transporters such as Na-ATPase and K channels. The exact mechanism of K absorption and secretion in the kidney is not completely understood, however, recent progress suggests that potassium channels may play an important role in the process. In addition to inward rectifier K channels, voltage-gated K channels are also expressed in kidney. Dr. Gary Desir's laboratory has identified several such channels. Two of these have been extensively characterized: Kv1.3 and KCNA10. Although the precise physiological role of these channels in renal K homeostasis is unclear, it is postulated that Kv1.3, in conjunction with ATP-sensitive KATP channels, mediates K exit into interstitium where K can be returned to blood stream or accumulated and recycled back into the cell by Na+,K+-ATPase pump. KCNA10 may participate in K transport, the regulation of vascular tone, the cardiac action potential, and cortisol secretion. To test these hypotheses, I will examine the subcellular localization of Kv1.3 in the renal epithelia, and study the Kv1.3 function in vivo using gene-targeting. The Specific Aims of the project are: (1) Localization of Kv1.3 in renal epithelial cells. (2) Generation of Kv1.3-deficient mice. (3) Characterization of the K0.3-deficient mice. (4) Generation of KCNA10 knockout mouse and Kv1.3/KCNA10 double knockout mouse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RACE AND CONTROL OF TISSUE RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fisher, Naomi D.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1996; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) Hypertension is more prevalent in blacks than in Caucasians and is disproportionately severe, leading to a higher rate of clinical complications. The overall hypothesis is that the increased tissue AngII activity in blacks, usually attributed to "race" itself, is actually determined by identifiable genetic factors. Candidate genes within the RAAS include angiotensinogen, the AT1 receptor, aldosterone syntheses, 11-OH-steroid dehyodrogenase and angiotensin-converting enzyme. The phenotypes of increased AngII activity may be compounded by decreased activity of vasodilator pathways (preliminary data highlight racial differences in the kallikreinkinin system), adding kallilrein and endothelial nitric oxide syntheses (eNOS) to the list of candidate genes. They plan to use physiologic and pharmacologic tools to support this hypothesis, devoting special recruitment methods to enroll large numbers of black subjects. Especially among blacks, the interacting contribution of environmental factors to the development and maintenance of hypertension cannot be ignored. We plan to explore three factors that may interact with genetic predisposition to hypertension. The first is obesity, already shown to predict abnormal renal responses to AngII, with its effect dependent upon angiotensinogen genotype. The most likely elemental candidate interacting with genotype is dietary potassium; urinary potassium has often measured lower among blacks, and potassium is likewise intimately involved in control of the tissue kallikrein-kinin system. Finally, our preliminary evidence suggests that a salient feature describing blunted AngII adrenal responsiveness among Caucasians - a sexual dimorphism - is absent among blacks. Young black women in particular lack the protection seen in young white women, which may underlie the higher cardiovascular morality rates seen in black women. They hypothesize that genetic differences in blacks modulate estrogen's effect on the RAAS, perhaps by interfering with its binding to estrogen response elements and therefore gene transcription. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REGULATION OF COLONIC H-K-ATPASE IN THE KIDNEY Principal Investigator & Institution: Soleimani, Manoocher; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 08-JUN-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Both the gastric (g) and colonic (c) isoforms of H+/K+-ATPase (HKA) are expressed at low levels in renal collecting duct (CD) cells but the functional role(s) for these HKA remain uncertain. They propose that cHKA specifically plays a pivotal role in renal HCO3-, K+ and Na+ transport in several pathophysiologic states. Our studies show that cHKA mRNA and or activity is increased in conditions associated with increased HCO3- delivery to the CD (proximal RTA) or in potassium depletion (KD). Interestingly, hypophysectomy (HPX) suppresses increased expression of cHKA in KD but not in proximal RTA. They hypothesize that cHKA is vital to acid-base, K+ and Na+ homeostasis: Upregulation of cHKA blunts HCO3- loss in instances of increased delivery of HCO3- to the distal nephron and accelerates K+ and Na+ reabsorption in KD. To elucidate this hypothesis, we propose to examine the molecular and functional regulation of cHKA in: a) three models associated with increased delivery of HCO3- to the distal tubule but different states of acid-base balance: acetazolamide (acidosis), chloride depletion (alkalosis), and NaHCO3 loading (normal); and b) in potassium depletion. Acid-base and electrolyte changes, HCO3reabsorption in isolated perfused CCD and OMCD, and cortical, medullary, and nephron-segment mRNA and protein for cHKA will be determined in rats and mice (both cHKA-deficient transgenic and wild-type) with KD or increased HCO3-delivery to distal tubules. In KD rats experiments will be repeated in HPX + hormonal replacement. Lastly, they will examine transcriptional regulation of cHKA. Mice transgenic for a cHKA promoter-luciferase reporter (PLR) construct will be studied in the above models. Coupled with the data from (a) and (b) above, these studies suggest possible signals for study in cultured renal cells. These will be transiently transfected with deleting constructs of LR and studied under in vitro conditions to determine the sensing elements within the promoter of cHKA cDNA. Insight into regulation of cHKA will significantly enhance our knowledge on a variety of pathologic conditions associated with electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REGULATION OF ION CHANNELS BY METHIONINE OXIDATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoshi, Toshinori; Physiology and Biophysics; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1998; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: Previous studies have shown that, like many other proteins, amino acid residues of potassium channels are subject to oxidation by reactive oxyge species. Oxidation of amino acid residues, especially of cysteine residues, is well documented. Methionine can be readily oxidized to form methionine sulfoxide. Oxidation of methionine is unique in that it is reversible and that reduction of oxidized methionine requires an enzyme, methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrA). The reversibility of methionine oxidation catalyzed by MsrA suggests that it could act as an important cellular regulatory mechanism. Preliminary results indeed suggest that oxidation of methionine residues in Shaker potassium channels has dramatic effects on the channel activation and deactivation. This project will establish the dynamic functional role of methionine oxidation as a key player in regulation of cellular excitability. Shaker potassium channels will be expressed in Xenopus oocytes and their macroscopic and
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single-channel current properties examined using the two-electrode voltage clamp and patch-clamp methods. The effects of methionine mutations and MsrA co-expression will be quantitatively assayed to elucidate the biophysical mechanisms involved. The importance of methionine oxidation an its reversal by MsrA in a variety of other potassium channels and voltage-dependent calcium channels will also be examined. Results from the proposed research will establish a novel cellular excitability mechanism involving methionine oxidation and reduction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF KIR CHANNELS IN RETINAL GLIAL CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Eaton, Misty J.; Assistant Professor; Universidad Central Del Caribe Bayamon, Pr 009606032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: Potassium inwardly rectifying channels (Kir) stabilize the membrane potential and carry K+ ions. Kir are dominant in the astrocytic Muller (glial) cells responsible for maintaining extracellular homeostasis in the retina. Excitation of neurons increases levels of extracellular potassium ions (K+) at synapses, which if uncorrected would result in depolarization of neurons and a loss of synaptic transmission. Kir channels serve to equaliz4e intraretinal K+ gradients by a mechanism called spatial buffering or K" siphoning. Glial cells carry K+ currents inward in regions where the extracellular K+ concentration is increased and outward at more distant regions. In order to extrude K+ in distant regions, Muller cells need either one type of Kir with rectification that can be quickly regulated (to have outward current) or to have express additional Kir channels with weak or little rectification. The only Kir described in Muller cells to date is Kir 4.1. This channel is strongly rectifying and requires ATP to function and, thereby, could not function for K+ siphoning or when ATP is depleted (i.e., anoxia.). Our preliminary data demonstrate the existence of another Kir subunit, Kir 6.1 (KATP) expressed in Muller cells, which may complete the above- mentioned requirements. Our working hypothesis is that there are two possible ways of how these different subunits (Kir4.1 AND Kir6.1) may collaborate in Muller cell functioning, (i) by co-expression in functional heteromers, or (ii) by mutual switching between two distinct homomeric channels. Our long-term goal is to determine the identify and regulation of Kir channels from retinal glial cells. This will be accomplished using a multi-faceted approach. (1) By determining which Kir subunits are expressed in retinal Muller (glial) cells using immunocytochemistry. (2) By determining the electrophysiological properties and regulation by ATP, spermine and pH of homomeric and heteromeric channels expressed in HEK cells. (3) The electrophysiological properties and regulation of Kir channels and dissociated Muller cells will be compared with the expressed channels and will be examined under different metabolic conditions. The results of these studies will provide insight into normal Kir channel function as well as Kir channel regulation during anoxia and hypoglycemia. when ATP is depleted. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REGULATION OF PULMONARY VASCULAR TONE DURING CIRRHOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Carter, Ethan P.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005
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Summary: The cellular mechanisms governing the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone are complex and incompletely understood, particularly during pathphysiological conditions. One such pathophysiological condition is hepatopulmonary syndrome. Hepatopulmonary syndrome is a clinical triad of advanced liver disease (usually cirrhosis), pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities (i.e. shunting) leading to severe systemic arterial hypoxemia, and widespread pulmonary vasodilations in the absence of intrinsic cardiopulmonary disease. This syndrome occurs in 15 - 30 percent of cirrhotic individuals and vastly complicates their treatment. Nitric oxide (NO) has been postulated to be central to the development of hepatopulmonary syndrome. An animal model of hepatopulmonary syndrome recently has been developed in rats that has proven useful for investigating to pathogenesis of hepatopulmonary syndrome. These animals have intrapulmonary shunting and hypoxemia. The mechanisms linking NO to the development of hepatopulmonary syndrome have not been defined. This proposal investigates the underlying mechanisms of hepatopulmonary syndrome using a comprehensive approach of in vivo and in vitro experimental strategies. We provide preliminary data demonstrating that in addition to elevated NO and eNOS, expression in lung of the vasocontrictor endothelin (ET-1) is decreased in cirrhotic rats. Evidence is also provided showing that vascular smooth muscle potassium channels are activated during cirrhosis. These are the first data ever, providing a mechanism for the pulmonary vasodilation and blunted hypoxic pressor response during cirrhosis. Additional data is shown demonstrating that during cirrhosis the stress response gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is significantly upregulated in lung and liver and decreased in kidney. HO-1 enzymatic activity liberates CO, a known vasodilator that can act via cGMP-dependent and -independent pathways. Therefore, it is possible that the tissue-specific regulation of the HO-1/CO axis contributes to the pulmonary vasodilation and renal vasoconstriction during cirrhosis. Finally, to investigate the role of NO in alterations to ET-1, potassium channels, and HO-1, cirrhotic rats were chronically treated with a NO inhibitor. This treatment resulted in a complete reversal of the cirrhotic associated changes to gene expression. Taken together, our data suggest that during cirrhosis, NO is central to the development of hepatopulmonary syndrome acting not only as a vasodilator but also as a regulator of gene expression of ET-1, potassium channels, and HO-1. We will test the hypotheses that: (1) chronic NO elevation during cirrhosis renders the pulmonary circulation unresponsive to hypoxia via direct vasodilatory actions and indirect modifications to gene expression; (2) factors released by the cirrhotic liver regulate pulmonary vascular tone; (3) HO-1 derived CO contributes to the pulmonary vasodilation during cirrhosis. This project will not only define the cellular basis for hepatopulmonary syndrome, but will also contribute to our understanding of how pulmonary vascular tone is controlled at the most basic level. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF UTERINE SMOOTH MUSCLE EXCITABILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Davy, Kevin P.; Physiology and Biophysics; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Preterm births account for only 10 percent of all deliveries, but are associated with over 80 percent of newborn deaths and more than 95 percent of major newborn morbidity. The lack of understanding of the mechansims regulating uterine contraction has hampered progress towards an effective treatment for this reproductive health problem. Currently used tocolytics have little effect in prolonging gestation, necessitating the investigation of other mechansims of prevention. One potential class of
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therapeutic targets is potassium channels, due to their ability to potently buffer cell excitation. Electrophysiological reports have shown that myometrial cells contain a variety of K+ channel types that may be potential therapeuric targets, including the large-conductance calcium-activated K+ channel (BKCa channel). Blockage of BKCa channels depolarizes myometrial cells and increases contractile activity while activation of these channels by agonists and beta-adrenergic agents induces potent uterine relaxation. Interestingly, the activation of the BKCa channel by phosphorylating agents, Ca2+, or voltage is dependent on whether it is isolated from non-pregnant or pregnant tissue. Recent evidence illustrates the ability of this channel to undergo alternative splicing in the presence of stress hormones, yielding variants that differ in their sensitivity to intracellular Ca2+ and voltage. Sensitivity to these agents is also dependent on the association of the BKCa channel with its ancillary beta subunit. This suggests that alternative splicing or modulation of beta subunit association may be mechanisms regulating BKCa channel diversity in uterine smooth muscle during gestation. While this channel appears to be an important regulatory component of uterine excitability, its role in modulating myometrial contraction during gestation remains unknown. The specific objective of this proposal is to detemine whether modulation of BKCa channel splice variant expression or beta subunit association correlates to a functional difference in uterine excitability during gestation. Alterations in BKCa channel splice variant expression and function during gestation will be investigated by molecular charactization in combination with electrophysiological and contraction measurements in mice. The specific aims of this proposal are to: 1) compare transcript and protein expression patterns of BKCa channel isoforms in mouse uterine smooth muscle during gestaiton, 2) elucidate BKCa channel beta subunit transcript and protein expression during gestation and detemine whether its assembly with the alpha subunit is modulated during pregnancy, 3) determine the contribution of BKCa channel splice variants to the regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction during gestation, and 4) characterize the expression of the splice variants of the BKCa channel alpha subunit following stimulation with estrogen and progesterone. Preterm labor is a major health problem, especially given the risks it carries with respect to birth defects and the costs associated with premature delivery. Whether the BKCa channel could be a future target for tocolytic drug therapy is thus a significant question to examine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF CARDIAC REPOLARIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Tamkun, Michael M.; Professor; Physiology; Colorado State University Fort Collins, Co 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1993; Project End 31-DEC-2001 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's abstract): Voltage-gated K+ channels, responsible for action potential repolarization and setting the resting membrane potential, are proteins encoded by one of the most complex group of ion channel genes found in the cardiovascular system. A small change in K+ permeability in vascular smooth muscle membranes, results in a significant change in membrane potential and in Ca2+ channel activity. Thus, changes in K+ channel function can have an important effect on vascular tone. Three specific aims will be examined in the proposed work. 1. K+ channel subunit localization and assembly will be analyzed in rat cardiac myocytes and vascular smooth muscle tissue. Two hypotheses will be examined: (i) In heart Kva1.5 is either a homomeric alpha structure or assembled with Kva1.2 at the intercalated disk. In the ventricle (but not the atrium) the Kva1.5-containing complex is assembled with an inactivation-conferring Kvb subunit. (ii) In vascular smooth muscle,
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Kva1.5 exists as a heteromeric structure in association with the Kva1.4 subunit and the Kvb1.2 beta subunit. 2. The mechanisms underlying potassium channel a/b subunit interactions will be determined. Two hypotheses will be examined. (i) ab assembly involves the association of nascent channels with chaperon-like proteins that facilitate subunit assembly. (ii). Specific amino acids on b subunits determine physical ab interactions. The beta effects on voltage-sensitivity, deactivation, and inactivation can be traced to different amino acids. Furthermore all ab interactions occur at the N-terminal domains of both the alpha and beta subunits. 3. The cellular and subcellular distribution of the IKr potassium channel protein, h-erg, will be determined in normal and diseased human myocardium. One hypothesis will be investigated: IKr expression is not static, with localization being altered in diseased myocardium. The immunohistochemistry in aims 1 and 3 will be performed primarily on rat, canine and human tissue sections with antibodies that currently exist and antisera under production. Alpha-beta interactions will be monitored functionally by voltage-clamp techniques and physically by immunopurification. Subunit assembly will be determined by immunopurification methods where purification of two distinct subunits with an antibody specific for only one is the operational definition of assembly. The amino acids involved in this interaction will be identified by a variety of mutagenesis approaches. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RENAL EFFECTS OF DIETARY CHLORIDE IN AFRICANAMERICANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Morris, R Curtis.; Professor; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: We recently reported that when dietary potassium was controlled at a marginally deficient intake not uncommon in many African- Americans (blacks), 30 mmol/d, salt sensitivity occurred in the majority of normotensive blacks but in relatively few normotensive Caucasian-Americans (whites), and on average was more severe in blacks. In a subsequent study of normotensive and mildly hypertensive black men consuming a diet marginally deficient in potassium, we observed that in those who were salt- sensitive, dietary NaCl loading induced a renal vasoconstrictive dysfunction in which renal blood flow (RBF) decreased, renal vascular resistance (RVR) and filtration (FF) increased, and glomerular filtration rate trended upward. The changes in mean arterial pressure induced by dietary NaCl varied inversely with those induced in RBF and directly with those in RVR and FF. In those blacks who were not salt-sensitive, renal dysfunction was not observed with NaCl loading. Since dietary loading of sodium citrate (and other non-Cl sodium salts) fails to induce a pressor response in patients with salt-sensitive hypertension, sodium citrate might also fail to induce a renal vasoconstrictive dysfunction in normotensive salt-sensitive blacks. We anticipate this finding, and will interpret it as evidence suggesting that the pressor effect induced in blacks by NaCl loading requires the induction of a renal vasoconstrictive dysfunction, which in turn requires the Cl- component of loaded NaCl. We have recently reported that in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat fed a normal NaCl diet, supplemental KCl induced a persisting exacerbation of hypertension, renal vasculopathy and strokes, whereas supplemental KHCO3 had opposite effects. When this rat was NaCl-loaded, supplemental KCl, but not KHCO3, further exacerbated hypertension and the renal vasculopathy, increased the frequency of strokes, and within hours induced a reduction in urinary creatinine excretion. In normotensive and mildly hypertensive blacks fed a normal NaCl diet (150mmol/d) just adequate in potassium
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(45 mmol/d), we will determine whether KCl and K-citrate (100 mmol/d) supplemented for 14 days have differing pressor and renal hemodynamic effects. We anticipate that both supplemented potassium salts will induce a decrease in blood pressure, but that a lower RBF and a higher RVR and FF will attend supplemental KCl. We will interpret such findings as suggesting that the Cl component of KCl can exert a renal vasoconstrictive and potentially renopathic effect despite a concomitant decrease in blood pressure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RENAL POTASSIUM TRANSPORT IN PHYSIOLOGY AND DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Huang, Chou-Long L.; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Potassium channels play essential roles in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte transport in kidney. cDNAs for the renal potassium channel ROMKI and its isoforms ROMK2 and 3 have been isolated. Dysfunction of the potassium channels is one of the genetic causes for Bartter's syndrome. Our long-term objectives are to understand the molecular composition of the renal potassium channels, the regulation of the potassium channels by dietary potassium intake and by hormones, the structural elements of the channel for regulation by phosphatidylinositol 4.5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and the molecular basis for channel dysfunction in Bartter's syndrome. Potassium channels in kidney may consist of heteroand/or homo-multimers of ROMK isoforms with or without accessory proteins cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). The molecular composition of the renal potassium channels will be studied using immunohistochemical co-localization and coimmunoprecipitation of rat kidney tissue. The stoichiometry of ROMK multimers and of ROMK-CFTR interaction will be examined by FPLC gel-filtration chromatography and sucrose-density centrifugation. Rats will be maintained in control or high potassium diets for 2 weeks to examine the effect of dietary potassium intake on ROMK expression. To determine the role of aldosterone in the regulation of ROMK expression by high potassium intake, rats will be adrenalectomized and maintained in control or high potassium diet with or without aldosterone replacement. The structural elements of ROMK involved in the regulation by PIP2 will be examined by expression studies in Xenopus oocytes. The positively charged residues in the cytoplasmic domain of ROMK will be replaced by glutamine. Mutant channels will be expressed in oocytes and studied by giant excised inside-out patches for regulation by PIP2. The intracellular processing and maturation of the natural mutant channels of Bartter's syndrome will be studied by pulse-chase experiments in cultured cells and by in vitro translation in pancreatic microsomes. The structural and functional constraints conferred by Bartter's mutation will be examined by screening libraries of ROMK constructed by saturation mutagenesis in a potassium uptake-defective yeast strains. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SELECTIVE SUBPOPULATIONS
ACTIVATION
OF
DOPAMINE
RECEPTOR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mailman, Richard B.; Professor; Neuroscience Center; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1997; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The foundation of this FIRST Award is the testing of a novel concept termed the "functional selectivity hypothesis." It posits that the interaction of "atypical" drugs with a single G-protein receptor isoform may cause functional effects as extreme as agonist vs. antagonist (depending on the nature of the involved G-proteins and the type of conformational changes induced by drugreceptor interaction). While this hypothesis is proposed to generalize to all G-protein coupled receptor systems, I propose to test and refine this hypothesis by studying D2like dopamine (DA) receptors. The first data in support of this notion were result showing that novel hexahydrobenzo.a.phenanthridine dopaminergic ligands [i.e., dihydrexidine (DHX) and its analogs] activated post-synaptic, but not pre-synaptic, D2like receptors. The current application will focus on mechanistic studies that can provide a firm underpinning for the underlying "functional selectivity hypothesis." The working hypothesis is that DHX and its N-n-propyl analog have full agonist actions at those D2like receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase, whereas as these drugs are antagonists (or low efficacy partial agonists) at D2 receptors linked to potassium channels. Both DHX and N-p-DHX cause robust inhibition of adenylate cyclase in several models (e.g., inhibition of forskolin-stimulated or D1-mediated cCAMP synthesis/efflux in striatum, pituitary lactotrophs, or D2-transfected C-6 and MN9D clonal cells). Surprisingly, however, these same drugs have little or no effect on D2 receptors known (or presumed) to be coupled to potassium (K+) channels (e.g., they do not inhibit dopamine cell firing or dopamine release, and they induce only weak activation of K+ channels in pituitary lactotrophs). The development of drugs (such as the hexahydrobenzo[a]phenathridines) with functional selectivity may lead to dramatically improved pharmacotherapies by providing opportunities for targeting a subset of receptor-linked events, thus avoiding the undesirable side effects due to widespread activation or blockade of receptor functions. Such drugs would provide "pharmacological scalpels" for perturbing selected aspects. To begin to elucidate the mechanisms of functional selectivity, my experiments will focus on the actions of DHX on D2 receptor functions in rat striatum. The first aim is to collect concentration/response data to determine the potencies and efficacies of DHX and analogs at D2 receptors linked to adenylate cyclase or K+ channels. Superfused striatal slices will be used to compare effects on Da and ACh release (reflecting ion channel activation) with effects on cAMP efflux (an index of adenylate cyclase activation). Autoreceptor-mediated actions on adenylate-cyclase linked DA synthesis will be assessed by kinetic analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase. Aim 2 will extend results from in vitro studies to two in vivo paradigms, cerebral microdialysis (to measure DA, ACh and cAMP overflow) and the gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) model (to measure effects on DA synthesis). Experiments in Aim 3 will compare the pattern of Gprotein activation by DHX and typical D2 agonists. Agonist-induced binding of [alpha32P]GTP to G-proteins isoforms in striatal membranes and MN9D cells will be used as a marker of G-protein activation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SENSORY PROCESSING IN THE VESTIBULAR ORGANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Eatock, Ruth; Assistant Professor; Otorhinolaryn & Communica Scis; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1994; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: The long-term goal of this work is to understand how vestibular organs, which transduce head position and movement, function and develop. Good health depends on the normal function of these organs. Damage can lead to debilitating
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vertigo, dizziness and an inability to maintain steady gaze. The primary afferent neurons to vestibular organs vary in the sensitivity and time course of their responses to head movement stimuli. Some of the variation correlates with region within the sensory organ. In amniotes, a further source of variation is likely to be differences between two classes of sensory hair cell, type I and II. This application proposes to take three approaches to stimulus processing by mammalian vestibular organs, using the rodent utricle as a model. The first aim is to test whether there are regional and cell-typespecific differences in the properties of the hair cell's mechanosensitive transducer conductance, which converts head movement stimuli into the receptor potential. Second, the hair cells' voltage-gated potassium conductances, which shape the receptor potential, will be characterized at the molecular level by applying probes directed at candidate proteins and messenger RNA. These conductances differ substantially between type I and II hair cells. The third aim is to characterize the normal development of hair cells from the period of peak terminal mitoses (prenatal) to birth of the animal. At birth, mouse utricular hair cells express some voltage-gated conductances and ultrastructural analysis shows that although the utricle is immature in many ways, some cells can be recognized as type I or II. The prenatal time course of acquisition of voltagegated conductances will be determined with whole-cell recording. The expression of voltage-gated potassium channel proteins will be followed in time with molecular probes. Prenatal morphological differentiation of the utricle will be characterized. These experiments should provide insight into early differentiation of hair cells and supporting cells, as well as determine the utility of potassium channel proteins as markers of hair cell differentiation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SIGNALLING WITHIN THE DROSOPHILA SEGMENTAL NERVE Principal Investigator & Institution: Stern, Michael; Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Rice University 6100 S Main Houston, Tx 77005 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 08-FEB-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract) Proper function of the nervous system requires specific interactions between neurons and glia, and yet the precise mechanisms by which these interactions occur remain incompletely understood. The Drosophila segmental nerve, which comprises a layer of motor and sensory axons surrounded by an inner (peripheral) and outer (perineural) glial layer, provides a genetic system for the analysis of this intercellular signaling. Mutations in push, a gene identified and cloned in the PI's lab, and Nf1, the Drosophila homolog of the gene responsible for neurofibromatosis in humans, each increase the thickness of the perineural glial layer. In addition, the effect of push and Nf1 mutations are strongly potentiated by mutations in ine which encodes a neurotransmitter transporter. The effect of push mutations in perineural glial growth is also enhanced by mutations in eag which encodes a potassium channel subunit. Both push and Nf1 encode intermediates in the receipt of intercellular signaling pathways mediated by the PACAP neuropeptide, or by the amnencoded protein, which is PACAP-related. Thus their results are consistent with a model in which perineural growth in Drosophila is controlled by two interacting neurotransmitter-mediated signaling pathways, one controlled by Amn and acting through push and Nf1, and the second controlled by substrate neurotransmitter of ine and acting through eag. The PI proposes a further dissection of these intercellular signaling pathways. Three specific questions are asked. First, is the Amn signal released from peripheral glia and received by perineural glia or is the signal released from neurons, received by peripheral glia and then signaled by a relay mechanism to
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perineural glia? Second, does the Eag potassium channel act in the Amn signaling cell, or in the Amn receiving cell, to modulate the effect of Amn signaling on perineural growth? Third, in other PACAP or Amn signaling pathways described, additional intermediates have been implicated, including PKA, Ras and Raf. Which of these intermediates participate in Amn signaling in the Drosophila segmental nerve? These experiments will provide new molecular insights into the nature of neuron/glia signaling. In addition, it appears that defects in signaling with this pathway models, at least in part, the tumor formation that occurs in neurofibromatosis. Thus the studies proposed here are anticipated to enable the development of new models for the role of Nf1 in tumor formation, and perhaps enable the development of new pharmacological strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SMALL CONDUCTANCE CALCIUM ACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Adelman, John P.; Senior Scientist; None; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 03-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SK channels) serve a fundamental role in excitable cells. Activated by elevated levels of intracellular calcium, SK channels mediate the slow after hyperpolarization, the sAHP, which follows the action potential spike. During a sustained stimulus, a train of action potentials is elicited and the depth and extent of the sAHP are increased with each action potential such that the cell is ultimately unable to fire a subsequent action potential even though the stimulus to fire remains. This phenomenon is termed 'spike-frequency adaptation' and protects the cell from tetanic stimulation and associated cell toxicity. Subtypes of SK channels may be distinguished by different sensitivities to the bee venom peptide toxin apamin. Application of apamin to regions of the brain alters physiologically important processes, such as sleep patterns and learning and memory. While the sAHP in most neurons is apamin-sensitive, in some neurons such as hippocampal pyramidal cells, the sAHP is apamin-insensitive, shows a slower time course, and is modulated by activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF ENZYME/SUBSTRATE COMPLEXES Principal Investigator & Institution: Reed, George H.; Professor; Institute for Enzyme Research; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1986; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: The objectives of the project are to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis and of the means by which inorganic cations contribute to the catalytic processes. Pyruvate kinase and enolase, enzymes from the glycolytic pathway, are of central importance to carbohydrate metabolism in all living organisms. Both enzymes require specific activation by two equivalents of divalent cation, and pyruvate kinase requires activation by potassium as well. Each enzyme exhibits one or more instances of general acid-base catalysis during the catalytic cycle. The roles of magnesium and other divalent cations in enzymatic catalysis are poorly understood. General acid-base catalysis is a topic of current interest in enzymology. Studies of enolase and pyruvate kinase hold promise for revealing fundamental concepts in these areas. The specific aims of the project focus on key aspects of activation
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by metal ions and of general acid-base catalysis that have been revealed in previous studies. X-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis, spectroscopic, and kinetic methods are proposed to approach the specific aims which include experiments to: 1) determine the pKa's of the general acid-base catalysts in the active site of enolase; 2) probe the basis for metal specificity in the steps of enolase catalysis; 3) correlate structure and function of wild type and site specific mutant enolases; 4) search for the group or groups responsible for general acid-base catalysis and for a potential proton relay network in the active site of pyruvate kinase; 5) probe the structural outcome of a Glu to Lys mutation in pyruvate kinase that eliminates the requirement for activation by potassium and probe the structural changes induced by an allosteric effector. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SPINAL NEURAL ACTIVITY--ROLE IN POST ISCHEMIC INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Marsala, Martin; Anesthesiology; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1994; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) This revised renewal proposal is to investigate the mechanisms by which certain interventions protect against the cascade of deleterious events that follow a period of spinal ischemia. There are two specific aims. The first is to define the optimal thermal and temporal characteristics of perischemic cooling. Measures of ischemic consequences or correlative changes with protection include spinal extracellular potassium, dorsal horn neuronal activity, amino acid and PGE2 release, neurological outcome at 2-5 days and spinal histopathology. The second aim is to define the factors governing spinal expression of HSP72 and immediate early genes, and the correlation of such expression with post-ischemia functional recovery. hsp72, c-fos and c-jun expression will be measured following transient cooling or heating to two different temperatures, intrathecal delivery of substance P; NMDA, AMPA, or kainic acid; high potassium; or either of two transient non-injurious intervals of spinal ischemia. The protective effects of these manipulations will be measured on damage observed with a fixed injurious duration of ischemia delivered at 3 different intervals after the conditioning treatments which induce hsp72 and/or fos/jun expression; measures of damage include neurologic outcome, spinal amino acid and PGE2 release and histopathology. The role of HSP72 expression in protection will be tested by examining the effects of antisense pretreatment on HSP72 expression and the same three measures of ischemic damage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Blaustein, Robert O.; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Potassium channels are specialized integral membrane proteins endowed with a remarkable capacity to accommodate the highly selective passage of potassium ions across cells. Some have the added ability to open and close in response to small changes in transmembrane voltage, and it is these voltage-gated (Kv) potassium channels that are the focus of this proposal. These proteins play crucial roles in a number of physiologic processes ranging from the propagation of information in the nervous system to the maintenance of a normal heart
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rhythm, and inherited mutations in many of them lead to forms of epilepsy, paralysis, and cardiac arrhythmias. The structures of some parts of Kv channels and their auxiliary subunits are now well understood, yet despite detailed study for over a decade, little is known about the construction of the voltage sensing region of these channels, or about the overall architecture of hetermultimeric channels. In light of this gap, a new method is introduced to complement established techniques of molecular biology and electrophysiology--the use of tethered quaternary ammonium blockers as molecular tape-measures. These compounds will be targeted to intracellular and extracellular regions of two classes of K+ channels: the prototypic voltage-dependent Shaker channel, and heteromultimeric channels formed from the co-assembly of Shaker-like subunits with minK-related peptides (MiRPs). The two specific aims, (1) mapping the extracellular portion of Shaker's gating module, and (2) probing the structure of MiRPassociated channels, will be instrumental in fulfilling the project's long-term objectives of creating a detailed physical map of the gating module of a Kv channel, and determining how the different parts of a Kv channel are molded together. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF K+ CARRIER-CHANNELS IN YEAST Principal Investigator & Institution: Slayman, Clifford L.; Cellular/Molecular Physiology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The long-term goal of these experiments is to understand the molecular mechanisms of potassium accumulation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the means by which intracellular potassium is regulated homeostatically. The experiments are prompted by the recent discovery that the two main transporter proteins involved, products of the TRK! and TRK2 genes, are sequence-similar to a major class of bacterial potassium channels. This finding has led to development of atomic scale-models for the two proteins (S.R. Durell & H.R. Guy; Biophysical Journal 77: 789-807, 1999) based on the crystal structure of one potassium channel, KcsA from $treptomyces lividans. The experiments will use yeast genetics/molecular biology to make several series of sitedirected mutations in the TRK1 and TRK2 genes, in order to test predictions of these "quasi-channel" structural models, in regard to the organization of trans-membrane topology (folding), location of potassium affinity and selectivity, location of a postulated co-ion pathway through the proteins, and intra-molecular salt-bridge formation. Functional assays will make use of recently refined techniques for membrane patch-recording in yeast (Bertl et al.; Europ. J. Physiol. 436:999, 1998), along with several types of ion-flux assays on intact yeast cells and protoplasts. The transport systems involved are thought to be H+-K+ cotransporters (symporters), functionally resembling many proton- or sodium- coupled substrate transporters in the so-called 12-TM class of molecules, found in all the biological kindgoms. But their peculiar sequence/structure suggests that their detailed mechanism of "active" transport may differ in fundamental ways from that of the more familiar proteins. Because these proteins are native to fungi, but thus far not to animal systems, they offer the possibility for design of fungal-specific antibiotics having few or no side effects, on human tissues for example. And because they appear to have a quasi-channel structure and some rather strange properties for ion-cotransporters (Bihler et al., FEBSLetters 447:115-120), they may shed light on the important phenomenon of alternative carder and channel function in certain neurotransmitter transport systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCTURE OF ATP SENSITIVE POTASSIUM CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bryan, Joseph; Professor; Cell Biology; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the investigator's application): ATP-sensitive K+ channels, KATP, can be reconstituted from SUR1, a member of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily and KIR6.2, a member of the inward rectifier K+ channel family. The reconstituted channel is a moderate inward rectifier whose conductance is appropriately modulated by ATP/ADP, by sulfonylurea channel blockers and potassium channel openers. Preliminary data suggest SUR1 and KIR6.2 assemble with a 1:1 stoichiometry into large complexes, presumably KATP channels. The overall objective of the application is to test the hypothesis that KATP channels have a tetrameric architecture, (SUR1/KIR6.2)4. The specific objectives are: 1) To establish that SUR1 and KIR6.2 associate to form a heteromultimeric complex. Association is being monitored using histagged SUR1 and KIR6.2 subunits, by utilizing specific lectins that bind SUR1, by cophotolabeling with 125I-azidoglibenclamide and by the appearance of a complex glycosylation pattern of SUR1. 2) To determine the stoichiometry of the complex. This is being done using sedimentation velocity measurements to estimate the molecular size(s) of the complexes and by engineering and expressing active channel forming fusion proteins with defined stoichiornetries, e.g., SUR1-KIR6.2 and SUR1-(KIR6.2)2. 3) To determine the stoichiometry of active KATP channels. This is being done using a mutant of KIR6.2, N 160D, that confers strong rectification on reconstituted KATP channels. Coexpression of wildtype KIR6.2 with the N 160D mutation gives heteromeric channels whose properties, along with SUR1-N160D fusion channels, will be used to determine if active channels are tetrameric. 4) To start to map the domains of interaction between SUR1 and KIR6.2. This is being done by engineering KIR6.2/KIR3.4 chimeras to determine which parts of KIR6.2 are needed for association and which for formation of active channels. KIR3.4 is similar to 6.2, but does not associate or form active channels with SUR1. This work will provide a model for ion channel regulation by members of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF CARDIAC K CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Koren, Gideon; Assistant Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's description): Voltage-gated potassium channels play an important role in regulating cardiac cell excitation. A high incidence of cardiac arrhythmia is observed in patients with long QT syndrome, a disease caused by mutations in genes that encode voltage-gated potassium and sodium channels in the heart. The applicant has created a mouse model for long QT syndrome in which the expression of a potassium channel, Kv1.5, is markedly reduced. The purpose of this proposal is to study the mechanisms that regulate voltage-gated potassium channel polypeptide trafficking, targeting and expression in the membrane of cardiac cells. The applicant proposes to identify and characterize the proteins that are important for clustering and assembly of some submembranous macromolecular complexes that bind potassium channels. This knowledge will be used to create chimeric potassium channels and study their expression and subcellular targeting in vivo using transgenic mice as well as in vivo gene expression using adeno- and adeno-associated viral vectors.
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The effect of expression of exogenous potassium channels will be studied using voltageclamp analysis of single cells. Recording of QT interval and spontaneous arrhythmias in conscious mice, and analysis of inducible arrhythmias by programmed ventricular stimulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF NEURONAL ION CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Arnold, Donald B.; Biological Sciences; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this research is to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in intracellular transport and localization of voltage-gated potassium channels. Specifically, peptide motifs within the primary amino acid structure of potassium channels that specify localization to the axon or to the dendrite will be identified. The role of interacting proteins that are involved in localization of potassium channels will also be studied. Biolistic transfection will be used to express proteins in cultured brain slices, enabling their subcellular localization to be visualized in neurons in a wild-type environment. Chimeras composed of a potassium channel that localizes to the axon and another that localizes to the dendrite, as well as deletion mutants of each channel will be tested in this assay to map regions responsible for axonal and dendritic localization. The assay will also be used to study the role of interacting proteins in subcellular localization of K+ channels. The first aim of this proposal is to investigate mechanisms by which potassium channels are specifically localized to axonal and dendritic compartments of neurons. Aim 2 is to investigate the role in localization of proteins that are known to interact with potassium channels and to identify additional interacting proteins using the yeast two-hybrid method. The electrical properties of excitable cells are highly dependent on voltage-gated potassium channels. Potassium channels have been implicated in diseases associated with impaired control of excitability such as epilepsy. While the physiology of individual potassium channels is relatively well understood at the molecular level, the question of how a cell distributes these channels along its membrane to produce an overall pattern of electrical activity is not known. Understanding of how the cell regulates ionic currents by altering the subcellular distribution of ion channels could lead to novel avenues of pharmaceutical intervention in neurological diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THEORY OF SOLUTE AND WATER TRANSPORT ACROSS EPITHELIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Weinstein, Alan M.; Professor of Medicine and Physiology; Physiology and Biophysics; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1981; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: A mathematical model of the mammalian distal nephron will be developed, comprised of cellular models of ascending Henle limb, distal tubule, and collecting duct. The model will represent sodium, potassium, and acid/base transport under normal and pathological conditions, and will predict renal excretion from distal delivery. The project begins with models of the three collecting duct segments; it will require development of two distal tubule segments plus an ascending limb, and then concatenation of all segments into a distal nephron. The segmental models will
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incorporate representations of specific membrane transporters: in distal tubule, the NaCI cotransporter, and in ascending limb, the luminal Na-K-2CI and peritubular K-CI cotransporters. Segment-specific issues, as well as segmental interactions will be considered. For the collecting duct, proposed lesions underlying distal renal tubular acidosis (ATPase failure, base-exit defects, or paracellular leak) will be examined, and clinical tests for identifying these lesions will be simulated. In this, the objective is to examine the rationalization for the clinical taxonomy of distal tubular acidosis. The distal tubule model will be used to examine flow- dependence of potassium secretion, to estimate the component attributable to luminal gradient attenuation. This will be preliminary to quantifying the alkalinizing and potassium-wasting effect of thiazide diuretics, which act on distal tubule. In the ascending limb, an important focus will be identifying the modulated transporters responsible for cellular homeostasis, specifically, mechanisms used to accommodate large reabsorptive fluxes of sodium and ammonium, while preserving cell volume and pH. In ascending limb, the three different transport defects which all present as Bartter's syndrome will be simulated, to understand the potassium depletion alkalosis common to all three. The full distal nephron model will be required to critically examine the proposal that medullary interstitial potassium concentration modulates overall renal potassium and acid excretion: namely, that by blunting ascending limb sodium reabsorption, peritubular potassium sends more sodium to distal tubule and collecting duct where potassium secretion and base reabsorption depend on sodium delivery. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRANSMISSION ACROSS FIRST SYNAPSE OF THE BAROREFLEX Principal Investigator & Institution: Andresen, Michael C.; Professor; Physiology and Pharmacology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (the applicant's description verbatim): The autonomic nervous system contributes importantly to the homeostatic regulation of the heart and blood vessels through arterial baroreflexes and yet our understanding of the central nervous system mechanisms is limited. The sensory synapse of baroreceptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is unique since its participation is obligatory in the baroreflex. Our Research Plan targets this synapse to provide greater understanding of the cellular mechanisms at the earliest stages of the baroreflex. To best approach the cellular mechanisms operating in NTS, we have developed unique in vitro approaches incorporating dye labeling of aortic baroreceptors together with imaging and intracellular electrophysiology to assay synaptic transmission at single neurons under controlled conditions. Our new technical approach allows us to visualize and patch record from NTS neurons with. fluorescently labeled aortic baroreceptor boutons. Isolated, dispersed NTS neurons with attached sensory synaptic boutons will be studied to isolate ionic currents and signal transduction mechanisms in parallel experiments. The major long term goal is to test the hypothesis that this sensory synapse within NTS is the site of major transformation of sensory information. This work will focus on the synapse (pre- and postsynaptic elements) as well as potassium currents of the postsynaptic NTS neurons. Aims will examine the role of non-glutamatergic mediators in frequency dependent sensory synaptic depression, the presynaptic mechanisms modulating transmitter release, glutamate and GABA receptor interactions, potassium channels as a modulation target, and local inhibitory feedback interactions within NTS. Together, these Aims will provide new and direct information about the mechanisms of
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central nervous system integration and information processing of arterial baroreceptors at first stage of cardiovascular regulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VASCULAR SURGERY - ESTROGEN AND THE INJURY RESPONSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mendelsohn, Michael E.; Professor; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JAN-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a competitive renewal application that focuses on the specific roles of estrogen receptors in vascular biology, with substantial significance for the surgical ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Using molecular approaches and transgenic mouse models, the present application focuses on the exciting new findings that both male and female estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) knockout mice (ERbetaKO), as compared to their WT littermates, have vascular contractile abnormalities, marked reduction in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) potassium currents, and progressive hypertension as they age. Substantial preliminary data are presented to support that this is related to ERbeta regulation of both the VSMC gene for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and VSMC potassium channel genes. This application therefore tests the hypothesis that ERbeta is a critical determinant of normal vascular function and blood pressure through regulated expression of the iNOS gene and VSMC ion channel genes involved in VSMC contractile function. Three specific Aims are proposed: SA A studies the Mechanism of ERbeta-iNOS regulation of vascular tone in intact vessels using pharmacological inhibitors of ERs and iNOS in vascular rings of carotid arteries and intact mesenteric arteries from WT, ERalphaKO and ERbetaKO mice. The role of transcription and post-transcriptional regulation in the estrogen effect on contraction are tested, as is whether postnatal inhibition of ERbeta prevents the development of hypertension and/or postnatal removal of ERalpha actions prevents or modifies the development of hypertension. SA B uses cellular and in vitro approaches to identify the transcriptional mechanism of iNOS activation by ERbeta with transient transfection assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), and yeast one-hybrid screening to identify VSMC-specific DNA binding proteins and transcriptional coactivators important to ERbeta-mediated iNOS induction. SA C examines which potassium channel genes are dysfunctional in the hypertensive ERbetaKO mice using specific pharmacological inhibitors in whole-cell patch clamping studies, and protein and mRNA expression studies in primary VSMC from ERbetaKO mice and their WT littermates. These studies are expected to add substantially to our understanding of vascular regulation by estrogen and estrogen receptors and to enhance further the academic vascular surgery-training environment at our institution. Furthermore, understanding the functional importance of estrogen receptors in the vasculature for blood pressure regulation may help in the design of specific therapies for the prevention and treatment of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VOLTAGE DEPENDENT ION CHANNELS IN PURKINJE NEURONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bean, Bruce P.; Professor; Neurobiology; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2002 Summary: Neurons in the mammalian brain possess a rich variety of voltage-dependent ion channels, but there has been little detailed analysis of how particular ion channels
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work together to regulate the firing patterns of mammalian central neurons. In part, this has been due to limitations in voltage-clamping central neurons, especially for studying the large voltage-activated currents that flow during the action potential. The goal of the proposed research is to understand how the distinctive firing properties of cerebellar Purkinge neurons are produced by particular ion channels. The work is based on using a preparation of dissociated Purkinje neurons that allows a high-quality voltage-clamp of voltage- activated currents. Preliminary data show that the dissociated cells retain two of the distinctive firing properties of Purkinje cells in vivo, spontaneous firing and formation of complex action potentials. The experimental design will combine current clamp recordings of action potential firing with a voltage-clamp analysis of the voltagedependent sodium, potassium, and calcium channels that underlie the action potentials. Voltage clamp experiments will use ionic substitution and specific channel blockers, especially peptide toxins, to distinguish the contributions of particular channel types to the overall sodium, calcium, and potassium currents. Action potential waveforms will be used as command voltages to determine the contribution of particular ion channels to firing patterns. A particular focus will be to characterize a novel repolarization-gated sodium current using single channel and whole-cell recordings, and to understand the role of the current in spontaneous firing and in the formation of multi-spike action potentials. Understanding the mechanisms involved in regulating the electrical excitability of central neurons will help in understanding the normal function of the nervous system as well as pathophysiological states resulting form stroke, intoxication, and epilepsy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for potassium in the PubMed Central database: •
A functional role for the two-pore domain potassium channel TASK-1 in cerebellar granule neurons. by Millar JA, Barratt L, Southan AP, Page KM, Fyffe RE, Robertson B, Mathie A.; 2000 Mar 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16288
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A human intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel. by Ishii TM, Silvia C, Hirschberg B, Bond CT, Adelman JP, Maylie J.; 1997 Oct 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23567
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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A mechanism for ATP-sensitive potassium channel diversity: Functional coassembly of two pore-forming subunits. by Cui Y, Giblin JP, Clapp LH, Tinker A.; 2001 Jan 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14656
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A mechanism for combinatorial regulation of electrical activity: Potassium channel subunits capable of functioning as Src homology 3-dependent adaptors. by Nitabach MN, Llamas DA, Araneda RC, Intile JL, Thompson IJ, Zhou YI, Holmes TC.; 2001 Jan 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14652
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A Mutation in the Arabidopsis KT2/KUP2 Potassium Transporter Gene Affects Shoot Cell Expansion. by Elumalai RP, Nagpal P, Reed JW.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150555
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A new approach to overcome potassium-mediated inhibition of triplex formation. by Svinarchuk F, Cherny D, Debin A, Delain E, Malvy C.; 1996 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146176
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A Novel Mechanism of Ion Homeostasis and Salt Tolerance in Yeast: the Hal4 and Hal5 Protein Kinases Modulate the Trk1-Trk2 Potassium Transporter. by Mulet JM, Leube MP, Kron SJ, Rios G, Fink GR, Serrano R.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84126
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Activation and inhibition of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir3) channels by G protein [beta][gamma] subunits. by Lei Q, Jones MB, Talley EM, Schrier AD, McIntire WE, Garrison JC, Bayliss DA.; 2000 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16940
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Activation of Kv3.1 channels in neuronal spine-like structures may induce local potassium ion depletion. by Wang LY, Gan L, Perney TM, Schwartz I, Kaczmarek LK.; 1998 Feb 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19207
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Activation of Potassium Channels: Relationship to the Heat Shock Response. by Saad AH, Hahn GM.; 1992 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50138
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Activation of the potassium uptake system during fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Ramos J, Haro R, Alijo R, Rodriguez-Navarro A.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205809
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Alteration of intracellular potassium and sodium concentrations correlates with induction of cytopathic effects by human immunodeficiency virus. by Voss TG, Fermin CD, Levy JA, Vigh S, Choi B, Garry RF.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190502
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Altered potassium balance and aldosterone secretion in a mouse model of human congenital long QT syndrome. by Arrighi I, Bloch-Faure M, Grahammer F, Bleich M, Warth R, Mengual R, Drici MD, Barhanin J, Meneton P.; 2001 Jul 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=37514
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Ammonium inhibition of Arabidopsis root growth can be reversed by potassium and by auxin resistance mutations aux1, axr1, and axr2. by Cao Y, Glass AD, Crawford NM.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158872
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An Arabidopsis mutant that requires increased calcium for potassium nutrition and salt tolerance. by Liu J, Zhu JK.; 1997 Dec 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25145
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An overview of the potassium channel family. by Miller C.; 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=138870
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AtKC1, a silent Arabidopsis potassium channel [alpha]-subunit modulates root hair K + influx. by Reintanz B, Szyroki A, Ivashikina N, Ache P, Godde M, Becker D, Palme K, Hedrich R.; 2002 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122651
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AtKUP1: an Arabidopsis gene encoding high-affinity potassium transport activity. by Kim EJ, Kwak JM, Uozumi N, Schroeder JI.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=143935
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Basolateral membrane targeting of a renal-epithelial inwardly rectifying potassium channel from the cortical collecting duct, CCD-IRK3, in MDCK cells. by Le Maout S, Brejon M, Olsen O, Merot J, Welling PA.; 1997 Nov 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24308
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Better conditions for mammalian in vitro splicing provided by acetate and glutamate as potassium counterions. by Reichert V, Moore MJ.; 2000 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102525
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Cerebellar neurons lacking complex gangliosides degenerate in the presence of depolarizing levels of potassium. by Wu G, Xie X, Lu ZH, Ledeen RW.; 2001 Jan 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14586
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Cloning and characterization of a potassium-coupled amino acid transporter. by Castagna M, Shayakul C, Trotti D, Sacchi VF, Harvey WR, Hediger MA.; 1998 Apr 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20272
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Cloning and Expression of a Rat Cardiac Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channel. by Paulmichl M, Nasmith P, Hellmiss R, Reed K, Boyle WA, Nerbonne JM, Peralta EG, Clapham DE.; 1991 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52410
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Cloning and Expression of Two Brain-Specific Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels. by Bredt DS, Wang T, Cohen NA, Guggino WB, Snyder SH.; 1995 Jul 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41407
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Collecting duct --specific gene inactivation of [alpha]ENaC in the mouse kidney does not impair sodium and potassium balance. by Rubera I, Loffing J, Palmer LG, Frindt G, Fowler-Jaeger N, Sauter D, Carroll T, McMahon A, Hummler E, Rossier BC.; 2003 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=171384
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Controlling potassium channel activities: Interplay between the membrane and intracellular factors. by Yi BA, Minor DL Jr, Lin YF, Jan YN, Jan LY.; 2001 Sep 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58676
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Crystallographic Evidence for the Action of Potassium, Thallium, and Lithium Ions on Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase. by Villeret V, Huang S, Fromm HJ, Lipscomb WN.; 1995 Sep 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41078
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Cyclic AMP regulates potassium channel expression in C6 glioma by destabilizing Kv1.1 mRNA. by Allen ML, Koh DS, Tempel BL.; 1998 Jun 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22725
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Defective regulatory volume decrease in human cystic fibrosis tracheal cells because of altered regulation of intermediate conductance Ca2 +-dependent potassium channels. by Vazquez E, Nobles M, Valverde MA.; 2001 Apr 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33209
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Desensitization of [mu]-opioid receptor-evoked potassium currents: Initiation at the receptor, expression at the effector. by Blanchet C, Luscher C.; 2002 Apr 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123706
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Determination of transmembrane topology of an inward-rectifying potassium channel from Arabidopsis thaliana based on functional expression in Escherichia coli. by Uozumi N, Nakamura T, Schroeder JI, Muto S.; 1998 Aug 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21412
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Distinct Abscisic Acid Signaling Pathways for Modulation of Guard Cell versus Mesophyll Cell Potassium Channels Revealed by Expression Studies in Xenopus laevis Oocytes. by Sutton F, Paul SS, Wang XQ, Assmann SM.; 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59137
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Divalent transition metal cations counteract potassium-induced quadruplex assembly of oligo(dG) sequences. by Blume SW, Guarcello V, Zacharias W, Miller DM.; 1997 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146479
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Dual mechanism for stimulation of glutamate transport by potassium ions in Streptococcus mutans. by Sato Y, Noji S, Suzuki R, Taniguchi S.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=210304
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Dual system for potassium transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by RodriguezNavarro A, Ramos J.; 1984 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=215750
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Energy-linked potassium uptake by mitochondria from wild-type and poky strains of Neurospora crassa. by Smith EW, Slayman CW.; 1977 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235019
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Enterocin P Causes Potassium Ion Efflux from Enterococcus faecium T136 Cells. by Herranz C, Cintas LM, Hernandez PE, Moll GN, Driessen AJ.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90390
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Evidence for the existence of a sulfonylurea-receptor-like protein in plants: Modulation of stomatal movements and guard cell potassium channels by sulfonylureas and potassium channel openers. by Leonhardt N, Marin E, Vavasseur A, Forestier C.; 1997 Dec 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28449
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Expression and Stress-Dependent Induction of Potassium Channel Transcripts in the Common Ice Plant. by Su H, Golldack D, Katsuhara M, Zhao C, Bohnert HJ.; 2001 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64862
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Expression of an Atrial G-Protein-Activated Potassium Channel in Xenopus Oocytes. by Dascal N, Lim NF, Schreibmayer W, Wang W, Davidson N, Lester HA.; 1993 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46979
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Extracellular Protons Inhibit the Activity of Inward- Rectifying Potassium Channels in the Motor Cells of Samanea saman Pulvini. by Yu L, Moshelion M, Moran N.; 2001 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129298
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Functions of AKT1 and AKT2 Potassium Channels Determined by Studies of Single and Double Mutants of Arabidopsis. by Dennison KL, Robertson WR, Lewis BD, Hirsch RE, Sussman MR, Spalding EP.; 2001 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129271
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Genetic analysis of potassium transport loci in Escherichia coli: evidence for three constitutive systems mediating uptake potassium. by Dosch DC, Helmer GL, Sutton SH, Salvacion FF, Epstein W.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207060
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Genetic analysis of salt tolerance in arabidopsis. Evidence for a critical role of potassium nutrition. by Zhu JK, Liu J, Xiong L.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144057
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Glutamate and 2-Amino-4-Phosphonobutyrate Evoke an Increase in Potassium Conductance in Retinal Bipolar Cells. by Hirano AA, MacLeish PR.; 1991 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50902
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Glutamate is Required to Maintain the Steady-State Potassium Pool in Salmonella typhimurium. by Yan D, Ikeda TP, Shauger AE, Kustu S.; 1996 Jun 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39057
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Glycine residues in potassium channel-like selectivity filters determine potassium selectivity in four-loop-per-subunit HKT transporters from plants. by Maser P, Hosoo Y, Goshima S, Horie T, Eckelman B, Yamada K, Yoshida K, Bakker EP, Shinmyo A, Oiki S, Schroeder JI, Uozumi N.; 2002 Apr 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122965
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High-Affinity Potassium Transport in Barley Roots. Ammonium-Sensitive and Insensitive Pathways. by Santa-Maria GE, Danna CH, Czibener C.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59003
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High-affinity potassium uptake system in Bacillus acidocaldarius showing immunological cross-reactivity with the Kdp system from Escherichia coli. by Bakker EP, Borchard A, Michels M, Altendorf K, Siebers A.; 1987 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213750
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Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: role of voltage-gated potassium channels. by Sweeney M, Yuan JX.; 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59541
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Identification of an Ancillary Protein, YabF, Required for Activity of the KefC Glutathione-Gated Potassium Efflux System in Escherichia coli. by Miller S, Ness LS, Wood CM, Fox BC, Booth IR.; 2000 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94807
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Identification of osmoresponsive genes in Escherichia coli: evidence for participation of potassium and proline transport systems in osmoregulation. by Gowrishankar J.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=214263
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Induction of Apoptosis in Cerebellar Granule Neurons by Low Potassium: Inhibition of Death by Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and cAMP. by D'Mello SR, Galli C, Ciotti T, Calissano P.; 1993 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47907
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Interchain hydrogen-bonding interactions may facilitate translocation of K + ions across the potassium channel selectivity filter, as suggested by synthetic modeling chemistry. by Mareque Rivas JC, Schwalbe H, Lippard SJ.; 2001 Aug 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55477
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Intracellular accumulation of potassium and glutamate specifically enhances survival of Escherichia coli in seawater. by Gauthier MJ, Flatau GN, Le Rudulier D, Clement RL, Combarro Combarro MP.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182697
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Intrinsic flexibility and gating mechanism of the potassium channel KcsA. by Shen Y, Kong Y, Ma J.; 2002 Feb 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122300
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Inventory and Functional Characterization of the HAK Potassium Transporters of Rice. by Banuelos MA, Garciadeblas B, Cubero B, Rodriguez-Navarro A.; 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166606
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Isolation and Properties of Enterococcus hirae Mutants Defective in the Potassium/Proton Antiport System. by Kakinuma Y, Igarashi K.; 1999 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93903
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Lactococcin G is a potassium ion-conducting, two-component bacteriocin. by Moll G, Ubbink-Kok T, Hildeng-Hauge H, Nissen-Meyer J, Nes IF, Konings WN, Driessen AJ.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177700
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Lasalocid-catalyzed proton conductance in Streptococcus bovis as affected by extracellular potassium. by Schwingel WR, Bates DB, Denham SC, Beede DK.; 1989 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184090
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Long QT and ventricular arrhythmias in transgenic mice expressing the N terminus and first transmembrane segment of a voltage-gated potassium channel. by London B, Jeron A, Zhou J, Buckett P, Han X, Mitchell GF, Koren G.; 1998 Mar 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19671
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Low-affinity potassium uptake system in Bacillus acidocaldarius. by Michels M, Bakker EP.; 1987 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213749
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Low-affinity potassium uptake system in the archaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum: overproduction of a 31-kilodalton membrane protein during growth on low-potassium medium. by Glasemacher J, Siebers A, Altendorf K, Schonheit P.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177719
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Mechanism of High-Affinity Potassium Uptake in Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. by Maathuis FJ, Sanders D.; 1994 Sep 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44794
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Modulation of nucleotide sensitivity of ATP-sensitive potassium channels by phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase. by Shyng SL, Barbieri A, Gumusboga A, Cukras C, Pike L, Davis JN, Stahl PD, Nichols CG.; 2000 Jan 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15434
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Muscarinic and [beta]-Adrenergic Depression of the Slow Ca2+- Activated Potassium Conductance in Hippocampal CA3 Pyramidal Cells is not Mediated by a Reduction of Depolarization-Induced Cytosolic Ca2+ Transients. by Knopfel T, Vranesic I, Gahwiler BH, Brown DA.; 1990 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54051
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Opioid receptors from a lower vertebrate (Catostomus commersoni): Sequence, pharmacology, coupling to a G-protein-gated inward-rectifying potassium channel (GIRK1), and evolution. by Darlison MG, Greten FR, Harvey RJ, Kreienkamp HJ, Stuhmer T, Zwiers H, Lederis K, Richter D.; 1997 Jul 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21583
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ORK1, a potassium-selective leak channel with two pore domains cloned from Drosophila melanogaster by expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Goldstein SA, Price LA, Rosenthal DN, Pausch MH.; 1996 Nov 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24080
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Osmotic regulation of transcription: induction of the proU betaine transport gene is dependent on accumulation of intracellular potassium. by Sutherland L, Cairney J, Elmore MJ, Booth IR, Higgins CF.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213556
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Outer Pore Residues Control the H+ and K+ Sensitivity of the Arabidopsis Potassium Channel AKT3. by Geiger D, Becker D, Lacombe B, Hedrich R.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151470
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Overexpression of a Shaker-type potassium channel in mammalian central nervous system dysregulates native potassium channel gene expression. by Sutherland ML, Williams SH, Abedi R, Overbeek PA, Pfaffinger PJ, Noebels JL.; 1999 Mar 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26805
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Pharmacological plasticity of cardiac ATP-sensitive potassium channels toward diazoxide revealed by ADP. by D'hahan N, Moreau C, Prost AL, Jacquet H, Alekseev AE, Terzic A, Vivaudou M.; 1999 Oct 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18429
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Positively charged oligonucleotides overcome potassium-mediated inhibition of triplex DNA formation. by Dagle JM, Weeks DL.; 1996 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=145908
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Potassium Channel Dysfunction in Fibroblasts Identifies Patients with Alzheimer Disease. by Etcheberrigaray R, Ito E, Oka K, Tofel-Grehl B, Gibson GE, Alkon DL.; 1993 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47318
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Potassium extrusion by the moderately halophilic and alkaliphilic methanogen methanolobus taylorii GS-16 and homeostasis of cytosolic pH. by Ni S, Boone JE, Boone DR.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=197116
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Potassium requirement for cell division in Anacystis nidulans. by Ingram LO, Thurston EL.; 1976 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=233372
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Potassium translocation in yeast mitochondria and its relationship to ergostrol biosynthesis. by Bailey RB, Parks LW.; 1975 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246098
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Potassium Transport and the Relationship Between Intracellular Potassium Concentration and Amino Acid Uptake by Cells of a Marine Pseudomonad. by Thompson J, MacLeod RA.; 1974 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245817
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Potassium Transport into Plant Vacuoles Energized Directly by a Proton-Pumping Inorganic Pyrophosphatase. by Davies JM, Poole RJ, Rea PA, Sanders D.; 1992 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50624
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Potassium transport system of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. by Jasper P.; 1978 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=222168
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Potassium/proton antiport system of growing Enterococcus hirae at high pH. by Kakinuma Y, Igarashi K.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176872
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Potassium-Channel Activation in Response to Low Doses of [gamma]-Irradiation Involves Reactive Oxygen Intermediates in Nonexcitatory Cells. by Kuo SS, Saad AH, Koong AC, Hahn GM, Giaccia AJ.; 1993 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45779
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Potassium-resistant triple helix formation and improved intracellular gene targeting by oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing 7-deazaxanthine. by Faruqi AF, Krawczyk SH, Matteucci MD, Glazer PM.; 1997 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146453
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Primary Structure and Functional Expression of a cGMP-Gated Potassium Channel. by Yao X, Segal AS, Welling P, Zhang X, McNicholas CM, Engel D, Boulpaep EL, Desir GV.; 1995 Dec 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40472
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Protein Synthesis in Bacillus subtilis: Differential Effect of Potassium Ions on In Vitro Peptide Chain Initiation and Elongation. by Sala F, Bazzicalupo M, Parisi B.; 1974 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245686
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Pyridine Nucleotide Redox State Parallels Production of Aldosterone in PotassiumStimulated Adrenal Glomerulosa Cells. by Pralong W, Hunyady L, Varnai P, Wollheim CB, Spat A.; 1992 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48190
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Rapid Induction of Regulatory and Transporter Genes in Response to Phosphorus, Potassium, and Iron Deficiencies in Tomato Roots. Evidence for Cross Talk and Root/Rhizosphere-Mediated Signals. by Wang YH, Garvin DF, Kochian LV.; 2002 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166655
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Rapid Up-Regulation of HKT1, a High-Affinity Potassium Transporter Gene, in Roots of Barley and Wheat following Withdrawal of Potassium. by Wang TB, Gassmann W, Rubio F, Schroeder JI, Glass AD.; 1998 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34841
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Regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh Arginine decarboxylase by potassium deficiency stress. by Watson MB, Malmberg RL.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160983
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Regulation of Potassium-Dependent Kdp-ATPase Expression in the Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacterium Anabaena torulosa. by Alahari A, Ballal A, Apte SK.; 2001 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95474
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Role of Sodium and Potassium Ions in Regulation of Glucose Metabolism in Cultured Astroglia. by Takahashi S, Driscoll BF, Law MJ, Sokoloff L.; 1995 May 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41995
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Selective Knockout of Mouse ERG1 B Potassium Channel Eliminates IKr in Adult Ventricular Myocytes and Elicits Episodes of Abrupt Sinus Bradycardia. by LeesMiller JP, Guo J, Somers JR, Roach DE, Sheldon RS, Rancourt DE, Duff HJ.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149456
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Structures of the potassium-saturated, 2:1, and intermediate, 1:1, forms of a quadruplex DNA. by Marathias VM, Bolton PH.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103305
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Subcloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of trkG, a gene that encodes an integral membrane protein involved in potassium uptake via the Trk system of Escherichia coli. by Schlosser A, Kluttig S, Hamann A, Bakker EP.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207911
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Survival during exposure to the electrophilic reagent N-ethylmaleimide in Escherichia coli: role of KefB and KefC potassium channels. by Ferguson GP, Nikolaev Y, McLaggan D, Maclean M, Booth IR.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178791
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Tetracycline resistance element of pBR322 mediates potassium transport. by Dosch DC, Salvacion FF, Epstein W.; 1984 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=215843
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The Amino-Terminal Segment of the Catalytic Subunit of Kidney Na,K-ATPase Regulates the Potassium Deocclusion Pathway of the Reaction Cycle. by Wierzbicki W, Blostein R.; 1993 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45601
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The effect of sodium, potassium and ammonium ions on the conformation of the dimeric quadruplex formed by the Oxytricha nova telomere repeat oligonucleotide d(G(4)T(4)G(4)). by Schultze P, Hud NV, Smith FW, Feigon J.; 1999 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=148525
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The HAK1 gene of barley is a member of a large gene family and encodes a highaffinity potassium transporter. by Santa-Maria GE, Rubio F, Dubcovsky J, RodriguezNavarro A.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157074
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The kdp system of Clostridium acetobutylicum: cloning, sequencing, and transcriptional regulation in response to potassium concentration. by Treuner-Lange A, Kuhn A, Durre P.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179285
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The tet(K) gene from Staphylococcus aureus mediates the transport of potassium in Escherichia coli. by Guay GG, Tuckman M, McNicholas P, Rothstein DM.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=204949
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TRH1 Encodes a Potassium Transporter Required for Tip Growth in Arabidopsis Root Hairs. by Rigas S, Debrosses G, Haralampidis K, Vicente-Agullo F, Feldmann KA, Grabov A, Dolan L, Hatzopoulos P.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102205
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Use of potassium depletion to assess adaptation of ruminal bacteria to ionophores. by Lana RP, Russell JB.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168276
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with potassium, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for potassium (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A conserved domain in axonal targeting of Kv1 (Shaker) voltage-gated potassium channels. Author(s): Gu C, Jan YN, Jan LY. Source: Science. 2003 August 1; 301(5633): 646-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12893943&dopt=Abstract
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A mutation in the KCNE3 potassium channel gene is associated with susceptibility to thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Author(s): Dias Da Silva MR, Cerutti JM, Arnaldi LA, Maciel RM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 November; 87(11): 4881-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414843&dopt=Abstract
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A new human gene KCNRG encoding potassium channel regulating protein is a cancer suppressor gene candidate located in 13q14.3. Author(s): Ivanov DV, Tyazhelova TV, Lemonnier L, Kononenko N, Pestova AA, Nikitin EA, Prevarskaya N, Skryma R, Panchin YV, Yankovsky NK, Baranova AV. Source: Febs Letters. 2003 March 27; 539(1-3): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650944&dopt=Abstract
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A novel conotoxin inhibiting vertebrate voltage-sensitive potassium channels. Author(s): Kauferstein S, Huys I, Lamthanh H, Stocklin R, Sotto F, Menez A, Tytgat J, Mebs D. Source: Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2003 July; 42(1): 43-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12893060&dopt=Abstract
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A novel mutation (T65P) in the PAS domain of the human potassium channel HERG results in the long QT syndrome by trafficking deficiency. Author(s): Paulussen A, Raes A, Matthijs G, Snyders DJ, Cohen N, Aerssens J. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 December 13; 277(50): 48610-6. Epub 2002 September 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354768&dopt=Abstract
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A novel potassium sensing in aqueous media with a synthetic oligonucleotide derivative. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer associated with Guanine quartetpotassium ion complex formation. Author(s): Ueyama H, Takagi M, Takenaka S. Source: Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2002 December 4; 124(48): 14286-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452685&dopt=Abstract
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A patient with sodium- and potassium-losing nephropathy. Author(s): Fulop M. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2003 February; 325(2): 93-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589233&dopt=Abstract
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A potassium ion channel is involved in cytokine production by activated human macrophages. Author(s): Qiu MR, Campbell TJ, Breit SN. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2002 October; 130(1): 67-74. Erratum In: Clin Exp Immunol 2002 December; 130(3): 559-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12296855&dopt=Abstract
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A trail of research on potassium. Author(s): Giebisch GH. Source: Kidney International. 2002 November; 62(5): 1498-512. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12371944&dopt=Abstract
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Ace inhibitors and survival in dialysis patients: effects on serum potassium? Author(s): Abbott KC. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 February; 41(2): 520-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12552520&dopt=Abstract
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Active relaxation of human gallbladder muscle is mediated by ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Author(s): Bird NC, Ahmed R, Chess-Williams R, Johnson AG. Source: Digestion. 2002; 65(4): 220-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12239463&dopt=Abstract
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Activity of potassium channel-blockers in breast cancer. Author(s): Abdul M, Santo A, Hoosein N. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 July-August; 23(4): 3347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12926074&dopt=Abstract
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Airway obstruction following potassium permanganate ingestion. Author(s): Dhamrait RS. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 June; 58(6): 606-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846640&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of phosphorylation-dependent modulation of Kv1.1 potassium channels. Author(s): Winklhofer M, Matthias K, Seifert G, Stocker M, Sewing S, Herget T, Steinhauser C, Saaler-Reinhardt S. Source: Neuropharmacology. 2003 May; 44(6): 829-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12681381&dopt=Abstract
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APETx1, a new toxin from the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima, blocks voltage-gated human ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channels. Author(s): Diochot S, Loret E, Bruhn T, Beress L, Lazdunski M. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 July; 64(1): 59-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12815161&dopt=Abstract
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ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the cerebral circulation. Author(s): Rosenblum WI. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2003 June; 34(6): 1547-52. Epub 2003 April 24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12714709&dopt=Abstract
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ATP-sensitive potassium channels induced in liver cells after transfection with insulin cDNA and the GLUT 2 transporter regulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Author(s): Liu GJ, Simpson AM, Swan MA, Tao C, Tuch BE, Crawford RM, Jovanovic A, Martin DK. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2003 September; 17(12): 1682-4. Epub 2003 July 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12958175&dopt=Abstract
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A-type potassium currents in smooth muscle. Author(s): Amberg GC, Koh SD, Imaizumi Y, Ohya S, Sanders KM. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 2003 March; 284(3): C583-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556357&dopt=Abstract
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Autoimmune disorders of neuronal potassium channels. Author(s): Newsom-Davis J, Buckley C, Clover L, Hart I, Maddison P, Tuzum E, Vincent A. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 September; 998: 202-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14592877&dopt=Abstract
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Banana potassium and stroke. Author(s): Singhal MK. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2002 November; 40(11): 1322. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13677640&dopt=Abstract
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Bcl-2 and tBid proteins counter-regulate mitochondrial potassium transport. Author(s): Eliseev RA, Salter JD, Gunter KK, Gunter TE. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 April 18; 1604(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686415&dopt=Abstract
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Beneficial effect of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion in noncritically ill patients has to be proven. Author(s): van der Horst IC, Gans RO, Nijsten MW, Ligtenberg JJ. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2003 November; 254(5): 513; Author Reply 514. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14535974&dopt=Abstract
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Beta-oxidation of 5-hydroxydecanoate, a putative blocker of mitochondrial ATPsensitive potassium channels. Author(s): Hanley PJ, Gopalan KV, Lareau RA, Srivastava DK, von Meltzer M, Daut J. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2003 March 1; 547(Pt 2): 387-93. Epub 2003 January 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562916&dopt=Abstract
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Bioequivalence of clavulanate potassium and amoxicillin (1:7) dispersible tablets in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Hu G, Dai Z, Long L, Han Y, Hou S, Wu L. Source: J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2002; 22(3): 224-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658810&dopt=Abstract
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Biophysical characteristics of a new mutation on the KCNQ1 potassium channel (L251P) causing long QT syndrome. Author(s): Deschenes D, Acharfi S, Pouliot V, Hegele R, Krahn A, Daleau P, Chahine M. Source: Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2003 February; 81(2): 12934. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710526&dopt=Abstract
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Blood pressure response to changes in sodium and potassium intake: a metaregression analysis of randomised trials. Author(s): Geleijnse JM, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2003 July; 17(7): 471-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821954&dopt=Abstract
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BMS-204352: a potassium channel opener developed for the treatment of stroke. Author(s): Jensen BS. Source: Cns Drug Rev. 2002 Winter; 8(4): 353-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12481191&dopt=Abstract
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BPDZ 154 activates adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels: in vitro studies using rodent insulin-secreting cells and islets isolated from patients with hyperinsulinism. Author(s): Cosgrove KE, Antoine MH, Lee AT, Barnes PD, de Tullio P, Clayton P, McCloy R, De Lonlay P, Nihoul-Fekete C, Robert JJ, Saudubray JM, Rahier J, Lindley KJ, Hussain K, Aynsley-Green A, Pirotte B, Lebrun P, Dunne MJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 November; 87(11): 4860-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414839&dopt=Abstract
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By the way, doctor. I'm 84, 5-foot-9, and weigh 160. I do an hour's exercise every day. I take a diuretic, potassium, and calcium-channel blocker. Should I also take Lipitor to avoid a heart attack? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2003 April; 28(6): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777236&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium activation of BK(Ca) potassium channels lacking the calcium bowl and RCK domains. Author(s): Piskorowski R, Aldrich RW. Source: Nature. 2002 December 5; 420(6915): 499-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12466841&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium-activated potassium channel expression in human myometrium: effect of pregnancy. Author(s): Mazzone JN, Kaiser RA, Buxton IL. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2002; 45: 184-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434576&dopt=Abstract
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Capping carious exposed pulps with potassium nitrate, dimethyl isosorbide, polycarboxylate cement. Author(s): Hodosh M, Hodosh SH, Hodosh AJ. Source: Dent Today. 2003 January; 22(1): 46-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616888&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiac sympathetic innervation and control of potassium channel function. Author(s): Ravens U, Dobrev D. Source: Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 2003 February; 35(2): 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606253&dopt=Abstract
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Caustic burn caused by potassium permanganate. Author(s): Baron S, Moss C. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 February; 88(2): 96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12538301&dopt=Abstract
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Ceramide inhibits the potassium channel Kv1.3 by the formation of membrane platforms. Author(s): Bock J, Szabo I, Gamper N, Adams C, Gulbins E. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 June 13; 305(4): 890-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767914&dopt=Abstract
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Chloride and potassium channel function in alveolar epithelial cells. Author(s): O'Grady SM, Lee SY. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 2003 May; 284(5): L689-700. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676759&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic treatment with nicotine or potassium attenuates depolarisation-evoked noradrenaline release from the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y. Author(s): Agis-Torres A, Ball SG, Vaughan PF. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 October 18; 331(3): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383923&dopt=Abstract
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Cloning of a pore-forming subunit of ATP-sensitive potassium channel from Clonorchis sinensis. Author(s): Hwang SY, Han HJ, Kim SH, Park SG, Seog DH, Kim NR, Han J, Chung JY, Kho WG. Source: The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2003 June; 41(2): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12815327&dopt=Abstract
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Colocalization and nonrandom distribution of Kv1.3 potassium channels and CD3 molecules in the plasma membrane of human T lymphocytes. Author(s): Panyi G, Bagdany M, Bodnar A, Vamosi G, Szentesi G, Jenei A, Matyus L, Varga S, Waldmann TA, Gaspar R, Damjanovich S. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 March 4; 100(5): 2592-7. Epub 2003 February 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604782&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative response of whitening strips to a low peroxide and potassium nitrate bleaching gel. Author(s): Gerlach RW, Zhou X, McClanahan SF. Source: Am J Dent. 2002 September; 15 Spec No: 19A-23A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12512987&dopt=Abstract
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Contribution of nitric oxide to potassium bromate-induced elevation of methaemoglobin concentration in mouse blood. Author(s): Watanabe S, Togashi S, Fukui T. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 October; 25(10): 1315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392086&dopt=Abstract
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Control of outer vestibule dynamics and current magnitude in the Kv2.1 potassium channel. Author(s): Andalib P, Wood MJ, Korn SJ. Source: The Journal of General Physiology. 2002 November; 120(5): 739-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12407083&dopt=Abstract
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Correction for the adverse influence of sodium-potassium cotransport on apparent sodium-lithium countertransport activity in human erythrocytes. Author(s): Hardman TC, Morrish Z, Patel M, Chalkley S, Noble MI. Source: Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 2002 January-February; 47(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387935&dopt=Abstract
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Cranial MR imaging findings of potassium chlorate intoxication. Author(s): Mutlu H, Silit E, Pekkafali Z, Basekim CC, Kizilkaya E, Ay H, Karsli AF. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 August; 24(7): 1396-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917136&dopt=Abstract
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C-terminal domains implicated in the functional surface expression of potassium channels. Author(s): Jenke M, Sanchez A, Monje F, Stuhmer W, Weseloh RM, Pardo LA. Source: The Embo Journal. 2003 February 3; 22(3): 395-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554641&dopt=Abstract
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Danger of salt substitutes that contain potassium in patients with renal failure. Author(s): Doorenbos CJ, Vermeij CG. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 January 4; 326(7379): 35-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511461&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased potassium channel IK1 and its regulator neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in inflamed human bowel. Author(s): Arnold SJ, Facer P, Yiangou Y, Chen MX, Plumpton C, Tate SN, Bountra C, Chan CL, Williams NS, Anand P. Source: Neuroreport. 2003 February 10; 14(2): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598727&dopt=Abstract
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Detection and implications of potassium channel alterations. Author(s): Korovkina VP, England SK. Source: Vascular Pharmacology. 2002 January; 38(1): 3-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378820&dopt=Abstract
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Diabetes mellitus impairs vasodilation to hypoxia in human coronary arterioles: reduced activity of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Author(s): Miura H, Wachtel RE, Loberiza FR Jr, Saito T, Miura M, Nicolosi AC, Gutterman DD. Source: Circulation Research. 2003 February 7; 92(2): 151-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12574142&dopt=Abstract
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Diazoxide in the treatment of schizophrenia: novel application of potassium channel openers in the treatment of schizophrenia. Author(s): Akhondzadeh S, Mojtahedzadeh V, Mirsepassi GR, Moin M, AminiNooshabadi H, Kamalipour A. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2002 December; 27(6): 453-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472985&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary potassium and laxatives as regulators of colonic potassium secretion in endstage renal disease. Author(s): Mathialahan T, Sandle GI. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2003 February; 18(2): 341-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543890&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary protein, phosphorus and potassium are beneficial to bone mineral density in adult men consuming adequate dietary calcium. Author(s): Whiting SJ, Boyle JL, Thompson A, Mirwald RL, Faulkner RA. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 October; 21(5): 402-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356781&dopt=Abstract
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Distal nephron sodium-potassium exchange in children with nephrotic syndrome. Author(s): Donckerwolcke RA, France A, Raes A, Vande Walle J. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2003 April; 59(4): 259-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708565&dopt=Abstract
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E23K single nucleotide polymorphism in the islet ATP-sensitive potassium channel gene (Kir6.2) contributes as much to the risk of Type II diabetes in Caucasians as the PPARgamma Pro12Ala variant. Author(s): Love-Gregory L, Wasson J, Lin J, Skolnick G, Suarez B, Permutt MA. Source: Diabetologia. 2003 January; 46(1): 136-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643262&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of chronic tobacco use on salivary concentrations of sodium and potassium. Author(s): Khan GJ, Mehmood R, Salah-ud-Din, Ihtesham-ul-Haq. Source: J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2003 January-March; 15(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870317&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of diabetes on serum potassium concentrations in acute coronary syndromes. Author(s): Foo K, Sekhri N, Deaner A, Knight C, Suliman A, Ranjadayalan K, Timmis AD. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2003 January; 89(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482786&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of different cycling frequencies during incremental exercise on the venous plasma potassium concentration in humans. Author(s): Zoladz JA, Duda K, Majerczak J, Thor P. Source: Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 2002; 51(6): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511181&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of lipophylic salts on ise detection limit: application to calixarene-based highly efficient potassium-selective electrodes. Author(s): Giannetto M, Mori G, Pappalardo S, Parisi MF. Source: Ann Chim. 2002 November-December; 92(11-12): 1099-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556033&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of low-molecular-weight heparin on potassium homeostasis. Author(s): Abdel-Raheem MM, Potti A, Tadros S, Koka V, Hanekom D, Fraiman G, Danielson BD. Source: Pathophysiology of Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2002 May-June; 32(3): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372922&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of S6 tail mutations on charge movement in Shaker potassium channels. Author(s): Ding S, Horn R. Source: Biophysical Journal. 2003 January; 84(1): 295-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524283&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a potassium nitrate mouthwash on dentinal tubules--a SEM analysis using the dentine disc model. Author(s): Pereira R, Chava VK. Source: J Int Acad Periodontol. 2002 April; 4(2): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12685807&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of adrenaline and potassium on QTc interval and QT dispersion in man. Author(s): Lee S, Harris ND, Robinson RT, Yeoh L, Macdonald IA, Heller SR. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 February; 33(2): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588281&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on chronic ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction. Author(s): Khoury VK, Haluska B, Prins J, Marwick TH. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2003 January; 89(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482794&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of glucose-insulin-potassium solution on myocardial salvage and left ventricular function after primary angioplasty. Author(s): Castro PF, Larrain G, Baeza R, Corbalan R, Nazzal C, Greig DP, Miranda FP, Perez O, Acevedo M, Marchant E, Olea E, Gonzalez R. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2003 August; 31(8): 2152-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12973173&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of inhibition of ATP-sensitive potassium channels on metabolic vasodilation in the human forearm. Author(s): Farouque HM, Meredith IT. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2003 January; 104(1): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519086&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of irbesartan on cloned potassium channels involved in human cardiac repolarization. Author(s): Moreno I, Caballero R, Gonzalez T, Arias C, Valenzuela C, Iriepa I, Galvez E, Tamargo J, Delpon E. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 February; 304(2): 862-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12538844&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents and adenosine triphosphate dependent potassium channel antagonists on ventricular arrhythmias in patients with decompensated heart failure. Author(s): Aronson D, Mittleman MA, Burger AJ. Source: Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace. 2003 May; 26(5): 1254-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12765455&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated non-esterified fatty acids impair nitric oxide independent vasodilation, in humans: evidence for a role of inwardly rectifying potassium channels. Author(s): de Kreutzenberg SV, Puato M, Kiwanuka E, Del Prato S, Pauletto P, Pasini L, Tiengo A, Avogaro A. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2003 July; 169(1): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860261&dopt=Abstract
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Engineering-specific pharmacological binding sites for peptidyl inhibitors of potassium channels into KcsA. Author(s): Legros C, Schulze C, Garcia ML, Bougis PE, Martin-Eauclaire MF, Pongs O. Source: Biochemistry. 2002 December 24; 41(51): 15369-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484776&dopt=Abstract
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Esophageal hemangioma successfully treated by fulguration using potassium titanyl phosphate/yttrium aluminum garnet (KTP/YAG) laser: a case report. Author(s): Shigemitsu K, Naomoto Y, Yamatsuji T, Ono K, Aoki H, Haisa M, Tanaka N. Source: Diseases of the Esophagus : Official Journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus / I.S.D.E. 2000; 13(2): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14601909&dopt=Abstract
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Estrogen and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels. Author(s): Webb C, Collins P. Source: Circulation. 2003 June 24; 107(24): E221; Author Reply E221. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821597&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of the efficacy of two potassium nitrate bioadhesive gels (5% and 10%) in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. A randomised clinical trial. Author(s): Frechoso SC, Menendez M, Guisasola C, Arregui I, Tejerina JM, Sicilia A. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2003 April; 30(4): 315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694429&dopt=Abstract
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Experimental and theoretical studies of the effect of electrode polarisation on capacitances of blood and potassium chloride solution. Author(s): Umino M, Oda N, Yasuhara Y. Source: Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing. 2002 September; 40(5): 533-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452413&dopt=Abstract
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Experts advise on potassium iodide use: no protection against “dirty bombs”. Author(s): Vastag B. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 23-30; 289(16): 2058. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709449&dopt=Abstract
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Expression and distribution of a small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (SK3) protein in skeletal muscles from myotonic muscular dystrophy patients and congenital myotonic mice. Author(s): Kimura T, Takahashi MP, Fujimura H, Sakoda S. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 August 28; 347(3): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875918&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of mRNA transcripts for ATP-sensitive potassium channels in human myometrium. Author(s): Curley M, Cairns MT, Friel AM, McMeel OM, Morrison JJ, Smith TJ. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 2002 October; 8(10): 941-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356945&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of voltage-gated potassium channels Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 in human gliomas. Author(s): Preussat K, Beetz C, Schrey M, Kraft R, Wolfl S, Kalff R, Patt S. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 July 31; 346(1-2): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850541&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal intravenous injection of potassium in hospitalized patients. Author(s): Wetherton AR, Corey TS, Buchino JJ, Burrows AM. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2003 June; 24(2): 128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773847&dopt=Abstract
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Final report on the safety assessment of Tocopherol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Tocopheryl Linoleate, Tocopheryl Linoleate/Oleate, Tocopheryl Nicotinate, Tocopheryl Succinate, Dioleyl Tocopheryl Methylsilanol, Potassium Ascorbyl Tocopheryl Phosphate, and Tocophersolan. Author(s): Zondlo Fiume M. Source: International Journal of Toxicology. 2002; 21 Suppl 3: 51-116. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537931&dopt=Abstract
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Functional and pharmacological properties of canine ERG potassium channels. Author(s): Wang J, Della Penna K, Wang H, Karczewski J, Connolly TM, Koblan KS, Bennett PB, Salata JJ. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2003 January; 284(1): H256-67. Epub 2002 October 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388285&dopt=Abstract
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G protein-coupled receptors form stable complexes with inwardly rectifying potassium channels and adenylyl cyclase. Author(s): Lavine N, Ethier N, Oak JN, Pei L, Liu F, Trieu P, Rebois RV, Bouvier M, Hebert TE, Van Tol HH. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 November 29; 277(48): 46010-9. Epub 2002 September 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12297500&dopt=Abstract
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Genomic amplification and oncogenic properties of the KCNK9 potassium channel gene. Author(s): Mu D, Chen L, Zhang X, See LH, Koch CM, Yen C, Tong JJ, Spiegel L, Nguyen KC, Servoss A, Peng Y, Pei L, Marks JR, Lowe S, Hoey T, Jan LY, McCombie WR, Wigler MH, Powers S. Source: Cancer Cell. 2003 March; 3(3): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676587&dopt=Abstract
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Glucose-insulin-potassium infusion in sepsis and septic shock: no hard evidence yet. Author(s): van der Horst IC, Ligtenberg JJ, Bilo HJ, Zijlstra F, Gans RO. Source: Critical Care (London, England). 2003 February; 7(1): 13-5. Epub 2002 October 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617733&dopt=Abstract
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Glucose-insulin-potassium infusion inpatients treated with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: the glucose-insulin-potassium study: a randomized trial. Author(s): van der Horst IC, Zijlstra F, van't Hof AW, Doggen CJ, de Boer MJ, Suryapranata H, Hoorntje JC, Dambrink JH, Gans RO, Bilo HJ; Zwolle Infarct Study Group. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 September 3; 42(5): 784-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12957421&dopt=Abstract
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Growth differentiation factor-15 prevents low potassium-induced cell death of cerebellar granule neurons by differential regulation of Akt and ERK pathways. Author(s): Subramaniam S, Strelau J, Unsicker K. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 March 14; 278(11): 8904-12. Epub 2003 January 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514175&dopt=Abstract
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High potassium-induced activation of choline-acetyltransferase in human neocortex: implications and species differences. Author(s): Sigle JP, Zander J, Ehret A, Honegger J, Jackisch R, Feuerstein TJ. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2003 May 15; 60(3): 255-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12754087&dopt=Abstract
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High salt intake appears to increase bone resorption in postmenopausal women but high potassium intake ameliorates this adverse effect. Author(s): Harrington M, Cashman KD. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 May; 61(5 Pt 1): 179-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12822707&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose glucose-insulin-potassium after cardiac surgery: a retrospective analysis of clinical safety issues. Author(s): Szabo Z, Hakanson E, Maros T, Svedjeholm R. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 April; 47(4): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694134&dopt=Abstract
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Hypoxic fetoplacental vasoconstriction in humans is mediated by potassium channel inhibition. Author(s): Hampl V, Bibova J, Stranak Z, Wu X, Michelakis ED, Hashimoto K, Archer SL. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2002 December; 283(6): H2440-9. Epub 2002 August 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388256&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of a COOH-terminal segment involved in maturation and stability of human ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channels. Author(s): Akhavan A, Atanasiu R, Shrier A. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 October 10; 278(41): 40105-12. Epub 2003 July 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12885765&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of human Kir2.2 (KCNJ12) gene encoding functional inward rectifier potassium channel in both mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes. Author(s): Kaibara M, Ishihara K, Doi Y, Hayashi H, Ehara T, Taniyama K. Source: Febs Letters. 2002 November 6; 531(2): 250-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417321&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of viable myocardium in patients with chronic coronary artery disease and myocardial dysfunction: comparison of low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography and echocardiography during glucose-insulin-potassium infusion. Author(s): Yetkin E, Senen K, Ileri M, Atak R, Battaoglu B, Yetkin O, Tandogan I, Turhan H, Cehreli S. Source: Angiology. 2002 November-December; 53(6): 671-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463620&dopt=Abstract
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Identification, synthesis, and activity of novel blockers of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.5. Author(s): Peukert S, Brendel J, Pirard B, Bruggemann A, Below P, Kleemann HW, Hemmerle H, Schmidt W. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 February 13; 46(4): 486-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12570371&dopt=Abstract
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Immunolocalization and protein expression of the alpha subunit of the largeconductance calcium-activated potassium channel in human myometrium. Author(s): Chanrachakul B, Matharoo-Ball B, Turner A, Robinson G, Broughton-Pipkin F, Arulkumaran S, Khan RN. Source: Reproduction (Cambridge, England). 2003 July; 126(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814346&dopt=Abstract
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Impaired hypoxic coronary vasodilation and ATP-sensitive potassium channel function: a manifestation of diabetic microangiopathy in humans? Author(s): Weintraub NL. Source: Circulation Research. 2003 February 7; 92(2): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12574137&dopt=Abstract
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Inactivation of Kv3.3 potassium channels in heterologous expression systems. Author(s): Fernandez FR, Morales E, Rashid AJ, Dunn RJ, Turner RW. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 October 17; 278(42): 40890-8. Epub 2003 August 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12923191&dopt=Abstract
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Increased prevalence of interstitial cystitis: previously unrecognized urologic and gynecologic cases identified using a new symptom questionnaire and intravesical potassium sensitivity. Author(s): Parsons CL, Dell J, Stanford EJ, Bullen M, Kahn BS, Waxell T, Koziol JA. Source: Urology. 2002 October; 60(4): 573-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385909&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing blood flow increases kt/V(urea) and potassium removal but fails to improve phosphate removal. Author(s): Gutzwiller JP, Schneditz D, Huber AR, Schindler C, Garbani E, Zehnder CE. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2003 February; 59(2): 130-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608556&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing plasma potassium with amiloride shortens the QT interval and reduces ventricular extrasystoles but does not change endothelial function or heart rate variability in chronic heart failure. Author(s): Farquharson CA, Struthers AD. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2002 November; 88(5): 475-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381637&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of pore residues on permeation properties in the Kv2.1 potassium channel. Evidence for a selective functional interaction of K+ with the outer vestibule. Author(s): Consiglio JF, Andalib P, Korn SJ. Source: The Journal of General Physiology. 2003 February; 121(2): 111-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566539&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of hEAG1 and hERG1 potassium channels by clofilium and its tertiary analogue LY97241. Author(s): Gessner G, Heinemann SH. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 January; 138(1): 161-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522086&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction with 14-3-3 proteins promotes functional expression of the potassium channels TASK-1 and TASK-3. Author(s): Rajan S, Preisig-Muller R, Wischmeyer E, Nehring R, Hanley PJ, Renigunta V, Musset B, Schlichthorl G, Derst C, Karschin A, Daut J. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2002 November 15; 545(Pt 1): 13-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12433946&dopt=Abstract
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Intraerythrocytic potassium levels and early insulin release in children with moderate malnutrition. Author(s): Karasalihoglu S, Bi M, Oner N, Celtik C, Pala O. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2003 October; 49(5): 305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14604166&dopt=Abstract
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Inwardly rectifying potassium channels in the regulation of vascular tone. Author(s): Chrissobolis S, Sobey CG. Source: Current Drug Targets. 2003 May; 4(4): 281-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699348&dopt=Abstract
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Iodinated contrast medium-induced potassium release: the effect of mixing ratios. Author(s): Hayakawa K, Nakamura T, Shimizu Y. Source: Radiat Med. 2002 July-August; 20(4): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12296436&dopt=Abstract
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Is potassium concentration from arterial blood gas analysis an accurate reflection of serum potassium? Author(s): Kelly AM, Middleton P. Source: Emergency Medicine (Fremantle, W.A.). 2003 June; 15(3): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786659&dopt=Abstract
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Keratosis rubra pilaris responding to potassium titanyl phosphate laser. Author(s): Dawn G, Urcelay M, Patel M, Strong AM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 October; 147(4): 822-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12366447&dopt=Abstract
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Killing of Candida albicans by human salivary histatin 5 is modulated, but not determined, by the potassium channel TOK1. Author(s): Baev D, Rivetta A, Li XS, Vylkova S, Bashi E, Slayman CL, Edgerton M. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 June; 71(6): 3251-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12761106&dopt=Abstract
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Kinetic modulation of HERG potassium channels by the volatile anesthetic halothane. Author(s): Li J, Correa AM. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 October; 97(4): 921-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357160&dopt=Abstract
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Kir6.2 polymorphisms sensitize beta-cell ATP-sensitive potassium channels to activation by acyl CoAs: a possible cellular mechanism for increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes? Author(s): Riedel MJ, Boora P, Steckley D, de Vries G, Light PE. Source: Diabetes. 2003 October; 52(10): 2630-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14514649&dopt=Abstract
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KTP laser ablation of Barrett's esophagus after anti-reflux surgery results in long-term loss of intestinal metaplasia. Potassium-titanyl-phosphate. Author(s): Bowers SP, Mattar SG, Waring PJ, Galloway K, Nasir A, Pascal R, Hunter JG, Mattear SG. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2003 January; 17(1): 49-54. Epub 2002 October 08. Erratum In: Surg Endosc. 2003 Jan; 17(1): 173. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364985&dopt=Abstract
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Kv1.3 potassium channels in human alveolar macrophages. Author(s): Mackenzie AB, Chirakkal H, North RA. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 2003 October; 285(4): L862-8. Epub 2003 August 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909584&dopt=Abstract
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Levalbuterol is as effective as racemic albuterol in lowering serum potassium. Author(s): Pancu D, LaFlamme M, Evans E, Reed J. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 July; 25(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865102&dopt=Abstract
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Linearization of the relationship between serum sodium, potassium concentration, their ratio and time since death in Chandigarh zone of north-west India. Author(s): Singh D, Prashad R, Parkash C, Bansal YS, Sharma SK, Pandey AN. Source: Forensic Science International. 2002 November 5; 130(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12427443&dopt=Abstract
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Localization and function of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in human skeletal muscle. Author(s): Nielsen JJ, Kristensen M, Hellsten Y, Bangsbo J, Juel C. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2003 February; 284(2): R558-63. Epub 2002 September 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388475&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term administration of nicorandil abolishes ischemic and pharmacologic preconditioning of the human myocardium: role of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels. Author(s): Loubani M, Galinanes M. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002 October; 124(4): 750-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324733&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose diclofenac potassium in the treatment of episodic tension-type headache. Author(s): Kubitzek F, Ziegler G, Gold MS, Liu JM, Ionescu E. Source: European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2003; 7(2): 155-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12600797&dopt=Abstract
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Management of a case of uterine scar pregnancy by transabdominal potassium chloride injection. Author(s): Hartung J, Meckies J. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 January; 21(1): 94-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12528170&dopt=Abstract
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Maurotoxin: a potent inhibitor of intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channels. Author(s): Castle NA, London DO, Creech C, Fajloun Z, Stocker JW, Sabatier JM. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 February; 63(2): 409-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527813&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanism of inhibitory actions of oxidizing agents on calcium-activated potassium current in cultured pigment epithelial cells of the human retina. Author(s): Sheu SJ, Wu SN. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 March; 44(3): 1237-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601054&dopt=Abstract
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MinK-related peptide 2 modulates Kv2.1 and Kv3.1 potassium channels in mammalian brain. Author(s): McCrossan ZA, Lewis A, Panaghie G, Jordan PN, Christini DJ, Lerner DJ, Abbott GW. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 September 3; 23(22): 8077-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12954870&dopt=Abstract
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Mitochondrial potassium channels and uncoupling proteins in synaptic plasticity and neuronal cell death. Author(s): Mattson MP, Liu D. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 May 9; 304(3): 539-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729589&dopt=Abstract
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Mitochondrial potassium transport: the K(+) cycle. Author(s): Garlid KD, Paucek P. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 September 30; 1606(1-3): 23-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14507425&dopt=Abstract
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Mitochondrial potassium transport: the role of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) channel in cardiac function and cardioprotection. Author(s): Garlid KD, Dos Santos P, Xie ZJ, Costa AD, Paucek P. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 September 30; 1606(1-3): 1-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14507424&dopt=Abstract
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Mix-up between potassium chloride and sodium polystyrene sulfonate. Author(s): Kaplan M, Summerfield MR, Pestaner JP. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2002 September 15; 59(18): 1786-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12298122&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels: a new challenge in medicinal chemistry. Author(s): Liegeois JF, Mercier F, Graulich A, Graulich-Lorge F, Scuvee-Moreau J, Seutin V. Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 April; 10(8): 625-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678783&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular cloning of a fourth member of the potassium-dependent sodium-calcium exchanger gene family, NCKX4. Author(s): Li XF, Kraev AS, Lytton J. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 December 13; 277(50): 48410-7. Epub 2002 October 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379639&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular site of action of the antiarrhythmic drug propafenone at the voltageoperated potassium channel Kv2.1. Author(s): Madeja M, Leicher T, Friederich P, Punke MA, Haverkamp W, Musshoff U, Breithardt G, Speckmann EJ. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 March; 63(3): 547-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606761&dopt=Abstract
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Monitoring of transtubular potassium gradient in the diuretic management of patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Author(s): Lim YS, Han JS, Kim KA, Yoon JH, Kim CY, Lee HS. Source: Liver. 2002 October; 22(5): 426-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12390478&dopt=Abstract
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Muscle interstitial potassium kinetics during intense exhaustive exercise: effect of previous arm exercise. Author(s): Nordsborg N, Mohr M, Pedersen LD, Nielsen JJ, Langberg H, Bangsbo J. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2003 July; 285(1): R143-8. Epub 2003 March 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663256&dopt=Abstract
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Non-genomic regulation of intermediate conductance potassium channels by aldosterone in human colonic crypt cells. Author(s): Bowley KA, Morton MJ, Hunter M, Sandle GI. Source: Gut. 2003 June; 52(6): 854-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740342&dopt=Abstract
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Noninactivating tandem pore domain potassium channels as attractive targets for general anesthetics. Author(s): Johansson JS. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 May; 96(5): 1248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707114&dopt=Abstract
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N-terminal PDZ-binding domain in Kv1 potassium channels. Author(s): Eldstrom J, Doerksen KW, Steele DF, Fedida D. Source: Febs Letters. 2002 November 20; 531(3): 529-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435606&dopt=Abstract
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Nucleotide sensitivity of pancreatic ATP-sensitive potassium channels and type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Schwanstecher C, Schwanstecher M. Source: Diabetes. 2002 December; 51 Suppl 3: S358-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12475775&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional and radiological impact of dietary potassium on the Pakistani population. Author(s): Akhter P, Ashraf N, Mohammad D, Orfi SD, Ahmad N. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2003 April; 41(4): 531-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615124&dopt=Abstract
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O-phenylphenol and its sodium and potassium salts: a toxicological assessment. Author(s): Bomhard EM, Brendler-Schwaab SY, Freyberger A, Herbold BA, Leser KH, Richter M. Source: Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 2002; 32(6): 551-625. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487365&dopt=Abstract
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Optimization of a tertiary alcohol series of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors: structure-activity relationship related to PDE4 inhibition and human ether-a-go-go related gene potassium channel binding affinity. Author(s): Friesen RW, Ducharme Y, Ball RG, Blouin M, Boulet L, Cote B, Frenette R, Girard M, Guay D, Huang Z, Jones TR, Laliberte F, Lynch JJ, Mancini J, Martins E, Masson P, Muise E, Pon DJ, Siegl PK, Styhler A, Tsou NN, Turner MJ, Young RN, Girard Y. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 June 5; 46(12): 2413-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773045&dopt=Abstract
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Oral potassium citrate treatment for idiopathic hypocitruria in children with calcium urolithiasis. Author(s): Tekin A, Tekgul S, Atsu N, Bakkaloglu M, Kendi S. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 December; 168(6): 2572-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12441986&dopt=Abstract
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Pemirolast potassium 0.1% ophthalmic solution is an effective treatment for allergic conjunctivitis: a pooled analysis of two prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, phase III studies. Author(s): Abelson MB, Berdy GJ, Mundorf T, Amdahl LD, Graves AL; Pemirolast study group. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002 October; 18(5): 475-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419098&dopt=Abstract
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PGE2 action in human coronary artery smooth muscle: role of potassium channels and signaling cross-talk. Author(s): Zhu S, Han G, White RE. Source: Journal of Vascular Research. 2002 November-December; 39(6): 477-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566973&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological activation of normal and arrhythmia-associated mutant KCNQ1 potassium channels. Author(s): Seebohm G, Pusch M, Chen J, Sanguinetti MC. Source: Circulation Research. 2003 November 14; 93(10): 941-7. Epub 2003 October 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14576198&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacology of neuronal background potassium channels. Author(s): Lesage F. Source: Neuropharmacology. 2003 January; 44(1): 1-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559116&dopt=Abstract
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Phenytoin and phenobarbital inhibit human HERG potassium channels. Author(s): Danielsson BR, Lansdell K, Patmore L, Tomson T. Source: Epilepsy Research. 2003 June-July; 55(1-2): 147-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948624&dopt=Abstract
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Plants do it differently. A new basis for potassium/sodium selectivity in the pore of an ion channel. Author(s): Hua BG, Mercier RW, Leng Q, Berkowitz GA. Source: Plant Physiology. 2003 July; 132(3): 1353-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12857817&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium antimonyl tartrate induces caspase- and reactive oxygen species-dependent apoptosis in lymphoid tumoral cells. Author(s): Lecureur V, Le Thiec A, Le Meur A, Amiot L, Drenou B, Bernard M, Lamy T, Fauchet R, Fardel O. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2002 December; 119(3): 608-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437633&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium channels and erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Archer SL. Source: Vascular Pharmacology. 2002 January; 38(1): 61-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378824&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium channels as anti-epileptic drug targets. Author(s): Wickenden AD. Source: Neuropharmacology. 2002 December; 43(7): 1055-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504910&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium channels as therapeutic targets for autoimmune disorders. Author(s): Wulff H, Beeton C, Chandy KG. Source: Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2003 September; 6(5): 640-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14579513&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium channels: structures, models, simulations. Author(s): Sansom MS, Shrivastava IH, Bright JN, Tate J, Capener CE, Biggin PC. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 October 11; 1565(2): 294-307. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409202&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium efflux induced by a new lactoferrin-derived peptide mimicking the effect of native human lactoferrin on the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Author(s): Viejo-Diaz M, Andres MT, Perez-Gil J, Sanchez M, Fierro JF. Source: Biochemistry. Biokhimiia. 2003 February; 68(2): 217-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12693969&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium oxonate modulation of 5-fluorouracil-induced myelotoxicity in murine and human colony forming assays of hematopoietic precursor cells. Author(s): Kouchi Y, Maeda Y, Ohuchida A, Nomura N. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2002 September 5; 135(1-2): 11-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12243859&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium per kilogram fat-free mass and total body potassium: predictions from sex, age, and anthropometry. Author(s): Larsson I, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, Sjostrom L. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 February; 284(2): E416-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12531747&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium permanganate burn due to a dispensing error. Author(s): Henderson J, Anderson WD, Jawad MA. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2003 June; 29(4): 401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781624&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium-lowering effect of mineralocorticoid therapy in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Author(s): Furuya R, Kumagai H, Sakao T, Maruyama Y, Hishida A. Source: Nephron. 2002; 92(3): 576-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372940&dopt=Abstract
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Preferential closed channel blockade of HERG potassium currents by chemically synthesised BeKm-1 scorpion toxin. Author(s): Milnes JT, Dempsey CE, Ridley JM, Crociani O, Arcangeli A, Hancox JC, Witchel HJ. Source: Febs Letters. 2003 July 17; 547(1-3): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860380&dopt=Abstract
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Preparation, characterization & anticancer evaluation of potassium N-(p-anisole)alpha-(2-xanthatophenyl)nitrone. Author(s): Khallow KI, Ezzat SS, al-Omari NA. Source: Boll Chim Farm. 2002 November-December; 141(6): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577515&dopt=Abstract
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Pretreatments with a novel pure potassium channel blocker, Nifekalant, were effective in the electrical atrial defibrillation: a report of two cases. Author(s): Sekita G, Sawaki D, Otani Y, Kobayakawa N, Fukushima K, Takeuchi H, Aoyagi T. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2002 December; 16(6): 551-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797359&dopt=Abstract
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Preventive effect of an antiallergic drug, pemirolast potassium, on restenosis after stent placement: quantitative coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound studies. Author(s): Ohsawa H, Noike H, Kanai M, Hitsumoto T, Aoyagi K, Sakurai T, Sugiyama Y, Yoshinaga K, Kaku M, Matsumoto J, Iizuka T, Shimizu K, Takahashi M, Tomaru T, Sakuragawa H, Tokuhiro K. Source: J Cardiol. 2003 July; 42(1): 13-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12892037&dopt=Abstract
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Properties of potassium currents in Purkinje cells of failing human hearts. Author(s): Han W, Zhang L, Schram G, Nattel S. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2002 December; 283(6): H2495-503. Epub 2002 August 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388306&dopt=Abstract
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Prospective study of potassium-associated acute transfusion events in pediatric intensive care. Author(s): Parshuram CS, Joffe AR. Source: Pediatric Critical Care Medicine : a Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies. 2003 January; 4(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656546&dopt=Abstract
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Red blood cell potassium and blood pressure in adolescents: a mixture analysis. Author(s): Delgado MC, Delgado-Almeida A. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2002 June; 12(3): 112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12325467&dopt=Abstract
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Redox-sensitive extracellular gates formed by auxiliary beta subunits of calciumactivated potassium channels. Author(s): Zeng XH, Xia XM, Lingle CJ. Source: Nature Structural Biology. 2003 June; 10(6): 448-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740608&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation and critical role of potassium homeostasis in apoptosis. Author(s): Yu SP. Source: Progress in Neurobiology. 2003 July; 70(4): 363-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963093&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling by action potential repolarization: role of the transient outward potassium current (I(to)). Author(s): Sah R, Ramirez RJ, Oudit GY, Gidrewicz D, Trivieri MG, Zobel C, Backx PH. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2003 January 1; 546(Pt 1): 5-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509475&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation of cardiac inwardly rectifying potassium channels by membrane lipid metabolism. Author(s): Takano M, Kuratomi S. Source: Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2003 January; 81(1): 67-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12475570&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation of HERG potassium channel activation by protein kinase C independent of direct phosphorylation of the channel protein. Author(s): Thomas D, Zhang W, Wu K, Wimmer AB, Gut B, Wendt-Nordahl G, Kathofer S, Kreye VA, Katus HA, Schoels W, Kiehn J, Karle CA. Source: Cardiovascular Research. 2003 July 1; 59(1): 14-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12829172&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation of mastoparan-induced increase of paracellular permeability in T84 cells by RhoA and basolateral potassium channels. Author(s): Blumenstein I, Gerhard R, Ries J, Kottra G, Stein J. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 April 1; 65(7): 1151-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663050&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of urinary sodium/potassium excretion and calcium intake to blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension among older Chinese vegetarians. Author(s): Kwok TC, Chan TY, Woo J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 February; 57(2): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571663&dopt=Abstract
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Role of the cytosolic chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90 in maturation of the cardiac potassium channel HERG. Author(s): Ficker E, Dennis AT, Wang L, Brown AM. Source: Circulation Research. 2003 June 27; 92(12): E87-100. Epub 2003 May 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775586&dopt=Abstract
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Role of the small GTPase Rho in modulation of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir2.1. Author(s): Jones SV. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 October; 64(4): 987-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14500755&dopt=Abstract
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Ruthenium red inhibits TASK-3 potassium channel by interconnecting glutamate 70 of the two subunits. Author(s): Czirjak G, Enyedi P. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 March; 63(3): 646-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606773&dopt=Abstract
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Serum potassium in the crush syndrome victims of the Marmara disaster. Author(s): Sever MS, Erek E, Vanholder R, Kantarci G, Yavuz M, Turkmen A, Ergin H, Tulbek MY, Duranay M, Manga G, Sevinir S, Lameire N; Marmara Earthquake Study Group. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2003 May; 59(5): 326-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12779093&dopt=Abstract
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Severe hyperkalaemia with prescription of potassium-retaining agents in an elderly patient. Author(s): Martin J, Mourton S, Nicholls G. Source: N Z Med J. 2003 August 8; 116(1179): U542. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14513088&dopt=Abstract
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Severe livedo vasculitis treated with potassium iodide. Author(s): Abraham Z, Rozenbaum M, Portnoy E, Rosner I. Source: Rheumatology International. 2003 March; 23(2): 96-8. Epub 2003 January 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634944&dopt=Abstract
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Sex and age differences in serum potassium in the United States. Author(s): Wysowski DK, Kornegay C, Nourjah P, Trontell A. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2003 January; 49(1): 190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507983&dopt=Abstract
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Should potassium permanganate be used in wound care? Author(s): Anderson I. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 August 5-11; 99(31): 61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13677127&dopt=Abstract
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Stimulation of Kv1.3 potassium channels by death receptors during apoptosis in Jurkat T lymphocytes. Author(s): Storey NM, Gomez-Angelats M, Bortner CD, Armstrong DL, Cidlowski JA. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 August 29; 278(35): 33319-26. Epub 2003 June 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807917&dopt=Abstract
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Stimulation of the sodium pump in the red blood cell by lithium and potassium. Author(s): Glen AI, Bradbury MW, Wilson J. Source: Nature. 1972 October 13; 239(5372): 399-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635303&dopt=Abstract
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Stimulatory effects of chlorzoxazone, a centrally acting muscle relaxant, on large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in pituitary GH3 cells. Author(s): Liu YC, Lo YK, Wu SN. Source: Brain Research. 2003 January 3; 959(1): 86-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480161&dopt=Abstract
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Stoichiometry of expressed KCNQ2/KCNQ3 potassium channels and subunit composition of native ganglionic M channels deduced from block by tetraethylammonium. Author(s): Hadley JK, Passmore GM, Tatulian L, Al-Qatari M, Ye F, Wickenden AD, Brown DA. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 June 15; 23(12): 5012-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832524&dopt=Abstract
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Structural basis of inward rectifying potassium channel gating. Author(s): Loussouarn G, Rose T, Nichols CG. Source: Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2002 August; 12(6): 253-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12242048&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on the oligomeric state of the sodium/calcium + potassium exchanger NCKX2. Author(s): Yoo SS, Leach S, Lytton J. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 November; 976: 94-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502543&dopt=Abstract
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Successful management of a heterotopic Caesarean scar pregnancy: potassium chloride injection with preservation of the intrauterine gestation: case report. Author(s): Salomon LJ, Fernandez H, Chauveaud A, Doumerc S, Frydman R. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 January; 18(1): 189-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525465&dopt=Abstract
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Suggestive evidence for association of two potassium channel genes with different idiopathic generalised epilepsy syndromes. Author(s): Chioza B, Osei-Lah A, Wilkie H, Nashef L, McCormick D, Asherson P, Makoff AJ. Source: Epilepsy Research. 2002 December; 52(2): 107-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458027&dopt=Abstract
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The antidepressant fluoxetine blocks the human small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels SK1, SK2 and SK3. Author(s): Terstappen GC, Pellacani A, Aldegheri L, Graziani F, Carignani C, Pula G, Virginio C. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 July 31; 346(1-2): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850554&dopt=Abstract
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The benefits of glucose-insulin-potassium for acute myocardial infarction (and some concerns). Author(s): Apstein CS. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 September 3; 42(5): 792-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12957422&dopt=Abstract
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The common single nucleotide polymorphism E23K in K(IR)6.2 sensitizes pancreatic beta-cell ATP-sensitive potassium channels toward activation through nucleoside diphosphates. Author(s): Schwanstecher C, Neugebauer B, Schulz M, Schwanstecher M. Source: Diabetes. 2002 December; 51 Suppl 3: S363-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12475776&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of low-dose potassium supplementation on blood pressure in apparently healthy volunteers. Author(s): Naismith DJ, Braschi A. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 90(1): 53-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12844375&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of nickel sulphate, potassium dichromate, cobalt nitrate and cadmium sulphate on the proteins of cellular contacts and actin skeleton of cultivated human keratinocytes. Author(s): Lozsekova A, Kaiser HW, Danilla T, Buchvald J, Simko J. Source: Bratisl Lek Listy. 2002; 103(7-8): 254-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518998&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of post-transplant spironolactone on daily potassium requirements in patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Demirer T, Ayli M, Dagli M, Fen T, Haznedar R, Ustael N, Ustun T, Oymak A, Ozdel O, Muftuoglu O. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2002 November; 30(10): 703-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420210&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of magnesium prime solution on magnesium levels and potassium loss in open heart surgery. Author(s): Jian W, Su L, Yiwu L. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 June; 96(6): 1617-20, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760983&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of outward forced convective flow on inward diffusion of potassium across human dentin. Author(s): Pashley DH, Agee K, Zhang Y, Smith A, Tavss EA, Gambogi RJ. Source: Am J Dent. 2002 August; 15(4): 256-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572645&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of membrane lipid metabolites on lymphocyte potassium channel activity. Author(s): Teisseyre A, Michalak K, Kuliszkiewicz-Janus M. Source: Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters. 2002; 7(4): 1095-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511977&dopt=Abstract
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The optimal dose of potassium citrate in the treatment of children with distal renal tubular acidosis. Author(s): Tapaneya-Olarn W, Khositseth S, Tapaneya-Olarn C, Teerakarnjana N, Chaichanajarernkul U, Stitchantrakul W, Petchthong T. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 November; 85 Suppl 4: S1143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549788&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence of interstitial cystitis in gynecologic patients with pelvic pain, as detected by intravesical potassium sensitivity. Author(s): Parsons CL, Dell J, Stanford EJ, Bullen M, Kahn BS, Willems JJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 November; 187(5): 1395400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439537&dopt=Abstract
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The Roles of N- and C-terminal determinants in the activation of the Kv2.1 potassium channel. Author(s): Ju M, Stevens L, Leadbitter E, Wray D. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 April 11; 278(15): 12769-78. Epub 2003 January 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12560340&dopt=Abstract
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The vasodilatory action of testosterone: a potassium-channel opening or a calcium antagonistic action? Author(s): Jones RD, Pugh PJ, Jones TH, Channer KS. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 March; 138(5): 733-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642373&dopt=Abstract
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The voltage-gated potassium channel KCNQ2 in Taiwanese children with febrile convulsions. Author(s): Chou IC, Tsai FJ, Huang CC, Lin CC, Tsai CH. Source: Neuroreport. 2002 October 28; 13(15): 1971-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12395102&dopt=Abstract
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Thyroid uptake and radiation dose after (131)I-lipiodol treatment: is thyroid blocking by potassium iodide necessary? Author(s): Bacher K, Brans B, Monsieurs M, De Winter F, Dierckx RA, Thierens H. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 October; 29(10): 1311-6. Epub 2002 July 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271412&dopt=Abstract
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Total body potassium differs by sex and race across the adult age span. Author(s): He Q, Heo M, Heshka S, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr, Albu J, Wang Z, Heymsfield SB, Gallagher D. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 July; 78(1): 72-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816773&dopt=Abstract
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Two mast cell stabilizers, pemirolast potassium 0.1% and nedocromil sodium 2%, in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: a comparative study. Author(s): Shulman DG. Source: Adv Ther. 2003 January-February; 20(1): 31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772816&dopt=Abstract
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Two-pore-Domain (KCNK) potassium channels: dynamic roles in neuronal function. Author(s): Talley EM, Sirois JE, Lei Q, Bayliss DA. Source: The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry. 2003 February; 9(1): 46-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580339&dopt=Abstract
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Uncontrolled insulin secretion from a childhood pancreatic beta-cell adenoma is not due to the functional loss of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Author(s): Hussain K, Cosgrove KE, Shepherd RM, Chapman JC, Swift SM, Smith VV, Kassem SA, Glaser B, Lindley KJ, Aynsley-Green A, Dunne MJ. Source: Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2002 December; 9(4): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542400&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of sodium and potassium in a screened cohort in Okinawa, Japan. Author(s): Iseki K, Iseki C, Itoh K, Uezono K, Sanefuji M, Ikemiya Y, Fukiyama K, Kawasaki T. Source: Hypertens Res. 2002 September; 25(5): 731-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452326&dopt=Abstract
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Urodynamic study and potassium sensitivity test for women with frequency-urgency syndrome and interstitial cystitis. Author(s): Kuo HC. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2003; 71(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12845263&dopt=Abstract
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Use of in vitro release of interferon-gamma in the diagnosis of contact allergy to potassium dichromate - a controlled study. Author(s): Trattner A, Akerman L, Lapidoth M, Klein T, Weiss H, Ben Chaim B, David M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 April; 48(4): 191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786722&dopt=Abstract
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UV-induced corneal epithelial cell death by activation of potassium channels. Author(s): Wang L, Li T, Lu L. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 December; 44(12): 5095-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14638703&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of a glucose-insulin-potassium infusion algorithm in hospitalized diabetic patients. Author(s): Bonnier M, Lonnroth P, Gudbjornsdottir S, Attvall S, Jansson PA. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2003 February; 253(2): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542559&dopt=Abstract
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Validity of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire in the 5-year follow-up survey of the JPHC Study Cohort I to assess sodium and potassium intake: comparison with dietary records and 24-hour urinary excretion level. Author(s): Sasaki S, Ishihara J, Tsugane S; JPHC. Source: J Epidemiol. 2003 January; 13(1 Suppl): S102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701637&dopt=Abstract
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Voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies in limbic encephalitis. Author(s): Pozo-Rosich P, Clover L, Saiz A, Vincent A, Graus F. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2003 October; 54(4): 530-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14520669&dopt=Abstract
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What are the roles of the many different types of potassium channel expressed in cerebellar granule cells? Author(s): Mathie A, Clarke CE, Ranatunga KM, Veale EL. Source: Cerebellum (London, England). 2003; 2(1): 11-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12882230&dopt=Abstract
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When is a high potassium not a high potassium? Author(s): Teh MM, Zaman MJ, Brooks AP, Li Voon Chong JS. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 July; 96(7): 354-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835454&dopt=Abstract
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Whole-body skeletal muscle mass: development and validation of total-body potassium prediction models. Author(s): Wang Z, Zhu S, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield SB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 January; 77(1): 76-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499326&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND POTASSIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and potassium.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Potassium The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on potassium: •
Blood pressure and nutrient intake in the United States. Source: McCarron, David A. Morris, Cynthia D. Henry, Holly H. Stanton, John L. Nutrition-today (USA). (Jul-August 1984). volume 19(4) page 14-17, 20-23.
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Diet for keeping blood pressure down. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (July 1996). volume 14(5) page 6.
Additional consumer oriented references include: •
Effects of adrenergic blockade on serum potassium changes in response to acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia in nondiabetic humans. Author(s): Diabetic Department, Western Infirmary/Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. Source: Fisher, B M Thomson, I Hepburn, D A Frier, B M Diabetes-Care. 1991 July; 14(7): 548-52 0149-5992
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Greater potassium intake may lower stroke risk. Source: Anonymous Harv-Heart-Lett. 1999 January; 9(5): 5 1051-5313
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I recently read that potassium supplements can reduce blood pressure. What is your opinion? I have borderline hypertension, which I'm trying to control with diet and exercise. Source: Robb Nicholson, C Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 1999 January; 6(5): 8 1070910X
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Perioperative management of diabetic subjects. Subcutaneous versus intravenous insulin administration during glucose-potassium infusion. Author(s): Istituto di Clinica Medica Generale, Universita degli Studi di Parma, Italy. Source: Pezzarossa, A Taddei, F Cimicchi, M C Rossini, E Contini, S Bonora, E Gnudi, A Uggeri, E Diabetes-Care. 1988 January; 11(1): 52-8 0149-5992
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Potassium and hypertension. Source: Tobian, L Nutr-Revolume 1988 August; 46(8): 273-83 0029-6643
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Potassium bicarbonate supplementation and calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women: are we barking up the wrong tree? Author(s): USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA. Source: Wood, R J Nutr-Revolume 1994 August; 52(8 Pt 1): 278-80 0029-6643
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Potassium supplementation in essential hypertension. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1988 August; 46(8): 291-4 0029-6643
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Supplemental dietary potassium reduced the need for antihypertensive drug therapy. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1992 May; 50(5): 144-5 0029-6643
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The Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. XVIII, 1928: The use of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bromide, and potassium bromide in cases of arterial hypertension which are amenable to potassium chloride. Source: Addison, W L Nutr-Revolume 1988 August; 46(8): 295-6 0029-6643
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The effects of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber on risk of stroke. Author(s): Medical Policlinic, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. Source: Suter, P M Nutr-Revolume 1999 March; 57(3): 84-8 0029-6643
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The role of potassium in elevated blood pressure. Source: Langford, H.G. Nutrition-and-the-M.D (USA). (July 1985). volume 11(7) page 12. potassium circulatory disorders blood pressure disease control sodium feed supplements 0732-0167
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “potassium” (or a synonym): •
Effect of nutrition in rabbit does. 2: Study of enzyme and mineral plasma profile. Author(s): Padua Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche Source: Rizzi, C. Chiericato, G.M. Zani, C. Proceedings-of-the-ASPA-Congress-RecentProgress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 469-471.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
Coupling between voltage sensor activation, Ca2+ binding and channel opening in large conductance (BK) potassium channels. Author(s): Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
[email protected] Source: Horrigan, F T Aldrich, R W J-Gen-Physiol. 2002 September; 120(3): 267-305 00221295
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Determination of copper in edible oils by atomic absorption spectrometry after lead piperazinedithiocarbamate solid-phase extraction and potassium cyanide backextraction. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Ondokuz Mayis University, TR-55139 Samsun, Turkiye. Source: Bati, B Cesur, H Anal-Sci. 2002 November; 18(11): 1273-4 0910-6340
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Different gene expression of potassium channels by thyroid hormone and an antithyroid drug between the atrium and ventricle of rats. Author(s): Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata College of Pharmacology, Niigata University, Asahimachi, Niigata, Japan. Source: Ma, M L Watanabe, K Watanabe, H Hosaka, Y Komura, S Aizawa, Y Yamamoto, T Jpn-Heart-J. 2003 January; 44(1): 101-10 0021-4868
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Effects of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on chronic ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction. Author(s): University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Source: Khoury, V K Haluska, B Prins, J Marwick, T H Heart. 2003 January; 89(1): 61-5 1468-201X
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Effects of tetrandrine on calcium and potassium currents in isolated rat hepatocytes. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology,Tongji medical college of Huazhong university of science and technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
[email protected] Source: Zhou, H Y Wang, F Cheng, L Fu, L Y Zhou, J Yao, W X World-J-Gastroenterol. 2003 January; 9(1): 134-6 1007-9327
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Feasibility of using the potassium titanyl phosphate laser with micromanipulators in robotic neurosurgery: a preliminary study in the rat. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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Source: Goto, T Hongo, K Koyama, J Kobayashi, S J-Neurosurg. 2003 January; 98(1): 1315 0022-3085 •
Free energy of a potassium ion in a model of the channel formed by an amphipathic leucine-serine peptide. Author(s): Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK. Source: Smith, G R Sansom, M S Eur-Biophys-J. 2002 June; 31(3): 198-206 0175-7571
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Glucose-insulin-potassium solution for acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, New York, NY, USA. Source: Janiger, J L Cheng, J W Ann-Pharmacother. 2002 June; 36(6): 1080-4 1060-0280
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Modulation of the kv3.1b potassium channel isoform adjusts the fidelity of the firing pattern of auditory neurons. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. Source: Macica, C M von Hehn, C A Wang, L Y Ho, C S Yokoyama, S Joho, R H Kaczmarek, L K J-Neurosci. 2003 February 15; 23(4): 1133-41 1529-2401
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Protection of potassium channel inhibitors against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced death of cultured hippocampal neurons. Author(s): Department of Physiology, First Military Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China. Source: Chen, M Sun, H Y Wang, Y Gao, T M Di-Yi-Jun-Yi-Da-Xue-Xue-Bao. 2002 October; 22(10): 872-4 1000-2588
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Quinine suppresses extracellular potassium transients and ictal epileptiform activity without decreasing neuronal excitability in vitro. Author(s): Division of Neuroscience (Neurophysiology), University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Egbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
[email protected] Source: Bikson, M Id Bihi, R Vreugdenhil, M Kohling, R Fox, J E Jefferys, J G Neuroscience. 2002; 115(1): 251-61 0306-4522
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Spectrophotometric method for the determination of nifedipine with 4(methylamino)phenol and potassium dichromate. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, India.
[email protected] Source: Rahman, N Hoda, M N Farmaco. 2002 June; 57(6): 435-41 0014-827X
•
Sub-chronic dietary toxicity of potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate in rats. Author(s): 3M Medical Department, Corporate Toxicology, 3M Center 220-2E-02, Saint Paul, MN 55133, USA. Source: Seacat, A M Thomford, P J Hansen, K J Clemen, L A Eldridge, S R Elcombe, C R Butenhoff, J L Toxicology. 2003 February 1; 183(1-3): 117-31 0300-483X
•
The effect of nickel sulphate, potassium dichromate, cobalt nitrate and cadmium sulphate on the proteins of cellular contacts and actin skeleton of cultivated human keratinocytes. Author(s): 1st Department of Dermatovenerology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia.
[email protected] Source: Lozsekova, A Kaiser, H W Danilla, T Buchvald, J Simko, J Bratisl-Lek-Listy. 2002; 103(7-8): 254-9 0006-9248
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to potassium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Vitamin B12 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
•
Minerals ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clorazepate Dipotassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glucosamine/Chondroitin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iodine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,890,00.html Magnesium Hydroxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Naproxen/Naproxen Sodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potassium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Potassium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10086,00.html Potassium Chloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Spironolactone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spironolactone/Hydrochlorothiazide Alternative names: Aldactazide Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Stinging Nettle Alternative names: Urtica dioica, Urtica urens, Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Food and Diet Acorn Squash Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,190,00.html Apples Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,44,00.html Apricots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,45,00.html Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asparagus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atemoya Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,232,00.html Avocado Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Avocados Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,46,00.html Bamboo Shoots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,233,00.html Bananas Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,47,00.html Beets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beets Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,10,00.html Bluefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brazil Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,115,00.html Broccoflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Nutrition
Broccoli Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,11,00.html Brussels Sprouts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brussels Sprouts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,12,00.html Butterfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Butternut Squash Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,189,00.html Cabbage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cantaloupe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,125,00.html Carp Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Catfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cauliflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Celeriac (Celery Root) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,241,00.html Celery Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,16,00.html Cherries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,49,00.html Chicory Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,179,00.html Cod Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Collards Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,50,00.html Feingold Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Figs Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,51,00.html Flounder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Halibut Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hazelnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,307,00.html High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Honey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
Nutrition
Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,283,00.html Jacob's Cattle Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jerusalem Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jicama Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jicama Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,249,00.html Juices Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,127,00.html Kiwi Fruit Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,54,00.html Kohlrabi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kohlrabi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,319,00.html Kombu Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Leeks Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lentils Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lettuce & Other Salad Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,196,00.html Lima Beans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,151,00.html Lobster Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melons Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,57,00.html Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,95,00.html Mullet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,25,00.html Mustard Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Non-Nutritive and Artificial Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,84,00.html Okra Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Okra Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,26,00.html Onions Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Nutrition
Onions Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,27,00.html Oranges Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,59,00.html Oyster Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Papaya Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,60,00.html Parsnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Persimmon Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,63,00.html Pike Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pomegranates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,216,00.html Porcini Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,270,00.html Prunes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,66,00.html Pumpkin Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,176,00.html
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Quinoa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinoa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,74,00.html Radishes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Raisins & Currants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,67,00.html Rockfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Romaine Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rutabagas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rutabagas Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,202,00.html Salmon Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Salsify Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,260,00.html Sardines Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,317,00.html Seaweed Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,217,00.html Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,288,00.html
Nutrition
Smelt Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Snow Peas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Flour Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Summer Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Peppers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Potatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,40,00.html Tilefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,41,00.html Turnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vegetarian Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Water Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wild Rice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,178,00.html Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yams Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Zucchini Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND POTASSIUM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to potassium. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to potassium and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “potassium” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to potassium: •
A long-term study on the efficacy of a herbal plant, Orthosiphon grandiflorus, and sodium potassium citrate in renal calculi treatment. Author(s): Premgamone A, Sriboonlue P, Disatapornjaroen W, Maskasem S, Sinsupan N, Apinives C. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001 September; 32(3): 654-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11944733&dopt=Abstract
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A novel 1:1 complex of potassium mikanin-3-O-sulfate with methanol. Author(s): Jiang RW, He ZD, But PP, Chan YM, Ma SC, Mak TC. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2001 September; 49(9): 1166-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11558604&dopt=Abstract
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A patient with sodium- and potassium-losing nephropathy. Author(s): Fulop M.
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Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2003 February; 325(2): 93-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589233&dopt=Abstract •
Activation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels confers protection against rotenone-induced cell death: therapeutic implications for Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Tai KK, Truong DD. Source: Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2002 August 15; 69(4): 559-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210849&dopt=Abstract
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Activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels increases cell viability against rotenone-induced cell death. Author(s): Tai KK, McCrossan ZA, Abbott GW. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2003 March; 84(5): 1193-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603842&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium-sensitive potassium channel inhibitors antagonize genistein- and daidzeininduced arterial relaxation in vitro. Author(s): Nevala R, Paukku K, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Source: Life Sciences. 2001 August 10; 69(12): 1407-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531164&dopt=Abstract
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Cefepime versus ticarcillin and clavulanate potassium and aztreonam for febrile neutropenia therapy in high-dose chemotherapy patients. Author(s): Fleming DR, Ziegler C, Baize T, Mudd L, Goldsmith GH, Herzig RH. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 2003 June; 26(3): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796602&dopt=Abstract
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Ceramide inhibits the inwardly rectifying potassium current in GH(3) lactotrophs. Author(s): Wu SN, Lo YK, Kuo BI, Chiang HT. Source: Endocrinology. 2001 November; 142(11): 4785-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11606445&dopt=Abstract
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Complex ventricular arrhythmia induced by overuse of potassium supplementation in a young male football player. Case report. Author(s): Parisi A, Alabiso A, Sacchetti M, Di Salvo V, Di Luigi L, Pigozzi F. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2002 June; 42(2): 214-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032418&dopt=Abstract
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Cytochrome p-450 epoxygenase metabolites of docosahexaenoate potently dilate coronary arterioles by activating large-conductance calcium-activated potassium
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channels. Author(s): Ye D, Zhang D, Oltman C, Dellsperger K, Lee HC, VanRollins M. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2002 November; 303(2): 768-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388664&dopt=Abstract •
Developmental expression of a voltage-dependent potassium channel (Kv3.1) in auditory neurons without cochlear input. Author(s): Feng J, Morest DK. Source: Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2001 July 15; 65(2): 121-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11438981&dopt=Abstract
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Diet, evolution and aging--the pathophysiologic effects of the post-agricultural inversion of the potassium-to-sodium and base-to-chloride ratios in the human diet. Author(s): Frassetto L, Morris RC Jr, Sellmeyer DE, Todd K, Sebastian A. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 2001 October; 40(5): 200-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11842945&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary low linolenic acid compared with docosahexaenoic acid alter synaptic plasma membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition and sodium-potassium ATPase kinetics in developing rats. Author(s): Bowen RA, Clandinin MT. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2002 November; 83(4): 764-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421348&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of glucose/insulin infusion and magnesium supplementation on serum and muscle sodium and potassium and muscle [3H]ouabain binding capacity in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Djurhuus MS, Klitgaard NA, Pedersen KK. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2003; 63(2): 93102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751690&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of oral potassium supplementation on QT dispersion in anorexia nervosa. Author(s): Franzoni F, Mataloni E, Femia R, Galetta F. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2002; 91(6): 653-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12162596&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in Chinese: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Gu D, He J, Wu X, Duan X, Whelton PK.
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Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 July; 19(7): 1325-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11446724&dopt=Abstract •
Effective treatment of seborrheic dermatitis using a low dose, oral homeopathic medication consisting of potassium bromide, sodium bromide, nickel sulfate, and sodium chloride in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Smith SA, Baker AE, Williams JH. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2002 February; 7(1): 59-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11896746&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the main component of green tea, on the cloned rat brain Kv1.5 potassium channels. Author(s): Choi BH, Choi JS, Min DS, Yoon SH, Rhie DJ, Jo YH, Kim MS, Hahn SJ. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2001 September 1; 62(5): 527-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11585049&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of contamination of blood specimens with liquid potassium-EDTA anticoagulant. Author(s): Davidson DF. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2002 May; 39(Pt 3): 273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12038602&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of high-dose glucose-insulin-potassium on myocardial metabolism after coronary surgery in patients with Type II diabetes. Author(s): Szabo Z, Arnqvist H, Hakanson E, Jorfeldt L, Svedjeholm R. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2001 July; 101(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11410112&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of tetrandrine on calcium and potassium currents in isolated rat hepatocytes. Author(s): Zhou HY, Wang F, Cheng L, Fu LY, Zhou J, Yao WX. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 January; 9(1): 134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508368&dopt=Abstract
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Electrophysiological modulation of cardiomyocytic tissue by transfected fibroblasts expressing potassium channels: a novel strategy to manipulate excitability. Author(s): Feld Y, Melamed-Frank M, Kehat I, Tal D, Marom S, Gepstein L. Source: Circulation. 2002 January 29; 105(4): 522-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11815438&dopt=Abstract
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Final report on the safety assessment of sodium sulfite, potassium sulfite, ammonium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, ammonium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite and potassium
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metabisulfite. Author(s): Nair B, Elmore AR; Cosmetic Ingredients Review Expert Panel. Source: International Journal of Toxicology. 2003; 22 Suppl 2: 63-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14555420&dopt=Abstract •
Genistein inhibits the inward rectifying potassium current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Author(s): Chiang CE, Luk HN, Chen LL, Wang TM, Ding PY. Source: Journal of Biomedical Science. 2002 July-August; 9(4): 321-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145529&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose glucose-insulin-potassium after cardiac surgery: a retrospective analysis of clinical safety issues. Author(s): Szabo Z, Hakanson E, Maros T, Svedjeholm R. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 April; 47(4): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694134&dopt=Abstract
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Inactivation of the antibacterial activity of iodine potassium iodide and chlorhexidine digluconate against Enterococcus faecalis by dentin, dentin matrix, type-I collagen, and heat-killed microbial whole cells. Author(s): Portenier I, Haapasalo H, Orstavik D, Yamauchi M, Haapasalo M. Source: Journal of Endodontics. 2002 September; 28(9): 634-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12236305&dopt=Abstract
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Inadvertent infusion of a high dose of potassium chloride via a thoracic epidural catheter. Author(s): Litz RJ, Kreinecker I, Hubler M, Albrecht DM. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2001 October; 18(10): 697-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553248&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of the potassium current IK(SO), in cerebellar granule cells, by the inhibitors of MEK1 activation, PD 98059 and U 0126. Author(s): Boyd DF, Mathie A. Source: Neuropharmacology. 2002 February; 42(2): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804618&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effects of potassium channel blockers on tetramethylpyrazine-induced relaxation of rat aortic strip in vitro. Author(s): Tsai CC, Lai TY, Huang WC, Liu IM, Cheng JT. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 August 2; 71(11): 1321-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12106597&dopt=Abstract
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Kolaviron modulates cellular redox status and impairment of membrane protein activities induced by potassium bromate (KBrO(3)) in rats. Author(s): Farombi EO, Alabi MC, Akuru TO. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2002 January; 45(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11820864&dopt=Abstract
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Measurements in potassium-supplemented athletes during and after hypokinetic and ambulatory conditions. Author(s): Zorbas YG, Kakurin VJ, Kuznetsov NA, Yarullin VL, Andreyev ID, Charapakhin KP. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 January; 85(1): 1-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11881795&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of inward rectifier potassium channel by toosendanin, a presynaptic blocker. Author(s): Wang ZF, Shi YL. Source: Neuroscience Research. 2001 July; 40(3): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11448512&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of the inward rectifier potassium channel IRK1 by the Ras signaling pathway. Author(s): Giovannardi S, Forlani G, Balestrini M, Bossi E, Tonini R, Sturani E, Peres A, Zippel R. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 April 5; 277(14): 12158-63. Epub 2002 January 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11809752&dopt=Abstract
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Mutagenicity and DNA-damaging activity caused by decomposed products of potassium sorbate reacting with ascorbic acid in the presence of Fe salt. Author(s): Kitano K, Fukukawa T, Ohtsuji Y, Masuda T, Yamaguchi H. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 November; 40(11): 1589-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12176085&dopt=Abstract
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Natural modulators of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Author(s): Nardi A, Calderone V, Chericoni S, Morelli I. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 October; 69(10): 885-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14648389&dopt=Abstract
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Nigella sativa (black cumin) ameliorates potassium bromate-induced early events of carcinogenesis: diminution of oxidative stress. Author(s): Khan N, Sharma S, Sultana S.
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Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2003 April; 22(4): 193-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755470&dopt=Abstract •
Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of bromide following high-dose oral potassium bromide administration in healthy Beagles. Author(s): March PA, Podell M, Sams RA. Source: Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002 December; 25(6): 425-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485348&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological evidence for the activation of potassium channels as the mechanism involved in the hypotensive and vasorelaxant effect of dioclein in rat small resistance arteries. Author(s): Cortes SF, Rezende BA, Corriu C, Medeiros IA, Teixeira MM, Lopes MJ, Lemos VS. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 July; 133(6): 849-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11454658&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium fertilization effects on isoflavone concentrations in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Author(s): Vyn TJ, Yin X, Bruulsema TW, Jackson CJ, Rajcan I, Brouder SM. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 June 5; 50(12): 3501-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12033818&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium titanyloxalate as analytical reagent for micro-quantitative determination of quercetin. Author(s): Pejic N, Kuntic V, Malesev D. Source: Pharmazie. 2002 March; 57(3): 216-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933857&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium-induced increase in renal kallikrein secretion is attenuated in dissected renal connecting tubules of young spontaneously hypertensive rats. Author(s): Yamanaka M, Hayashi I, Fujita T, Cha SH, Endou H, Higashihara M, Majima M. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2002 December; 2(13-14): 1957-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12489809&dopt=Abstract
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Redox-sensitive extracellular gates formed by auxiliary beta subunits of calciumactivated potassium channels. Author(s): Zeng XH, Xia XM, Lingle CJ. Source: Nature Structural Biology. 2003 June; 10(6): 448-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740608&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of urinary sodium/potassium excretion and calcium intake to blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension among older Chinese vegetarians. Author(s): Kwok TC, Chan TY, Woo J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 February; 57(2): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571663&dopt=Abstract
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Role of ATP sensitive potassium channel on 7-hydroxy flavone induced antinociception and possible association with changes in glycaemic status. Author(s): Venkataramanan PE, Parvathavarthini S, Viswanathan S, Ramaswamy S. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 November; 38(11): 1172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11395966&dopt=Abstract
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Stretch-activated chloride, potassium, and calcium channels coexisting in plasma membranes of guard cells of Vicia faba L. Author(s): Cosgrove DJ, Hedrich R. Source: Planta. 1991 December; 186(1): 143-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11538499&dopt=Abstract
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Tephrosia purpurea ameliorates N-diethylnitrosamine and potassium bromatemediated renal oxidative stress and toxicity in Wistar rats. Author(s): Khan N, Sharma S, Alam A, Saleem M, Sultana S. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 2001 June; 88(6): 294-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453368&dopt=Abstract
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Tetramethylpyrazine as potassium channel opener to lower calcium influx into cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. Author(s): Tsai CC, Lai TY, Huang WC, Yang T, Liu IM, Wong KL, Chan P, Cheng JT. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 June; 69(6): 557-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865978&dopt=Abstract
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Tetrandrine inhibits inward rectifying potassium current in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Author(s): Liu WB, Liu GQ, Xiao H, Mao X, Shi Y, Wu JP. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2000 December; 21(12): 1115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603285&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of low-dose potassium supplementation on blood pressure in apparently healthy volunteers. Author(s): Naismith DJ, Braschi A. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 90(1): 53-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12844375&dopt=Abstract
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The peripheral antinociceptive effect of resveratrol is associated with activation of potassium channels. Author(s): Granados-Soto V, Arguelles CF, Ortiz MI. Source: Neuropharmacology. 2002 October; 43(5): 917-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384177&dopt=Abstract
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The protective role of thiola and soybean seeds against the genotoxicity induced by potassium dichromate in mice. Author(s): Fahmy MA, Shoman HM, Hassan EE. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 May 27; 517(1-2): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034303&dopt=Abstract
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Tonotopic map of potassium currents in chick auditory hair cells using an intact basilar papilla. Author(s): Pantelias AA, Monsivais P, Rubel EW. Source: Hearing Research. 2001 June; 156(1-2): 81-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11377884&dopt=Abstract
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Toxicity of lapachol and isolapachol and their potassium salts against Biomphalaria glabrata, Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, Artemia salina and Tilapia nilotica. Author(s): Lima NM, dos Santos AF, Porfirio Z, Goulart MO, Sant'Ana AE. Source: Acta Tropica. 2002 July; 83(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12062792&dopt=Abstract
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UV-induced corneal epithelial cell death by activation of potassium channels. Author(s): Wang L, Li T, Lu L. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 December; 44(12): 5095-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14638703&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to potassium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bulimia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cardiac Arrhythmia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fainting Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heart Attack Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heat Exhaustion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hyperkalemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Alternative names: High Blood Pressure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myocardial Infarction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Preeclampsia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pulmonary Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stroke Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Syncope Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tension Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Weakness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Gerson Therapy Alternative names: Gerson dietary regime GDR Gerson method Gerson treatment Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/g.html Schuessler Biochemic System of Medicine Alternative names: biochemic medicine biochemic system of medicine biochemic system of medicines tissue salts therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html
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Chinese Medicine Baifan Alternative names: Alum; Baifan (Bai Fan); Alume Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fengmi Alternative names: Honey; Mel Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Herbs and Supplements Acebutolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Albuterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alfalfa Alternative names: Medicago sativa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis, Aloe ferox , Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Vera Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10001,00.html Amiloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amiloride/Hydrochlorothiazide Alternative names: Moduretic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Aminoglycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Apium Graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atenolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benazepril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benzodiazepines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-Adrenergic Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Betaxolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bisacodyl Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bisoprolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blood Pressure Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Captopril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cascara Alternative names: Cascara sagrada, Rhamnus purshiani cortex Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cascara Sagrada Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10013,00.html Celecoxib Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Celery Seed Alternative names: Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella Alternative names: Gotu Kola; Centella asiatica (Linn.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colchicine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cyclosporine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dandelion Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dandelion Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Digoxin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Digoxin Alternative names: Crystodigin, Lanoxicaps, Lanoxin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Docusate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Electrolytes Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Enalapril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Epinephrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Etodolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Felodipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fennel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gentamicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glucosamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza Glabra Alternative names: Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Gymnema Alternative names: Gurmar; Gymnema sylvestre Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Haloperidol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heparin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Horsetail Alternative names: Equisetum arvense Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Horsetail Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ibuprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indapamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indomethacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ipecac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Juniper Alternative names: Juniperus communis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Juniper Berry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Kelp Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ketorolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Labetalol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lepidium Sp Alternative names: Cress; Lepidium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Licorice Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Licorice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,801,00.html Lisinopril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loop Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loop Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loop Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Losartan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Luffa Alternative names: Luffa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Metoprolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miscellaneous Preparations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Moexipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Nabumetone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nadolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Neomycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oxaprozin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com PABA Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com PABA (Para-Aminobenzoic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Penicillin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phosphorus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piroxicam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Potentilla Alternative names: Cinquefoil, Silverweed; Potentilla sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Propranolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinapril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ramipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense , beebread, cow clover, cow grass, meadow clover, purple clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rofecoxib Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Ruta Alternative names: Rue; Ruta graveolens L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Salicylates Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Salsalate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Senna Alternative names: Cassia senna, Cassia angustifolia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sotalol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spanish Licorice Alternative names: Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stimulant Laxatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulindac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Syzygium Clove Alternative names: Clove, Jamun; Syzygium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Taraxacum Officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Terminalia Alternative names: Myrobalans; Terminalia arjuna Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tetracycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tetracyclines Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Theophylline/Aminophylline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thioridazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Timolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tobramycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Triamterene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Triamterene/Hydrochlorothiazide Alternative names: Dyazide, Maxzide Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Trimethoprim Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Alternative names: Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra, Sulfatrim Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Uricosuric Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Dioica Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Urens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON POTASSIUM Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to potassium. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “potassium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on potassium, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Potassium ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to potassium. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Beta Subunits and the Chaperone Hypothesis by Connor, Jolien X.; PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072734
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Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels in Porcine Granulosa Cells: Function and Regulation by Li, Yan; PhD from Kansas State University, 2003, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090373
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Water-rock Interaction at Small Scales: Studies with Lattice Boltzmann Modeling and Strontium Isotopes in a Potassium-Metasomatized Tuff by Fritz, Diane Elizabeth; PhD from University of Colorado at Boulder, 2002, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074741
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Whole-Rock Dating of Young Extrusives by the Potassium-Argon Method by Baksi, Ajoy K.; AdvDeg from University of Toronto (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK09115
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A Comparison of Techniques for Estimating the Amount of Fat in the Human Body; and Regression Equations for Predicting the Amount of Potassium in the Human Body by Murphy, Harvey Frank, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1967, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6711890
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A Potassium-Argon Geochronological Investigation of the Andean Mobile Belt of North-Central Chile by Quirt, G. Stewart; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13031
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A Rubidium-Strontium and Potassium-Argon Isotopic Age Investigation Within the Superior Province of the Precambrian Canadian Shield by Purdy, John W; AdvDeg from University of Toronto (Canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01845
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A Test of the Charge Density Wave Model of Potassium Using the Induced Torque Method by Coulter, Philip George; PhD from Mcmaster University (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65433
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Accurate Potassium/Argon Dating of and Preservation of Oxygen in Zeolites by Faiia, Anthony Marcoux; PhD from Dartmouth College, 2002, 66 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3059807
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Activation of Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels and Cell Migration by Hepatocyte Growth Factor/scatter Factor in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells by Jin, Min; PhD from East Tennessee State University, 2002, 74 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083430
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An Examination of the Validity of Hypotheses of Two Theories of Soybean Response to Phosphorus and Potassium (Crop Management, Response Model) by Anderson, Edwin Lewis, PhD from The University of Tennessee, 1991, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9133716
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An Investigation of the Mechanism of Relaxation of Canine Airway Smooth Muscle by the Potassium-sparing Diuretic Amiloride by Krampetz, Ingrid Kim; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL54939
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Argon-40/argon-39 Step Heating of Biotite, Hornblende and Potassium Feldspar from a Zone of Contact Metamorphism, Eldora, Colorado by Berger, Glenn W; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK19680
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A-Type Potassium Currents in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle by Amberg, Gregory Charles; PhD from University of Nevada, Reno, 2002, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060369
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Biochemical Characterization of Hydrogen, Potassium-ATPase-Rich Membranes from the Gastric Parietal Cell by Taniguchi, Michiko; MS from University of Southern California, 2002, 59 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411810
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Characterization of a Potassium-Selective Optode Membrane Implemented Using Reflectance-Mode Spectroscopy by Losicco, Tino Louis; PhD from The University of Memphis, 2003, 73 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095675
Dissertations 147
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Characterization of Kv 1.4 Potassium Ion Channel Expression after Spinal Cord Injury and Its Association with Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Proliferation by Edwards, Lori Marie; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 2003, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78415
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Characterization of Mice Lacking Kv4.2, An A-Type Potassium Channel by Jung, Wonil Edward; PhD from Stanford University, 2002, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3040027
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Characterization of Subthreshold-Operating Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels in Brain by Saganich, Michael Joseph; PhD from New York University, 2002, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3035321
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Characterization of the KCSA Potassium Channel from Streptomyces Lividans by Lemasurier, Meredith; PhD from Brandeis University, 2002, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3036423
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Characterizations and Design of Planar Optical Waveguides and Directional Couplers by Two-Step Potassium-Sodium Ion-Exchange in Glass by Albert, Jacques; PhD from Mcgill University (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46131
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Coherence Transfer between the (2)p(12)and (2)p(32) Resonance States in Sodium and Potassium, Induced in Collisions with Noble Gas Atoms Simple Molecules by Niewitecka, Barbara; PhD from University of Windsor (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14766
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Collisional Relaxation in 5(2)p Potassium Atoms by Berends, Randolph William Derek; PhD from University of Windsor (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL43729
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Collisional Relaxation of Multipole Moments in 42p Potassium Atoms by Skalinski, Piotr; PhD from University of Windsor (Canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK57333
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Competition in a Cardiac Potassium Ion Channel Pore: A Putative Arrhythmogenic Mechanism by Mullins, Franklin McRay; PhD from Vanderbilt University, 2002, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058713
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Conversion of Chiral Boronic Esters into Potassium Trifluoroborates: Asymmetric Alkyldifluoroboranes and Their Use in Chiral Secondary Amine Synthesis by Kim, Gyungyoun; PhD from Washington State University, 2002, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069644
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Development of a Cognitive-Based Teacher Stress Measuring Instrument Validated by Sodium/Potassium Ratios in the Blood by Parlock, Bernard M., PhD from Purdue University, 1984, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8423409
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Differential Responses to Nmda Receptor Activation in Nucleus of the Solitary Tract Neurons: a Putative Role for Transient Potassium Conductances by Leveck, David Eugene; Msc from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 2002, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ73046
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Differential Sensitivity of Antigen- and Mitogen- Stimulated Human Leucocytes to Prolonged Inhibition of Potassium Transport by Wright, E. Pamela; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK25445
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Diffusion Parameters of Group 1b Elements in Molten Potassium Chloride by Denning, Kenneth Frederick; AdvDeg from The University of Saskatchewan (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK05472
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Dopamine Modulation of Potassium Currents in Pyramidal Neurons of Rat Prefrontal Cortex: Neuroadaptations Following Chronic Cocaine Administration by Dong, Yan; PhD from The Herman M. Finch U. of Health Sciences - the Chicago Medical Sch., 2002, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061529
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Effect of Drought, Flooding, and Potassium Stress on the Quality and Composition of Root Exudates in Axenic Culture (Agropyron Cristatum) by Henry, Amelia; MS from Utah State University, 2003, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413828
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Effects of Mitochondrial Atp-sensitive Potassium Channel Activation on Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Apoptosis by Gursahani, Hemamalini Ishwar; PhD from University of Kentucky, 2002, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078397
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Electrode Potentials of Iron, Cobalt, Nickel and Hydrogen in a Near-Eutectic Potassium Chloride-Sodium Chloride-Aluminum Chloride Melt by Skala, Martin; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK17691
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Electron Nuclear Double Resonance Studies of Free Radicals Trapped in Irradiated Single Crystals of Sodium Formate and Potassium Hydrogen Bisphenylacetate by Park, John Melvyn; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK32542
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Electron Spin Resonance of X- and [Gamma]-Irradiated Potassium Difluoromalonate and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Copper (II) Complex with Trifluoroacetate Ligands by Mustafa, Mohammed Rafi; AdvDeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK05828
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Electronic Spectra of Single Crystal Potassium Bromide Containing Thallous Ion Impurity by Thorsley, Sheila Anne; PhD from The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14983
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Equilibria Studies for the Molten Salt Systems, Sodium Chloride-Potassium Chloride-Zirconium Tetrachloride and Sodium Chloride-Potassium ChlorideHafnium Tetrachloride and the Application to the Seperation of Hafnium Tetrachloride from Zirconium Tetrachlo by Kim, Jee Dong; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK19325
Dissertations 149
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Evaluation of ATP-sensitive Potassium Channels in Hypothalamic Responses to Alterations in Glucose Availability by Zhang, Yang; PhD from University of Louisiana at Monroe, 2002, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083016
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Exciplex Tuning and Optical Memory Studies for Dicyanoargentate(I) and Dicyanoaurate(I) Ions Doped in Potassium Chloride Crystals. Extension to Mixed Metal Gold and Silver Systems by Hettiarachchi, Samanthika Ruvinie; PhD from University of Maine, 2002, 228 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074229
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Exodomain Interactions Amongupar, Seprase, Integrins, and Kv1.3 Potassium Channels: Potential Contribution to Tumor Metastasis by Artym, Vira V.; PhD from Wayne State University, 2002, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049249
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Experimental Investigation of the Directional Distribution of Potassium(A) X-rays from Electron Conversion in Thulium-169 by Salie, David Lester; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13763
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Experimental Investigation of the Structural Phase Transition in Potassium Hexachloroosmate by Martin, Carlos Alberto; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK35265
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Experiments on the Application of Lasar Selective Excitation Spectroscopy to the Diagnostics of a Potassium Plasma by Rodrigo, Adolfo B; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13070
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Expression, Roles and Regulation of Potassium Channels in Neuroimmune Cells by Khanna, Rajesh; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 2003, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78086
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Fixation and Some Adsorption-Desorption Characteristics of Ammonium and Potassium in Four Ghanaian Soils by Oteng, John William; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK31103
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Function and Regulation of Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter in Cultured Astrocytes under High Extracellular Potassium Concentration by Su, Gui; PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049480
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Gaba-Evoked Changes in Brain Extracellular Potassium Ions by Barolet, Alan W; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46314
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Gating Rearrangements in Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels As Measured by Fluorescence by Mcgrath, Maureen Elisabeth; PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082317
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Genetic and Physiological Studies on Potassium and Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization in Wheat by Woodend, John J; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL41774
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Growth and Metabolic Responses of the Bush Bean to Potassium Naphthenates by Fattah, Quazi Abdul; Advdeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK05089
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Identification and Characterization of a Drosophila KCNQ Potassium Channel Homolog: Analysis of Alternative Splicing and Temporal Expression Patterns by Foltz, Sheri Marie; MS from Texas A&m University - Kingsville, 2002, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411841
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Identification and Characterization of Strong Inward Rectifier Potassium Channel (kir2.x) Associated Proteins by Leonoudakis, Dmitri; PhD from University of California, Santa Barbara, 2002, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073631
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Identification of Potassium Channel Subtypes Mediating the PgE(2)-induced Sensitization of Sensory Neurons and Regulation of Potassium Channel Gene Expression by Chronic Inflammation by Jiang, Xin; PhD from Indiana University, 2003, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3094107
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Influence of Pressure on the Cyclotron Mass of Potassium and Hole Fermi Surface of Antimony by Abd-el-rahman, Afaf; PhD from Mcmaster University (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL24102
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Interaction among Nitrogen, Potassium and Boron and Effects on Critical Concentration of Boron in Tomato, Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill. by Watson, Maurice Earl; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14015
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Interactions between Members of the Alpha-K Family of Scorpion Toxins and Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels by Ellis, Karen Catherine; PhD from University of Maryland, Baltimore, 2002, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3048465
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Internalization of the Kv1.4 Voltage-Dependent Potassium Channel by Jugloff, Denis George Mano; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 2002, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ69216
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Investigation of the Elastic Properties of Lithium Potassium Sulfate Single Crystals As a Function of Temperature and Pressure by Abu-kharma, Mahmoud Hasan; MSC from Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada), 2002, 72 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ73572
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Kv1.3 and Erg Potassium Channels in Microglia: Regulation by Tyrosine Phosphorylation by Cayabyab, Francisco Sandoval; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 2002, 306 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ74765
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Lymphocyte Transformation and Potassium Transport by Quastel, Michael R; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK15388
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Mass Spectrometric Investigation of the Equilibrium Gas Phase Solvation Reactions Involving (a) Hydration of the Proton, (b) Hydration of the Potassium Ion, and (c) Solvation of the Ammonium Ion by Ammonia Molecules by Searles, Stuart Kenneth; AdvDeg from University of Alberta (Canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03407
Dissertations 151
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Metamorphic Reactions in the System Potassium Oxide-magnesium OxideAluminum Oxide-Silicon Dioxide-Water at Water Pressures to 10 Kilobars by Bird, Gordon Winslow; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK11541
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Modulation of Sodium-Potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity in Rat Brain by Adenosine 3'5'-Monophosphate by Lingham, Russell B; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK53101
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Molecular Characterization of the Drosophila Melanogaster Ether-a-go-go-related Potassium Channel (DERG): Alternative Splicing and Transcriptional Regulation by Valadez, Roel, Jr.; Ms from Texas A&m University - Kingsville, 2002, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408386
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Neutron-Scattering and Magnetic Resonance Investigation of Potassium Hexachloroosmate by Mintz, John David; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK38782
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Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Studies of Cuprous Oxide and Potassium Chloroplatinate by Jeffrey, Kenneth R; Advdeg from University of Toronto (Canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03900
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Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Studies of Displacive Phase Transitions in Potassium and Ammonium Hexabromoplatinate by Wiszniewska, Maria; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK25513
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Observation of the Transverse Stern-Gerlach Effect in Neutral Potassium and an Analysis of a Charged Particle Stern Gerlach Experiment by Enga, Eric; AdvDeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK05806
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Possible Biochemical Mechanisms Regulating Sodium Ion, Potassium Ion-ATPase in Rat Submandibular Gland by Pon, Douglas James; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL43506
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Potassium Evoked Release of Noradrenaline from Rat Hearts by Carpenter, John Richard; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK23996
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Potassium Interactions with the (Na+, K+)-ATPase by Drapeau, Pierre; PhD from Mcgill University (Canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK50433
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Potassium Ion Transport and Adenosine Triphosphate Synthesis in Pea Cotyledon Mitochondria by Hamman, W. M.; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK17536
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Potassium Metabolism and Renal Function in Sheep by Cowan, Terence Kenneth Jefferson; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14896
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Raman Study of Relaxor Ferroelectrics Potassium Tantalum Niobium Oxide, Lead Magnesium Niobate and Lead Zinc Niobate by Svitelskiy, Oleksiy Vasyl; PhD from Lehigh University, 2003, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073963
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Reduction of Transient Outward Potassium Current and Hypertrophy in Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes: Role of Calcium-Dependent Signaling Pathways by Kassiri, Zamaneh; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 2002, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ74730
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Regulation of a Two-Pore Potassium(+) Channel by Multiple Functional Subunits in Caenorhabditis Elegans by Perez De La Cruz, Ignacio; PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f400769
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Regulation of Calcium-activated Potassium Channels by Transforming Growth Factor Beta1 in Developing Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons by Lhuillier, Loic Charles; PhD from University of Houston, 2003, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085611
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Regulation of Gnrh Pulse Generator Activity: Pubertal Maturation and the Role of Potassium(+/ATP) Channels in Mediating Sensitivity to Metabolic Cues by Harris, Glenn Clarke; PhD from Northwestern University, 2002, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050532
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Regulation of Large-Conductance, Calcium-Sensitive Potassium Channels by the Nitric Oxide/cyclic GMP Signaling Pathway by Swayze, Richard David; MSC from University of Calgary (Canada), 2002, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ72193
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Relation of the Sodium(+)/Potassium(+)-ATPase to Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases by Bair, Angela Mae; MSBS from Medical College of Ohio at Toledo, 2002, 66 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1407771
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Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade by Exchanging Potassium Ions by Caesium Ions in the Isolated Rat Phrenic Nerve-diaphragm Preparation by Korey, Andrew; PhD from The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14959
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Role of ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels in Nitric Oxide and Biological Thiol Modulation of Myometrial Plasma Membrane Potential and Uterine Contractility by Clipson, Thea; PhD from University of Michigan, 2002, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068840
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Role of the Transient Outward Potassium Current and Action Potential Profile in Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling, Hypertrophy and Failure by Sah, Rajan; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 2003, 228 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78083
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Selective Open-Channel Block of KV1 Potassium Channels by SNitrosodithiothreitol (SNDTT) by Brock, Mathew William; PhD from Stanford University, 2003, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085165
Dissertations 153
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Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of the Sodium, Potassium-ATPase in Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells by Stretch by Sevieux, Nancy; PhD from Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2002, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073569
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Sodium-potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase Turnover in Human Lens Epithelial Cells by Cui, Guangming; PhD from University of Louisville, 2002, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062484
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Spin Thermodynamics Applied to the Chlorine Nuclear Quadrupolar Resonance in Potassium Hexachloroosmate(IV) by Singh, Marsha A; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL39660
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Spin-phonon Transition Probabilities for Chromium(3+) and Iron(3+) in Potassium Cobalticyanide by Weissfloch, C. F; Advdeg from Mcgill University (Canada), 1966 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK00283
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Structural and Computational Studies of the Potassium Channel T1 Domain and the Ligand Binding Domain of a Glutamate Receptor by Nanao, Max Harunobu; PhD from University of California, San Diego, 2002, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3036994
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Structural Interactions in the Voltage Sensor of Potassium Channels Derived from Metal Ion Coordination in Ether-a-go-go by Silverman, William Ronald; PhD from University of California, Los Angeles, 2002, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058506
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Structure and Function of Exocytic Hydrogen, Potassium-ATPase-containing Membranes from Gastric Parietal Cells by Duman, Joseph Gerald; PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082170
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Studies in Potassium-argon Dating by Macintyre, Robert Mitchell; Advdeg from University of Toronto (Canada), 1966 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01031
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Studies of Prokaryotic Potassium Channel Structures and Regulatory Mechanisms by Roosild, Tarmo P.; PhD from University of California, San Diego, 2002, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055798
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Studies on (Sodium,Potassium)-ATPase As a Diuretic Receptor For Sulfhydryl Reagents By Banerjee, Shailesh P; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK11534
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Studies on the Myosin Nucleoside Triphosphatase and the Actin-Myosin Interaction under the Influence of Calcium and Magnesium at Low Concentrations of Potassium Chloride by Sugden, Edward Arthur; AdvDeg from University of Alberta (Canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK08127
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Studies on the Potassium Supplying Power of Some Southern Ontario Soils by Richards, John Edmond; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK67648
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Superprotonic Phase Transitions in Solid Acids: Parameters Affecting the Presence and Stability of Superprotonic Transitions in the MH(N)XO(4) Family of Compounds (X = Sulfur, Selenium, Phosphorus, Arsenic; M = Lithium, Sodium, Potassium,
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Ammonium, Rubidi by Chisholm, Calum Ronald Inneas; PhD from California Institute of Technology, 2003, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081243 •
The Beta Gamma Subunits of G Proteins Gate a Potassium Channel by Pivoted Bending of a Transmembrane Segment by Jin, Taihao; PhD from Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University, 2003, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075445
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The Collection, Analysis and Comparison of Human Urine between Sedentary and Conditioned Male Caucasians As to the Variation in Sodium, Potassium and Chloride Composition by Braine, Robert Stephen, EDD from West Virginia University, 1978, 72 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7900860
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The Effect of Potassium on the Effluent-free Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill by Gilbert, Allan Franklin; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK35030
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The Effects of Potassium and Magnesium Salts of Aspartic Acid on Strength, Endurance, and Body Composition of Male College-Age Advanced Weightlifters by Bowers, Charles Jefferson, EDD from The University of Mississippi, 1981, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8128090
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The Potassium Induced Increase in Metabolism and the Mechanical Threshold in Frog Skeletal Muscle by Vos, Evert Cornelis; AdvDeg from University of Alberta (Canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK04989
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The Potassium Peroxydisulfate Promoted Oxidative Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids by Osman, Soad Abdel Aziz; AdvDeg from University of Alberta (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06231
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The Presence of Alpha(1) and Alpha(2) Subunits of Sodium(+)/Potassium(+)-ATPase in Cardiac Caveolae by Aynafshar, Behrouz; MSBS from Medical College of Ohio at Toledo, 2002, 58 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410505
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The Reactions of Potassium, Ethyl Zanthate in Aqueous Solution by Tipman, Norman Robert; AdvDeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK08337
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The Role and Regulation of Voltage-Dependent Potassium Ion Channels in Pancreatic Beta-Cells by Macdonald, Patrick Edward; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 2003, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78448
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The Sodium(+)/Potassium(+)-ATPase As a Signal Transducer by Haas, Michael Steven; PhD from Medical College of Ohio at Toledo, 2002, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078911
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The Transmembrane and Intracellular Distribution of Chloride and Potassium in Single Striated Muscle Fibers of the Giant Barnacle by Gayton, David Charles; AdvDeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06892
Dissertations 155
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Tissue Injury and Remodeling in Rat Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Following Sodium-Potassium-ATPase Inhibition by Omar, Ayman I.; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002, 227 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ76454
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Two Distinct Outward Potassium(+) Conductances Are Simultaneously Activated in Tby-2 Suspension Culture Protoplasts by Crotty, Christopher Mark; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 2002, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78669
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON POTASSIUM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “potassium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on potassium, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Potassium By performing a patent search focusing on potassium, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on potassium: •
Agricultural oil processing using potassium hydroxide Inventor(s): Daniels; Ralph S. (Sherman, TX) Assignee(s): Mahoney; Carrie Lee (Southbury, CT) Patent Number: 6,632,952 Date filed: June 17, 1994 Abstract: A method of processing agricultural oil in which non-toxic reagents are used, so that a waste stream is evolved suitable for use as a nutrient source and wherein the non-toxic reagents include nutrient source and wherein the non-toxic reagents include nutrient components whereby the nutrient value of the waste stream is enhanced. A variation of convention refining is detailed in which potassium hydroxide is used as refining caustic instead of conventional sodium hydroxide. The resulting process exhibits improvements in waste wash characteristics, more complete oil recovery, less oil in the soapstock, reduced interlayer formation, more soap removed from the refined oil into the soapstock stream, and a less viscous soapstock. Excerpt(s): This invention involves both the field of agricultural oil refining and the field of nutrient material manufacture. Vegetable oils are natural fats which occur in the seeds of oil-seed plants such as soybean, cotton, corn and sunflower. Other agricultural oils are fish oils, animal fats and mixed vegetable-fish-fats. The oils are solvent extracted and refined for edible use as cooking oil (e.g., Wesson Oil.TM.), shortening (e.g., Crisco.TM.), salad dressings, mayonnaise and margarines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632952__
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Alkali-metal-beta-and beta"-alumina and gallate polycrystalline ceramics and fabrication by a vapor phase method Inventor(s): Fung; Kuan-Zong (Salt Lake City, UT), Jue; Jan-Fong (Salt Lake City, UT), Virkar; Anil Vasudeo (Salt Lake City, UT) Assignee(s): Materials and Systems Research, Inc. (Salt Lake City, UT) Patent Number: 6,632,763 Date filed: December 2, 2002 Abstract: A ceramic composite containing alkali-metal-beta- or beta"-alumina and an oxygen-ion conductor is fabricated by converting alpha-alumina to alkali-metal-beta- or beta"-alumina. A ceramic composite with continuous phases of alpha-alumina and the oxygen-ion conducting ceramic, such as zirconia, is exposed to a vapor containing an alkali-metal oxide, such as an oxide of sodium or potassium. Alkali metal ions diffuse through alkali-metal-beta- or beta"-alumina converted from.alpha.-alumina and oxygen ions diffuse through the oxygen-ion conducting ceramic to a reaction front where alphaalumina is converted to alkali-metal-beta- or beta"-alumina. A stabilizer for alkali-metalbeta"-alumina is preferably introduced into the.alpha.-alumina/oxygen-ion conductor composite or introduced into the vapor used to convert the alpha-alumina to an alkalimetal-beta"-alumina.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the formation of polycrystalline alkali-metal-betaand beta"- alumina ceramics, particularly for use as electrolytes in sodium-sulfur batteries, alkali metal thermoelectric converters (AMTEC) and alkali metal sensors. One of the high-temperature secondary battery systems being investigated as a power source for electric vehicles is the sodium-sulfur battery. These batteries offer a high specific energy and high specific power, both of which are required for electric vehicles. These battery systems may also be potential energy storage devices for electric utilities, where long life and low cost are more important than high specific energy and high specific power. In a sodium-sulfur cell, a liquid anode of metallic sodium and liquid cathode of sulfur or sodium polysulfide are separated by a polycrystalline ceramic electrolyte of either sodium beta- or beta"-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3. The operating temperature is typically between 300 and 400.degree. C. In this battery, sodium ions diffuse during discharge from the anode to the cathode by ionic conduction through the ceramic electrolyte. Usually the electrolyte is in the form of a tube with the liquid sodium anode in the interior of the tube. For high operating efficiency and low battery cost, it is essential that the conductivity of the electrolyte be as high as possible. For this reason, the preferred electrolyte is the sodium beta"- Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, because of its higher ionic conductivity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632763__ •
Aqueous dispersion for chemical mechanical polishing used for polishing of copper Inventor(s): Hattori; Masayuki (Tokyo, JP), Kawahashi; Nobuo (Tokyo, JP), Minamihaba; Gaku (Kanagawa, JP), Motonari; Masayuki (Tokyo, JP), Yano; Hiroyuki (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): JSR Corporation (Tokyo, JP), Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba (Kawasaki, JP) Patent Number: 6,653,267 Date filed: June 29, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides an aqueous dispersion for chemical mechanical polishing suitable for polishing of copper, which has a high polishing speed and a low erosion rate with overpolishing. The aqueous dispersion for chemical mechanical polishing of the invention contains a compound having a heterocycle, a surfactant and an oxidizing agent, wherein the compound having a heterocycle and the surfactant are in a weight ratio of 1:10 to 1:0.03. The aqueous dispersion may also contain abrasive particle. The compound having a heterocycle is preferably quinaldic acid, benzotriazole or the like. The surfactant is preferably a sulfonic acid salt such as potassium dodecylbenzenesulfonate or ammonium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and the oxidizing agent is preferably ammonium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide or the like. The abrasive particle used may be inorganic particle such as colloidal silica, an organic particle such as polymer particle, or an organic/inorganic composite particle comprising a combination thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an aqueous dispersion for chemical mechanical polishing (hereunder referred to simply as "aqueous dispersion") that is useful for polishing of copper during manufacture of semiconductor devices. More specifically, it relates to an aqueous dispersion for chemical mechanical polishing that can be suitably used in the wiring formation steps for semiconductor devices that require combinations of fine wiring of about 0.1.mu.m to thick wiring of about 100.mu.m, such as in DRAMs, high-speed logic LSIs and the like. High densification of semiconductor devices has led to advances in micronization of formed wirings in recent years. The damascene method is well known as a technique allowing further
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micronization of wiring. This method involves embedding a wiring material in a groove or the like formed in an insulating material, and then removing the excess wiring material by chemical mechanical polishing to form the desired wiring. High-speed polishing is desired for this method in order to achieve improved yields in the polishing step. When polishing an initial excess film [thickness X (.ANG.)] with the wiring material embedded in the groove at a polishing rate V (.ANG./min), the intended polishing should be achievable in the time X/V (min), but in actual semiconductor device manufacturing steps, wiring material left at sections other than the groove is also removed, such that overpolishing is carried out for a time exceeding X/V (min). Here, overpolishing of the wiring sections can result in formation of pit shapes. Such pitshaped wiring is known as "erosion",and is undesirable since it lowers yields of the semiconductor device. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653267__ •
Arthroscopic irrigation solution and method for inhibition of pain and inflammation Inventor(s): Demopulos; Gregory A. (Mercer Island, WA), Herz; Jeffrey M. (Mill Creek, WA), Pierce; Pamela A. (Tiburon, CA) Assignee(s): Omeros Corporation (Seattle, WA) Patent Number: 6,645,168 Date filed: July 12, 2002 Abstract: A method and solution for perioperatively inhibiting a variety of pain and inflammation processes at wounds from general surgical procedures including oral/dental procedures. The solution preferably includes multiple pain and inflammation inhibitory at dilute concentration in a physiologic carrier, such as saline or lactated Ringer's solution. The solution is applied by continuous irrigation of a wound during a surgical procedure for preemptive inhibition of pain and while avoiding undesirable side effects associated with oral, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intravenous application of larger doses of the agents. One preferred solution to inhibit pain and inflammation includes a serotonin.sub.2 antagonist, a serotonin.sub.3 antagonist, a histamine antagonist, a serotonin agonist, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, a neurokinin.sub.1 antagonist, a neurokinin.sub.2 antagonist, a purinoceptor antagonist, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, a calcium channel antagonist, a bradykinin.sub.1 antagonist, a bradykinin.sub.2 antagonist and a.mu.-opioid agonist. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to surgical irrigation solutions and methods, and particularly for anti-inflammatory, anti-pain, anti-spasm and anti-restenosis surgical irrigation solutions. Arthroscopy is a surgical procedure in which a camera, attached to a remote light source and video monitor, is inserted into an anatomic joint (e.g., knee, shoulder, etc.) through a small portal incision in the overlying skin and joint capsule. Through similar portal incisions, surgical instruments may be placed in the joint, their use guided by arthroscopic visualization. As arthroscopists' skills have improved, an increasing number of operative procedures, once performed by "open" surgical technique, now can be accomplished arthroscopically. Such procedures include, for example, partial meniscectomies and ligament reconstructions in the knee, shoulder acromioplasties and rotator cuff debridements and elbow synovectomies. As a result of widening surgical indications and the development of small diameter arthroscopes, wrist and ankle arthroscopies also have become routine. Throughout each arthroscopy, physiologic irrigation fluid (e.g., normal saline or lactated Ringer's) is flushed continuously through the joint, distending the joint capsule and removing operative
Patents 161
debris, thereby providing clearer intra-articular visualization. U.S. Pat. No. 4,504,493 to Marshall discloses an isomolar solution of glycerol in water for a non-conductive and optically clear irrigation solution for arthroscopy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645168__ •
Carbon-based adsorption powder containing cupric chloride Inventor(s): El-Shoubary; Youssef (North Brunswick, NJ), Maes; Rudy (Easton, PA), Seth; Subash C. (Watchung, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 6,638,347 Date filed: July 10, 2001 Abstract: A carbon-based, adsorption powder containing an effective amount of cupric chloride suitable for removing mercury from a high temperature, high moisture gas stream, wherein the effective amount of cupric chloride ranges from about 1 to about 45 wt percent. Additional additives, such as potassium permanganate, calcium hydroxide, potassium iodide and sulfur, may be added to the powder to enhance the removal of mercury from the gas stream. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an adsorption powder useful for the removal of metal and organic pollutants from gas streams. The adsorption powder is typically useful for treating solid waste contaminates, e.g. contaminated soil treatment by high efficiency incineration. More particularly, the invention relates to the capture of mercury and other metals, dioxins, furans and other organic compounds from high temperature, high moisture gas streams using an adsorption powder containing cupric chloride. Strict standards exist for particulate and total mercury emissions by coal-fired power plants, petroleum refineries, chemical refineries, coal fired furnaces, trash burning facilities, incinerators, metallurgical operations, thermal treatment units and other particulate and mercury emitting facilities. These same restrictions apply to mercury vapor, which can enter the atmosphere as a result of low temperature thermal desorption (LTTD) treatment of contaminated soils. These stringent standards exist in order to protect the environment and the community. When mercury-containing gases are released, the gases disperse and mercury is deposited over a wide area. The dispersed mercury can accumulate in the soil or water supplies, where it may be incorporated into the food chain. Mercury is extremely harmful to aquatic life and ultimately to the humans who consume mercury-contaminated plants and animals. It is necessary, therefore, to have a safe and effective method of eliminating mercury from the environment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638347__
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Ceramic carrier and ceramic catalyst body Inventor(s): Andou; Yosiyasu (Kakamigahara, JP), Nakanishi; Tomohiko (Kariya, JP), Yamada; Masanori (Nishio, JP) Assignee(s): Denso Corporation (Aichi-Pref., JP), Nippon Soken, Inc. (Aichi, JP) Patent Number: 6,649,563 Date filed: June 4, 2001
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Abstract: A ceramic carrier and ceramic catalyst body used as NO.sub.x purification catalysts for lean burn engines, which are inexpensive, exhibit high temperature durability and can maintain their catalytic function for extended periods. The ceramic carrier has a diffusion-inhibiting layer formed on the surface of a cordierite honeycomb structure, to inhibit diffusion of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, etc. carried as NO.sub.x storage materials. The diffusion-inhibiting layer is composed of a ceramic material such as Y.sub.2 O.sub.3, NiO or CeO.sub.2 which does not react with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals at temperatures of up to 1000.degree. C. and has a melting point of higher than 1000.degree. C., and the diffusion-inhibiting layer inhibits diffusion of catalyst components such as potassium into the interior to prevent their reaction with cordierite, so that the durability is greatly enhanced without reducing catalytic performance. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an exhaust gas purification catalyst for the purification of exhaust gas emitted from internal combustion engines of automobiles and the like and, specifically, it relates to a ceramic carrier which is ideal as a carrier for an exhaust gas purification catalyst in a lean burn engine or diesel engine, and to a ceramic catalyst body comprising it. On the other hand, exhaust gas temperatures have also been increasing in recent years, making it important to improve the high temperature durability of exhaust gas purification catalysts. Incidentally, catalysts with alkali metals loaded as NO.sub.x storage materials on cordierite carriers have been associated with the problem of reduced NO.sub.x storage capacity and cordierite carrier impairment under higher exhaust gas temperatures. This is attributed to the fact that the alkali metal easily penetrates into the porous coating layer of.gamma.-alumina and reacts with the Si in the cordierite; as a measure against this, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication HEI No. 10-165817 proposes using a carrier made of a low thermal expansion material containing no Si, instead of a cordierite carrier. However, of the.alpha.-alumina, zirconia, titania, titanium phosphate, aluminum titanate, stainless steel and Fe--Al--Cr alloy mentioned as examples in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication HEI No. 10-165817, only the very highly dense (heavy) aluminum titanate exhibits a sufficiently low thermal expansion coefficient for practical use. Aluminum titanate, however, is poorly suited given the trend toward lighter weight vehicles and its high cost increases the cost of the metal carrier. Other ceramic materials have high thermal expansion coefficients, and are also impractical from the standpoint of impact resistance. Thus, it is the current situation that no low-cost carrier material with a low thermal expansion coefficient exists as a substitute for cordierite. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649563__ •
Cleaning process and cleaning agent for harmful gas Inventor(s): Nawa; Youji (Kanagawa, JP), Otsuka; Kenji (Kanagawa, JP), Takamatsu; Yukichi (Kanagawa, JP), Tonari; Kazuaki (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Japan Pionics Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,638,489 Date filed: September 21, 2001 Abstract: There are disclosed a process for cleaning a harmful gas which comprises bringing the harmful gas containing as a harmful component, an organosilicon compound represented by the general formula: CH.sub.2 CH--SiR.sub.3, CH.sub.2 CH-Si(OR).sub.3, CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 --SiR.sub.3 or CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 --Si(OR).sub.3, wherein R indicates a saturated hydrocarbon group or an aromatic compound group,
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into contact with a cleaning agent comprising activated carbon adhesively incorporated with at least one species selected from the group consisting of bromine, iodine, a metal bromide and a metal iodide in which the metal is exemplified by copper, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, aluminum and tin; and a cleaning agent comprising the same. The cleaning process and the cleaning agent enable to practically clean a harmful gas which is exhausted from a semiconductor manufacturing process and the like by the use of a dry cleaning process. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for cleaning a harmful gas containing as a harmful component, an organosilicon compound represented by the general formula: CH.sub.2 CH--SiR.sub.3, CH.sub.2 CH--Si(OR).sub.3, CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 --SiR.sub.3 or CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 --Si(OR).sub.3, wherein R is a saturated hydrocarbon group or an aromatic compound group; and a cleaning agent therefor. More particularly, it is concerned with a process for cleaning, by dry cleaning process, a harmful gas containing the above-mentioned organosilicon compound which gas is exhausted from a semiconductor manufacturing process or the like; and a cleaning agent therefor. There has been developed in recent years, a wiring material of copper films which has low electric resistance and high electro-migration resistance as a new wiring material taking the place of the wiring material of aluminum films or aluminum alloy films. Plating, sputtering, CVD (chemical vapor deposition) and the like method have been put into practical application as a method of forming copper films. With continuous progress towards three dimensional trend of a device and multi-layer trend of a wiring material, the requirement for flatness of a thin film is steadily growing. Thus, there is expected the advancement of film forming technique by CVD method which technique is capable of forming a thin film meeting the requirements of favorable step coverage and a design rule of 0.13.mu.m or less. In regard to copper film formation by means of CVD method, research and investigation have been made on a method in which any of various solid CVD feed materials is sublimed by being kept at an elevated temperature, and supplied in the form of vapor to a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus. However, disadvantages of the method such as an unreasonably small amount of vapor feed and a low rate of film formation led to unsuccess in commercialization thereof. Nevertheless, development has been made in recent years on CVD feed materials in the form of liquid such as hexafluoroacetylacetone-copper vinyltrimethylsilane [(CF.sub.3 CO).sub.2 CHCu.CH.sub.2 CHSi(CH.sub.3).sub.3 ] or hexafluoroacetylacetone-copper allyltrimethylsilane [(CF.sub.3 CO).sub.2 CHCu.CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 Si(CH.sub.3).sub.3 ], whereby the rate of film formation has been improved to such a level as commercializability. it being so, copper film formation was commenced by the use of the above-mentioned hexafluoroacetylacetonecopper complexes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638489__ •
Combination therapeutic compositions and method of use Inventor(s): Chen; Jin-Long (Foster City, CA), Jaen; Juan C. (Burlingame, CA) Assignee(s): Tularik Inc. (South San Francisco, CA) Patent Number: 6,653,332 Date filed: May 2, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions and methods for the treatment of diabetes mellitus using combination therapy. The compositions relate to
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a compound of Formula I and an antidiabetic agent such as sulfonylureas, biguanides, glitazones,.alpha.-glucosidase inhibitors, potassium channel antagonists, aldose reductase inhibitors, glucagon antagonists, activators of RXR, insulin therapy or other anti-obesity agent. The methods include the administration of the combination of compound of Formula I with antidiabetic agent where the two components are delivered in a simultaneous manner, where the compound of Formula I is administered first, followed by the antidiabetic agent, as well as wherein the antidiabetic agent is delivered first followed by the compound of Formula I. Excerpt(s): In general, the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions, and more particularly, to pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of diabetes mellitus using combination therapy. Diabetes mellitus is a term generally used to refer to various pathological states characterized by hyperglycemia and altered metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. These conditions are also often associated with other comorbidities, such as obesity and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. By some estimates, as many as 600,000 new individuals become clinically diabetic every year in the United States. Diabetic conditions are generally classified as either insulindependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, Type I diabetes) or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, Type II diabetes). There are also less common clinical pathologies that are associated with diabetic conditions, such as gestational maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY), tropical diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatis, diabetes secondary to pancreatic disease or surgery, and diabetes secondary to endocrinopathies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653332__ •
Components coated with an aluminum-silicon alloy Inventor(s): Becker; Andreas (Lachendorf, DE), Frehse; Joachim (Hannover, DE), SesekeKoyro; Ulrich (Isernhagen, DE) Assignee(s): Solvay Pharmaceuticals GmbH (Hannover, DE) Patent Number: 6,648,212 Date filed: December 3, 2001 Abstract: Components composed of aluminum or an aluminum alloy with a coating comprising an aluminum-silicon alloy deposited thereon by applying an alkali metal fluorosilicate and heating the resulting treated material. The alloy layer is effectively protected against re-oxidation by a non-corrosive, alkali metal fluoroaluminate layer (e.g. a potassium fluoroaluminate layer) which forms simultaneously. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of international application Ser. No. PCT/EP00/04777, filed May 25, 2000, designating the United States of America, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Priority is claimed based on Federal Republic of Germany patent application No. DE 199 25 301.3, filed Jun. 2, 1999. The invention relates to a process for depositing an aluminum-silicon alloy on aluminum or aluminum alloys, the resulting components which are obtained, and a brazing process. Techniques for brazing components made of aluminum or aluminum alloys are known. The components are joined with the aid of a brazing metal and a flux while being heated. The brazing metal can either be added separately or components plated with brazing metal can be used. The preferred fluxes are potassium fluoroaluminate and/or cesium fluoroaluminate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06648212__
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Compositions comprising water soluble copolymer and cesium salt of a carboxylic acid Inventor(s): Benton; William J. (Magnolia, TX), Miller; Edward E. (Plano, TX) Assignee(s): Cabot Corporation (Boston, MA), Fritz Industries, Inc. (Mesquite, TX) Patent Number: 6,656,989 Date filed: May 19, 2000 Abstract: Novel polymer compositions are disclosed, along with their use as well service fluids, for example as completion fluids, work-over fluids or drilling fluids, comprising water soluble copolymers having sulfonate groups and carboxylate groups, along with alkali metal salts of carboxylic acid. Exemplary copolymer has 5 to 95 wt. % structural units derived from 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid or salt thereof, and 5 to 95 wt. % structural units derived from acrylic acid or salt thereof. A salt of the polymer may be used, such as the sodium, potassium, ammonium and calcium salts. Exemplary alkali metal salts of the polymer composition include sodium, potassium and cesium salts of formic acid and/or acetic acid in amounts suitable to develop high temperature viscosity suitable for such well servicing fluids. The polymer composition is hydrateble/soluble in a brine of sodium and/or potassium and/or cesium salts of formic and/or acetic acid. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to certain polymer compositions, their preparation and their use as viscosifiers in alkali metal salt solutions which are particularly useful in viscosifying well-drilling fluids for oil field operations at temperatures above 350.degree. F. It is known to use aqueous polysaccharide compositions in well-drilling operations, e.g. in oil and gas wells. Examples of polysaccharides include cellulose derivatives, such as carboxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, carboxyrnethylhydroxyethylcellulose, alkylhydroxyalkylcelluloses, alkylcelluloses, alkylcarboxyalkylcelluloses and hydroxyalkylcelluloses (particularly hydroxyethylcellulose); and microbial polysaccharides such as Succinoglycan polysaccharides, Scleroglucan polysaccharides and Xanthan polysaccharides. In order to achieve suitable density for use in well-drilling operations, it is conventional for the known aqueous polysaccharide compositions to include water soluble salts, e.g. as described in UK Patent No. 1,549,734. These salts are typically halide salts (e.g. chlorides and bromides) of mono- or divalent cations, such as sodium, potassium, calcium and zinc, e.g. sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium bromide or zinc bromide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06656989__
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CRT having an improved internal conductive coating and making the same Inventor(s): Akiyama; Masatoshi (Yotsukaido, JP), Hosotani; Nobuhiko (Mobara, JP), Ito; Hiroshi (Mobara, JP), Matsumoto; Shunichi (Chiba, JP), Nishimura; Kazuyuki (Chiba, JP), Sento; Kiyoshi (Sakura, JP) Assignee(s): Hitachi Device Engineering Co., Ltd. (Mobara, JP), Hitachi, Ltd (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,639,348 Date filed: March 20, 2000 Abstract: A color cathode ray tube includes an evacuated envelope having a generally rectangular panel portion, a narrow neck portion having a circular cross-section and a
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funnel portion tapering down from a panel-portion side thereof toward a neck-portion side thereof for connecting the panel portion and the neck portion, a three-color phosphor screen formed on an inner surface of the panel portion, an electron gun housed in the neck portion, and an internal conductive film extending from an inner wall of the neck portion to an inner wall of the funnel portion. The funnel portion is provided with a yoke-mounting portion of generally truncated quadrilateral-pyramidal shape for mounting a beam deflection yoke therearound on the neck-portion side of the funnel portion. The internal conductive film is formed of a first part and a second part, the first part is formed of graphite, metallic oxide and potassium silicate, and the second part is formed of graphite and potassium silicate. The first part extends from the neck portion in the vicinity of a forward end of the electron gun to a position in the yokemounting portion spaced a distance in a range of 60 mm to 150 mm from a splice line between the neck portion and the funnel portion, and the second part overlaps with the first part at opposing ends thereof and extends to a vicinity of a seal line between the funnel portion and the panel portion. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cathode ray tube, and in particular to a cathode ray tube having a portion of a funnel portion for mounting a deflection yoke formed in generally truncated quadrilateral-pyramidal shape for the purpose of power saving and having a uniformity in thickness of an internal conductive coating improved in the portion of generally truncated quadrilateral-pyramidal shape to improve reliability of the cathode ray tube. Generally, a cathode ray tube for displaying images or the like is provided with an evacuated envelope comprising a panel portion having a viewing screen formed of phosphor elements coated on an inner surface thereof, a neck portion for housing an electron gun and a funnel portion tapering down from a diameter of the panel portion to a diameter of the neck portion for connecting the panel portion and the neck portion. In a color cathode ray tube for displaying color images, a color viewing screen is formed by coating phosphor elements of a plurality (usually three) of colors on the inner surface of the panel portion, a shadow mask serving as a color selection electrode is closely spaced from the screen and suspended within the panel portion, and an in-line type electron gun for emitting three electron beams is housed in the neck portion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06639348__ •
Fuel composition and method for extending the time between turbine washes when burning ash bearing fuel in a turbine Inventor(s): Feitelberg; Alan S. (Niskayuna, NY), Pareek; Vinod Kumar (Niskayuna, NY), Whitehead; Alan (Charlton, NY) Assignee(s): General Electric Company (Schenectady, NY) Patent Number: 6,632,257 Date filed: May 3, 2000 Abstract: The addition of a magnesium compound to an ash bearing fuel results in a reduction in the formation of deposits in the turbine and extending the interval between turbine washes when burning the ash bearing fuel in a turbine compared to burning the ash bearing fuel in a turbine without the addition of a magnesium compound. The additive is desirably effective with ash bearing fuel having less than 0.5 ppm vanadium by weight, less than 1 ppm sodium and potassium combined by weight, and greater than about 25 ppm ash by weight or greater than 2 ppm calcium by weight. The additive
Patents 167
is blended with the ash bearing fuel to give a mass ratio of magnesium to ash of between about 0.5 to 1 and about 3 to 1, and desirably about 1 to 1 on a mass basis after mixing. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to fuel compositions for combustion turbines, and more particularly, to fuel compositions and methods for extending the time between turbine washes when burning ash bearing fuels. When combusted in a turbine, various inorganic constituents (ash) in a fuel can affect turbine operation particularly over extended periods of time. Certain constituents in a fuel can cause corrosion of the various parts of the turbine. Other constituents in a fuel can form noncorrosive deposits on the various parts of the turbine. Deposits are often periodically removed with a standard turbine wash cycle. For example, sodium, potassium, and vanadium are of concern in hot corrosion. Turbine manufacturers typically recommend less than 1 ppm (parts per million) by weight of sodium and potassium combined, less than 0.5 ppm by weight of vanadium, and less than 5 ppm other trace metals by weight. In particular, vanadium in a concentration greater than 0.5 ppm by weight forms low melting point vanadium compounds which have been implicated in hot corrosion. Magnesium compounds have been added to fuels having a vanadium content greater than 0.5 ppm by weight to reduce vanadium corrosion in gas turbines. The magnesium compounds react with vanadium to form solid magnesium vanadates, capturing the vanadium in an inert chemical state. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632257__ •
Fuel compositions exhibiting improved fuel stability Inventor(s): Orr; William C. (2075 S. University, #240, Denver, CO 80210) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,652,608 Date filed: December 8, 1997 Abstract: A fuel composition of the present invention exhibits minimized hydrolysis and increased fuel stability, even after extended storage at 65.degree. F. for 6-9 months. The composition, which is preferably not strongly alkaline (3.0 to 10.5), is more preferably weakly alkaline to mildly acidic (4.5 to 8.5) and most preferably slightly acidic (6.3 to 6.8), includes a lower dialkyl carbonate, a combustion improving amount of at least one high heating combustible compound containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, or mixture, and a hydrocarbon base fuel. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to enhanced structured fuel compositions for use in jet, turbine, diesel, gasoline, and other combustion systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to fuel compositions using viscous hydrocarbons, which are substantially neutral pH, and which employ a silicon based combustion catalyst. International patent application Nos. PCT/US95/02691, PCT/US95/06758, and PCT/US96/09653, are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference, and disclose fuel compositions and combustion techniques for achieving vapor phase combustion based on an enhanced combustion structure ("ECS"). This enhanced combustion structure includes a combustible metallic and free radical generating oxygenated compound. It has been found that such free radical generating oxygenates include C2-
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C12 aldehydes, aldehydic acids, C2-C12 ethers, C1-C15 alcohols, C2-C12 oxides, C3-C15 ketones, ketonic acids, C3-C15 esters, othroesters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols, C5C20 glycol ethers, C2-C12 glycols, C3-C20 alkyl carbonates, C3-C20 dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganic peroxides, hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids, amines, nitrates, di-nitrates, oxalates, phenols, acetic acids, boric acids, orthoborates, hydroxyacids, orthoacids, anhydrides, acetates, acetyls, formic acids, nitrates, di-nitrates, nitro-ethers, which can meet minimum burning velocity (BV) and latent heats of vaporization (LHV) requirements of aforementioned PCT Applications. Specific compounds can be found in detail in Organic Chemistry 6th Ed, T. W. G. Solomons, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., (1995), Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed, P. W. Atkins, Oxford University Press, U.K. (1994), Physical Organic Chemistry, 2 Ed, N. S. Issacs, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1995) and Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 14th Ed, J. A. Dean, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. (1992), and their minimum BV/LHV requirements in aforementioned PCT Applications, which are herein by incorporated by reference. Said enhanced combustion structure oxygenates, when in combination with a combustible non-lead metal or non-metal (as set forth below), exhibit high heats of enthalpy capable, improved combustion, thermal efficiency, fuel economy, and power. Of particularly interest to this invention are the enhanced combustion struture oxygenates of symmetrical dialkyl carbonates, especially dimethyl and diethyl carbonates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652608__ •
hKCa3/KCNN3 small conductance calcium activated potassium channel: A diagnostic marker and therapeutic target Inventor(s): Chandy; K. George (Laguna Beach, CA), Fantino; Emmanuelle (Tustin, CA), Gargus; J. Jay (Irvine, CA), Gutman; George (Costa Mesa, CA), Kalman; Katarin (Irvine, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 6,653,100 Date filed: May 4, 2000 Abstract: The present invention is based on the discovery and cloning of the human small conductance calcium activated potassium channel type 3 (hKCa3/KCNN3) gene, which is expressed in neuronal cells, skeletal muscle, heart, and lymphocytes. Alterations in the hKCa3/KCNN3 gene or its protein product may enhance susceptibility to schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder. hKCa3/KCNN3 may be involved in neuropsychiatric, neurological, neuromuscular, and immunological disorders. Substantially purified hKCa3/KCNN3 polypeptides and polynucleotides are provided. Antibodies which bind to hKCa3/KCNN3 polypeptides are also disclosed. A method for identifying a compound which affects hKCa3/KCNN3 polynucleotide or polypeptide is provided. A method for diagnosis and determining the prognosis and treatment regimen of a subject having or at risk of having a hKCa3/KCNN3-associated disorder is also provided. A method of treating a subject having or at risk of having an hKCa3/KCNN3-associated disorder by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a polynucleotide encoding SEQ ID NO:2 is also provided. A formulation for administration of hKCa3/KCNN3 to a patient of a therapeutically effective amount of hKCa3/KCNN3 polypeptide is provided. Kits useful for detecting the presence of hKCa3/KCNN3 polypeptide or polynucleotide in a sample from a subject having a hKCa3/KCNN3-associated disorder are provided. Transgenic nonhuman animals having a transgene encoding hKCa3/KCNN3 are also described.
Patents 169
Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of small conductance calcium activated potassium channels, and more specifically to the diagnosis, study, prevention and treatment of disorders related to these channels. Action potentials in vertebrate neurons are followed by an after hyperpolarization (AHP) that may persist for several seconds and may have profound consequences for the neuronal firing pattern. The AHP has several components, which are distinct are mediated by different calcium activated potassium channels. Small conductance calcium activated potassium channels (SKCa, where "S" represents "small") underlie slow components of the AHP, which are responsible for spike-frequency adaption (Hotson, J. R., and Prince, D. A., J. Neurophysiol. 43:409, 1980). Small conductance channels have a unitary conductance of 4-14ps, are exquisitely sensitive to internal Ca.sup.2+, lack the property of voltage dependence and are blocked by nanomolar concentrations of the natural toxins apamin and scyllatoxin. These channels modulate the firing pattern of neurons via the generation of slow membrane afterhyperpolarizations (Nicoll, R. A., Science 241:545551, 1988). The intermediate channels (IKCa, where "I" represents intermediate conductance) have a conductance of 11-40 pS, are blocked by charybdotoxin and clotrimazol, and are as sensitive to internal Ca.sup.2+ as SKCa channels (Ishii, T. M., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:11651-11656, 1997; Joiner, W. J., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 94:11013-11018, 1997). The SKCa are currents that have been described in a wide range of tissues, including brain (Lancaster, B. and Nicoll, R. A., J. Physiol. 389:187203, 1987), peripheral neurons (Goh, J. W., and Pennefather, P. S., J. Physiol. 394:315330,1987), skeletal muscle (Romey, G., and Lazdunski, M., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 118:669-674, 1984) adrenal chromaffin cells (Neely, A., and Lingle, C. J., J. Physiol. 452:97-131, 1992), leukocytes (Grissmer, S., et al., J. Gen. Physiol. 99:63-84, 1992), erythrocytes (Hamill, O. P., J. Physiol. 319:97P-98P, 1981), colon (Lomax, R. B., et al., Gut 38:243-247, 1996), and airway epithelia (Welsh, M. J., and McCann, J. D., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:8823-8826, 1985). Certain types of SKCa channels have been distinguished by their sensitivities to the bee venom apamin, whereas other functionally related conductances appear insensitive (Sah, P., and AcLachlan, E. M., 1992, J. Neurophysiol. 74:1772-1776). The distinguishing features of the SKCa channels from the maxi-K calcium activated (BK) potassium channels are the SKCa channels' low conductance (less than 50 pS), the weak or negligible dependence of their activity on membrane voltage, and their high affinity for calcium (EC.sub.50 <1.mu.M) (e.g., Lancaster, B., and Zucker, R. S., J. Physiol. 475:229-239, 1994). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653100__ •
Magnetic device with ferromagnetic layer contacting specified yttrium or rare earth element oxide antiferromagnetic layer Inventor(s): Allenspach; Rolf (Adliswil, CH), Fompeyrine; Jean (Waedenswil, CH), Fullerton; Eric (Morgan Hill, CA), Locquet; Jean Pierre (Horgen, BE), Moran; Timothy (Springfield, CA), Seo; Maria (Lausanne, CH) Assignee(s): International Business Machines Corporation (Armonk, NY) Patent Number: 6,631,057 Date filed: March 8, 2000 Abstract: The present invention concerns at least an antiferromagnetic layer, which is in direct contact with a ferromagnetic layer for inducing an exchange bias in the ferromagnetic layer. Thus, the ferromagnetic layer is pinned by the antiferromagnetic layer, also referred to as the pinning layer. The antiferromagnetic or pinning layer
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comprises a compound from the group of orthoferrites, which show a variety of advantages. For example, these antiferromagnets can have a Neel temperature T.sub.N ranging from at least 623 K to 740 K depending on the compounds, and they can display a weak ferromagnetic moment. Therefore, a magnetic device comprising the mentioned structure can be used properly in an environment of a high operating temperature. The compound can be described by the formula RFe.sub.1-x TM.sub.x O.sub.3 with R a rare earth element or Yttrium, and TM a transition metal which can be one element of the groups IB to VIII. The compound can be also doped by an element S being an element with another valence, such as Barium, Nickel, Strontium, Calcium, Potassium, or Sodium in compound R.sub.1-x S.sub.x FeO.sub.3. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to European Application Number 99105662.3, filed on Mar. 19, 1999 by R. Allenspach et al., assigned to the assignee of the present application. The present invention relates to magnetic devices and generally to devices having a pinning layer. More particularly the invention relates to magnetic memories (MRAM) and magnetoresistive sensors based on the so-called "spin-value" or "giant magnetoresistive (GMR)" effect. Although the present invention is applicable in a variety of magnetic applications it will be described with the focus put on an application to magnetoresistive sensors as GMR sensors, for example. The change in electrical resistance of a material in response to a magnetic field is called magnetoresistance which has made it possible to read information on a magnetic medium, such as a computer hard disk. The prior art discloses a magnetic read tranducer referred to as a magnetoresistive (MR) sensor or head which has been shown to be capable of reading data from a magnetic surface at great linear densities. A MR sensor detects magnetic field signals through the resistance changes of a read element fabricated of a magnetic material as a function of the strength and direction of magnetic flux being sensed by the read element. These prior art MR sensors operate on the basis of the anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) effect in which a component of the read element resistance varies as the square of the cosine of the angle between the magnetization and the direction of sense current flow through the element. A more detailed description of the AMR effect can be found in "Memory, Storage, and Related Applications", D. A. Thompson et al., IEEE Trans. Mag. MAG-11, p. 1039 (1975). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06631057__ •
Maintaining readiness in fire hydrants Inventor(s): Hallman; John H. (New Waverly, TX), Hyland; William (Camp Hill, OH) Assignee(s): Clearwater International, L.L.C. (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 6,659,123 Date filed: August 24, 2001 Abstract: Fire hydrants are protected from freezing by including potassium formate, preferably at least 10% by weight, in the water enclosed in them during nonuse. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to firefighting, and particularly to the use of potassium formate as a freeze point depressant in fire hydrants. In northern climates, a difficult problem for firefighters has been the tendency of the water in fire hydrants to freeze. Frozen water either in the hydrant itself or in the working parts of the valves which operate it may completely prevent use of the hydrant, frustrating any timely efforts to thaw the hydrant or otherwise release the water upstream from the hydrant, thereby risking loss of life and costly destruction of property. In recent years, a common
Patents 171
approach to this problem has been to add one or more glycols to the water in the fire hydrant, and sometimes in the pipe segments near the hydrant valves as well. This has been successful to some degree, but glycols have a tendency to degrade, and some of them are toxic. In addition, glycols can be metabolized by microorganisms under certain conditions, creating foul smells and resulting in decreased effectiveness as a freeze point depressant. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06659123__ •
Manufacture of cost-effective titanium powder from magnesium reduced sponge Inventor(s): Andreev; Anatoli E. (6 Verkhnya St. #23, Zaporizhzhya, UA 69032), Drozdenko; Victor A. (27 Gudimenko St. #20, Zaporizhzhya, UA 69113), Froes; Francis H. (2475 Blaine Rd., Moscow, ID 83843), Ivasishin; Orest M. (31 General Naumov St. #40, Kiev, UA 03164), Moxson; Vladimir S. (2525 Deer Hollow, Hudson, OH 44236), Petrunko; Anatoli M. (4 Mayakovsky Dr. #50, Zaporizhzhya, UA 69035), Savvakin; Dmitro G. (9 Ave. of 50-years Zhovtnya #313, Kiev, UA 03194), Yatsenko; Oleksiy P. (25 Marshal Chuykov St. #59, Zaporizhzhya, UA 69096) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,638,336 Date filed: May 13, 2002 Abstract: The cost-effective titanium powder is manufactured by (a) magnesium-thermic reduction of titanium chlorides characterized by the formation of a hollow block of the reaction mass having an open cavity in the center of the block, (b) thermal-vacuum separation of the hollow block from excessive Mg and MgCl.sub.2 at 850-950.degree. C. and residual pressure of 10.sup.-2 -10.sup.-3 mm Hg, (c) cooling of obtained titanium hollow block in a H.sub.2 -contained atmosphere at an excessive hydrogen pressure, (d) crushing the hydrogenated titanium block, (e) grinding the crushed titanium pieces into the powder combined with a hydro-metallurgical treatment of obtained titanium powder in a diluted aqueous solution of at least one chloride selected from magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or titanium chloride, and (f) drying and, optionally dehydrating the titanium powder ground to a predetermined particle size. The formation of the hollow block of the reaction mass with the open cavity in the center of the block is carried out by accelerating the reaction mass on the inside surface of the reactor. The hydro-metallurgical treatment of titanium powder is carried out in the solutions having the total content of chlorides of 0.5-10 wt. %, at the powder-to-solution weight ratio from 1:1 to 1:4. The cooling of the titanium hollow block in the hydrogencontained atmosphere is carried out to the temperature of 550-450.degree. C. at the excessive hydrogen pressure of 0.2 bar or higher. The productivity of the innovative process is higher, the energy consumption is lessened more than double, the duration of the processing cycle is decreased by 3. The shorter time of high-temperature stages results in significant improvement of titanium powder quality because it prevents the oxidation and nitrogenation of the metal. The powder dispersion is increased caused by porous and poorly sintered structure of the reaction mass. Cooling the block in the presence of hydrogen also increases the powder quality and the yield of fine powder fractions during the hydro-metallurgical treatment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to titanium powder manufactured by crushing and grinding titanium sponge produced by metallo-thermic reduction of titanium chlorides. More particularly, the invention is directed to the cost-cutting and energysaving manufacture of titanium powder by the improved process of magnesium-
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reduction of TiCl.sub.4 including vacuum separation (vacuum distillation) from magnesium and magnesium chlorides followed by the improved process of grinding and hydro-metallurgical treating of the ground sponge. Titanium powder for commercial use, is presently produced by a hydride-dehydride (HDH) process, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,644, by gas atomization, or by the plasma-rotating electrode process, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,060. Raw materials for HDH process are titanium metal obtained by re-melting and processing titanium sponge, or ready-crushed titanium sponge itself, as disclosed in JP 10096003, 1998. These raw materials are hydrogenated, then, the brittle hydrogenated titanium is ground to the desired powder size that is dehydrogenated by vacuum heating. Essentially, the titanium powder production is a multi-step, energy-consumable, high-cost industrial process including the manufacture of titanium sponge, which is the most expensive part of the technology. Numerous disclosures for magnesium-reducing TiCl.sub.4 and subsequent processing of the obtained titanium sponge are present in the art, starting from U.S. Pat. No. 2,205,854 granted to Wilhelm Kroll in 1940. Most developments were directed to improve the quality of the sponge by diminishing the final content of magnesium, chlorine, oxygen, and iron contaminants. Various processes have been developed during the last two decades for energy-saving, cost-effective, sponge-related technologies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638336__ •
Method and kit for working up a gold bath Inventor(s): Mzyk; Waldemar (Calw, DE), Ruebel; Susanne (Auerbach, DE) Assignee(s): Wieland Dental + Technik GmbH & Co. KG (Pforzheim, DE) Patent Number: 6,652,623 Date filed: April 18, 2001 Abstract: In a method for working up a gold bath or a gold alloy bath, which contains gold in the form of a gold sulphite complex, working up takes place through at least one oxidant, which oxidizes the sulphite contained in the complex and reduces the gold contained in the complex to its metallic form. In the method in particular hydrogen peroxide and potassium-peroxo-monosulphate are used as oxidants. The oxidants are provided in a kit. Excerpt(s): The invention mainly relates to a method and to a kit for working up a gold bath or a gold alloy bath containing gold in the form of a gold sulphite complex. For a number of purposes gold or gold alloys are separated from in particular aqueous solutions, which contain the gold and optionally further alloy metals, usually in the form of complexes (so-called baths) and this usually takes place galvanically, i.e. using current. In particular due to its low toxicity compared with other gold baths, e.g. gold cyanide baths, particularly in the field of dental galvanic technology gold or gold alloy baths have become widely used and contain the gold in the form of a gold sulphite complex. It is desirable, e.g. in dental technology, to be able to work up the residual gold content remaining after separation in the bath and to reuse the gold obtained. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652623__
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Method for combating hard water and scale by using algins Inventor(s): Cornelius; Gay Joyce (Cottingham, GB), Jolliffe; Ian Gordon (Cottingham, GB), McKechnie; Malcolm Tom (Lund, GB), Onsoyen; Edvar Jarle (Drammen, NO) Assignee(s): Reckitt Benckiser (UK) Limited (Slough, GB) Patent Number: 6,641,740 Date filed: March 21, 2002 Abstract: The deleterious effects of metal ions in water, for example water hardness and formation of deposits, may be combated by application of an algin, for example alginic acid or a salt of alginic acid, such as sodium alginate or potassium alginate. Such a compound may bring about water purification and/or softening and prevent formation of deposits. Furthermore, such a compound may promote the removal of existing deposits, for example scale. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and compositions for sequestering metal ions in solution, and to methods and compositions for combating metal compound deposits. Of particular interest (but not the exclusive interest) is the prevention of the deleterious effects associated with compounds of alkaline earth metals. Calcium salts, for example calcium carbonate, and magnesium salts form particularly prevalent salt deposits commonly known as scale or lime scale, which is troublesome in itself and which provides sites for concentrations of soils and bacterial growth. Calcium and magnesium ions in aqueous solution are responsible for "hard" water, in which it is difficult to form a lather with soap or detergent, and which may then form an unpleasant scum. Of course, it is from hard water that scale forms. Known calcium ion sequestrants, acting as water softeners, include sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, and phosphates, including sodium acid pyrophosphate, sodium polyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate. Many such sequestrants have certain limitations on how they can be used, for example within a certain pH range only, some give rise to undesirable effluents, and some are corrosive to metals. It would be desirable to employ a composition which can act as an effective sequestrant, acting as a water softener, without having one or more of the problems of known sequestrants, as mentioned above. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641740__
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Method for producing acrylonitrile, catalyst for use therein and method for preparing the same Inventor(s): Miyaki; Kenichi (Yokohama, JP), Mori; Kunio (Yokohama, JP), Sasaki; Yutaka (Kamakura, JP), Watanabe; Hirokazu (Yokohama, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,642,405 Date filed: April 10, 2002 Abstract: For the production of acrylonitrile by ammoxidation of propylene, there is provided a process capable of giving a high yield and maintaining such an effect for a long period of time.In producing acrylonitrile by ammoxidation of propylene, a fluidized bed catalyst is used and the reaction is carried out while appropriately adding a molybdenum-containing material, wherein the fluidized bed catalyst contains molybdenum, bismuth, iron, nickel, chromium, potassium, an F component and silica as essential components, and has a number of Mo/Me of from 0.8 to 1, wherein the Mo/Me is a number obtained by dividing the product 20 of a valence number of
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molybdenum as molybdic acid and an atomic ratio of molybdenum by the sum of respective products of respective valence numbers and atomic ratios of bismuth, iron, nickel, chromium, potassium, the F component element, a G component element and a Y component element. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a catalyst suitably used for the production of acrylonitrile by ammoxidation of propylene, a process for producing said catalyst and a process for producing acrylonitrile by using said catalyst. With respect to a catalyst suitably used for the production of acrylonitrile by ammoxidation of propylene, various catalysts are disclosed. In JP-B-38-17967, there is disclosed an oxide catalyst containing molybdenum, bismuth and iron, and in JP-B-38-19111, there is disclosed an oxide catalyst containing iron and antimony. After that, studies have been extensively continued to improve these catalysts. For example, in JP-B-51-33888, JP-B-55-56839, JP-B58-2232, JP-B-61-26419, JP-A-7-47272, JP-A-10-43595, JP-A-4-11805 and the like, there are disclosed one improvement comprising using another component in addition to molybdenum, bismuth and iron, and the other improvement comprising using another component in addition to iron and antimony. Also with respect to a process for producing a fluidized bed catalyst, there are descriptions in JP-B-37-8568, JP-B-42-22476, JP-B-57-49253, JP Patent 2640356, JP Patent 2701065, JP Patent 2747920 and others. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06642405__ •
Method for producing chlorine dioxide Inventor(s): Klatte; Fred (Two Spruce St., San Francisco, CA 94118) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,635,230 Date filed: December 9, 2002 Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons. Proton generating species useful for the activation are acids such as acetic, phosphoric, and citric acid, and metal salts such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ZnSO.sub.4, ZnCl.sub.2, CoSO.sub.4, CoCl.sub.2, MnSO.sub.4, MnCl.sub.2, CuSO.sub.4, CuCl.sub.2, and MgSO.sub.4. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or other water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with a proton generating species. The two beds can be physically mixed together or the fluid can flow sequentially through separate beds. The activation can also be performed by immersing impregnated zeolite crystals in (or spraying them with) acid or another proton generating species. To produce chlorine dioxide using a sodium chlorite-containing aqueous solution, the solution can be mixed or otherwise combined with acid. Other aspects of the invention are impregnated zeolite crystals (or other carriers) which are useful for producing chlorine dioxide and are stable until activated with protons. Presence in a sufficient amount of a water-retaining substance in the unactivated material reduces the rate of chlorine dioxide outgassing to no more than a negligible amount prior to activation.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods for producing chlorine dioxide, and to substances used in performing such methods. Each method produces chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (previously impregnated with a mixture of sodium chlorite and a water-retaining substance such as calcium chloride) with protons (from an acid or other proton generating species), or by activating an aqueous solution of a waterretaining substance (such as calcium chloride) and sodium chlorite with protons (from an acid or other proton generating species). Zeolites are hydrated metal aluminosilicate compounds with well-defined (tetrahedral) crystalline structures. Because zeolite crystals (both natural and synthetic) have a porous structure with connected channels extending through them, they have been employed as molecular sieves for selectively absorbing molecules on the basis of size, shape, and polarity. Volumes packed with zeolite crystals (for example, small zeolite crystals chosen to have size in the range from 0.2 mm to one quarter inch) have been employed in air (or other gas) and water filtration systems to selectively absorb contaminants from a flowing stream of water or gas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635230__ •
Method for the production of a dehumidifying element Inventor(s): Aronson; Per-Johan (Sollentuna, SE) Assignee(s): Proflute AB (Vallentuna, SE) Patent Number: 6,630,206 Date filed: February 28, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of impregnating paper with a suspension of a molecular sieve in waterglass, such as soda waterglass or potassium waterglass, wherein the impregnated paper can be used as a dehumidifying element, and wherein the method comprises the steps ofa) providing a piece of paper, such as facing paper and/or fluted paper;b) immersing the paper into a highly concentrated waterglass solution in which a molecular sieve has been suspended, at a temperature in the range of 45-95.degree. C., wherein said suspension of highly concentrated waterglass/molecular sieve has a viscosity of at least 350 mPa.s at a temperature of 45.degree. C.; andc) cooling the immersed paper with air at a temperature of at most 35.degree. C. and preferably at most 25.degree. C. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the dehumidification of air with the aid of a dehumidifying element that comprises a fibre matrix which has been impregnated with waterglass and which also includes a molecular sieve. More specifically, the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a dehumidifying element. All of the above applications disclose an impregnation step followed by a drying step in conjunction with manufacture of dehumidifying elements that consist of a silica gel matrix. Drying stages are energy demanding and thereby lead to high costs. Moreover, it is difficult to apply sufficient quantities of waterglass when the solution has the low concentration required by known techniques, meaning that the dehumidifying elements produced will have a limited silica gel content and therewith a less than optimal capacity. There is thus a need for improved methods that will lower production costs and increase performance and the quality of the end product. In certain applications of dehumidifying elements, it is necessary for the dehumidified air to be very dry. For example, a dew point of beneath -40.degree. C. is required when drying plastic granules for the manufacture of PET-products, while still lower moisture contents are sometimes required in respect of dehumidifying air in chambers where moisture sensitive products are tested.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06630206__ •
Method of making coated chewing gum products containing various antacids Inventor(s): Barkalow; David G. (Deerfield, IL), Greenberg; Michael J. (Northbrook, IL), Marske; Scott W. (LaGrange, IL), Mazzone; Philip (Griffith, IN), Schnell; Philip G. (Downers Grove, IL), Zyck; Daniel J. (North Riverside, IL) Assignee(s): WM. Wrigley Jr. Company (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 6,645,535 Date filed: December 22, 2000 Abstract: A method of making antacid coated chewing gum products comprises the steps of providing chewing gum cores; providing a coating syrup comprising a bulk sweetener and a neutralizing antacid suspended in the coating syrup, the coating syrup containing from about 25% to about 50% by weight of the solids in the syrup of a neutralizing antacid, selected from the group consisting of aluminum salts, bismuth salts, magnesium salts, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, sodium potassium tartrate, tricalcium phosphate and mixtures thereof, and applying the coating syrup to the cores and drying the syrup to produce a coating on the cores. Methods of use of the product to provide relief in the gastrointestinal tract are also included. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for producing coated chewing gum products. More particularly, the invention relates to producing coated chewing gum products containing a neutralizing antacid other than calcium carbonate and which is added to the chewing gum coating such that it will have a controlled fast release from chewing gum for maximum effectiveness. Antacids are usually taken on an "as needed" basis to relieve gastrointestinal disturbances mostly due to dietary indiscretions. These antacids are generally insoluble inorganic salts such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, or aluminum hydroxide. Antacids readily neutralize acids in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are commonly available in or as antacid tablets. Some typical consumer antacid products are: TUMS, which contains calcium carbonate; MILK of MAGNESIA, which contains magnesium hydroxide, and MAALOX PLUS, which contains a combination of aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide. Calcium carbonate is perhaps the most frequently used antacid. However, some individuals may not wish to ingest large doses of calcium. Calcium carbonate is also not the most effective antacid on a weight basis. Coated chewing gum products are well known. Many prior art patents disclose chewing gum products coated with sugar sweeteners or polyol sweeteners. U.S. Pat. No. 4,317,838, for example, discloses a method of applying a sugarless coating to chewing gum. The coating may include calcium carbonate, talc or magnesium trisilicate as an anti-sticking agent. Synthetic sweeteners, including many different high-intensity sweeteners, are also suggested for use in the coating. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645535__
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Method of modifying and controlling catalyst selectivity in a Fischer-Tropsch process Inventor(s): Duvenhage; Dawid Jakobus (Secunda, ZA), Espinoza; Rafael Luis (Ponca, OK), Langenhoven; Pieter Lesch (Secunda, ZA), Shingles; Terry (Johannesburg, ZA) Assignee(s): Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd. (Johannesburg, ZA) Patent Number: 6,653,357 Date filed: October 4, 2000 Abstract: The invention provides a method for controlling a selectivity profile of products of a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process, wherein a catalyst promoter, either dissolved in solution or in a powdered form, is directly injected into the reactor medium, typically into the reactor feedstream. The Fischer-Tropsch process is typically a High Temperature Fischer Tropsch (HTFT) process, and a typical chemical promoter for the HTFT process is potassium. By adding or doping the reaction medium with the catalyst promoter during the synthesis process, the selectivity profile of olefins and paraffins in the product stream is significantly changed, with more olefins being formed whilst the level of paraffins is reduced, and typically the level of olefins in the C.sub.2 C.sub.4 range is increased. The catalyst promoter may form part of a promoter-carrying compound, for example, potassium carbonate. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of modifying and controlling the performance results of a Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis process. Particularly, this invention relates to a modified method of predicting, controlling and thus improving the product selectivity of the High Temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process, and more specifically, the selectivity of the olefinic fraction of the product spectrum. The reaction can be carried out in fixed, fluidized or slurry bed reactors. The production of olefins and petrol range products is most favoured by synthesis carried out in a two-phase fluidized bed reactor operating at.about.350.degree. C. and 20 bar or higher pressures and utilizing a fused promoted iron catalyst. The fused iron catalyst is typically promoted with alkali chemical and structural promoters. As a result of the high temperatures which are used in these reactors, they are known as High Temperature Fischer-Tropsch (HTFT) reactors, thus distinguishing them from fixed bed and slurry bed reactors (Low Temperature Fischer-Tropsch--LTFT), which operate at temperatures which are about 100-150.degree. C. lower than the said HTFT process. The HTFT process also utilizes a technique which facilitates online removal of spent catalyst and online addition of fresh catalyst to maintain catalyst activity and selectivity profiles at levels which are as favourable as possible. This technique is aimed at achieving an equilibrium performance and also inhibiting the occurrence of undesirable and negative sudden changes in synthesis performance; thus providing a means through which the product spectrum demands, as dictated by the market forces and downstream requirements, can be met. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653357__
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Microbicidal composition containing potassium sodium tartrate Inventor(s): Batarseh; Kareem I. (8610 Larkview La., Fairfax Station, VA 22039) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,630,172 Date filed: January 22, 2001
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Abstract: Disinfectant formulations are described which are preferably ecologically friendly and non-toxic to mammals and plants, and are highly effective against a broad spectrum of detrimental pathogenic microorganisms. The microbicidal formulation contains complexes having at least one metal ion which is microbicidal to at least one microorganism and potassium sodium tartrate in some form. When potassium sodium tartrate is used with these metal ions, it enhances the complex-forming properties of such metal complexes while concurrently increases their efficacy and potency at the same level of metal ion concentrations. These microbicidal formulations can be diluted in suitable proportions into aqueous systems to produce the desired dosages for each individual case, depending on the level and the severity of the contamination. The microbicidal formulations can be applied by conventional methods, e.g., spraying, soaking, fogging, impregnation, and the like. The formulations can also be used as preservatives, such as for fresh or cut flowers and plants. These microbiocides can also be made as gels or solids in different forms by using techniques available to those skilled in the art. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to controlling microorganisms and more particularly relates to microbicides which are preferably environmentally friendly and non-toxic to mammals and which are highly effective against viruses, amoebea, bacteria (both gram-negative and -positive), fungi, algae, spores, yeast, and the like. Water is the most important element of life since it comprises almost 80% of the human body. In addition, food hygiene depends solely on water, and therefore contamination of water is a common vehicle for the transport of epidemic diseases to humans like Typhoid, food poisoning, and Dysentery. For example, Psychrophilic bacteria's presence in the micro-flora in water can affect refrigerated food and spoil it. Hence, water contamination cannot be overlooked and extreme measures should be taken to assure a high quality of water to sustain life. With the advent of technology, clean water is becoming a scarce commodity. Water contamination is unequivocally becoming a worldwide problem with unknown ramifications, and billions of US dollars are spent annually to improve its quality. Contamination of waters is not only restricted to industrialized countries, but includes developing nations as well. Therefore, there is an immediate need to find poignant solutions to maintain and preserve water sources. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06630172__ •
Non-chromate conversion coatings Inventor(s): Brown; Richard (Wakefield, RI), Medeiros; Maria G. (Bristol, RI), Tucker; Wayne C. (Exeter, RI) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,638,369 Date filed: May 7, 2002 Abstract: A non-chromate conversion coating and method of applying same wherein the coating comprises a titanate, such as potassium titanate or sodium metatitanate, as a "drop-in replacement" for a chromate in an otherwise chromate-containing conversion coating. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a non-chromate conversion coating and method of treating a metal surface with same, and more particularly, to a "drop-in replacement", such as a titanate, for a chromate in a conventional conversion coating
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solution that otherwise would contain the chromate. It is known that solutions containing hexavalent chromium can be used to treat the surface of a metal, such as aluminum, to effectively keep the metal surface from rusting. However, although hexavalent chromium is an efficient rust-proofing agent, it is highly toxic and adversely affects the environment and human health. For this reason, many chromate-free chemical conversion coatings for metal surfaces have been proposed. Thus, various nonchromate conversion coatings, such as the conversion coatings described in Tomlinson U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,244, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein, have been disclosed which are designed to render a metal less reactive in a corrosive environment. Such non-reactive or less reactive metal surfaces produce a corrosion resistant outer layer on the base metal or its oxide thereby leaving the underlying metal protected from the environment. These coatings are applied in one or more stages and are subsequently rinsed with water to remove undesirable contaminants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638369__ •
pH adjustment of a strengthening melt for use in strengthening glass substrates Inventor(s): Jensen; Terry Lee (Rochester, MN), Marier; John William (Byron, MN), Sprague; Rick Allan (San Jose, CA) Assignee(s): International Business Machines Corporation (Armonk, NY) Patent Number: 6,638,623 Date filed: December 18, 2001 Abstract: A method of adjusting the pH of a strengthening melt for use in strengthening glass substrates, e.g., glass disk substrates for use in data storage devices. A nonparticle-forming acid is added to the strengthening melt to lower the pH of the strengthening melt to.ltoreq.8. The acid is added while the strengthening melt is in a molten state and selected to avoid particle formation. Nitric acid, for example, is nonparticle-forming with respect to nitrate based strengthening melts such as potassium nitrate and/or sodium nitrate. A base, e.g., sodium hydroxide, may be added if the pH of the strengthening melt falls below 5. Strengthening melts are subject to pH shift that can cause glass substrates strengthened therein to etch, creating pits on the substrate surface. Glass disk substrates treated in the pH adjusted strengthening melt are essentially free from such pits, as well as contamination caused by particle formation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to chemical strengthening of glass substrates. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of adjusting the pH of a strengthening melt for use in strengthening glass substrates, such as glass disk substrates for use in data storage devices. A typical data storage device includes a medium for storing data, typically in magnetic, magneto-optical or optical form, and a transducer used to write and read data respectively to and from the medium. A disk drive data storage device, for example, includes one or more data storage disks coaxially mounted on a hub of a spindle motor. The spindle motor rotates the data storage disks at speeds typically on the order of several thousand or more revolutions-per-minute. Digital information, representing various types of data, is typically written to and read from the data storage disks by one or more transducers, or read/write heads, which are mounted to an actuator assembly and passed over the surface of the rapidly rotating disks. In a typical magnetic disk drive, for example, data is stored on a magnetic layer coated on a disk substrate. Several characteristics of disk substrates significantly affect the areal density of a disk drive. One such characteristic that significantly affects the areal density of a disk drive is the uniformity of the surface of the disk substrate, i.e., the
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absence of substrate surface defects. It is generally recognized that minimizing the flyheight, i.e., the clearance distance between the read/write head and the surface of a data storage disk, generally provides for increased areal densities. It is also recognized in the art, however, that the smoothness of the surface of a data storage disk becomes a critical factor and design constraint when attempting to minimize the flyheight. A significant decrease in flyheight provided by the use of data storage disks having highly uniform recording surfaces can advantageously result in increased transducer readback sensitivity and increased areal density of the disk drive. The uniformity of disk substrate surfaces affects the uniformity of the recording surfaces because the layers sputtered onto the disk substrate, such as the magnetic layer, replicate any irregular surface morphology of the disk substrate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638623__ •
Potassium channel KCNQ5 and sequences encoding the same Inventor(s): Jentsch; Thomas J. (Hamburg, DE) Assignee(s): NeuroSearch A/S (Ballerup, DK) Patent Number: 6,649,371 Date filed: June 9, 2000 Abstract: This invention relates to novel potassium channels and genes encoding these channels. More specifically the invention provides isolated polynucleotides encoding the KCNQ5 potassium channel subunit, cells transformed with these polynucleotides, transgenic animals comprising genetic mutations, and the use of the transformed cells and the transgenic animals for the in vitro and in vivo screening of chemical compounds affecting KCNQ5 subunit containing potassium channels. Excerpt(s): Potassium channels participate in the regulation of electrical signalling in excitable cells, and regulates the ionic composition of biological fluids. Mutations in the four known genes of the KCNQ branch of the K.sup.+ -channel gene family underlie inherited cardiac arrhythmia's, in some cases associated with deafness, neonatal epilepsy, and the progressive hearing loss of the elderly (presbyacusis). Ion channels play important roles in signal transduction and in the regulation of the ionic composition of intra- and extracellular fluids. KCNQ1 is a typical member of the voltage-gated potassium channel superfamily with 6 transmembrane domains and a pore region situated between the fifth and the sixth transmembrane domain. The minK protein (also known as KCNE1 or lsK) has a single transmembrane span and cannot form potassium channels on its own. However, as a.beta.-subunit it enhances and modifies currents mediated by KCNQ1. These heteromeric channels participate in the repolarization of the heart action potential. Certain mutations in either KCNQ1 or KCNE1 cause a form of the autosomal dominant long QT syndrome (LQTS), a disease characterised by repolarization anomalies of cardiac action potentials resulting in arrhythmias and sudden death. Interestingly, other mutations in either gene lead to the recessive Jervell and Lange-Nielsen (JLN) syndrome that combines LQTS with congenital deafness. In order to cause deafness, KCNQ1/minK currents must be reduced below levels that are already sufficiently low to cause cardiac arrhythmia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649371__
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Potassium fluoroionophore Inventor(s): Benco; John S. (Medfield, MA), McGimpsey; W. Grant (Worcester, MA), Nienaber; Hubert (Worcester, MA) Assignee(s): Bayer Corporation (E. Walpole, MA), Worcester Polytechnic Institute (Worcester, MA) Patent Number: 6,660,526 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: A fluoroionophore for the fluorescent detection of potassium ions. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the detection of ions by ion selective compounds. More particularly, the invention relates to the detection of potassium ions. Ion selective electrodes are widely used in analytical chemistry to measure the concentration of specific ionic substances in fluids ranging from drinking water to biological fluids, such as whole blood, plasma, serum and urine. Typical ions that have been measured using ion selective electrodes include sodium, calcium, iodide, magnesium, potassium, chloride, and lithium. The antibiotic valinomycin is possibly the best-known neutral carrier for potassium ion in nature. The presence of valinomycin enables the organic membrane to exhibit a voltage (EMF) that is highly dependent on the potassium activity in the sample. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06660526__
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Process for nitrogen oxide waste conversion to fertilizer Inventor(s): Lueck; Dale E. (Merritt Island, FL), Parrish; Clyde F. (Melbourne, FL) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,641,638 Date filed: February 17, 2000 Abstract: The present invention describes a process for converting vapor streams from sources containing at least one nitrogen-containing oxidizing agent therein to a liquid fertilizer composition comprising the steps of:a) directing a vapor stream containing at least one nitrogen-containing oxidizing agent to a first contact zone,b) contacting said vapor stream with water to form nitrogen oxide(s) from said at least one nitrogencontaining oxidizing agent,c) directing said acid(s) as a second stream to a second contact zone,d) exposing said second stream to hydrogen peroxide which is present within said second contact zone in a relative amount of at least 0.1% by weight of said second stream within said second contact zone to convert at least some of any nitrogen oxide species or ions other than in the nitrate form present within said second stream to nitrate ion,e) sampling said stream within said second contact zone to determine the relative amount of hydrogen peroxide within said second contact zone,f) adding hydrogen peroxide to said second contact zone when a level of hydrogen peroxide less than 0.1% by weight in said second stream is determined by said sampling,g) adding a solution comprising potassium hydroxide to said second stream to maintain a pH between 6.0 and 11.0 within said second stream within said second contact zone to form a solution of potassium nitrate, andh) removing said solution of potassium nitrate from said second contact zone.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for the cleansing of environments containing compounds which contain nitrogen and oxygen (including nitrogen oxide waste environments) and the conversion of nitrogen oxides to fertilizer. Many types of processes and industrial environments generate compounds containing nitrogen and oxygen, including nitrogen oxides, as effluents or waste materials. Any process which provides a sufficiently hot metal surface in contact with air can cause the formation of nitrogen oxides (usually as NO, NO.sub.2, or N.sub.2 O.sub.2), with the heated metal surface acting as a catalyst. Metal finishing processes, certain etching processes, and chemical syntheses can produce nitrogen oxides as a by-product. Compounds containing nitrogen and oxygen (such as hydrazines) are also used in commerce or are produced as by-products in certain processes. Although nitrogen oxide emissions have not received as widespread attention as sulfur oxide emissions, the nitrogen oxides similarly form acids when combined with water. Nitrous acid and nitric acid are relatively strong acids with high pKa values which may be harmful to the environment and hazardous to the health of persons or animals which come into contact with the oxide or the acid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641638__ •
Process for producing a purified aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution Inventor(s): Adachi; Takashi (Sendai, JP), Kimura; Kazuya (Sendai, JP), Mine; Kazuhisa (Sendai, JP), Tanaka; Fujio (Sendai, JP) Assignee(s): Santoku Chemical Industries Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,649,139 Date filed: May 14, 2001 Abstract: A process for producing a highly purified aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution by removing silicon oxide impurities from an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution containing silicon oxide impurities by adding a flocculating agent and filtering out impurities of solid content contained in the aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution with a precision filter, thereafter bringing the aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution into contact with an anion exchange resin in a fluoride ion form by at least one fluoride compound which contains 0.05% by weight or less of SiF.sub.6 and is selected from the group consisting of sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride and ammonium fluoride. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing a purified aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution, and more particularly to a process for producing an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution having a high purity, which enables the removal of silicon oxide impurities contained in an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution with accuracy up to ppt order (1/10.sup.12). An aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution is widely used in various fields, for example, for a bleaching agent for paper or pulp and as a component in chemical polishing fluids. In recent years, hydrogen peroxide has increasingly been used in the electronic industry, for example, as a cleaning agent for silicon wafers and as a cleaning agent in production processes of semiconductors. Accordingly, hydrogen peroxide requires a very high purity by extremely decreasing a variety of impurities in an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution. In general, hydrogen peroxide is produced almost exclusively by an anthraquinone process at present. The anthraquinone process is conducted as follows. A derivative of anthraquinone, such as a 2-alkylanthraquinone, is converted into the anthrahydroquinone by hydrogenation in a water-insoluble solvent in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst. After the catalyst is removed, the reaction product is oxidized with air to regenerate the 2-
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alkylanthraquinone, and hydrogen peroxide is produced at the same time. By extracting the produced hydrogen peroxide from the oxidation with water, an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide can be obtained. This process is called the anthraquinone auto-oxidation process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649139__ •
Process for producing polymer, the polymer, and curable composition comprising the polymer Inventor(s): Fujita; Masayuki (Kobe, JP), Kitano; Kenichi (Kobe, JP), Nakagawa; Yoshiki (Kobe, JP) Assignee(s): Kaneka Corporation (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,653,429 Date filed: February 9, 2001 Abstract: This invention provides method of producing a polymer which comprises substitution of carboxylic acid group for a terminal halogen group of a polymer obtainable by atom transfer radical polymerization. The carboxylic acid group may be a carboxylic acid salt group, more preferably a carboxylic acid potassium salt group. In carrying out the atom transfer radical polymerization in the practice of the invention, a transition metal complex can be used as a polymerization catalyst. The transition metal complex may be a transition metal complex with an element of the group 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11 of the periodic table as the central atom, more preferably a copper, nickel, ruthenium or iron complex and, in particular, a copper complex is used. The polymer obtainable by atom transfer radical polymerization is obtained by polymerization of a (meth)acrylic monomer, particularly the polymer obtained by polymerization of an acrylic acid ester monomer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the reaction of the terminal halogen atom of a vinyl polymer having a specific structure with a carboxylic acid group. To produce long-chain polymers by coupling growing terminals of polymers to each other is known in the art. In the case of anion polymerization, such coupling can be effected by adding a compound having two electrophilic functional groups. In the case of cation polymerization, the coupling can be effected in the same manner by adding a compound having two nucleophilic functional groups. On the other hand, it is known that polymers having a terminal functional group, either alone or in combination with an appropriate curing agent, can be crosslinked to give cured products excellent in heat resistance and durability. Among others, hydroxy- or crosslinkable silyl-terminated polymers are typical examples. Hydroxy-terminated polymers can be crosslinked and cured by using a polyfunctional isocyanate compound as a curing agent. Crosslinkable silyl-terminated polymers absorb moisture in the presence of an appropriate condensation catalyst, to give cured products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653429__
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Process for the preparation of agglomerated zeolites X and LSX exchanged with lithium Inventor(s): Masini; Jean-Jacques (La Celle Saint Cloud, FR), Plee; Dominique (Lons, FR), Sacleux; Jean-Claude (Honfleur, FR), Vidal; Jean-Louis (Suresnes, FR) Assignee(s): CECA, S.A. (Puteaux, FR) Patent Number: 6,649,556 Date filed: July 3, 2001 Abstract: Process for preparing zeolites of X type having an Si/Al atomic ratio of.ltoreq.1.5 and having exchangeable cations including lithium, trivalent and/or divalent ions, and optionally sodium, potassium, ammonium and/or hydronium ions, involves distributing starting zeolite in a series of receptacles, percolating a solution of at least one lithium compound through the series, drawing a lithium-containing bleed from first receptacle of the carrousel, and drawing off a final effluent stream from a final receptacle in the series. The effluent stream contains compounds of exchangeable cations from the starting zeolite and traces of the lithium compound(s). After a desired degree of lithium exchange has occurred in the first receptacle, the first receptacle is removed and a fresh solution of at least one lithium compound is introduced into the next receptable in the series and percolated through the series. This step can be performed for each receptacle in the series. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for the preparation of agglomerated zeolites of X type, a portion of the exchangeable cationic sites of which is occupied by lithium ions. The term "zeolite of X type" is understood to mean, throughout the following, zeolites X with an Si/Al atomic ratio=1.5 and more particularly zeolites LSX (Low Silica X), i.e. the Si/Al ratio of which is in the region of 1. Zeolites X exchanged with lithium (that is to say, those for which at least a portion of the cationic exchangeable sites is occupied by lithium ions) have numerous industrial applications and are widely used for the separation of nitrogen from other gases, such as, for example, oxygen, argon and hydrogen, according to techniques for the selective adsorption of the gases to be separated. The zeolites employed can be provided in various forms and the exact form which they adopt can determine their usefulness in industrial adsorption processes. When zeolites are used in industrial adsorbers, it is generally preferred to agglomerate them (for example by converting them to granules) in order not to risk compacting the pulverulent zeolite in an adsorption column of industrial size, thus blocking or at the very least greatly reducing the flow through the column. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649556__
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Process for the preparation of zeolite A for use in formulations based on twocomponent polyurthane resins Inventor(s): Nicolas; Serge (Lons, FR), Schmitt; Paul-Guillaume (Asnieres, FR) Assignee(s): CECA S.A. (Puteaux, FR) Patent Number: 6,653,396 Date filed: January 11, 2002 Abstract: Zeolites of type A wherein all the cationic sites of which occupied by sodium, calcium and/or magnesium, potassium and hydronium cations, which exhibit the
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advantage of having a water adsorption capacity.gtoreq.23%, which do not adsorb and therefore cannot desorb nitrogen, and which, incorporated in polyurethane (PU) resins, make it possible to increase the potlife of the PU formulations in which they are incorporated. Such zeolites are prepared by a process comprising bringing into contact an aqueous suspension of zeolite 3A, 4A or 5A, an aqueous solution of calcium or potassium salt(s) or solutions of calcium and potassium salt(s), and an acid solution, simultaneously or otherwise and in any order; and in then filtering off and washing the solid obtained, and then drying and activating the zeolite. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to processes and composition based zeolites of type A, the exchangeable cation sites of which are occupied by sodium, potassium, calcium and/or magnesium and hydronium ions, which are particularly effective in formulations based on polyurethane (PU) resins as regards limitation of gaseous inclusions and influence on the potlife. Two-component non-cellular polyurethanes (PU) are resins which are widely used, in particular in the varnish, adhesive, film and coating industry. The surface appearance is a very important characteristic for these applications. These polyurethanes are prepared by addition of di- or polyhydroxyl compounds to di- or polyisocyanates. In point of fact, at the same time as the formation of the urethane bonds, the isocyanates react with the water present in the reaction medium, giving rise to hydrolysed isocyanates which are no longer available for polymerization of the PUs and themselves give rise to carbon dioxide, which, during its release, will create bubbles in the PU and will thus greatly modify, in a harmful fashion, the surface condition of the final PU. As the hydroxyl compounds available industrially comprise, depending upon their source and their quality, up to 5% by weight of water, it is necessary to prevent the reactions of the isocyanates with the water by adsorbing the water present in the hydroxyl compounds using a suitable drying agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653396__ •
Radioligands and their use for identifying potassium channel modulators Inventor(s): Altenbach; Robert J. (Chicago, IL), Carroll; William A. (Evanston, IL), DavisTaber; Rachel A. (Grayslake, IL), Gopalakrishnan; Murali (Libertyville, IL), Molinari; Eduardo Jose Vicente (Chicago, IL), Rotert; Gary A. (Vernon Hills, IL), Scott; Victoria Eleanor Sarah (Libertyville, IL) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 6,632,418 Date filed: July 30, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel radioligands and test methods using those radioligands in screening compounds. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel radioligands and to methods for detecting specific activity of compounds. More particularly, the present specification discloses assays for detecting the binding of compounds to sites that regulate potassium channels. Potassium channels play important roles in regulating cell membrane excitability. In particular, ATP-sensitive potassium channels that are inhibited by intracellular ATP link cellular metabolism with membrane excitability in various cell types including cardiac, smooth muscle, neurons and secretory cells. In these cell types, K.sub.ATP channels modulate physiological processes including insulin secretion from pancreas, leptin release from hypothalamic neurons, synaptic transmission and excitability of cardiac, vascular and nonvascular smooth muscles. Openers of various
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K.sub.ATP channels can alter the cell's resting membrane potential and in turn cellular excitability to regulate these diverse processes. A number of diseases or conditions can be treated with therapeutic agents that open potassium channels. Such diseases or conditions include asthma, epilepsy, hypertension, sexual dysfunction, pain, migraine, urinary incontinence, stroke and neurodegeneration. [.sup.3 H]P1075 is a known radioligand for the ATP-sensitive potassium channel described by Brya et al., 1992. [.sup.3 H]Bay X 9228 is another known radioligand for the ATP-senstive potassium channel. U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,830 discloses the utilization of tritiated (+)-N-(2ethoxyphenyl)-N'-(1,2,2-trimethyl propyl)-2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine ([.sup.3 H]CMPD), for assaying compounds whose activity is specific for ATP-sensitive potassium channels. However, the utility of these ligands are limited. These assays generally require intact cell or tissue preparations with large inherent variability due to poor specific activity and poor binding affinities Loffler-Walz, C., Quast, U. (1998) Br. J. Pharmacol., 123, 1395-1402. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632418__ •
Selective hydrogenation process for removing C10-C16 diolefins Inventor(s): Huang; Xiaolei (Nanjing, CN), Ling; Zhengguo (Nanjing, CN), Liu; Dong (Nanjing, CN), Wang; Yu (Nanjing, CN), Wu; Peicheng (Nanjing, CN), Xu; Yi (Nanjing, CN) Assignee(s): China Petrochemical Corporation (Beijing, CN), Sinopec, Jinling Petrochemical Corporation (Nanjing, CN) Patent Number: 6,627,778 Date filed: April 19, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides an improved selective hydrogenation process for removing C.sub.10 -C.sub.16 diolefins in the product from dehydrogenation of C.sub.10 -C.sub.16 paraffins to mono-olefins, which process includes bringing the mixture stream of paraffins and olefins containing C.sub.10 -C.sub.16 mono-olefins and C.sub.10 -C.sub.16 diolefins into contact with a specific hydrogenation catalyst in a plurality of hydrogenation reactors connected in series under the reaction conditions for hydrogenation. Hydrogen is injected into each reactor respectively. To convert the diolefins in the mixture stream of paraffins and olefins into mono-olefins,.gamma.alumina having a specific surface area of 50-300 m.sup.2 /g and a pore volume of 0.2-2.0 cm.sup.3 /g is used as the supporter of the hydrogenation catalyst, palladium is supported on the supporter as the main catalyst element and an element selected from silver, gold, tin, lead or potassium is supported on the supporter as the promoter. Excerpt(s): The olefin stream produced in the plant for producing the feedstock of the is detergent-linear alkyl benzene by dehydrogenation of C.sub.10 -C.sub.16 paraffins contains about 1-3 wt % of diolefins. The presence of these diolefins will cause a lot of side reactions in the subsequent alkylation, resulting in a decrease of the yield and quality of alkyl benzene. The quality of alkyl benzene may be effectively improved on the basis of enhancing the yield of alkyl benzene by selective hydrogenation of diolefins in the dehydrogenation product to mono-olefins. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,695,560, 4,523,048, 4,520,214, 4,761,509 and Chinese Patent CN 1032157 disclose a process for selective hydrogenation of diolefins in the product from dehydrogenation of C.sub.8 -C.sub.20 paraffins. The characteristics of the catalyst in this process are that it contains 1.0-25 wt % of nickel, 0.05-1.5 wt % of sulfur and the supporter is small Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 balls made by the oil-drop method, which balls have a pore volume of 1.44-3.0 cm.sup.3 /g, a
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surface area larger than 150 m.sup.2 /g and have no precious metals, and essentially have no halogens, alkali earth metals and alkali metals (<0.1 wt %). Because the main active element of the catalyst used in this process is nickel, selective hydrogenation has to be conducted at a temperature higher than 200.degree. C. to attain a certain activity. This would results in the occurrence of the side reaction-cracking and the increase of the consumption of the feed material. Meanwhile, because this process uses a single-stage reaction mode and hydrogen needed by hydrogenation is introduced at one time, the reaction pressure must be retained at above 1.1 MPa to allow hydrogen to fully dissolve in the liquid mixture of paraffins and olefins In addition, in order to increase the selectivity of diolefins, to mono-olefins, it is necessary to frequently sulfurize the catalyst so as to suppress its activity. Sulfurization is a complicated technology and it is difficult to control the amount of sulfur injecting onto the catalyst in operation. If this amount is too large, the activity of the catalyst is very low, while if this amount is insufficient, the selectivity of the catalyst is very poor. Furthermore, the investment will increase due to the equipment of the sulfur-injecting system. Chinese patent CN 1236333A reports a process for preparing a selective hydrogenation catalyst and its applicable scope, which catalyst contains palladium and at least one element selected from tin and lead. Alumina with a specific surface area of 5-200 m.sup.2 /g and a pore volume of 0.3-0.95 cm.sup.3 /g is used as the supporter of the catalyst reported in this patent and at least 80% of the active element, palladium, is distributed within the volume between the surface and the spherical face at the depth of 500.mu.m of the catalyst particles by impregnation. The promoter elements selected for enhancing the selectivity of the reaction are tin and lead. The catalyst is suitable for selective hydrogenation of lower hydrocarbons such as butadiene, etc., but does not suit selective hydrogenation of C.sub.10 -C.sub.16 long chain diolefins because both its specific surface area and pore volume are quite small. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06627778__ •
Settable composition containing potassium chloride Inventor(s): Barbour; Ronald Lee (110 Brookside Dr., Apt. 2, Dover, OH 44622) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,656,264 Date filed: October 22, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to settable compositions for general purpose concrete construction containing Class-F fly ash, Class-C fly ash or slag, and potassium chloride (KCl) as a substantial replacement for Portland cement conventionally used in such compositions. The potassium chloride is an additive for improved high early strength and accelerated setting times, thereby allowing the concrete structure to be put into service sooner, reducing labor cost, and allowing precast concrete and concrete masonry manufacturers to achieve rapid form and mold turnover. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of settable compositions for general purpose concrete mixes, and more particularly to settable compositions containing additives for improved strength and shortened setting times. The present invention is concerned with the utilization of potassium chloride (KCl) as an additive for improving the one-day strength and for shortening the setting times of concrete mixes. Further, the invention is also concerned with the utilization of three industrial by-products; namely, Class-F fly ash, Class-C fly ash, and blast furnace slag in general purpose concretemaking compositions. The latter reference to "pozzolanic properties" refers to the capability of certain mixtures that are not in themselves cementitious, but are capable of
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undergoing a cementitious reaction when mixed with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water. Class-C fly ash possesses direct cementitious properties as well as pozzolanic properties. ASTM C618-00 is also applicable to natural pozzolanic materials that are separately classified as Class N but are not pertinent here. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06656264__ •
Silicate coating compositions Inventor(s): Savin; Ronald R. (11001 Muirfield Dr., Rancho Mirage, CA 92270) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,638,628 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: Aqueous zinc-containing coating compositions are provided in which the bonding agent is a blend of sodium and/or potassium silicate and lithium polysilicate the latter being in relatively high proportion particularly over 30% up to 70% by weight of silicate. Preferably the composition contains particulate flaked zinc. The composition is of particular value in enhancing corrosion resistance of articles produced from powdered metal or of non-passivated galvanized artefacts. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to coating compositions, methods of preparing such compositions and surfaces coated with such compositions. In particular it relates to coatings useful in protection of articles produced by powder metallurgy techniques and otherwise-untreated galvanized articles from corrosion. While one aspect of preparing a coating for a surface is to provide a decorative finish, even more important is to provide a resistance to environmental and atmospheric conditions. This is particularly true of coatings for metallic surfaces where materials present in the atmosphere, including both natural components such as water vapor and pollutants such as acids and other corrosive materials, can damage the surface of the metal. Many of the most commonly used coating materials contain organic resin materials to provide binding for the pigment and other corrosion resistant materials in the composition. Such organic pigments frequently require organic solvents to ensure their dispersion in the composition, which can create major pollution problems. A particularly valuable type of anti-corrosion composition is one containing zinc. The outstanding corrosion resistance afforded by galvanizing has made it one of the most effective means for long term protection of steel from oxidation (rusting), and subsequent corrosion. It is the conventional method of providing protection for guard rails, transmission towers, light poles, electrical equipment and dozens of other specific applications. A coating of 5 mils or 125 microns of a galvanizing composition can protect its exposed equivalent for a period in excess of 20 years. Galvanizing coatings can be applied both by hot dipping and electroplating but these techniques have their limitations, particularly in regard to the shape of the article during installation. Typically galvanized products are then post treated to avoid the formation of "white rust". In the past such treatments involved use of chromic acid or chromates. Use of these materials is, however, becoming recognized as creating unnecessary environmental hazzards. Today, use of polymer coatings is becoming more common to address this problem Alternatively in some situations, such as water treatment plants, corrosion inhibiting chemicals are being added to water that contacts the galvanized parts. Alternative ways of dealing with the problem are desirable. Coating compositions, sometimes known as zinc rich primers, have been considered to be optimum anti-corrosion coatings on iron or steel substrates. The zinc inhibits rust by reason of an electro-chemical interaction between the zinc and steel
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substrate. It is desirable to avoid too great a binder component to avoid insulating zinc particles from each other and the substrates but this can mean there are difficulties in application because of settling of the composition. There is a very extensive art on the use of zinc in coating compositions alone or in combination with other components such as glass microspheres--see for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,907 Ronald R. Savin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638628__ •
Solid condiment comprising a solid and a liquid Inventor(s): Salvi; Mafalda (2330 Linwood Ave., Fort Lee, NJ 07024) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,632,467 Date filed: September 19, 2001 Abstract: This invention generally relates to solid condiments comprising a base solid and a dosing liquid and, in particular, is directed to solid condiments which are free flowing, dry to the touch, and provide desirable color, flavor and/or aroma accents to foods, as well as methods for the preparation of the subject condiment compositions. When the base solid comprises salt, the preferred salt base solid component of a condiment of the invention comprises sodium chloride, potassium chloride, MSG and mixtures thereof. When the base solid comprises sugar, the preferred sugar base solid components comprise at least one monosaccharide, disaccharide or nonnutritive sweetener. Preferred dosing liquids for the solid condiments include alcoholic beverages, coffee, tea, chocolate liquid, fruit liquid, berry liquid, vegetable liquid, spice liquid, herb liquid, and mixtures thereof Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to solid condiments comprising a solid and at least one liquid component and, in particular, is directed to solid condiments which are free flowing, dry to the touch, and provide desirable color, flavor and/or aroma accents to foods, as well as methods for the preparation of the subject condiment compositions. Condiments have long been used to provide desirable color, flavor or aroma accents to foods. Both wine and salt, for example, are used in food preparation and consumed during meals. The same applies to wine and sugar. Although these products are widely used, they have not heretofore been combined into a single condiment product. The added benefits of this combination over the usefulness of each alone are many. For example, salt is almost always white. In a restaurant setting with dim lighting, it may be difficult to know how much salt is being added to one's meal. A colored form of salt provides a more readily visible way to determine how much salt has been added to food at the table, whether either a low or high quantity of salt is desired by the diner. Diners often believe that wine ties the various courses or portions of a meal together and that salt makes food taste better. Normally these items are considered to perform two separate functions and, accordingly, are added separately. Never before have these two ingredients been combined into one solid condiment or flavor enhancer. Although it is a widely used spice, salt is not generally perceived to be particularly advantageous to health. On the other hand, a moderate amount of wine is believed by many to impart health benefits. A condiment comprising wine and salt allows the transfer of some of the perceived benefits of wine to salt. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632467__
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System and method for providing collimated electromagnetic energy in the 8--12 micron range Inventor(s): Fukumoto; Joseph M. (Rancho Palos Verdes, CA) Assignee(s): Raytheon Company (Lexington, MA) Patent Number: 6,639,921 Date filed: April 24, 2000 Abstract: A novel and efficient system and method for providing an output beam of collimated energy in the 8-12 micron range. The solid state system includes a pump laser (210) for providing an input beam and an OPO (250) using an x-cut potassium titanyl arsenate crystal for shifting the input beam from the first wavelength to a second wavelength. A second optical parametric oscillator (271) is included for shifting the beam from a second wavelength to a third wavelength. The second optical parametric oscillator (271) uses a cadmium selenide crystal. A tuning mechanism with an associated controller is provided to tune the oscillator as needed for a particular application. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to solid state lasers. More specifically, the present invention relates to solid state lasers operative in the 8-12 micron range. Lasers are currently widely used for communication, research and development, manufacturing, directed energy and numerous other applications. For many applications, the energy efficiency, power and lightweight of solid state lasers makes these devices particularly useful. Solid state lasers currently lase in the range of one to three microns. For certain applications, there is a need to reach longer laser operating wavelengths. In particular, there is interest in the 8-12 micron (.mu.m) region. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06639921__
Patent Applications on Potassium As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to potassium: •
Accelerated wine making kit and method Inventor(s): Morris, Rick A.; (Calgary, CA) Correspondence: Donald W. Meeker; Patent Agent; 924 East Ocean Front, # E; Newport Beach; CA; 92661; US Patent Application Number: 20030190388 Date filed: April 4, 2002 Abstract: A method of adding to wine must large quantities of yeast combined with yeast nutrients, minerals, vitamin B complex, and magnesium sulphate to ferment the wine must to wine in little as four days in a closed container between 20-30.degree. C. Adding quantities of potassium metabisulfite and potassium sorbate sufficient to release CO.sub.2 from the fermented wine and stop the fermation process. Adding
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Sparkolloid clearing and filtering aid in sufficient quantity to clear the fermented wine in two days in a cool environment. A kit for carrying out the method. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to wine making and in particular to a wine making kit and method for shortening the time period normally associated with the making of wine to produce a wine of equal or better quality than the other wine making methods in one fourth the time: an accelerated wine making method and kit. Wine making is an art enjoyed by many individuals with a satisfying product to enjoy at the end of the process. There can be creativity involved in producing a variety of flavors and bouquets by varying and combining the grapes or wine must as well as the additional ingredients used. In locations where alcoholic beverages are highly taxed or import taxes are high, it is often a necessity to make one's own wine because of the prohibitive costs of buying it. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Adhesive composition Inventor(s): Brykov, Alexej Sergeovleh; (St. Petersburg, RU), Kornfev, Valentine Issaxovish; (St. Petersburg, RU) Correspondence: Rothwell, Figg, Ernst & Manbeck, P.C.; 1425 K Street, N.W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030192458 Date filed: February 26, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to adhesives manufacturing. These adhesives are used in household and industry for adhering various materials (concrete, ceramics, different coatings, etc) exploited under temperatures +50.degree. C. to -20.degree. C and under elevated humidity. The adhesive composition represents the product of interaction between potassium silicate aqueous solution (density of 1.3 to 1.37 g/cm.sup.3, molar ratio SiO.sub.2/K.sub.2O of 3.4 to 3.7), anhydrous lithium hydroxide mixed with di- or trihydric alcohol, vollastonite (particle size of 150.mu.m and smaller, length to diameter ratio 5-3:1), talc (particle size of 10 to 20.mu.m mainly) and inorganic pigment. The adhesive composition is prepared by a given consecutive mixture of components. The adhesive composition has enhanced activity (storage stability) and water resistance. It also has improved strength of adhesion junction while adhering various materials; it is non-toxic and pollution-free. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to adhesive compositions on the basis of inorganic binder (water glass) and may be used in industry and household for adhering ceramic or natural stone tiles or other coatings to concrete and plastered wall, ceiling and floor surfaces, for inner and outer finishing of residential and public buildings. RU 2131447, Jun. 10, 1999, reports of adhesive composition comprising from 38 to 42% w/w sodium silicate solution (water glass), filler (34 to 36% w/w marble powder), 2% w/w sodium sulfide and the rest is talc. This adhesive composition adheres wide range of materials such as metal, wood, tiles, silica glass, linoleum, etc. low stability of viscosity and adhesive properties when the composition stored. The reason is adhesive composition contains sodium sulfide, which initiates crystallization process under prolonged storage at varying temperature. Crystallization increases composition viscosity, moreover composition segregates to liquid (water glass) and solid (marble powder) phases. This infringes the reproducibility of adhesive layer strength. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Amino acid chelate for the effective supplementation of calcium magnesium and potassium in the human diet Inventor(s): Clark, George H.; (Woburn, MA), Clark, Mary Ann; (Woburn, MA) Correspondence: Mark D. Lorusso; Lorusso Loud & Kelly Llp; 440 Commercial Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20030228347 Date filed: May 13, 2003 Abstract: Amino acid chelates for enhancing the absorption and assimilation of essential minerals in the human diet. Calcium, magnesium and potassium picolinic acid salts are disclosed as food and beverage supplements to improve the nutritive capacity of food stuffs and beverages. A method of enhancing the nutritive value of food and beverages is also described. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to unique calcium, magnesium and potassium chelates and a method and use of such chelates for the supplementation of essential minerals in the human diet. 1 Element & Total Amt Absorption & Manifestation of in Human Body RDA Metabolism Metabolic Functions Deficiency CALCIUM 1000 mg Poorly absorbed from Formation of bones, Rickets (children), (22 gm/Kg) foods (20%-40%) teeth blood clotting, Osteoporosis, High Absorption from milk cardiac function, Blood Pressure enhanced by Vit D, neuromuscular lactose & acidity. irritability. Absorption hindered by excessive fats, phytates, oxalates MAGNESIUM 350 mg (male) Absorbed readily from Decrease Muscular Tremor, 300 mg (female) some foods. Needed neuromuscular Confusion, by Calcium to enhance irritability. Co-factor for Vasoirritabiity. transport PO.sub.4 transferring enzymes. POTASSIUM 1.9-5.6 gm Readily absorbed from Acidbase balance Acidosis. Renal some foods. Water balance. CO.sub.2 Damage, Cardiac Transport Arrest Neuromuscular irritability. Unless expressly stated otherwise, as used herein, all liquid components are measured in liters or fractions thereof and all solid components are measured in grams or fractions thereof. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Antimicrobial lees Inventor(s): Shanbrom, Edward; (Santa Ana, CA) Correspondence: Reed Smith Crosby Heafey Llp; 1901 Avenue OF The Stars, Suite 700; Los Angeles; CA; 90067; US Patent Application Number: 20030198699 Date filed: April 9, 2003 Abstract: The lees or "dregs" produced during wine making are rich sources of antioxidants. Unexpectedly, these materials show significant antibacterial properties as well as antioxidant properties. The lees of red wine which consist of tannins and plant pigments precipitated around crystals of potassium tartarate can advantageously be used directly as a tonic or demulcent. The material can also be used topically for disinfecting the skin, etc. In addition, it is possible to use organic polymers to bind the pigments and/or solubilize them from the tartaric salt to facilitate their use or to make a relatively pure pigment/tannin component.
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Excerpt(s): The present application concerns natural products and more especially valuable materials that can be derived from the byproducts of vinification. Currently there is a growing concern on the part of the public that our modern diet of highly processed and refined foods is "missing some essential components" necessary for health and well-being. This "natural food" movement probably derives from at least two sources. First is the discovery of vitamins over the last three quarter's of a century, and the public realization that consumption of apparently adequate food can actually result in a serious deficiency syndrome. It is not hard to imagine that the already discovered vitamins, which are now added back to our refined foods, are but the tip of the iceberg. That is, many other vitamin-like substances may remain to be discovered meaning that our food is presently dangerously deficient in essential nutrients. Second is the realization that consumption of certain foods--in particular animal fats--seems to result in significant heart and vascular disease. Not only has the public come to learn that apparently complete foods are lacking a key ingredient, but the public has also learned that apparently innocuous and much favored foods are actually silent killers. The question in the public mind is "why did fatty foods suddenly become so deadly?" One answer is that fatty foods have always been harmful but that people didn't used to consume so much of them. Another answer is that lack of physical activity exacerbates the damage caused by fatty food--the American public certainly appears to have grown more sedentary as compared to Americans a century ago. However, the picture is convoluted by certain groups of people that appear to be immune to the dangers of fatty diets. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE FROM HATCHERY BY-PRODUCT Inventor(s): Moore, William P.; (Hopewell, VA) Correspondence: W.P. Moore; P.O. Box 1270; Hopewell; VA; 23860; US Patent Application Number: 20030190390 Date filed: April 5, 2002 Abstract: A method of preparing particulate calcium phosphate animal feed minerals and useful carbon dioxide by coreacting calcareous proteinacious by-products recovered from poultry hatcheries with phosphoric acid. Aqueous hatchery by-product containing protein and calcium in a weight ratio between 0.25 and 1.25 is comminuted until the contained dry matter particles exhibit diameters less than 1 millimeter and are reactive with phosphoric acid. The calcium in the comminuted hatchery by-product is coreacted with phosphoric acid using between one and two mols of P per mol of Ca until carbon dioxide formation ceases and the reacted aqueous hatchery by-product exhibits a pH between 2 and 4. Dry recycled calcium phosphate is admixed with the aqueous hatchery by-product to form damp solids containing between 7 and 18 percent water. The damp solids are rolled by means of a granulator until spheroid granules containing calcium phosphate homogeneously mixed with protein are formed. The calcium phosphate granules are dried by commercial means until the protein hardens and forms a matrix bonding the calcium phosphate into attrition resistant granules of animal feed mineral containing between 5 and 20 percent protein, between 12 and 18 percent calcium, and between 15 and 24 percent phosphorus. The method allows the use of economical wet process phosphoric acid containing low fluoride contents. The chemical intermediate carbon dioxide may be effectively used to produce animal feed mineral potassium
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carbonate by recovering the carbon dioxide by reacting with aqueous potassium hydroxide. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the recovery of by-product wastes from the poultry industry as useful products. More particularly the present invention is directed to a method of recovery of aqueous proteinacious calcareous by-products from hatchery operations of the poultry industry. It was discovered that the aqueous by-products containing calcium carbonate could be converted under special conditions to a new protein bonded attrition resistant granular calcium phosphate animal feed mineral and useful carbon dioxide by reaction with phosphoric acid. The by-products produced in the operation of hatcheries in the poultry industry include egg shells, proteinacious membranes and residues remaining with the egg shells, feathers, dead chicks and other materials related to the hatching of eggs and recovery of the chicks. These by-products pose a problem of environmentally sound and economical disposal. As the scale of the hatchery operations has increased, the size of the problem and its economic impact on the industry have become matters of serious concern. In some cases the hatchery byproducts are simply landfilled near the hatchery. In more sophisticated operations, trucks collect aqueous hatchery by-products from a number of hatcheries and transport them to a central location where some of the liquid protein is recovered by gravity and the remaining solids are landfilled. In another procedure, the collected hatchery byproducts are dried to recover the protein and calcium carbonate values. Although the latter method provides an environmentally sound recovery method, the recovered product has a very low value. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Chemical process Inventor(s): Kumari, Durga; (North Brunswick, NJ), Patel, Mahendra R.; (East Brunswick, NJ) Correspondence: Thomas Hoxie; Novartis, Corporate Intellectual Property; One Health Plaza 430/2; East Hanover; NJ; 07936-1080; US Patent Application Number: 20030216566 Date filed: April 28, 2003 Abstract: This invention provides a process for preparing sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose using the following steps:a) combining a ferric salt solution with a weak alkali chosen from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal and ammonium salts, such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, lithium carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and mixtures thereof, to form the ferric oxyhydroxide;b) combining ferric oxyhydroxide and sodium gluconate in solution to yield the sodium ferric gluconate complex;c) isolating the sodium ferric gluconate complex; andd) combining the sodium ferric gluconate with sucrose in solution to yield the desired sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose. Excerpt(s): This present invention relates to the process for preparing sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose. Sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose has been known for about 40 years. It has been utilized primarily as an injectable agent for treating iron deficiencies in animals and human patients, having several advantages over other iron preparations including low toxicity, low incidence of adverse reactions, and satisfactory rate of iron absorption. The material has been studied, see "Studies on Iron Complexes I", Yakugaku Zasshi Vol. 78, pp. 951-957 (1958); Tanabe and Okada,
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"Studies on Iron Complexes II", Takeda Kenkyusho Nempo, Vol. 21, pp. 1-10 (1962); Tanabe and Okada, "Studies on Iron Complexes III", Takeda Kenkyusho Nempo, Vol. 21, pp. 11-19 (1962); and Tanabe and Okada, "Studies on Iron Complexes IV", Takeda Kenkyusho Nempo, Vol. 21, pp. 20-25 (1962). Generally, the published methodology utilizes the reaction of iron hydroxide as the starting material. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Coating fluid for imaging element comprising solubilized collagen gelatin colloidal dispersion Inventor(s): Connely, Richard W.; (Rochester, NY), Honan, James S.; (Spencerport, NY), Howe, Andrew M.; (Watford, GB), Lobo, Lloyd A.; (Webster, NY) Correspondence: Paul A. Leipold; Patent Legal Staff; Eastman Kodak Company; 343 State Street; Rochester; NY; 14650-2201; US Patent Application Number: 20030224301 Date filed: May 30, 2002 Abstract: An aqueous coating fluid is described comprising gelatin at a concentration of at least 1 wt % and a colloidal particle dispersed material phase at a volume fraction of at least 0.01, wherein at least 20% of the gelatin comprises a gelatin prepared from hydrolysis of ossein using sodium or potassium hydroxide. The present invention enables increasing the concentrations of a coating fluid containing gelatin and dispersed sub-micron colloidal materials, reducing the size of the sub-micron colloidal materials in such a coating fluid, and/or including higher molecular weight gelatin in such a coating fluid without detrimentally increasing the viscosity of such fluids. The invention further enables reducing the viscosity of an aqueous coating fluid containing gelatin and dispersed insoluble colloidal material, without needing to reduce the concentration of gelatin or colloidal materials, increase the size of the sub-micron colloidal materials, and/or reduce the molecular weight of the gelatin. Each such advantage may be achieved either individually, or in combinations to varying extents, without the need to fundamentally change the composition of the materials in the coating fluid. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to aqueous coating solutions comprising gelatin which is prepared by the hydrolysis of ossein using sodium or potassium hydroxide, where the coating solution contains a colloidal particle dispersed material phase at a volume fraction of at least 0.01. Imaging elements, particularly photographic silver halide imaging elements, commonly use a hydrophilic colloid as a film forming binder for layers thereof, most commonly ossein. The layers of such imaging elements are typically coated employing multilayer slide bead coating processes such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,716,419 and multilayer slide curtain coating processes such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,508,947. The binder of choice in most cases is gelatin, prepared from various sources of collagen (see, e.g., P. I. Rose, The Theory of Photographic Process, 4th Edition, edited by T. H. James (Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1977) p. 51-65). The binder is expected to provide several functions, primarily to provide an element with some level of mechanical integrity and contain all the materials within the imaging element, which are required to provide an image. The various layers of imaging elements comprising gelatin are typically coated from aqueous coating solutions. In addition to serving as a binder, gelatin also functions as a stabilizer to dispersed aqueous insoluble materials of colloidal dimensions which may also be present in the aqueous coating solutions. Such materials can include photographically-useful materials such as coupler drops, UV-absorbers, scavengers of oxidized developer, silver halide
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grains, dye particles or materials needed for other functions, such as polymer latexes and silica particles. A colloidal dispersed material particle has at least one dimension in the range 1 nm to 1.mu.m. The viscosity of fluids containing gelatin and such colloidal materials is an important parameter affecting the efficiency of the manufacture of imaging materials such as photographic products. The most important impact of viscosity is on the coating process. If the viscosity is too high, then the fluid cannot be pumped sufficiently fast. If the viscosity is too low then defects may arise due to ripple, flow on the web after coating and failure of the multilayer pack to gel thermally (chill set). Coating fluid viscosity increases with gelatin and dispersed phase concentrations, as the mean molecular weight of the gelatin increases, and as the size of dispersed colloidal particles decreases. One of the most expensive processes in manufacturing of multilayer photographic products is drying of water after coating. If the concentration of solids within the coating fluid can be increased, then less water is coated and less drying is required at a given coating speed (or the coating speed can be increased without increasing the throughput capacity of the dryers). However, as the concentration increases, the viscosity of the coating fluid may become too high to pump easily and the coating fluids may exhibit too much shear thinning (viscosity decreasing as shear rate increases) to give uniform laydown across the web. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
COMPOSITION FOR HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION, PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF SUCH COMPOSITION AND USE THEREOF Inventor(s): Bulbule, Vivek Jagannathrao; (Maharashtra, IN), Deshpande, Vishnu Hari; (Maharashtra, IN), Kelkar, Ramesh Ganesh; (Maharashtra, IN), Lahoti, Rajgopal Jagannath; (Maharashtra, IN), Mahajan, Vinay; (Haryana, IN), Nagarajan, Subrahamnium; (Haryana, IN), Ramlingam, Sadyandy; (Maharashtra, IN) Correspondence: Morgan & Finnegan L.L.P.; Maria C. H. Lin; 345 Park Avenue; New York; NY; 10154-0053; US Patent Application Number: 20030192070 Date filed: March 28, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel composition comprising a mixture of potassium 1-[4-chlorophenyl]-1, 4 dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxopyridazine-3ca- rboxylate is in the range of from 1 ppm to 300 ppm and potassium 1-[4-fluoro-3-chlorophenyl]-1, 4 dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxopyridazine-3-carbo- xylate and a non-ionic surfactant for hybrid seed production. The composition of the invention enhances functional male sterility with improved female fertility facilitating commercial production of hybrid seed of wheat and other crops, cereals in particular, across a range of environments. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for hybrid seed production. More particularly the present invention also relates to a composition useful for improving female fertility and seed setting in plants. The composition of the present invention is useful for production of hybrid seed in crop plants such as wheat. Capability of certain classes of chemicals viz. pyridazines, 4-pyridionones, pyrrole carboxylates, 5-chlorocaboxylic acids to effect such changes is know in the literature. Certain compounds designated as DPX 3778, Hybrex, LY 195259, Mendok, RH 2956, RH 4667, RH 5148 and WL 84811 are few of the examples of such compounds. (Pickett A A 1993. In `Advances in plant Breeding`15, Paul Parey Scientific Publisher, Berlin, pp 122 132). However, these chemicals also affect female sterility resulting in lower seed setting and seed germination. The prior art compositions/compounds suffer from several
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disadvantages in use such as resulting in some growth inhibition, severe plant damage, small seeds, inhibition of growth and flowering, leaf burn, shorter plant, etc. In view of the above limitations it is necessary to provide chemicals and their combinations, which may provide foolproof male sterility with better female fertility for commercial seed production of hybrid seed. Although the study and the research was carried out on wheat in the present description, the involved compositions are not only applicable to the wheat plant but are also to other angiosperm crops as rice, maize, jowar, bajra, etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Composition of multipurpose high functional alkaline solution composition, preparation thereof, and for the use of nonspecific immunostimulator Inventor(s): Choi, Hyun-Suk; (Ansung, KR), Choi, Soo-Il; (Ansung, KR), Jeon, KyungSoo; (Ansung, KR), Park, Yong-Ho; (Seoul, KR), Yoo, Byung-Woo; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Jacobson Holman Pllc; 400 Seventh Street N.W.; Suite 600; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030206967 Date filed: April 25, 2003 Abstract: Disclosed are a multipurpose, high-functional, alkaline solution composition, preparation therefor and use thereof as a nonspecific immunostimulator. The composition comprises 1-25 parts by weight of borax (Na.sub.2B.sub.4O.sub.7.10H.sub.2O), 10.sup.-5-10.sup.-4 parts by weight of sodium thiosulfate (Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3.5H.sub.2O), 30-150 parts by weight of potassium carbonate, 30-200 parts by weight of refined sugar (C.sub.12H.sub.22O.sub.11), and 100200 parts by weight of water, based on 100 parts by weight of sodium metasilicate (Na.sub.2SiO.sub.3.5H.sub.2- O). In addition to bringing about an improvement in disease resistance, weight gain rate, crop yield, crop quality, harvest time, the composition shows nonspecific immunostimulating activities, including antibody production and immune enhancement, by activating immune cells, thereby maximizing vaccination effects on malignant viral diseases. Excerpt(s): The functionality of alkaline mass in the body has been of great interest since the early 20.sup.th century. Extensive research has recently revealed that alkaline mass in the body increases ionization ratios of potassium and sodium to heighten the purification capability of blood, resulting in blood clearance, fatigue-reduction, and aging retardation. One alkaline solution composition is disclosed in Korean Pat. No. 128,110, yielded to the present inventor, which comprises 10-18 parts by weight of sodium silicate, 0.1-0.5 parts by weight of sodium hyperoxide, 5-10 parts by weight of potassium carbonate, 1 part by weight of sodium carbonate, 10-18 parts by weight of refined sugar and 0.1-3.0 parts by weight of silver thiosulfate in water. The said composition is now used for the post-treatment of fiber products and the fermentation of feedstuff and in the agricultural industry by virtue of its high far infrared radiation efficiency, antibacterial activity and deodorizing activity. The composition, however, is disadvantageous in that its preparation is complicated and it is difficult to store for a long period of time. Meanwhile, the amount of antibiotics used each year in the world is increasing. However, the more antibiotics are used, the greater the side effects are. For example, higher dosages of antibiotics are needed to treat patients who have overused prescription antibiotics because they have become resistant to antibiotics. Furthermore, misuse and abuse of antibiotics has resulted in the appearance of super-bacteria which are completely immune to existing antibiotics. In an effort to curtail the use of
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antibiotics, consideration has been taken of the general enhancement of the immune system in the body, which leads to an improvement in vaccination effects. For example, nonspecific immunostimulators (hereinafter, referred to as "NIS"), which induce the body to increase its immune response to external pathogens, are now of great interest to medical personnel and extensive and intensive research has been focused on the development of NIS over the world. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Dental composition for hypersensitve teeth Inventor(s): Estrada, David; (Jersey City, NJ), Fitz, Benjamin D; (Brooklyn, NY), Macik, Jan F; (Clark, NJ), Napolitano, Neil J; (Fanwood, NJ), Smetana, Alfred J; (Wayne, NJ), Synoids, Joseph D; (Summit, NJ), Trama, Michael E; (River Vale, NJ) Correspondence: Smithkline Beecham Corporation; Corporate Intellectual Property-us, Uw2220; P. O. Box 1539; King OF Prussia; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20030215401 Date filed: February 6, 2003 Abstract: A composition for the treatment of sensitive teeth comprising a suitable carrier and a desensitizing amount of: a) at least one tubule blocking agent, preferably a combination of two such agents; and b) a nerve desensitizing agent selected from the group consisting of at least one potassium salt, at least one strontium salt, and mixtures thereof, wherein the tubule blocking agent deposits or swells upon the dentinal surface and/or precipitates within the dentinal tubules, retaining a higher concentration of the nerve desensitizing agent at the exposed dentinal surface and within the dentinal tubules. The compositions may further contain a source of physiologically acceptable fluoride ion, such as stannous fluoride. Also disclosed are methods of using the subject compositions in the treatment of sensitive teeth. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/850,352 filed May 7, 2001 which is a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/642,048 filed Aug. 21, 2000. The invention relates to compositions for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity and methods for treating dentinal hypersensitivity. Dentinal hypersensitivity is a temporary induced pain sensation produced when hypersensitive teeth are subjected to changes in temperature and/or pressure or to chemical action. Hypersensitivity may occur whenever the dentin of a tooth is exposed by attrition or abrasion, or when the tooth's finer root surface is exposed by periodontal disease. Dentin is a bone-like material in teeth that is usually covered by enamel above the gum line and cementum below the gum line. The enamel or cementum may be removed through decay, injury, disease or other causes, thereby exposing the dentin to external stimuli in the mouth. Dentin generally contains channels, called tubules, that allow material and energy transport between the exterior of the dentin and the interior of the tooth where the nerve is located. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Desensitizing dental composition Inventor(s): Galli, Giovanna; (Firenze, IT) Correspondence: Simpson Simpson & Snyder; 5555 Main Street; Williamsville; NY; 14221; US Patent Application Number: 20030194381 Date filed: September 6, 2000 Abstract: A dental composition for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity and in particular for the desensitization of exposed dentin, the desensitizing treatment of deep cavities, the desensitizing treatment when replacing dental layers, the stumps desensitizing treatment before placing dental prosthesis. The composition can be used as a solution or as a gel. In the first case two distinct liquid solutions for use successively on the exposed dentin are provided for. In the second case two distinct gel compounds spread successively on the exposed dentin are provided for. The first solution or the first gel compound comprises preferably three soluble potassium salts, whereas the second solution or the second gel compound comprises a calcium salt and a soluble strontium salt. In a preferred composition two solutions are provided for of which the first has solutes comprising potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate and potassium fluoride, and the second solution has solutes comprising calcium chloride and strontium chloride. For the gel composition, which may be used as toothpaste, two distinct gel compounds are provided, the first having solutes comprising potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate and potassium fluoride and the second gel compound having solutes comprising calcium chloride and strontium chloride. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to a compound for dentistry and, more precisely, it relates to a dental composition for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. the stumps desensitizing treatment before placing dental prosthesis. The composition can be used as a solution or as a gel. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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DISPERSED HYDRATED POTASSIUM BORATE COMPOSITIONS HAVING IMPROVED PROPERTIES IN LUBRICATING OIL COMPOSITIONS Inventor(s): Buitrago, Juan A.; (Pinole, CA), Harrison, James J.; (Novato, CA), Nelson, Kenneth D.; (Clear Lake, CA) Correspondence: Claude J. Caroli; Chevron Texaco Corporation; P.O. Box 6006; San Ramon; CA; 94583-0806; US Patent Application Number: 20030211950 Date filed: May 2, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are dispersed hydrated potassium borate compositions, as well as additive packages and finished oil compositions comprising the same. The dispersed hydrated potassium borate compositions of the invention exhibit low turbidity and the finished oil compositions exhibit improved wear performance under high temperature conditions. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed, in part, to novel dispersed hydrated potassium borate compositions, as well as additive packages and finished oil compositions comprising the same. The dispersed hydrated potassium borate compositions of this invention exhibit low turbidity and the finished oil compositions comprising such
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dispersed hydrated potassium borate compositions exhibit improved wear protection under high temperature conditions.sup.12 Brewster, U.S. Pat. No. 3,489,619, Heat Transfer and Quench Oil, issued Jan. 13, 1970. All of the above patents are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Disposable compress Inventor(s): DiRoma, Sabeto A.; (Oakdale, CT), Recchia, Frank P.; (New Haven, CT) Correspondence: Law Offices OF Raymond A. Nuzzo, Llc; 579 Thompson Avenue; East Haven; CT; 06512; US Patent Application Number: 20030195598 Date filed: April 11, 2002 Abstract: A disposable cold pack comprising a durable flexible container having an interior region, a breakable envelope contained within the interior region, a predetermined amount of liquid contained within the envelope wherein the liquid consists of water, and solid materials contained within the interior region. The solid materials consist of a predetermined amount of urea and a predetermined amount of potassium chloride. When the envelope is broken so as to release water into the interior region, the water dissolves a substantial amount of the solid materials thereby producing an endothermic reaction which cools the water. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to a disposable instant cold compress, and more particularly to a disposable cold compress that is capable of initially producing cold by thermo-chemical reaction. Cold compresses or cold packs have long been used to apply cold to human or animal body parts. Such compresses and cold packs are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,887,346, 3,950,158, 4,081,256, 5,391,198, 5,534,020, 5,545,197, 6,099,555 and 6,233,945. Many prior art cold compresses and cold packs utilize ammonium nitrate. There are several significant disadvantages in using ammonium nitrate. One disadvantage is that ammonium nitrate is listed as a dangerous and/or hazardous substances on the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Thus, handling, transporting and storing ammonium nitrate is both time consuming and expensive. Furthermore, IATA has included ammonium nitrate in its Dangerous Goods Regulations. Thus, many air carriers and commercial airlines will not transport ammonium nitrate. Additionally, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in its Congressional Statement on the Threat of Terrorism to the United States, dated May 10, 2001, has identified ammonium nitrate as a chemical used by right-wing extremist groups and terrorists in making explosive devices. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Dual layer color-center patterned light source Inventor(s): Kurtz, Anthony D.; (Ridgewood, NJ), Van DeWeert, Joseph R.; (Cliffside Park, NJ) Correspondence: Duane Morris Llp; 100 College Road West, Suite 100; Princeton; NJ; 08540-6604; US Patent Application Number: 20030193978 Date filed: April 11, 2002 Abstract: A thin layer of ionic crystal is grown on a substrate. The crystal could be any type of ionic crystal, such as sodium chloride or potassium chloride. The crystal is a pure form of the chosen compound and may contain contaminants which would shift the wavelength of created color centers. On top of the first crystal layer, a second thin layer of a different type of crystal is deposited, such as lithium fluoride or sodium fluoride. When these two layers are radiated with gamma rays, they will each form color centers at the spots radiated. Because of the difference in crystalline properties of the two different ionic crystal centers, their color centers would be at different wavelengths. Each of the two separate ionic crystals will emit light at different characteristic wavelengths when illuminated at their unique absorption frequencies. Each layer can be made to lase separately. The top layer has an absorption energy greater than that of the bottom layer, so that the layer energy of the bottom layer absorption peak will pass through the top layer and be absorbed only by the bottom layer. There are many ways of forming F-centers in the two superimposed layers, such as by the use of selective gamma radiation by heating of an anion layer of the particular compound and then depositing the second ionic crystal on the first ionic crystal and then depositing an anion layer on the second crystal and then heating to produce a structure which will lase it to the different frequencies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and apparatus of forming and utilizing defects formed in ionic crystal. The use of color centers in ionic crystals has been known for some time. A color center laser, for example, is a known light source that operates on a basis of random defects formed in an ionic crystal. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,804 entitled, "Artificial Color Center Light Source" which issued on Mar. 3, 1999 to Y. Takiguchi. In that patent there is described a color center light source where a color center is formed artificially. A predetermined single atom is removed from the surface of a defect-free ionic crystal so as to form a lattice defect. Optical transition of the defect is utilized so that it functions as a light source. In the past, these color centers have been formed by methods such as exposing the crystals to gamma radiation or heating in the presence of excess cations or other impurities. These methods cause anions to be displaced from the crystal lattice. The hole left by the cation can then be filled by an excess electron that is attracted to the void due to the positive ions surrounding it. The electron can then be treated as if in a potential well whose size is smaller than the wavelength of the electron; such a well has discrete energy levels which can be predicted quite easily. When an incident photon hits the trapped electron it will be absorbed if the energy of the photon is the same as the difference between the two energy levels of the electron in the well; this will also cause the electron to be excited into the higher energy state. In this way the electron can be used to absorb only select wavelengths of light that correspond to the energy levels in the well. Once the electron is in an excited state, the surrounding crystal will relax, thereby changing the energy gap between the excited and ground states of the potential well. When the electron decays back into the ground state it will emit a photon with different energy and therefore a different wavelength than the incident photon. This is commonly referred to
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as an F-center type color center, so called because the absorption of discrete wavelengths gives a unique color to the ionic crystal. In general, for most ionic crystals, an F-Center has an absorption peak within the visible light spectrum, however when an excited electron decays back to the ground state it does so over a smaller energy gap and emits light of a longer wavelength. There are other types of color centers such as F.sub.A, F.sub.B, F.sub.2+, and others which can be created through various types of annealing and bombardment by radiation. The other color centers are caused by various other impurities and dislocations present in the crystal and they will each absorb and emit at different areas of the spectrum. Use of color centers has been employed in the prior art. See for example, the above-noted patent, U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,804. See also U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,322 entitled, "NACL:OH Color Center Laser" which issued on Feb. 5, 1991 to C. R. Pollock et al. and is assigned to Cornell. See also U.S. Pat. No. 4,839,009 entitled, "NACL:ON Color Center Laser" which issued on Jun. 13, 1989 to C. R. Pollock et al. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,638,485 entitled, "Solid State Vibrational Lasers Using FCenter/Molecular-Defect Pairs in Alkali Halides" which issued on Jan. 20, 1987 to W. Gellermann et al. See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,267,254 entitled, "Color Center Laser with Transverse Auxiliary Illumination" which issued on Nov. 30, 1993 to I. Schneider et al. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Filtration Inventor(s): Winge, Stefan; (Stockholm, SE) Correspondence: Janis K. Fraser; Fish & Richardson P.C.; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20030191292 Date filed: November 26, 2002 Abstract: Filtration methods comprise virus-filtering a solution containing a least one macromolecule. The total salt content of the solution for virus-filtering is within the range of from about 0.2 M up to saturation with the salt. Salts that can be used in the filtering methods include sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium acetate, sodium citrate, sodium phosphate, potassium dyhydrophosphate and combinations thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of virus-filtering a solution that contains at least one macromolecule, by virtue of the total salt content of the solution lying in the range of from about 0.2 M up to saturation of the solution with the salt concerned. The inventive method reduces the residence time and the extent to which the solution need to be diluted, and optimizes the yield when virus-filtering primarily proteins, polysaccharides and polypeptides. The reduction in virus content is at least as good as with conventional techniques where the total salt content is low. The present invention facilitates virus filtration with the aid of the so-called "dead-end" technique, which affords several process and economic advantages in comparison with the tangential virus-filtering technique normally used. When virus-filtering the plasma protein factor IX, the yield obtained in the virus-filtering stage is increased from about 70% to above 95%, by raising the salt content of the solution in accordance with the present invention. The problem of virus contamination of various protein preparations intended for the medication of human beings has received greater notice in recent years. For instance, occasional reports have been submitted concerning, e.g., blood proteins that have been contaminated with hepatitis virus A, hepatitis virus B, hepatitis virus C and/or Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). In keeping with these reports, the authorities of several countries have sharpened their requirements with regard to
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cleansing protein preparations of their possible virus contaminants. In present-day, conventional techniques, viruses are inactivated with the aid of chemical additives, primarily solvents and detergents, and/or by exposing the viruses to elevated temperatures. The former method has the drawback of functioning solely on virus with lipid envelopes, for instance hepatitis virus B and HIV. The latter technique mentioned above has the drawback that many proteins are thermally unstable at those temperatures required to effectively reduce the contaminating virus. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Glyphosate formulation Inventor(s): Bean, Michael John; (Bracknell, GB), Formstone, Carl Andrew; (Maidstone, GB), Hopkins, Derek John; (Bracknell, GB), Ottaway, Alan Victor; (Maidstone, GB) Correspondence: Syngenta Crop Protection , INC.; Patent And Trademark Department; 410 Swing Road; Greensboro; NC; 27409; US Patent Application Number: 20030207764 Date filed: March 27, 2003 Abstract: A storage-stable high-strength aqueous glyphosate concentrate, preferably containing greater than 400 g/l glyphosate expressed as acid, comprises the potassium salt of glyphosate, an alkylglycoside surfactant and an alkoxylated alkylamine surfactant at a preferred total concentration of alkylglycoside and alkoxylated alkylamine from about 160 to 300 g/l and at a preferred ratio of alkylglycoside to alkoxylated alkylamine of from about 1 part by weight of alkylglycoside per 1 part by weight of alkoxylated alkylamine to about 5 parts by weight of alkylglycoside per 1 part by weight of alkoxylated alkylamine Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a glyphosate formulation and in particular to a highstrength aqueous concentrate formulation of glyphosate. N-phosphonomethylglycine (referred to herein by the common name glyphosate) is a well-known herbicide which is generally used in the form of its salts. Glyphosate may be formulated in a wide variety of liquid and solid compositions designed to cover a range of commercial applications. This invention concerns liquid concentrate formulations which are designed to be diluted prior to use. Many such liquid concentrates are sold commercially but there are strong commercial and environmental reasons for seeking to increase the concentration of glyphosate in the aqueous formulation beyond that which is commonly available. It is readily apparent that a high-strength aqueous concentrate formulation provides a given dose of glyphosate in a smaller liquid volume, resulting in significant advantages in terms of reduced transport, storage and handling costs and reduced and more convenient container disposal. It is well understood that in commercial practice it is necessary to enhance the activity of glyphosate by the use of one or more surfactants and many effective individual surfactants or mixed surfactant systems have been published in the literature. It is possible to add a desired surfactant system separately into a tank mix at the same time that the aqueous glyphosate concentrate is diluted, and the surfactant system may thus be omitted from the concentrate and added separately at the tank mix stage. Clearly however the addition of a separate component at the tank mix stage constitutes and additional step prior to spraying the herbicide and requires the user to undertake accurate measurement of mixing volumes to ensure the correct proportions in the final product. There is a need therefore for high-strength glyphosate concentrates in which an effective proportion of a surfactant system is "built-in" to the composition. It is this factor which has hitherto limited the practical realisation of
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effective high-strength glyphosate concentrates containing surfactant, since such concentrates have to be physically stable over extended storage at the possible extremes of ambient temperatures likely to be encountered in commercial usage. It is exceptionally difficult to "build-in" effective levels of conventional surfactant systems to high-strength formulations, for example formulations containing glyphosate salts at a concentration of greater than 400 or 450 g/l based on glyphosate acid. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Heat absorbing temperature control devices and method Inventor(s): Hayes, Claude Q.C.; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Cummings & Lockwood; 700 State Street; P.O. Box 1960; New Haven; CT; 06509-1960; US Patent Application Number: 20030213932 Date filed: April 6, 2001 Abstract: The increase of temperature of heat sensitive devices during heat generating conditions is prevented through the absorption of heat, by providing a bicarbonate salt, such as lithium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, beryllium bicarbonate, aluminum bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and mixtures thereof, in an amount sufficient to effect the required heat absorption. Where the heat generating conditions are generated by a heat generator separate and distinct from the heat sensitive device, the bicarbonate salt may be supported in a position between the heat sensitive device and the heat generator. Where the heat sensitive device is itself the heat generator, the bicarbonate salt is in contact with the heat sensitive device, either directly or indirectly Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/546,361 filed on Apr. 10, 2000, which in turn was a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/709,516 filed on Sep. 6, 1996, which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/003,387 filed on Sep. 7, 1995. The present invention relates to heat absorbing devices and a method for constructing same. Said heat absorbing devices have heat absorbing chemicals, i.e. endotherms, which use their respective heats of reaction to cool and maintain and control the temperature and heat of heat sensitive devices. These endotberms comprise certain acids and their salts, certain bases and their salts, and certain organic compounds, which have never before been used in the manner described, disclosed and claimed below. Often, active cooling of such electronic components, particularly delicate TR modules, Impatt diodes, data recorders, containers for chemicals and munitions, batteries and the like, is not feasible; and even when it is feasible, it requires continuous high energy cooling, which taxes other ancillary engineering systems typical in missiles, aircrafts, railroads, trucks, automobiles, guns, nuclear reactor systems, related combat systems, as well as commercial systems and technology. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Heptanonic acid and furanone compounds and compositions Inventor(s): Dogra, Ruchi; (Himachal Pradesh, IN), Joshi, Bhupendra Prasad; (Himachal Pradesh, IN), Sinha, Arun Kumar; (Himachal Pradesh, IN) Correspondence: Foley And Lardner; Suite 500; 3000 K Street NW; Washington; DC; 20007; US Patent Application Number: 20030212281 Date filed: June 2, 2003 Abstract: A natural inexpensive acyclic monoterpene ketone (dihydrotagetone) of formula (4), isolated from the oil of Tagetes sp., was smoothly oxidized with metaperiodate/potassium permanganate into 2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-heptan- oic acid of formula (3), the reduction of 3 with metal hydride such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride provided 4-hydroxyacid of formula (2) which on without isolation undergone lactonisation in acidic medium furnished two chiral centered 5-isobutyl-3methyl-4,5-dihydro-2(3H- )-furanone of formula (1) as an analogue of whisky lactone 5butyl-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone of formula (1a) responsible for high quality of alcoholic beverage (whisky, wine, brandy and scotch), in addition, coconut flavoured 5-butyl-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanon- e of formula (1) is also as an analogue of coconut aldehyde (.gamma.-nonalactone, F.E.M.A. No. 2751) of formula (1b) which is responsible for flavouring a wide range of food stuffs including baked goods and confectionery. Excerpt(s): The present invention also relates to 2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-heptanoic acid of formula (3) not only as a precursor for the synthesis of whisky lactone of formula (1a) but also as a novel analogue of 2,6-dimethyl-5-oxo-heptanoic acid (a constituent of well known essential oil of Mentha x piperita) which has wide applications in flavouring food stuffs, soft and alcoholic beverages, perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. A wide-spread class of.gamma.-butyrolactones (also known as dihydro-2(3H)-furanone or 4-butanolide or tetrahydro-2-furanone) were first synthesized in 1884 via internal esterfication of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. These important lactones exhibit very intensive and pleasant fruity aroma and can be easily transformed into other useful products e.g. furans, cyclopentenones, butenolides and pyrrolidones (Freudenberger, D., Wunder, F. and Fernholz, H., U.S. Pat. No. 4,096,156 (1978)). The butyrolactone moieties are found in many natural products (Gunatilaka, A. A. L., Surendra, K. S. and Thomson, R. H., Phytochemistry, 23(4) 929-931 (1984) and Drioli, S., Felluga, F., Forzato, C., Nitti, P., Pitacco, G. and Valentin, E., J. Org. Chem., 63, 2385-2388 (1998)), insect pheromones (Naoshima, Y., Ozawa, H., Kondo, H. and Hayashi, S., Agric. Biol. Chem., 47(7) 14311434 (1983); Kim, C. S., Datta, P. K., Hara, T., Itoh, E. and Horiike, M., Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 63(1) 152-154 (1999)), antifungal substances and flavor components (Shinohara, T. and Watanabe, M., J. Agri. Chem. Soc. Jap., 53 (7) 219-225 (1979) and Buttery, R. G. and Ling, L. C., J Agric Food Chem., 46(7) 2764-2769 (1998)) and also occur in the essential oil bearing plants. Although several methods are available for the synthesis of simple.gamma.-butyrolactone derivatives, however, synthesis of chiral centered biologically active.gamma.-butyrolactone (Hullot, P., Cuvigny, T., Larcheveque, M. and Normant, H., Can. J. Chem., 55, 266-273 (1977); Tamaru, Y., Hojo, M. and Yoshida, Z., J. Org. Chem., 56, 1099-1105 (1991); Daugan, A. and Brown, E., J. Nat. Prod., 54(1) 110-118 (1991); Hartmann, B., Kanazama, A. M., Depres, J. P. and Greene, A. E., Tetrahedron Lett. 34(24) 3875-3876 (1993); Ishibashi, F.; Taniguchi, E., Phytochemistry, 49(2) 613-622 (1998) and Noyori, R., Kitamura, M., Ohkuma, T., Saya, N. and Kumobayashi, H., U.S. Pat. No. 5,420, 306 (1995)) and their analogues (Mangnus, E. M., Vliet, L. A. -van, Vandenput, D. A. L. and Zwanenburg, B.,
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J. Agri. Food Chem., 40(7) 1222-1229 (1992); Belletire, J. L., Mahmoodi, N. O., J Nat. Prod., 55(2) 194-206 (1992) are tedious but even then the preparation of chiral.gamma.butyrolactones are the subject of many synthetic schemes (Carretero, J. C., Rojo, J., Tetrahedron Lett., 33, 7407-7410 (1992); Casey, M., Manage, A. C. and Murphy, P. J., Tetrahedron, 33, 965-968 (1992); Zschage, O. and Hoppe, D., Tetrahedron, 48, 5657-5666 (1992); Paulsen, H. and Hoppe, D., Tetrahedron, 48, 5667-5670 (1992); Chong, J. M. and Mar, E. K., Tetrahedron Lett., 31, 1981-1984 (1990) and Bachi, M. D. and Bosch, E. J., J. Org. Chem., 57, 4696-4705 (1992). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
High pressure discharge lamp and method of production therefor Inventor(s): Makino, Toshimoto; (Tokyo, JP), Nishida, Kazuhisa; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030203701 Date filed: May 23, 2003 Abstract: A high pressure discharge lamp includes a quartz glass bulb and a pair of electrodes. Each electrode of the pair of electrodes is disposed so as to be opposite the other in the quartz glass bulb. The quartz glass bulb of the high pressure discharge lamp contains at least mercury and a halogen gas which are airtightly sealed in the quartz glass bulb. The partial pressure of oxygen (O) in the quartz glass bulb is about 2.5.times.10.sup.-3 Pa or less and the partial pressure of the halogen gas in the quartz glass bulb is in the range between about 1.times.10.sup.-6.mu.mol/mm.sup.3 and 1.times.10.sup.-8.mu.mol/mm.sup.3. The pair of electrodes contain potassium oxide in the range between about 20 ppm and 40 ppm. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a high pressure discharge lamp and to a method for producing the high pressure discharge lamp. More specifically, the present invention relates to a long-life high pressure discharge lamp which, even after being used for a long period of time, has a low degree of blackening and decrease in luminance, and which is capable of preventing leakage of a contained gas and blowout of the bulb, and to a method for manufacturing such a high pressure discharge lamp. In general, a relatively large amount of mercury, for instance, in an amount of more than 0.15 mg/mm.sup.3, is contained in the high pressure discharge lamp 110. When the lamp 110 is lit and a trigger voltage is applied to the electrodes 102 and 102, a glow discharge is induced between the electrodes under the atmosphere of the abovementioned inert gas and the contained mercury is vaporized to emit light of high luminance and excellent color rendering property due to a plasma discharge by the high-pressure mercury vapor. Since light of high luminance and excellent color rendering property is obtained by using the high pressure discharge lamp as explained above, the lamp has recently attracted attention as a light source for devices such as a projection type liquid crystal display and is used for a variety of purposes. A halogen compound, such as methylene bromide, is generally used as the above-mentioned halogen gas. The halogen compound, when the lamp is lit, is decomposed in the bulb 101 and generates halogen ions. In general, the halogen gas is contained so that the partial pressure of the halogen gas in the bulb 101 becomes 1.times.10.sup.6.mu.mol/mm.sup.3 or greater which is considered to be an amount effective for preventing the generation of blackening.
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Human Eag2 Inventor(s): Jegla, Timothy J.; (Durham, NC), Liu, Yi; (Cary, NC) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20030211529 Date filed: April 22, 2003 Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. S No. 60/143,467, filed Jul. 13, 1999, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Not applicable. The invention provides isolated nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of Eag2, antibodies to Eag2, methods of detecting Eag2, and methods of screening for modulators of Eag2 potassium channels using biologically active Eag2. The invention further provides, in a computer system, a method of screening for mutations of human Eag2 genes as well as a method for identifying a three-dimensional structure of Eag2 polypeptide monomers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Hydrocarbon recovery Inventor(s): Mackey, Rusty R.; (Cochrane, CA), Smith, Kevin W.; (McMurray, PA) Correspondence: William L. Krayer; 1771 Helen Drive; Pittsburgh; PA; 15216; US Patent Application Number: 20030221825 Date filed: May 30, 2002 Abstract: Low concentrations, 1-10% of potassium salt, especially potassium formate, are used in a drilling fluid in oil production. Preferably they are used with guar derivatives, most preferably carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar. The concentration of potassium formate is maintained at the desired level by adjusting the potassium formate to maintain a desired Zeta potential in the circulating drilling fluid. The potassium formate/guar derivative composition may be used in the substantial absence of hydrophilic clay additive. Excerpt(s): In the recovery of hydrocarbons from the earth, a low concentration of potassium formate is used in aqueous drilling fluid, preferably with a viscosifying amount of polygalactomannan the concentration of potassium formate being controlled as a function of Zeta potential of the drilling fluid. Potassium salts have been used to help to control the intrusion of shale and clay into fluids produced from subterranean formations. The presence of potassium in brines which come in contact with shale and clay in underground formations will inhibit the absorption of sodium into the brine from the clay or shale, thus reducing permeability damage. However, it has been difficult to determine and control the optimum amounts of potassium to use. The use of potassium formate in formation treatment fluids containing cationic formation control additives is disclosed by Kevin W. Smith in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/812,422. Filed Mar. 20, 2001. In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/803,501 filed Mar. 9, 2001, Kevin W. Smith discloses the use of potassium formate together with guar for reducing permeability damage by formation treatment fluids. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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In vitro ischemia model Inventor(s): Cronberg, Tobias; (Lund, SE), Rytter, Anna; (Lund, SE), Wieloch, Tadeusz; (Lund, SE) Correspondence: Bozicevic, Field & Francis Llp; 200 Middlefield RD; Suite 200; Menlo Park; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030199086 Date filed: April 23, 2002 Abstract: A tissue culture model of oxygen/glucose deprivation induced cell death is provided, which is useful in the analysis of the mechanisms of cell death following brain ischemia, and for screening anti-ischemic drugs. By adopting the in vivo concentrations of calcium, potassium and hydrogen ions to the incubation medium a model is established that shows conspicuous similarities with the temporal and special development of cell death in vivo: selective and delayed CA1 damage, a damage mitigated by blockade of the NMDA and AMPA receptors, and a striking augmentation of damage by high levels of glucose. Excerpt(s): Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the dysfunction and death of neurons, leading to the loss of neurologic functions mediated by the brain, spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system. These disorders have a major impact on society. For example, approximately 4 to 5 million Americans are afflicted with the chronic neurodegenerative disease known as Alzheimer's disease. Other examples of chronic neurodegenerative diseases include diabetic peripheral neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. Normal brain aging is also associated with loss of normal neuronal function and may entail the depletion of certain neurons. Though the mechanisms responsible for the dysfunction and death of neurons in neurodegenerative disorders are not well understood, a common theme is that loss of neurons results in both the loss of normal functions and the onset of adverse behavioral symptoms. Therapeutic agents that have been developed to retard loss of neuronal activity and survival have been largely ineffective. Some have toxic side effects that limit their usefulness. Other promising therapies, such as neurotrophic factors, are prevented from reaching their target site because of their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Stroke is the third ranking cause of death in the United States, and accounts for half of neurology inpatients. Depending on the area of the brain that is damaged, a stroke can cause coma, paralysis, speech problems and dementia. The five major causes of cerebral infarction are vascular thrombosis, cerebral embolism, hypotension, hypertensive hemorrhage, and anoxia/hypoxia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Injectable pharmaceutical composition containing a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and method for preparing the same Inventor(s): Chen, Bin Ken; (Taichung, TW), Chen, Shan Chiung; (Taichung, TW), Lee, Fang Yu; (Taichung, TW), Tsai, Chiung Ju; (Taichung, TW) Correspondence: Venable, Baetjer, Howard And Civiletti, Llp; P.O. Box 34385; Washington; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20030191187 Date filed: April 1, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a stable pharmaceutical composition which contains an acetic acid class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), a phosphate solution, an isotonic agent, and water. The pharmaceutical composition is particularly suitable for parenteral injection such as intravenous or intramuscular injection. The preferred NSAID is ketorolac tromethamine, which includes any racemic mixture of [-]S and [+]R ketorolac tromethamine. The preferred phosphate solution contains sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4) or potassium phosphate monobasic (KH.sub.2PO.sub.4), with or without crystalline water. The preferred isotonic agent is NaCl. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably at pH 6.0 to 8.5 and with osmolarity within 0.5 to 3. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an injectable pharmaceutical composition which contains an acetic acid class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), a phosphate solution, an isotonic agent, and water; in particular, ketorolac tromethamine is the preferred NSAID, sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4) or potassium phosphate monobasic (KH.sub.2PO.sub.4), anhydrous or with hydrates, is the preferred phosphate for the phosphate solution, and NaCl is the preferred isotonic agent. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably at pH 6.0 to 8.5 and with osmolarity within 0.5 to 3 Osm. The present invention also relates to a method for preparing the injectable pharmaceutical composition. The injectable pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is stable and suitable for parenteral injection. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a family of drugs that generally have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities. These activities derive from a common mechanism: the inhibition of cyclooxygenase, which is the critical enzyme for biosynthesis of prostaglandins, prostacyclin, and thromboxanes. Because prostaglandins are released in response to inflammatory stimuli, which in turn result in inflammatory responses (e.g., redness, pain, heat and swelling of tissue), inhibition of prostaglandins by NSAIDs results in analgesia. In the central nervous system, NSAIDs are antihyperalgesic through a direct action on the spinal cord. Two NSAIDs, ketorolac and diclofenac, both belong to the acetic acid class of NSAIDs, are comparable to opioids in terms of providing pain relief. For example, the overall analgesic effect of 30 mg of ketorolac is equivalent to that of 6 to 12 mg of Morphine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Ink nanotechnology Inventor(s): Kostelecky, Clayton; (Longmont, CO), Yadav, Tapesh; (Longmont, CO) Correspondence: Hogan & Hartson Llp; One Tabor Center, Suite 1500; 1200 Seventeenth ST; Denver; CO; 80202; US Patent Application Number: 20030212179 Date filed: May 20, 2003 Abstract: An ink prepared using inorganic nanofillers with modified properties because of the powder size being below 100 nanometers. Both low-loaded and highly-loaded nanocomposites are included. Nanoscale coated, un-coated, whisker type fillers are included. The nanofillers taught comprise of elements from the group actinium, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, carbon, cadmium, calcium, cerium, cesium, cobalt, copper, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, gallium, gold, hafnium, hydrogen, indium, iridium, iron, lanthanum, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mendelevium, mercury, molybdenum, neodymium, neptunium, nickel, niobium, osmium, nitrogen, oxygen, palladium, platinum, potassium, praseodymium, promethium, protactinium, rhenium, rubidium, scandium, silver, sodium, strontium, tantalum, terbium, thallium, thorium, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, ytterbium, yttrium, zinc, and zirconium. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/790,036 titled "NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR DRUG DELIVERY, CONTRAST AGENTS AND BIOMEDICAL IMPLANTS" filed on Feb. 20, 2001 which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,904 filed on May 22, 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional applications 60/049,077 filed on Jun. 5, 1997, 60/069,936 filed on Dec. 17, 1997, and 60/079,225 filed on Mar. 24, 1998. U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,904 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/739,257, filed Oct. 30, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,000, titled NANOSTRUCTURED ION CONDUCTING SOLID ELECTROLYTES, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/730,661, filed Oct. 11, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,040 titled "PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS FROM NANOPRECISION ENGINEERED MATERIALS" which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/706,819, filed Sep. 3, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,507 titled "INTEGRATED THERMAL PROCESS FOR THE CONTINUOUS SYNTHESIS OF NANOSCALE POWDERS" and U.S. Ser. No. 08/707,341, filed Sep. 3, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,738 titled "METHOD OF PRODUCING NANOSCALE POWDERS BY QUENCHING OF VAPORS". This application is also a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. 09/753,806 titled "LOW-COST MULTILAMINATE SENSORS" which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 6,202,471 filed on May 7, 1998 titled "LOW-COST MULTILAMINATE SENSORS". In one aspect, the invention comprises a nanostructured filler, intimately mixed with a matrix to form a nanostructured composite. At least one of the nanostructured filler and the nanostructured composite has a desired material property which differs by at least 20% from the same material property for a micron-scale filler or a micron-scale composite, respectively. The desired material property is selected from the group consisting of refractive index, transparency to light, reflection characteristics, resistivity, permittivity, permeability, coercivity, B-H product, magnetic hysteresis, breakdown voltage, skin depth, curie temperature, dissipation factor, work function, band gap, electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, radiation hardness, chemical reactivity, thermal conductivity, temperature coefficient of an electrical property, voltage coefficient of an electrical property, thermal shock resistance, biocompatibility and wear rate. The nanostructured filler may comprise one or more elements selected
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from the s, p, d, and f groups of the periodic table, or it may comprise a compound of one or more such elements with one or more suitable anions, such as aluminum, antimony, boron, bromine, carbon, chlorine, fluorine, germanium, hydrogen, indium, iodine, nickel, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, selenium, silicon, sulfur, or tellurium. The matrix may be a polymer (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl alcohol), polycarbonate, polyalkene, or polyaryl), a ceramic (e.g., zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide, hafnium carbide, or ferrite), or a metal (e.g., copper, tin, zinc, or iron). Loadings of the nanofiller may be as high as 95%, although loadings of 80% or less are preferred. The invention also comprises devices which incorporate the nanofiller (e.g., electrical, magnetic, optical, biomedical, and electrochemical devices). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Inorganic colors and related nanotechnology Inventor(s): Yadav, Tapesh; (Longmont, CO) Correspondence: Hogan & Hartson Llp; One Tabor Center, Suite 1500; 1200 Seventeenth ST; Denver; CO; 80202; US Patent Application Number: 20030207112 Date filed: May 30, 2003 Abstract: A pigment with modified properties because of the powder size being below 100 nanometers. Blue, yellow and brown pigments are illustrated. Nanoscale coated, uncoated, whisker inorganic fillers are included. Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric composition are disclosed. The pigment nanopowders taught comprise one or more elements from the group actinium, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, calcium, cerium, cesium, cobalt, copper, chalcogenide, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, gallium, gold, hafnium, hydrogen, indium, iridium, iron, lanthanum, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mendelevium, mercury, molybdenum, neodymium, neptunium, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, oxygen, osmium, palladium, platinum, potassium, praseodymium, promethium, protactinium, rhenium, rubidium, scandium, silver, sodium, strontium, tantalum, terbium, thallium, thorium, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, ytterbium, yttrium, zinc, and zirconium. Excerpt(s): The present application is a divisional of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/150,722 filed on May 17, 2002 entitled "Nanotechnology for Inks and Dopants" which claims the benefit of provisional application No. 60/111,442 filed Dec. 8, 1998 and is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/274,517 filed on Mar. 23, 1999 entitled "MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS USING NANOSTRUCTURED NONSTOICHIOMETRIC SUBSTANCES" now U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,271 which claims the benefit of provisional application No. 60/107,318, filed Nov. 6, 1998, entitled "Materials and Products Using Nanostructured Non-stoichiometric Materials," all of which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention and which are incorporated herein by reference. The present application is also a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/790,036 titled "NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR DRUG DELIVERY, CONTRAST AGENTS AND BIOMEDICAL IMPLANTS" filed on Feb. 20, 2001 which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,904 filed on May 22, 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional applications 60/049,077 filed on Jun. 5, 1997, 60/069,936 filed on Dec. 17, 1997, and 60/079,225 filed on Mar. 24, 1998. U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,904 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/739,257, filed Oct. 30, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,000, titled NANOSTRUCTURED ION CONDUCTING SOLID ELECTROLYTES, which is a
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continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/730,661, filed Oct. 11, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,040 titled "PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS FROM NANO-PRECISION ENGINEERED MATERIALS" which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/706,819, filed Sep. 3, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,507 titled "INTEGRATED THERMAL PROCESS FOR THE CONTINUOUS SYNTHESIS OF NANOSCALE POWDERS" and U.S. Ser. No. 08/707,341, filed Sep. 3, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,738 titled "METHOD OF PRODUCING NANOSCALE POWDERS BY QUENCHING OF VAPORS". This application is also a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/753,806 titled "LOW-COST MULTILAMINATE SENSORS" which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 6,202,471 filed on May 7, 1998 titled "LOW-COST MULTILAMINATE SENSORS". The invention relates to non-stoichiometric substances and more particularly to nanostructured non-stoichiometric substances and products incorporating such substances. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Irrigation solution and methods for inhibition of tumor cell adhesion, pain and inflammation Inventor(s): Demopulos, Gregory A.; (Mercer Island, WA), Herz, Jeffrey M.; (Mill Creek, WA), Pierce-Palmer, Pamela; (San Francisco, CA), Tanelian, Darrell L.; (Dallas, TX) Correspondence: Omeros Medical Systems, INC.; 1420 Fifth Avenue; Suite 2675; Seattle; WA; 98101; US Patent Application Number: 20030195461 Date filed: November 6, 2002 Abstract: A method and solution for perioperatively inhibiting tumor cell adhesion and a variety of pain and inflammation processes at wounds from general surgical procedures including oral/dental procedures. The solution preferably includes at least one anti-tumor cell adhesion agent and multiple pain and inflammation inhibitory agents at dilute concentration in a physiologic carrier, such as saline or lactated Ringer's solution. The solution is applied by continuous irrigation of a wound during a surgical procedure for preemptive inhibition of pain and while avoiding undesirable side effects associated with oral, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intravenous application of larger doses of the agents. One preferred solution to inhibit tumor cell adhesion, pain and inflammation includes at least one anti-tumor cell adhesion agent, a serotonin.sub.2 antagonist, a serotonin.sub.3 antagonist, a histamine antagonist, a serotonin agonist, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, a neurokinin.sub.1 antagonist, a neurokinin.sub.2 antagonist, a purinoceptor antagonist, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, a calcium channel antagonist, a bradykinin.sub.1 antagonist, a bradykinin.sub.2 antagonist and a.mu.-opioid agonist. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/658,815 filed Sep. 11, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/072,913 filed May 4, 1998, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/670,699 filed Jun. 26, 1996, (U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,583), which is a continuationin-part of International Patent Application PCT/US95/16,028, filed Dec. 12, 1995, which designates the United States and which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/353,775, filed Dec. 12, 1994 (abandoned), and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/162,416 filed Oct. 28, 1999, priority of the filing date of each application which are hereby claimed under 35 U.S.C.sctn.120 or.sctn.119(e). The present invention relates to methods of inhibiting tumor cell adhesion
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and/or invasion and/or local tumor cell metastasis while simultaneously treating pain, and/or inflammation, and/or smooth muscle spasm and/or restenosis during surgical procedures using perioperative, local delivery of a combination of therapeutic agents. Endoscopy is a surgical procedure in which a camera, attached to a remote light source and video monitor, is inserted into a body cavity (e.g., joint, peritoneal cavity, bladder, thorax, etc.) through a small portal incision in the overlying skin and body wall. Through similar portal incisions, surgical instruments may be placed in a body cavity, their use guided by arthroscopic visualization. As endoscopists' skills have improved, an increasing number of operative procedures, once performed by "open" surgical technique, now can be accomplished endoscopically. Such procedures include, for example, appendectomies, cholecystectomies and cardiac surgery. As a result of widening surgical indications and the development of small diameter endoscopes, pediatric endoscopy has become routine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Large conductance calcium-dependent potassium channel as modulator of alcohol effects and consumption Inventor(s): Davies, Andrew G; (Berkeley, CA), Kim, Hongkyun; (Emeryville, CA), McIntire, Steven L; (Tiburon, CA) Correspondence: Tom Hunter; Quine Intellectual Property Law Group; P O Box 458; Alameda; CA; 94501; US Patent Application Number: 20030211547 Date filed: December 2, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed to the identification of the BK channel as a target for drugs that modulate the effects of ethanol as well as ethanol consumption. The present invention is also directed to the use of modulators of the BK channel to modulate alcohol consumption and the effects of alcohol. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to: screening methods for substances useful for modulating alcohol consumption or altering the effects of alcohol; and the use of modulators of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BK channels) in methods of modulating alcohol consumption and altering the effects of alcohol. Alcoholism is the most common form of drug abuse and a major public health problem worldwide. The Lewin Group estimated the economic cost to U.S. society in 1992 due to alcohol abuse and alcoholism to be $148 billion (H. Harwood et al., The Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse in the United States, 1992, NIH Publication Number 98-4327 (September 1998)). When adjusted for inflation and population growth, the alcohol estimates for 1992 are very similar to cost estimates produced over the past 20 years. The current estimates are significantly greater than the most recent detailed estimates developed for 1985 for alcohol (Rice et al. 1990) and are 42 percent higher for alcohol over and above increases due to population growth and inflation. Because of the prevalence and societal cost of alcohol abuse and alcoholism, there is a need for drugs that modify alcohol intake or the effects of alcohol on the person consuming it. Few such drugs are currently known. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Low-lipid cosmetic and dermatological preparations in the form of O/W emulsions containing fatty acids Inventor(s): Lindemann, Wiebke; (Hamburg, DE), Riedel, Heidi; (Hamburg, DE) Correspondence: Alston & Bird Llp; Bank OF America Plaza; 101 South Tryon Street, Suite 4000; Charlotte; NC; 28280-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20030206934 Date filed: March 7, 2003 Abstract: Cosmetic or dermatological preparations in the form of an O/W emulsion comprising(I) 1-5% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations, of one or more neutralized or partially neutralized C.sub.14-C.sub.32-fatty acids(II) where sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide are chosen as neutralizing base, corresponding to a pH range of the preparations of 6.0-8.0 in neutralized or partially neutralized form,(III) where the content of alkylated ammonium bases is chosen to be less than 0.01% by weight(IV) 0.1 to 1.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations, of one or more mono- and/or diesters of glycerol and/or of propylene glycol and/or of glycol,(V) 0.5 to 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations, of one or more fatty alcohols chosen from the group of branched and unbranched alkyl alcohols having 12 to 40 carbon atoms,(VI) 1 to 9% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations, of a lipid phase composed of(a) one or more lipids with a melting point below 30.degree. C.(b) one or more lipids with a melting point above 30.degree. C.(VII) where the ratio of (a) and (b) is in the range from 2:1 to 6:1.(VIII) where lipids according to (a) comprise 0-5% of silicone oil, based on the total weight of the preparationswhere the ratio of lipids (a): silicone oils (VIII) is preferably in the range from 5:1 to 1:2. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation application of PCT/EP01/09306, filed Aug. 11, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and also claims the benefit of German Priority Application No. 100 44 313.3, filed Sep. 7, 2000. The present invention relates to cosmetic and dermatological emulsions, in particular skincare cosmetic and dermatological emulsions. In an advantageous embodiment, the present invention relates to an application that allows an increase in the stability of preparations, in particular emulsions, preferably ONV emulsions, which contain fatty acids. The skin is the largest human organ. Amongst its many functions (for example for temperature regulation and as a sensory organ) the barrier function, which prevents the skin (and ultimately the entire organism) from drying out, is the most important. At the same time, the skin acts as a protective device against the penetration and absorption of external substances. This barrier function is effected by the epidermis, which, as the outermost layer, forms the actual protective sheath against the environment. Providing about one tenth of the total thickness, it is also the thinnest layer of the skin. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for preparing solid-state polymer zinc-air battery Inventor(s): Chiu, Jung-Ming; (Taipei Hsien, TW), Huang, Chi-Neng; (Taipei Hsien, TW), Lin, Sheng-Jen; (Taipei, TW), Yang, Chun-Chen; (Taipei Hsien, TW) Correspondence: Bruce H. Troxell; Suite 1404; 5205 Leesburg Pike; Falls Church; VA; 22041; US Patent Application Number: 20030228522 Date filed: August 16, 2002
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Abstract: This invention relates to a method for fabricating solid-state alkaline polymer Zn-air battery, which consists of a zinc-gel anode, an air cathode electrode, and alkaline polymer electrolyte. The formulation of said zinc gel anode is similar to that of alkaline Zn--MnO.sub.2 battery. The zinc gel anode contains a mixture of electrolytic dendritic zinc powders, KOH electrolyte, gelling agent and small amount of additives. The air cathode electrode is made by carbon gas diffusion electrode, which comprises two layers, namely gas diffusion layer and active layer. The active layer on the electrolyte side uses a high surface area carbon for oxygen reduction reaction and potassium permanganate and MnO.sub.2 as catalysts for oxygen reduction. The diffusion layer on the air side has high PTFE content to prevent KOH electrolyte from weeping or climbing. Due to adequate amount of fresh air and oxygen supply, the air cathode electrode can run continuously. Theoretically, the polymer zinc-air battery is an accumulator if the cell has sufficient zinc powder and electrolyte, and the air cathode plays the role of energy transfer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for preparing solid-state polymer Zn-air battery which uses environmentally friendly carbon material and zinc powder. Energy drives economic growth. It is also an important indicator gauging the strength and civilization of a country and living standard of its people. History illustrates that each innovative breakthrough in energy technology brought significant and profound influence on productivity and advancement of the civilization, demonstrating the importance of energy technology and its major influence on emerging industries. Environmental protection has become an issue the human society is highly concerned about in the 21st century. It is the core issue in mapping out strategy for sustainable development and a key factor influencing the energy policy and technological orientation of countries. At the same time, it is a great propelling force behind the development of energy technology. The gigantic energy system we built up in the 20th century can not meet the requirements for high-efficiency, clean, economical and safe energy system for the future. In short, energy development is facing tremendous challenges ahead. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for producing sodium hyrogencarbonate crystal particles having a low caking property, and sodium hydrogencarbonate crystal particles Inventor(s): Hirano, Hachiro; (Tokyo, JP), Narituka, Sadaji; (Kitakyushu-shi, JP), Yamamoto, Kiyoshi; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Yokoyama, Kouichi; (Kitakyushu-shi, JP) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030211027 Date filed: March 27, 2003 Abstract: A method for producing sodium hydrogencarbonate crystal particles having a low caking property, which comprises lowering the potassium concentration in sodium hydrogencarbonate crystal particles having a mean particle diameter of from 50 to 500.mu.m to a level of at most 50 mass ppm. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel method for producing sodium hydrogencarbonate crystal particles having a low caking property, which is useful particularly in the sector of food products, pharmaceuticals, etc. and which requires no necessity to contain an anticaking agent, and such sodium hydrogencarbonate crystal
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particles having a low caking property. Heretofore, sodium hydrogencarbonate (which is also called sodium bicarbonate) is widely used in the sector of various food products, as an additive for baking powders, soft drinks, etc., in the pharmaceutical industry as a dialysate, an antacid, etc., and further as a fire-extinguishing agent, as a bath additive, as a detergent, etc. In most cases, such sodium hydrogencarbonate is produced, transported, stored, sold or used in the form of powdery or granular crystal particles. However, crystal particles of sodium hydrogencarbonate show a caking property and will readily decompose and change into sodium carbonate and will have a big caking property, especially in the atmosphere in the presence of moisture at a high temperature. If caking results, the flowability of the particles will be low, and the handling efficiency will deteriorate remarkably in each step of the above distirbution, and various troubles are likely to be brought about. Further, the caking is a serious problem which may impair the commercial value of the sodium hydrogencarbonate. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for reducing radioactivity in the human body Inventor(s): Ohkawa, Tihiro; (La Jolla, CA) Correspondence: Neil K. Nydegger; Nydegger & Associates; 348 Olive Street; San Diego; CA; 92103; US Patent Application Number: 20030211132 Date filed: May 10, 2002 Abstract: Food products and methods for synthesizing food products for reducing naturally occurring radioactive potassium isotope (.sup.40K) in the human body requires separating the radioactive potassium isotope (.sup.40K) from the nonradioactive isotopes (i.e.sup.39K) in potassium. Various food products can then be prepared using the.sup.39K. These food products include manufactured products, such as sports drinks, baking soda, and dietary tablets, as well as altered liquid food products, such as orange juice and tomato juice. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains generally to methods for reducing a person's exposure to radiation. More particularly, the present invention pertains to methods and products for reducing radioactive nuclides that are ingested or otherwise introduced into the human body. The present invention is particularly but not exclusively useful as a method for reducing radiation exposure from naturally occurring radioactive potassium isotopes (.sup.40K) inside the body. In our daily lives, we are each exposed to various types of naturally occurring ionizing radiation which is commonly referred to as background radiation. Naturally occurring background radiation comes from a number of sources that include terrestrial radiation, inhaled radionuclides, cosmic radiation and internal radionuclides. It happens, however, that some naturally occurring radioactive elements find their way into our bodies. Chief among these is the radionuclide potassium-40 (.sup.40K). It is well known that potassium is an essential element for human physiology. In general, the body of an average adult contains about 250 grams of potassium and the daily dietary requirement is about 2 to 5 grams. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 217
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Method for treating ocular hypertension Inventor(s): Garcia, Maria L.; (Edison, NJ), Kaczorowski, Gregory J.; (Edison, NJ), McManus, Owen B.; (Skillman, NJ) Correspondence: Merck And CO Inc; P O Box 2000; Rahway; NJ; 070650907 Patent Application Number: 20030191173 Date filed: February 10, 2003 Abstract: This invention relates to the use of potent potassium channel blockers or a formulation thereof in the treatment of glaucoma and other conditions related to elevated intraoccular pressure in the eye of a patient. This invention also relates to the use of such compounds to provide a neuroprotective effect to the eye of a mammalian species, particularly humans. Excerpt(s): Glaucoma is a degenerative disease of the eye wherein the intraocular pressure is too high to permit normal eye function. Damage eventually occurs to the optic nerve head, resulting in irreversible loss of visual function. If untreated, glaucoma may eventually lead to blindness. Elevated intraocular pressure or ocular hypertension, is now believed by the majority of ophthalmologists to represent the earliest phase in the onset of glaucoma. Many of the drugs formerly used to treat glaucoma proved unsatisfactory. The early methods of treating glaucoma employed pilocarpine and produced undesirable local effects that made this drug, though valuable, unsatisfactory as a first line drug. More recently, clinicians have noted that many.beta.-adrenergic antagonists are effective in reducing intraocular pressure. While many of these agents are effective for this purpose, there exist some patients with whom this treatment is not effective or not sufficiently effective. Many of these agents also have other characteristics, e.g., membrane stabilizing activity, that become more apparent with increased doses and render them unacceptable for chronic ocular use and can also cause cardiovascular effects. Although pilocarpine and.beta.-adrenergic antagonists reduce intraocular pressure, none of these drugs manifests its action by inhibiting the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, and thus they do not take advantage of reducing the contribution to aqueous humor formation made by the carbonic anhydrase pathway. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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METHOD OF FABRICATING MICRO-MIRROR SWITCHING DEVICE Inventor(s): Nagarajan, Ranganathan; (Singapore, SG), Singh, Janak; (Singapore, SG), Sridhar, Uppili; (Singapore, SG), Zou, Quanbo; (Singapore, SG) Correspondence: George O. Saile & Associates; 28 Davis Avenue; Poughkeepsie; NY; 12603; US Patent Application Number: 20030218227 Date filed: May 23, 2002 Abstract: Design of a micro-mirror switching device and its fabrication in single crystal silicon are described. The device is composed of three main elements: silicon mirror plate with metal-mirror, secondary actuator, and hinge/spring mechanism to integrate the mirror plate with the actuator. p-n junction is first formed on p-type silicon. Trenches are then etched in n-silicon to define the device element boundaries and filled with silicon dioxide. Three layers of sacrificial oxide and two structural poly-silicon layers are deposited and patterned to form device elements. Novel release processes,
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consisting of backside electrochemical etching in potassium-hydroxide, reactive ion etching to expose oxide-filled trenches from the bottom, and hydrofluoric acid etching of sacrificial oxide layers and oxide in silicon trenches, form the silicon blocks; those that are not attached to structural poly-silicon are sacrificed and those that are attached are left in place to hold together the switching device elements. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the design and method of fabricating micro-machined micro-actuators and micro-mirror switches; and more particularly to fabricate metallic mirrors on single crystal silicon (SCS). After its first conception in the 80's as a display device, MEMS (micro electro-mechanical system) micro-mirrors have come a long way in revolutionizing the data transport in communication networks. This area has been of particular interest for people involved in MEMS, in the past ten years. Micro-mirror devices have applications in display devices as a pixel, scanner type of display device. Light beam steering using micromirrors is being exploited in optical communication networks. MEMS based optical cross connect devices are being used in long haul networks to select and switch the light data signals without converting them to electronic domain. A large number of micromirror designs and mechanisms have been proposed. Surface micro machining is the most commonly used method for fabricating micro-mirror devices. Thin films such as poly-silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and metal films such as aluminum, gold, chromium, and titanium have been used to develop micro-mirror devices for various applications. Some other researchers have used silicon-on-oxide MEMS, deep RIE SCREAM process, and in some cases backside aqueous potassium hydroxide etching to fabricate micro-mirror devices. In most devices, torsion springs or free hinges together with comb-drive or gap closing electrostatic actuators have been used. U.S Pat. No. 5,537,083 describes a micro mechanical filter having planar components and fabricated using integrated circuit micro fabrication techniques. The mechanical coupling between input and output transducers includes planar fixtures, displacement of the electrodes producing bending of the elements of the fixtures. Processes include depositing electrical signal processing circuitry on a substrate, depositing interface components between signal processing circuitry and a mechanical filter in a first layer; depositing in a second layer components of the mechanical filter. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Naphthalene amides as potassium channel openers Inventor(s): Carroll, William A.; (Evanston, IL), Castle, Neil A.; (Cary, NC), Turner, Sean C.; (Evanston, IL), White, Tammie K.; (Gurnee, IL) Correspondence: Steven F. Weinstock; Abbott Laboratories; 100 Abbott Park Road; DEPT. 377/ap6a; Abbott Park; IL; 60064-6008; US Patent Application Number: 20030199578 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds and their ability to act as potassium channel openers. Excerpt(s): Novel naphthylamide compounds and their derivatives can open potassium channels and are useful for treating urinary incontinence and pain. Potassium channels play an important role in regulating cell membrane excitability. For example, when the potassium channels open, changes in the electrical potential across the cell membrane occur and result in a more polarized state. Because there exists a close relationship
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between potassium channels and cell excitability, many disease states associated with cell excitability can be ameliorated by regulating potassium channel receptors. Such diseases or conditions include asthma, epilepsy, male sexual dysfunction, female sexual dysfunction, pain, bladder overactivity, stroke, diseases associated with decreased skeletal blood flow such as Raynaud's phenomenon and intermittent claudication, eating disorders, functional bowel disorders, neurodegeneration, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), dysmenorrhea, premature labor, alopecia, cardioprotection, coronary artery disease, angina and ischemia. Potassium channel openers (KCOs) have been shown to act as smooth muscle relaxants, to hyperpolarize bladder cells and consequently relax bladder smooth muscle cells. Because bladder overactivity and urinary incontinence can result from the spontaneous, uncontrolled contractions of the smooth muscle of the bladder, the ability of potassium channel openers to hyperpolarize bladder cells and relax bladder smooth muscle can provide a method to ameliorate or prevent bladder overactivity, pollakiuria, bladder instability, nocturia, bladder hyperreflexia, urinary incontinence, and enuresis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Negative electrode formulation for a low toxicity zinc electrode having additives with redox potentials negative to zinc potential Inventor(s): Phillips, Jeffrey; (Santa Clara, CA) Correspondence: Marks & Clerk; 350 Burnhamthorpe Road West; Suite 402; Mississauga; ON; L5b 3j1; CA Patent Application Number: 20030190525 Date filed: May 6, 2003 Abstract: A zinc electrode composition for use in low toxicity, high energy density cells having an alkaline. The zinc electrode comprises zinc oxide, a binder, and from between 0.1 up to 10% of a fluoride of an element chosen from the group consisting of beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, aluminum, and combinations thereof. The invention also provides an electrochemical cell having an electrode as noted above. The inventive cell further comprises an electrolyte which contains a mixture of sodium, potassium, and lithium hydroxides, together with boric acid. The excess alkali hydroxide is present in the range of 2.7 to 5M, and the concentration of boric acid is between 0.6 and 1.3 moles per litre. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to alkaline galvanic cells having zinc electrodes and an alkaline electrolyte. More particularly, the present invention relates to high energy density rechargeable cells having a zinc or zinc-based negative electrodes, an alkaline electrolyte, and positive electrodes which may be nickel, silver, air, or iron. The provision of rechargeable zinc batteries having alkaline electrolytes is well known. Leaving aside the question of zinc/manganese dioxide cells, which find dominance in commercial fields supplying cells (batteries) for use in flashlights, toys, low drainage devices such as electric clocks, and the like, there is also a very large market and requirement for high energy density, high capacity cells and batteries such as nickelzinc, silver-zinc, and zinc-air batteries, as well as a recently introduced super iron-zinc battery. A requirement is, however, that such cells and batteries must be cycled many times through discharge/charge cycles; leading in turn to several further requirements. The first is that the capacity of the rechargeable cell should not diminish significantly over a number of cycles, there should be no significant shape change--particularly of the zinc electrode--and no significant dendrite formation. Most especially, newly developed
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high energy density rechargeable zinc cells should be free or substantially free of toxicity, so as to be environmentally benign. This means, in particularly, that a robust, long-lasting, rechargeable battery must be brought to the market which contains no cadmium, no lead, and no mercury. In the following discussion, the terms "cell" and "battery" may be used interchangeably. Of course, it is recognized that a cell comprises two electrodes, one positive and one negative, and an electrolyte; and a battery may comprise a number of cells which are joined together in series, parallel, or series/parallel. In many batteries, of course, there are a plurality of negative and positive plates and a common electrolyte all contained in a single casing; and in some cases, the plates may be bipolar. In other batteries, there may be a plurality of selfcontained cells, each having their own positive and negative electrodes and electrolyte. Moreover, cells and batteries may be cylindrical or rectangular, they may comprise flat plates or rolled plates, and they may have a relatively low voltage of one or two volts. Batteries may have a relatively high voltage, in the range of twelve to sixteen volts, sometimes much higher. The present invention applies to any of the above considerations in respect of cells and batteries, as it relates to the structure of the electrodes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
NON-CHROMATE CONVERSION COATINGS Inventor(s): Brown, Richard; (Wakefield, RI), Medeiros, Maria G.; (Bristol, RI), Tucker, Wayne C.; (Exeter, RI) Correspondence: Office OF Counsel, Bldg 112t; Naval Undersea Warfare Center; Division, Newport; 1176 Howell Street; Newport; RI; 02841-1708; US Patent Application Number: 20030209292 Date filed: May 7, 2002 Abstract: A non-chromate conversion coating and method of applying same wherein the coating comprises a titanate, such as potassium titanate or sodium metatitanate, as a "drop-in replacement" for a chromate in an otherwise chromate-containing conversion coating. Excerpt(s): This patent application is co-pending with one related patent applications entitled NON-CHROMATE METAL SURFACE ETCHING SOLUTIONS (Attorney Docket No. 82602), by the same inventors as this application. The present invention relates to a non-chromate conversion coating and method of treating a metal surface with same, and more particularly, to a "drop-in replacement," such as a titanate, for a chromate in a conventional conversion coating solution that otherwise would contain the chromate. It is known that solutions containing hexavalent chromium can be used to treat the surface of a metal, such as aluminum, to effectively keep the metal surface from rusting. However, although hexavalent chromium is an efficient rust-proofing agent, it is highly toxic and adversely affects the environment and human health. For this reason, many chromate-free chemical conversion coatings for metal surfaces have been proposed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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NOVEL FORMULATION Inventor(s): Conley, Creighton P.; (Bristol, TN), Roush, John A.; (Kingsport, TN), Storm, Kevin H.; (Bristol, TN) Correspondence: Glaxosmithkline; Corporate Intellectual Property - Uw2220; P.O. Box 1539; King OF Prussia; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20030224049 Date filed: June 13, 2003 Abstract: Bacterial infections may be treated using a high dosage regimen of amoxycillin and potassium clavulanate. Preferably, the dosage is provided by a bilayer tablet Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of priority from Provisional Application No. 60/239,779 filed Oct. 12, 2000. This invention relates to a novel formulation comprising using amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate and the use thereof in treating bacterial infections. Amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate are respectively a known.beta.-lactam antibiotic and a known.beta.-lactamase inhibitor. Products comprising amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate are marketed under the trade name "Augmentin" by SmithKline Beecham. Such products are particularly effective for treatment of community acquired infections, in particular upper respiratory tract infections in adults and otitis media in children. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Novel modulators of potassium channels Inventor(s): Garcia, Gabriel; (Muenchen, DE), Klemenz, Claudia; (Gilching, DE), Kramer, Bernd; (Aachen, DE), Kraus, Juergen; (Grafenrheinfeld, DE), Rauer, Heiko; (Muenchen, DE), Saeb, Wael; (Martinsried, DE) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030203959 Date filed: March 3, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of a compound of the Formula (I) 1or a salt, a physiologically functional derivative, or a prodrug thereof as a medicament, whereinR is a monocyclic or polycyclic substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring system which may contain one or more groups X and which contains at least one aromatic ring;X is selected from the group consisting of S, O, N, NR', SO or SO.sub.2;R is optionally substituted by one to four substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkylamine, amine, aminoalkyl, alkylamine, CR'O, CO.sub.2R', alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylaryl, alkylsulfonyl, H, hydroxy, aryl, heteroaryl, --NR'OR', CN, alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, SO.sub.3R', NO.sub.2, --CO--NR'R.sup.1, arylalkyl-O--, --O-aryl, --O-heteroaryl, arylalkyl-S--, --S-aryl, --S-heteroaryl, --NR.sup.1-SO.sub.2R', --SO.sub.2--NR.sup.I-alkyl, --SO.sub.2--NR.sup.1-aryl, and --SO.sub.2-N.sup.1-heteroaryl. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to potassium channel modulating indole derivatives. These compounds are useful in the treatment or alleviation of disorders and conditions associated with, or dependent on the membrane potential or conductance of cells in mammals, including a human. The present method also provides a method for
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the manufacture of medicaments and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the K.sup.+ channel modulating agents. The agents of the invention are useful for the treatment or alleviation of diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with or responsive to the modulation of potassium channels. Potassium channels (K.sup.+ channels) are present in nearly all cells and play a crucial role in a wide variety of cellular regulation processes due to modulation of the membrane potential. K.sup.+ channels can be regulated by changes in membrane voltage, internal Ca.sup.2+ concentration, phosphorylation, and multiple other cellular mechanisms (Hille, B., Ionic channels in excitable membranes, 2.sup.nd ed, Sinauer Assc. (1992)). The family of potassium channels can be divided into several subfamilies, one being the group of Ca.sup.2+-activated K.sup.+ channels. The potassium channel BK belongs to this subfamily of Ca.sup.2+-activated K.sup.+ channels (K.sub.Ca) and shows a large single channel conductance of.about.150 pS. The BK channel (or MaxiK), encoded by the Slo gene, is mainly regulated by the internal Ca.sup.2+ concentration and membrane voltage as well as.beta.-subunit modulation, phosphorylation states, and other cellular mechanisms (Nelson M. T. et al., Science 270, 633-637 (1995); Levitan, I. B., Annu. Rev. Physiol., 56, 193-212 (1994); Vergara et al., Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 8, 321-329 (1998); McManus, O. B., Neuron, 14, 645-650 (1995)). Large conductance, Ca.sup.2+-activated BK channels are ubiquitously expressed, except in myocardial tissue, and play a key role, e.g. in smooth muscle tone, neuron firing, and cell secretion (Toro, L. et al., From ion channels to cell to cell conversations, Plenum Press, NY 47-65, (1997); Fox, A. J. et al., J. Clin. Invest., 99, 513-519 (1997); Nelson M. T. et al, Science 270, 633-637 (1995); Lingle C:J., et al, Ion channels, 4, 4, 261-301 (1996)). The opening of BK channels leads to a shift of the membrane potential towards the potassium reversal potential causing hyperpolarization of the cell. Due to its large single channel conductance the opening of only few BK channels can produce a significant leftward shift of the membrane potential due to the increased K.sup.+ conductance. Such mechanisms are important for example in smooth muscle cells, where hyperpolarization caused by BK channel opening leads to a relaxation and therefore a reduced vascular tone, or in neuronal tissue, where BK channel opening counteracts depolarisation and can limit the hyperactivating and/or damaging Ca.sup.2+ entry under different disease conditions. Inhibition of BK channels can maintain or lead to a more depolarized membrane potential of the cell and therefore maintain or prolong cellular processes depending on cellular depolarization. Other members of the subfamily of Ca.sup.2+-activated K.sup.+ channels (K.sub.Ca) are SK.sub.Ca (SK.sub.Ca-1,2,3) and IK.sub.Ca channels, with small or intermediate conductances, respectively. SK.sub.Ca and IK.sub.Ca channels do not show any voltage dependence like the BK channel described above. SK.sub.Ca channels are expressed in different neuronal tissues, in skeletal muscles, gland cells, liver cells, lymphocytes, and other peripheral cells. SK.sub.Ca channels are important in mechanisms, where a specific regulation of the cellular membrane potential is required for the normal function of cells. e.g. the after-hyperpolarization in neuronal tissues influencing the firing pattern of neurons. IK.sub.Ca channels are expressed, e.g. in endothel cell, red blood cells, and lymphocytes. These channels are also responsible for a tightly regulated membrane potential to guarantee a specific cellular function, e.g. the activation processes of T-lymphocytes. Other K.sup.+ channels that are important for a specific regulation of the membrane potential are K.sub.ATP channels. These K.sup.+ channels belong to the subfamily of channels with 2 transmembranal segments and are inhibited by intracellular ATP. These channels are expressed, e.g. in insulin secreting cells or in vascular muscles, where they have an important role in regulating vascular tone (for review see Coghlan et al., J. Med. Chem, 44, 1627-1653 (2001). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Optically active isomers of quinine and quinidine and their respective biological action Inventor(s): Ranade, Vasant; (Libertyville, IL), Somberg, John C.; (Lake Forest, IL) Correspondence: Mcdonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff; 300 South Wacker Drive; Suite 3200; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030212098 Date filed: October 30, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides methods for purifying, identifying and using optically active isomers of quinine and quinidine as well as compositions comprising such optically active isomers. Such optically active isomers having desired actions on cardiac sodium and potassium channel function substantially separable from undesirable effects on GI motility can be useful for more effective therapy of cardiac arrhythmias. Also disclosed are methods for assaying the levels of such isomers present in the biological fluids. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/171,952, filed Dec. 23, 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates generally to the resolving of stereoisomers of quinidine and quinine. More particularly, the invention relates to the identification of the biological activity of the different stereoisomers of quinidine and quinine. Quinidine is the most prescribed anti-arrhythmic agent in the United States. However, the clinical utility of quinidine is limited by the adverse effect of diarrhea In addition, quinidine causes arrhythmias, especially the torsade de pointes variety that results from a long QT interval. The significant proarrhythmia (worsening of ventricular arrhythmias) associated with quinidine are possibly due to its combined effect on both the sodium depolarizing current and the potassium repolarizing current. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Oral rehydration composition Inventor(s): Mitchell, Cheryl R.; (Stockton, CA), Riikonene, Charlene B.; (Columbia, MD), Sack, David A.; (Fallston, MD) Correspondence: The Halvorson Law Firm; Ste 1; 405 W. Southern Ave; Tempe; AZ; 85282; US Patent Application Number: 20030194448 Date filed: April 16, 2002 Abstract: A rehydration composition and oral delivery system is provided that allows for enhanced functional ingredient delivery when ingested orally as a water based solution. The rehydration composition comprises a low fiber colloidal hydrolyzed rice carbohydrate ingredient having, on a dry weight basis, less than 0.1% fiber and between 0.5% and 1.0% protein and between 0-0.5% and 1.0% fat, and having a dextrose equivalency (DE) value within the approximate range of 20-30 (commonly DE 25), and electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, citrate, and/or bicarbonate. The rehydration composition, which is concentrated or dried, becomes an oral rehydration solution (ORS) when mixed with water for oral consumption. The rehydration composition, when mixed with active ingredients such as vaccines, drugs, amino acids, mineral salts, vitamins, nutraceuticals, probiotics, prebiotics, flavors, or nutritive or non-nutritive
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sweeteners, is referred to as an oral delivery system. This oral delivery system may then be further diluted in a water base to produce an oral delivery solution that is suitable for oral ingestion by a user. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of rehydration compositions. More specifically, the present invention relates to dried, or dehydrated, rehydration compositions comprising, at the least, a low fiber, colloidal, hydrolyzed ,rice based carbohydrate ingredient. Historically, in cases of dehydration caused by excessive sweating or illness resulting in body fluid loss, replenishment of lost body fluids by water is essential. While water is an essential component in fluid replacement, it is also recognized that certain salts containing ions (electrolytes) such as sodium, potassium, and citrate must be replaced along with the water. In general, aqueous solutions containing just these salts are not well absorbed by the body and are not organoleptically acceptable. That is, most people find aqueous salt solutions very difficult to consume. More recently, it was discovered that carbohydrates, more specifically glucose, promote the absorption of these ions as well as providing sufficient sweetness to promote organoleptic acceptability of the product. During the last forty years, the World Health Organization has promoted an oral rehydration composition that utilizes glucose in combination with electrolytes. This composition, when dissolved in water, produces an oral rehydration solution "ORS", which has had a significant impact on the survival rate of cholera victims. It is known that different carbohydrate sources have been utilized in an effort to improve the absorption of the electrolytes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Phosphate prodrugs of fluorooxindoles Inventor(s): Lopez, Omar D.; (Wallingford, CT), Provencal, David P.; (Cromwell, CT), Schmitz, William D.; (Cheshire, CT), Starrett, John E.; (Middletown, CT), Gillman, Kevin W.; (Madison, CT), Hewawasa, Piyasena; (Middletown, CT) Correspondence: Stephen B. Davis; Bristol-myers Squibb Company; Patent Department; P O Box 4000; Princeton; NJ; 08543-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20030195169 Date filed: March 20, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides novel phosphate derivatives having the general Formula I 1wherein the wavy bond () represents the racemate, the (R)enantiomer or the (S)-enantiomer and A, B, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, m and n are as defined herein, or a nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and are useful in the treatment of disorders which are responsive to the opening of potassium channels. Excerpt(s): This is a non-provisional application which claims the benefit of provisional application U.S. S. No. 60/366,010 filed Mar. 20, 2002. The present invention is directed to novel phosphate derivatives of a fluorooxindole compound which is a modulator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels and, therefore, useful in the protection of neuronal cells and diseases arising from dysfunction of cellular membrane polarization and conductance. The present invention also provides a method of treatment with the novel substituted fluorooxindole derivatives and to pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Stroke is presently recognized as the third leading cause of adult disability and death in the United States and Europe. In the past decade, several therapeutic approaches for the minimization of stroke-related brain damage
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have been pursued including inhibitors of AMPA/kainate, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and adenosine reuptake inhibitors. It is the object of the present invention to provide novel compounds that will modulate potassium channels, in particular, largeconductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels which will be useful in reducing neuronal damage during ischemic conditions of a stroke episode. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Potassium bicarbonate as a sweetness enhancer Inventor(s): Bakal, Abraham; (Parsippany, NJ) Correspondence: Church & Dwight CO., INC.; 469 North Harrison Street; Princeton; NJ; 08543; US Patent Application Number: 20030224094 Date filed: May 22, 2002 Abstract: Potassium bicarbonate is used to provide sweetness to or to enhance the sweetness of ingestible and oral non-ingestible products. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to potassium bicarbonate, and the use thereof in ingestible and oral non-ingestible products. The invention further relates to the use of potassium bicarbonate as a sweetener or sweetness enhancer. Potassium is an essential element in the diet of human beings. Unfortunately, many people do not consume sufficient amounts of potassium for maintaining optimal health, and potassium supplementation is necessary. Others, on certain drug regimens, require supplemental potassium because some of the medications they are on deplete potassium. Still others require potassium supplementation as part of general electrolyte replacement in the course of strenuous exercise or due to electrolyte loss in the course of any of a number of disease states. Potassium compounds are also used in oral care for pain desensitization, for sodium replacement in low sodium products, etc. It may also be used for leavening, buffering or pH adjustment, etc. Whatever the reason for seeking potassium supplementation or the use of potassium in other contexts, many forms of oral potassium, especially in forms which expose the potassium compound to the person's taste receptors, has had a history of disagreeable taste. Much of this history comes from potassium chloride, which is variously described as having a metallic, bitter, unpleasant taste. Other typical organoleptic sensations with various potassium salts that have been well known include astringent, fishy, salty, and soapy sensations. These sensations make the use of potassium salts in forms which are not protected from the taste receptors disagreeable and result in consumer non-acceptance of the product. In contrast, some potassium salts (such as potassium citrate and potassium gluconate) have had somewhat better reputations or perceptions in terms of similar products, although even these salts have, in fact, negative sensory attributes, including aftertastes, in certain foods or carriers. However, there has not been any indication that a potassium salt could be used as a sweetener or sweetness enhancer without negative attributes, and specifically there has been no indication that potassium bicarbonate would be suitable as a such a sweetener. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Potassium channel mutants of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae and their use for screening eukaryotic potassium channels Inventor(s): Leberer, Ekkehard; (Germering, DE), Leeuw, Thomas; (Greifenberg, DE), Ritscher, Allegra; (Munchen, DE) Correspondence: Heller Ehrman White & Mcauliffe Llp; 1666 K Street,nw; Suite 300; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030190693 Date filed: January 11, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to processes for identifying inhibitors and activators of eukaryotic potassium channels, in which a mutated S. cerevisiae cell is used whose endogenous potassium channels TRK1, TRK2 and TOK1 are not expressed functionally, but which expresses heterologously a eukaryotic potassium channel to be studied. Other subject matters of the invention are mutated S. cerevisiae cells which do not express TRK1, TRK2 and TOK1, and the preparation and use of these mutated S. cerevisiae cells. Excerpt(s): Each cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane with a thickness of approximately 6-8 nm. This membrane determines the cell's dimensions and separates the cell content from its environment. All biomembranes are composed of a connected bilayer of lipid molecules, which bilayer accommodates a variety of membrane proteins. While the lipid bilayer determines the basic structure of biomembranes, the proteins are responsible for most of their functions. Owing to its hydrophobic interior, the lipid bilayer acts as an impermeable barrier for most polar molecules. Only membrane proteins such as receptors, ion channels and transporters allow controlled ion flux and the transport of polar molecules (Alberts et al., 1995). Thus, proteins contribute to different ion concentrations in the cell's interior and its environment and govern the entry of nutrients and the exit of breakdown products. Most of the membrane proteins span the plasma membrane repeatedly, as do the ion channels, which thus belong to the group of the integral membrane proteins. These proteins have both hydrophobic regions, which span the lipid bilayer, and hydrophilic sections, which are exposed to the aqueous medium on either side of the membrane. Ion channels are found in all cells and, in nerve cells, are responsible for the generation of action potentials (Alberts et al., 1995). Ion channels can be differentiated on the basis of their different ion selectivity and with reference to their different opening and closing mechanisms. Potassium channels are ubiquitous membrane proteins found both in excitable and in nonexcitable cells (for review see (Jan, L. Y. et al., 1997). Open potassium channels shift the membrane potential closer to the potassium equilibrium potential and thus away from the threshold potential for triggering an action potential. Thus, potassium channels strengthen the resting membrane potential, repolarizing the cell and in this way determine the length of the frequency of action potentials (Sanguinetti, M. C. et al., 1997; Wilde, A. A. et al., 1997; Wang, Q. et al., 1998). Owing to these functions, potassium channels also constitute the molecular cause for the generation of a number of pathological situations and are thus an interesting target for the development of therapeutical agents. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for the production of highly branched Fischer-Tropsch products and potassium promoted iron catalyst Inventor(s): Davis, Burtron H.; (Georgetown, KY), Miller, Stephen J.; (San Francisco, CA) Correspondence: Chevron Texaco Corporation; P.O. Box 6006; San Ramon; CA; 945830806; US Patent Application Number: 20030203982 Date filed: March 25, 2003 Abstract: Process for increasing the branching in products from a slurry-type FischerTropsch unit by use of potassium promoted iron-based catalyst, an integrated process for increasing the yield of lubricating base oils, and an iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalyst composition having a high atomic ratio of potassium promoter. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/080,148, filed Feb. 19, 2002 and is also related to Applicants' co-pending patent application Ser. No. 10/080,213, filed Feb. 19, 2002 titled "Process for Producing C-19 Minus Fischer-Tropsch Products Having High Olefinicity", the entire contents being incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to the production of highly branched products from a slurry-type Fischer-Tropsch unit, an integrated process for increasing the yield of lube base oils, and a novel potassium promoted iron catalyst. The market for lubricating base oils of high paraffinicity is continuing to grow due to the high viscosity index, oxidation stability, and low volatility relative to viscosity of these molecules. Feedstocks having these preferred properties include the waxy products produced from the Fischer-Tropsch process which make them ideal candidates for processing into lube base stocks. Accordingly, the hydrocarbon products recovered from the Fischer-Tropsch process have been proposed as feedstocks for preparing high quality lube base oils. Because these waxy feeds have a high pour point, they must be dewaxed to low pour point to meet base oil specifications. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,301 which describes a premium lube base oil having a high non-cyclic isoparaffin content prepared from Fischer-Tropsch waxes by hydroisomerization dewaxing and solvent dewaxing. The dewaxing operation improves the pour point of the product. Unfortunately, when catalytic dewaxing is used a significant amount of wax cracking will usually take place during the dewaxing operation. This wax cracking which occurs in association with the catalytic dewaxing process cracks the molecules into lower molecular weight products, and, consequently, the final yield of lube base oil suffers. In order to limit the loss of the commercially valuable lube base oil product, it is usually desirable to operate the catalytic dewaxing unit at the lowest severity which will produce the product having the desired viscosity index and pour point. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Production of basic hydrogen peroxide for chemical oxygen-iodine laser devices Inventor(s): Amdisen, Peter D.; (West Hills, CA), Bunn, Thomas L.; (Simi Valley, CA), Ullman, Alan Z.; (Northridge, CA) Correspondence: Alston & Bird Llp; Bank OF America Plaza; 101 South Tryon Street, Suite 4000; Charlotte; NC; 28280-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20030213701 Date filed: May 20, 2002
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Abstract: A method of generating basic hydrogen peroxide (BHP) fuel for a chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) using stored alkali chloride, typically potassium chloride, and water. The alkali chloride and water are mixed to form a saturated or nearly saturated aqueous salt solution for use as an anolyte feed to a chlor-alkali cell. The chloralkali cell generates alkali hydroxide, hydrogen, and chlorine. Water and oxygen are reacted to form peroxide which is combined with the alkali hydroxide from the chloralkali cell to form a dilute solution of BHP, a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and alkali hydroxide, which dissociates into O.sub.2H.sup.- and.sup.-OH. The BHP is concentrated and the molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to alkali hydroxide is adjusted to 1:1 before the BHP is supplied to a COIL apparatus as fuel for the lasing process. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for production of basic hydrogen peroxide (BHP) for use in a Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser (COIL). More specifically, the invention relates to a method of manufacturing BHP without the need for hazardous handling, transportation, or storage of hydrogen peroxide and alkali hydroxide. The chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) is a short wavelength high-power chemical laser with wide ranging industrial, technological, and military applications. The COIL produces a laser beam with a 1.315-.mu.m wavelength, which is well suited to a variety of uses. The COIL also has one of the best beam qualities of any available laser, which allows for clean cuts and welds, as well as simple beam correction and direction. The resultant singlet delta oxygen (O.sub.2(.sup.1.DELTA.)) is an excited state of oxygen. Water vapor may be removed from the products of reaction (III) and the products are accelerated to supersonic velocity in an expansion nozzle to create a laser gain region. Molecular iodine is injected and mixed with the gas flow. The singlet delta oxygen has a resonance frequency very close to the resonance frequency of atomic iodine and, when intermingled, the singlet delta oxygen causes the rapid dissociation of the diatomic iodine molecule and the excitation of the iodine atoms. Energy is released in the form of light, which is extracted from the excited iodine atoms by a laser resonator positioned transverse to the direction of gas flow. The exhaust gases are usually removed and scrubbed to remove residual chlorine and iodine. The BHP is recycled until approximately 50-mol % of the perhydroxyl anions have been used. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Slurry and method for chemical mechanical polishing of copper Inventor(s): Cadien, Kenneth C.; (Portland, OR), Feller, A. Daniel; (Portland, OR), Miller, Anne E.; (Portland, OR) Correspondence: Blakely Sokoloff Taylor & Zafman; 12400 Wilshire Boulevard, Seventh Floor; Los Angeles; CA; 90025; US Patent Application Number: 20030211745 Date filed: June 11, 2003 Abstract: A copper polish slurry, useful in the manufacture of integrated circuits generally, and for chemical mechanical polishing of copper and copper diffusion barriers particularly, may be formed by combining a chelating, organic acid buffer system such as citric acid and potassium citrate; and an abrasive, such as for example colloidal silica. Alternative copper polish slurries, in accordance with the present invention, may be formed by further combining an oxidizer, such as hydrogen peroxide, and/or a corrosion inhibitor such as benzotriazole. Advantageous properties of slurries in accordance with the present invention include the enhancement of Cu removal rates to >3000 angstroms per minute. This high polish rate is achieved while maintaining
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local pH stability and substantially reducing global and local corrosion as compared to prior art copper polish slurries. Local pH stability provides for reduced within-wafer non-uniformity and reduced corrosion defects. Furthermore, copper diffusion barriers such as tantalum or tantalum nitride may also be polished with such slurries wherein the oxidizer is not included. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), and more specifically, to methods and chemistries for providing increased metal polish rates. Advances in semiconductor manufacturing technology have led to the development of integrated circuits having multiple levels of interconnect. In such an integrated circuit, patterned conductive material on one interconnect level is electrically insulated from patterned conductive material on another interconnect level by films of material such as, for example, silicon dioxide. These conductive materials are typically a metal or metal alloy. Connections between the conductive material at the various interconnect levels are made by forming openings in the insulating layers and providing an electrically conductive structure such that the patterned conductive material from different interconnect levels are brought into electrical contact with each other. These electrically conductive structures are often referred to as contacts or vias. Other advances in semiconductor manufacturing technology have lead to the integration of millions of transistors, each capable of switching at high speed. A consequence of incorporating so many fast switching transistors into an integrated circuit is an increase in power consumption during operation. One technique for increasing speed while reducing power consumption is to replace the traditional aluminum and aluminum alloy interconnects found on integrated circuits with a metal such as copper, which offers lower electrical resistance. Those skilled in the electrical arts will appreciate that by reducing resistance, electrical signals may propagate more quickly through the interconnect pathways on an integrated circuit. Furthermore, because the resistance of copper is significantly less than that of aluminum, the cross-sectional area of a copper interconnect line, as compared to an aluminum interconnect line, may be made smaller without incurring increased signal propagation delays based on the resistance of the interconnect. Additionally, because the capacitance between two electrical nodes is a function of the overlap area between those nodes, using a smaller copper interconnect line results in a decrease in parasitic capacitance. In this way, replacing aluminum based interconnects with copper based interconnects provides, depending on the dimensions chosen, reduced resistance, reduced capacitance, or both. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Topical treatment for skin irritation Inventor(s): Pesacreta, Thomas C.; (Lafayette, LA) Correspondence: William W. Stagg; Attorney-at-law; Durio, Mcgoffin & Stagg; P.O. Box 51308; Lafayette; LA; 70505-1308; US Patent Application Number: 20030228374 Date filed: June 7, 2002 Abstract: The present invention comprises a method and composition for treating skin disorders such as seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp, dandruff, and psoriasis. The method includes topically applying to the skin a solution containing a treatment composition comprising one or more types of alkaline buffers such as bicarbonate, carbonate, dibasic phosphate, and tribasic phosphate having a pH in the range of about 7.1 to about 10.8
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and a cation such as potassium or sodium serving as a counter ion. The treatment composition is delivered in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle at concentrations that vary according to both the severity of the skin disorder, the buffer vehicle, and the ingredients themselves. This biologically benign treatment has been found to efficiently and very quickly treat several types of skin disorders, including but not limited to the redness, dandruff and itching that can occur following skin cleansing with soap. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally related to the treatment of skin irritations and more particularly to the topical treatment of seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, and psoriasis or similar skin conditions with an alkaline buffer solution. Many patents have been granted that purport to address the treatment of a group of skin ailments that include seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, and some types of psoriasis such as scalp psoriasis. The link between these diseases is that they have several symptoms in common including skin loss (i.e. flaking), itching and, especially in the case of scalp psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis, redness of the skin. Although significant time and research has been directed toward curing these ailments only limited success has been achieved. The symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, or psoriasis continue to represent a significant daily psychological and physiological irritation for millions of people, and a significant market for pharmaceutical companies. Part of the reason that treatments have been ineffective is that the causes of these disorders are unknown. Psoriasis has been correlated with the presence of certain types of bacteria. Seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff have been correlated with the presence of fungi. However, in none of these cases has the cause of the symptoms been unequivocally established. While some treatments are effective for some individuals, other individuals have chronic symptoms that are resistant to treatment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with potassium, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on potassium. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning potassium. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON POTASSIUM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to potassium. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on potassium include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on potassium: •
Essential Atlas of Nephrology Source: Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2001. 272 p. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 223-2300. Fax (301) 223-2365. PRICE: $149.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0781735300. Summary: This atlas of nephrology is a compilation of the most important images and topics from a five volume Atlas of Diseases of the Kidney. Eight sections cover disorders of water, electrolytes, and acid base; acute renal (kidney) failure; glomerulonephritis and vasculitis; tubulointerstitial disease; hypertension and the kidney; transplantation as treatment of end stage renal disease (ESRD); dialysis as treatment of ESRD; and systemic diseases and the kidney. Specific topics covered include disorders of sodium balance, potassium metabolism, disorders of acid base balance, the causes and prognosis of acute renal failure (ARF), ARF in the transplanted kidney, nutrition and metabolism in ARF,
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primary glomerulopathies, vascular disorders, urinary tract infection, reflux and obstructive nephropathy, cystic diseases of the kidney, toxic nephropathies, renal tubular disorders, the kidney in blood pressure regulation, renal parenchymal disease and hypertension (high blood pressure), renovascular hypertension and ischemic nephropathy, adrenal causes of hypertension, insulin resistance and hypertension, pharmacologic treatment of hypertension, histocompatibility testing and organ sharing, transplant rejection and its treatment, posttransplant infections, immunosuppressive therapy and protocols, medical complications of renal transplantation, kidney pancreas transplantation, transplantation in children, recurrent disease in the transplanted kidney, high efficiency and high flux hemodialysis, dialysate composition in hemodialysis and in peritoneal dialysis, dialysis access and recirculation, the dialysis prescription and urea modeling, complications of dialysis, diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease associated with diabetes mellitus), vasculitis, amyloidosis, sickle cell disease, kidney involvement in malignancy (cancer), kidney involvement in tropical diseases, kidney disease in patients with hepatitis and HIV, kidney involvement in sarcoidosis, and kidney disease and hypertension in pregnancy. The information on each topic is provided in table, algorithm, chart, and bulleted format for ease of access. Black and white photographs illustrate many of the chapters; a brief section of color plates concludes the volume. •
Renal Physiology. 5th ed Source: [Minneapolis, MN]: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1995. 238 p. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Order Services. P.O. Box 545, Blacklick, OH 43004-0545. (800) 262-4729. Fax (614) 755-5645. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $27.00. ISBN: 0070670099. Summary: This book attempts to identify the essential core content of renal physiology appropriate for medical students and to present it in a way that permits the student to use the book as the primary learning resource. Ten chapters cover the functions and structure of the kidneys; basic renal processes; renal clearance; renal handling of organic substances; control of renal hemodynamics; basic renal processes for sodium, chloride and water; control of sodium and water excretion (regulation of plasma volume and osmolarity); renal regulation of potassium balance; renal regulation of hydrogen-ion balance; and regulation of calcium and phosphate balance. Each chapter includes a list of learning objectives, charts and figures, and references to appropriate study questions included at the end of the volume. Suggested readings for each chapter and a brief subject index to the volume are appended. (AA-M).
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Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure Source: New York, NY: Kensington Publishing. 1999. 180 p. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic. 200 First Street, S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. (800) 291-1128 or (507) 284-2511. Fax (507) 284-0161. Website: www.mayo.edu. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1893005011. Summary: This book focuses on what people who have high blood pressure can do to better manage their blood pressure and keep it at a safe level. The book begins with a chapter that explains the basics of blood pressure, how high blood pressure develops, and why it can be harmful. This is followed by a chapter that identifies unmodifiable and modifiable risk factors for high blood pressure. Unmodifiable risk factors include race, age, family history, and gender. Modifiable risk factors include obesity, inactivity, tobacco use, sodium sensitivity, low potassium, excessive alcohol consumption, stress,
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chronic illness, high cholesterol, diabetes, sleep apnea, and heart failure. Other topics addressed in this chapter include secondary high blood pressure and ways of preventing high blood pressure. The third chapter focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure. Topics include measuring blood pressure, receiving a diagnosis, getting a medical evaluation, and deciding on treatment with either medication or lifestyle changes. Subsequent chapters discuss determining a healthy weight, losing weight, becoming more physically active, and eating well using the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) plan. The following chapters detail the effects of sodium, tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, and stress on blood pressure. Another chapter focuses on the mode of action and side effects of various medications used in controlling high blood pressure, including diuretics, beta blockers, angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium antagonists, alpha blockers, central acting agents, and direct vasodilators. Remaining chapters examine factors unique to women, management of high blood pressure among specific populations and groups, treatment of difficult-to-control high blood pressure, management of a hypertensive emergency, and home monitoring of blood pressure. The book also includes a week of menus based on the recommendations of the DASH eating plan. 17 figures. 2 tables. •
Renal Failure: Blackwell's Basics of Medicine Source: Oxford, England: Blackwell Science Ltd. 1995. 295 p. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 238 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 876-7000. Fax (617) 492-5263. PRICE: $24.95. ISBN: 0865424306. Summary: This book for health professionals on renal failure is from a series that examines relevant topics in medicine using concepts that pertain to the basic sciences. In this series, readers learn to interpret clinical data based on pathophysiological concepts. Four sections in this book cover the following issues: essentials, pathophysiology, clinical picture, and management of renal failure. Each section offers questions, with answers of one or two paragraphs on relevant topics. The 555 questions are numbered for ease of access through the subject index. Specific topics covered include: the anatomy of the kidneys, the kidney function tests used for diagnosis and monitoring, electrolyte function, urine concentration and dilution, oral water load, the roles of aldosterone, the role of the kidney in acid base balance, potassium, dietary therapy, chronic renal failure, polyuria, water and salt homeostasis, metabolic acidosis, renal tubular acidosis, hyperkalemia, acute tubular necrosis, uremia, renal impairment associated with diabetes mellitus, etiology of renal failure, hepatorenal syndrome, obstructive uropathy, anemia and erythropoietin, osteodystrophy, dialysis, prognosis, cost factors, and kidney transplantation.
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Dialysis Diet Source: Glendale, AZ: ADL Publishing Company. 2002. 141 p. Contact: Available from ADL Publishing Company. P.O. Box 2791, Glendale, AZ 853112791. ISBN: 0971999708. PRICE: $14.95, plus shipping and handling. Summary: This book helps patients and their caregivers follow dietary recommendations for the low sodium, low potassium, low phosphorus, low fluid diet that is required for patients on dialysis. Sodium, potassium, and phosphorus are found in nearly all foods. The nutrition labels required by the FDA on most food products list the sodium content in the product, but only a few products list the potassium content and virtually none list the phosphorus content. The author notes that since monitoring
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of these minerals is so critical to the patient's health and well being, meal planning and preparation becomes a full time job. The book includes a text section of helpful tips, which provides information on abbreviations and symbols, protein, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, consuming enough calories, eating away from home, soaking vegetables, monitoring fluid intake, relief of constipation, emergency diet plan, and a seasoning guide. The remainder of the book offers charts of food values, listing protein, sodium, potassium, phosphorus values for foods grouped as follows: beverages, breads, candy, cereals, cheese and dairy, desserts, eggs, frozen or homemade entrees, fast foods, fish, fruits, juices, meats, miscellaneous items, nuts and seeds, pasta, rice and beans, poultry, salad dressings, sauces and gravies, snacks, soups, and vegetables. •
Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders. 4th ed Source: [Minneapolis, MN]: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1994. 915 p. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Order Services. P.O. Box 545, Blacklick, OH 43004-0545. (800) 262-4729. Fax (614) 755-5645. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $39.00. ISBN: 0070536635. Summary: This book integrates the essentials of renal and electrolyte physiology with the common clinical disorders of acid-base and electrolyte balance. Chapters 1 to 8 review the physiology of body fluids, the mechanisms by which the kidneys function, and the effects of hormones on the kidney. This is followed by a discussion (in chapters 9 to 15) of the extrarenal and renal factors involved in the internal distribution of body water and the normal regulation of volume (sodium), water, acid-base, and potassium balance. The last section of the book (chapters 16 to 30) presents separate chapters on each of the major fluid, acid-base, and electrolyte disturbances, covering the etiology, symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the specific disorder. Appended to the volume are answers to questions posed in each chapter, a summary of equations and formulas, and a detailed subject index. 2,868 references.
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Acid-Base, Fluids, and Electrolytes Made Ridiculously Simple Source: Miami, FL: Medmaster, Inc. 1997. 160 p. Contact: Available from Medmaster, Inc. P.O. Box 640028, Miami, FL 33164. (954) 9628414. Fax (954) 962-4508. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.medmaster.net. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0940780313. Summary: This book on acid base, fluids, and electrolytes is from a series of publications that select material that is most clinically relevant to the medical student and other health professionals. The text then offers a clear conceptual understanding of the subject as a whole, along with those clinically relevant facts that are important to learn (leaving out those facts that can be looked up in a reference text). The book is designed for medical students, interns and residents, nurses, nephrologists, primary care physicians, surgeons, and other clinicians responsible for intravenous fluid therapy. Ten chapters cover the basics, intravenous (IV) solutions and IV orders, hyponatremia (low blood levels of sodium), hypernatremia, hypokalemia (low blood levels of potassium), hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, and mixed acid base disorders. Each chapter concludes with questions and clinical situations for readers to use to review the specific material presented in that chapter. A final chapter offers seven case examples for readers to summarize and combine the concepts presented. Extensive figures and tables also summarize the material in each chapter. The book concludes with a subject index.
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Acute Renal Insufficiency Made Ridiculously Simple Source: Miami, FL: Medmaster, Inc. 1996. 57 p. Contact: Available from Medmaster, Inc. P.O. Box 640028, Miami, FL 33164. (954) 9628414. Fax (954) 962-4508. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.medmaster.net. PRICE: $12.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0940780097. Summary: This book on acute renal insufficiency is from a series of publications that select material that is most clinically relevant to the medical student and other health professionals. The text then offers a clear conceptual understanding of the subject as a whole, along with those clinically relevant facts that are important to learn (leaving out those facts that can be looked up in a reference text). The author of this text uses a kidney shaped cartoon character to illustrate many of the concepts presented. This character goes through his perils and perambulations in a manner that supports the text, contributes to the reader's understanding, stimulates the memory, and provides humor. Acute renal failure (ARF) is defined as an acute decrease in renal function that can be due to several causes and usually lasts from 4 to 6 weeks. The five sections cover concept and classification (prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal ARF); etiology, pathophysiology, and pathology; signs and symptoms; differential diagnosis and prognosis; and prophylaxis and treatment. The author classifies ARF into five periods: the kidney in danger, the kidney in acute tubular necrosis (ATN), the kidney begins to open up, the kidney is working again, and the kidney is back to normal. One section considers symptoms due to organ system involvement, including gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, neurologic system, immune system, and body weight. Topics related to treatment for ATN include water balance, sodium and chloride balance, potassium balance, indications for dialysis, dialysis methods, and complications. One appendix summarizes the data that readers should memorize. The book concludes with a subject index and a list of recommended readings. 4 references.
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Nutrient Values Source: Fremont, MI: Gerber Products Company. 1992. 75 p. Contact: Available from Gerber Products Company. 445 State Street, Fremont, MI 49413. (800) 4-GERBER. PRICE: Single copy free. Order Number 55-77 Rev 692. Summary: This book presents analytical nutrition information for Gerber food products available in 1992. Foods are grouped as follows: Gerber formula, 1st Foods, 2nd Foods, 3rd Foods, Tropical Foods, Graduates Foods, and Chunky Foods. For each food the average nutrient values per 100 grams (7 tablespoons) are listed, including calories, protein, carbohydrate, fat, total solids, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, and vitamin C. Also listed are the nutrient values per jar or serving (the weight, calories, protein, carbohydrates, and fat are noted) as well as the percent of U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances for Infants.
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Food Finder Vitamin and Mineral Source Guide Source: Salem, OR: Esha Research. 1995. 475 p. Contact: Available from Esha Research. P.O. Box 13028, Salem, OR 97309. (800) 659-3742. Fax (503) 585-5543. PRICE: $29.95 plus $5 shipping (as of 1995). Summary: This book presents nutrient data compiled from over 1000 scientific sources, including the most recent USDA data. Estimates of nutrient amounts in foods include adjustments in the interest of accuracy. Nutrient information is provided for thirteen
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vitamins, including A, thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), B6, biotin, folacin, B12, pantothenic acid, C (ascorbic acid), D, E, and K; and for twelve minerals, including calcium, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium, and zinc. Additional sections cover caffeine, cholesterol, and dietary fiber. Introductory material is provided that can help readers understand and interpret the nutrient data, as well as information about recommended dietary allowances, safe and adequate daily intakes, and dietary guidelines and goals. •
Renal Disease in the Aged Source: Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1991. 407 p. Contact: No longer available from publisher. ISBN: 0316714011. Summary: This book provides a comprehensive review of renal disease in the elderly. For most subject areas, the authors summarize the existing information on adults in general and then provide information that is specific to the elderly. Thirteen chapters discuss anatomy and physiology, disorders of water and salt metabolism, disorders of potassium metabolism, acid-base disorders, disorders of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium metabolism, primary glomerular disease, renal involvement in systemic disease, urolithiasis and obstructive uropathy, urinary infections, acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, hypertension, and vascular disease of the kidney. Each chapter includes a lengthy reference list, and a detailed subject index concludes the text. 2201 references.
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Other Diabetes: Living and Eating Well with Type 2 Diabetes Source: New York, NY: William Morrow. 1999. 244 p. Contact: Available from William Morrow. 39 Plymouth Street, Fairfield, NJ 07004. (800) 843-9389. Fax (888) 775-3260. PRICE: $23.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This book provides a detailed examination of the nature of type 2 diabetes and treatment with a more active lifestyle and eating well. This form of diabetes is far more widespread and less understood than type 1 diabetes. The book begins with a discussion of the contribution of genetics, excess calories, and a sedentary lifestyle to type 2 diabetes. Chapters then focus on the topics of avoiding heart disease, understanding insulin resistance, and losing weight through exercise and healthy eating. This is followed by several chapters on nutrition that review the latest findings on fats, fiber, carbohydrates, alcohol, and dietary supplements. The remainder of the book presents shopping information, meal plans, and recipes to help the reader devise a healthy eating pattern. The recipes are based on the Good Fat Diet, a calorie controlled Mediterranean style plan that includes regular consumption of olive oil, lots of greens and high protein beans, nuts, grains, and fish. This diet was also designed with blood pressure control in mind. The book includes a 14 day Mediterranean style meal plan designed to show the reader how to bring all of the nutrition pieces together. The plan takes into account findings from various nutrition studies, including the Seven Counties Study, the Lyon Diet Heart Study, fiber studies, the Dietary Approach To Stop Hypertension diet study, and other studies on heart disease and insulin resistance. The diet is a 1,500 calorie plan with a balance of protein, good fats, carbohydrates, and fiber. Recipes are provided for salads and vegetable dishes, meat free entrees, almost vegetarian entrees, poultry and seafood entrees, small meals and snacks, and desserts. Each recipe includes a per serving analysis of calories, protein, fat, carbohydrate, sodium, potassium, and fiber. Food exchanges are also provided for each recipe. The
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book includes a question and answer section, a resources section, and an index. 2 figures. Numerous references. •
Diet Guide for Peritoneal Dialysis Source: Springfield, MO: Ozarks Dialysis Services. 199x. 19 p. Contact: Available from Ozarks Dialysis Services. 330 East Division, Springfield, MO 65803. (417) 836-3443. PRICE: $5. Summary: This book provides an easy-to-read introduction to the diet therapy typically prescribed for the person on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Topics include general information about diet therapy; the role of protein, calories, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, fluids, and vitamins in meal planning and nutrition; sample meal plans; exchange list information for the milk, meat, starch, vegetable, fruit, and fat groups; and foods to avoid.
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NutriBase Nutrition Facts Desk Reference Source: Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing Group. 1995. 789 p. Contact: Available from Avery Publishing Group. 120 Old Broadway, Garden City Park, NY 11040. (800) 548-5757, ext. 123. Fax (516) 742-1892. PRICE: $17.95. ISBN: 0895296233. Summary: This book provides comprehensive nutritional information about a wide range of foods, both generic and brand name, raw and prepared. Part One is an A to Z reference to the general nutrients provided by foods. In this section are listed the amount of calories, protein, carbohydrates, sodium, fiber, fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol, as well as the percentage of calories that come from fat. Part Two is an A to Z reference to the vitamins and minerals provided by foods. This section states the amount of vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin C, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, and zinc. Part Three is an A to Z reference to the nutrient values of various types of fast food. In this section, foods are listed alphabetically under the name of the restaurant chain, and each food item is accompanied by the amounts of the general nutrients found in that item. All of the foods are listed alphabetically, and for convenience similar foods have been grouped together in categories, such as Baby Foods, Breads, Candies, Cereals, Cheese, Cookies, Pasta, and Sauces. The book includes an introduction to dietary health and food guidelines; a list of abbreviations is also provided.
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Healthy Eating for Dialysis Source: Wichita, KS: St. Francis Dialysis Facility. 1990. 80 p. Contact: Available from St. Francis Dialysis Facility. Dietitian's Office, 1007 North Emporia, Wichita, KS 67214. (800) 362-0070 ext. 5847 or ext. 5817 or (316) 268-5847 or (316) 268-5817. PRICE: $15 (plus $2.50 shipping). Summary: This book was designed to help the dialysis patient understand the importance of a proper diet. The first section explains how sodium, fluid, potassium, protein and phosphorus relate to the dialysis treatment and why they need to be controlled by diet. The second section provides information about a wide variety of foods, using a point system to help the patient make wise food choices. The authors stress that healthy eating for patients undergoing dialysis doesn't mean that eating must be bland or dull; successful new eating habits are those that are enjoyable. The book is contained in a loose-leaf binder.
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Diet for Hemodialysis Source: West Linn, OR: Oregon Council on Renal Nutrition. 1991. 28 p. Contact: Available from Oregon Council on Renal Nutrition. Nancy Frazeur, R.D., 5431 Windsor Terrace, West Linn, OR 97068. PRICE: $5 (bulk prices available). Also available as one of three books in a series for $10. Summary: This book, part of a series of three books for renal patients, presents a basic guide to the diet therapy commonly prescribed for patients on hemodialysis. Numerous charts and lists cover the basics of a renal diet, including: common abbreviations; protein; potassium; phosphorus and calcium; sodium and fluids; caloric intake; appetite; eating in restaurants; vitamins; constipation; and sick day rules. Color-coded charts list the exchange information for dairy, meat, breads and starches, vegetables, fruits, fats, beverages, and free foods. The book is written at the 5th grade reading level and is also appropriate for patients with diabetes. 5 references.
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Healthy Food Guide: Peritoneal Dialysis Source: Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association. 1993. 28 p. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association (ADA). 216 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60606-6995. (312) 899-0040. PRICE: $19.95 for 1-10 copies for ADA members; $23.50 for nonmembers; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0880911212. Summary: This booklet is a guide to help patients with kidney disease and who are on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) or continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis CCPD, plan nutritious meals and stay as healthy as possible. The booklet opens with a blank form for the health care provider to use with the patient's individualized daily meal plan. Meal planning is discussed in four sections: the use of exchange lists; fitting the kidney diet into everyday lifestyles; detailed information about protein and calories, phosphorus and calcium, potassium, and sodium; and a practice section for applying dietary guidelines to sample situations. The authors of the booklet encourage readers to ask questions and meet with a dietitian often as they learn to follow their recommended diet. The booklet concludes with a glossary and the answers to the practice questions.
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Dietary Guidelines for Peritoneal Dialysis Source: Birmingham, AL: Department of Food and Nutrition Services, University Hospital. 1992. 11 p. Contact: Available from Department of Food and Nutrition Services, University Hospital. 619 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35233. (205) 934-8055. Fax (205) 9342987. PRICE: $2.50 per copy; bulk copies available; plus shipping and handling. Summary: This booklet provides guidelines for a diet for patients using peritoneal dialysis to treat their decreased kidney function. Normally the kidneys act as filters, helping the body get rid of waste products, excess water, and sodium. When the kidneys begin to fail, these substances build up to dangerous levels in the blood. It then becomes necessary to utilize dialysis, a special diet, and prescribed medications. The booklet includes space for the dietitian to record the patient's individual recommendations or prescription for protein (low phosphorus), sodium, and fluid. The booklet reviews each of five categories of nutrients and the foods that are high in each nutrient. The categories are protein, potassium, sodium and fluid, phosphorus, and cholesterol and triglycerides. After a summary of the general guidelines for this type of
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diet, the booklet offers extensive charts of food choices, from which readers can create breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snack menus. The booklet emphasizes the importance of replacing the protein and potassium often lost in dialysis therapy and of following all prescribed medication guidelines. •
Tasty, Tender Temptations: Recipes for Soft, High-Fiber, Low-Salt Meals for Folks with Kidney Disease Source: Roanoke, TX: Niche Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1997. 19 p. Contact: Available from Niche Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 200 North Oak Street, Roanoke, TX 76262. (800) 677-0355. Fax (817) 491-3533. PRICE: Single copy free to health professionals; bulk copies available. Summary: This cookbook features recipes that are acceptable for a person following a renal diet and that combine high fiber and low salt foods in an easy to ingest and easy to digest form. The recipes are designed to help kidney disease patients who have trouble chewing or swallowing and who may be at increased risk of malnutrition as they try to follow the recommended renal diet. The introductory material discusses the importance of dietary fiber (including the use of supplements), the role of caloric intake, and the individual recommendations for protein foods, starches, vegetables, and fruits. The recipes begin with three basic sauces: a white sauce, a brown sauce, and a tomato sauce; the nutritional values (calories, protein, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus) are provided for each. The cookbook then provides recipes for lasagna, chicken pot pie, beef burgundy, beef stroganoff, shrimp creole, mock stuffed crab, Garden-roni, curried egg, and Dialyzing potatoes. All of the recipes include the supplemental fiber product, Unifiber, manufactured by the company that created the cookbook. All of the recipes include a nutrient analysis that notes calories, protein, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus amounts. The cookbook is spiral bound for ease of use.
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Cooking for David: A Culinary Dialysis Cookbook Source: Kearney, NE: Morris Press. 2000. 253 p. Contact: Available from Culinary Kidney Books. P.O. Box 468, Huntington Beach, California 92648. Website: www.CulinaryKidneyCooks.com. PRICE: Single copy $24.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This cookbook was written to support cooks who are providing meals for people on renal hemodialysis and following a strict renal (kidney) diet. A preface, written by a medical doctor, offers a brief overview of the function of the kidneys and the various diseases that can cause kidney dysfunction and failure; this preface reminds readers of the power that diet can have in slowing progression of kidney disease. Two additional introductory chapters cover food selection, preparation, and portioning; and meal planning tools, including sample menus, a food pyramid for a renal dialysis diet, and average calculated nutrients for food choice lists. The recipes are then offered in ten categories: appetizers, snacks, and beverages; breakfasts; desserts; meats; fish and seafood; poultry; rice, pasta, and breads; salads and salad dressings; sauces, gravies, and seasonings; and vegetables. Each recipe notes the number of servings, serving size, ingredients and directions, nutrients per serving (for calories, protein, carbohydrate, fat, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus), and the values for the renal and renal diabetic food exchanges. The cookbook also includes a glossary of cooking terms, tables of equivalents, an appendix, a list of references, a quick recipe reference, ingredient footnotes, and an index of recipes by title. 9 references.
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Principles of Renal Physiology. 3rd ed Source: London: Chapman and Hall. 1994. 200 p. Contact: Available from Chapman and Hall. One Penn Plaza, 41st floor, New York NY 10119. (212) 244-6412. Fax (212) 268-9964. PRICE: $24.50. ISBN: 0412555204. Summary: This is a technical text for preclinical medical students that provides detailed information concerning various aspects of the physiology and function of the kidneys. The 15 text chapters examine the characteristics of body fluids; the essential anatomy of the kidney; the physiology of renal system components; renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate; regulation of potassium, osmolality, volume, and pH; renal regulation of potassium, calcium, and phosphate levels; reabsorptive and secretory processes in nephron segments; disease conditions altering renal sodium and vater reabsorption; and the use of diuretics. Answers are appended to problems presented throughout the text.
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Manual of Nephrology: Diagnosis and Therapy. 3rd ed Source: Waltham, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1990. 316 p. Contact: Available from Little, Brown and Company. 200 West Street, Waltham, MA 02154. (800) 527-0145. PRICE: $24.50. ISBN: 0316774863. Summary: This manual provides the medical practitioner or student with specific, upto-date information on the clinical management of patients with renal disorders. Twenty-seven contributing authors share their expertise in treating abnormalities of serum sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus; acid-base balance; and blood urea nitrogen. Also discussed are complications associated with edema, kidney stones, kidney infections, kidney disease and pregnancy, and abnormalities in urinalysis. A final chapter explores the appropriate use of radiologic techniques in the evaluation of a patient with renal problems. Numerous tables, figures, and photographs illustrate the textual information provided and each chapter includes a brief suggested reading list.
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Renal Lifestyles Manual. 3rd ed Source: Marina del Rey, CA: R and D Laboratories. 1999. 338 p. Contact: Available from R and D Laboratories, Inc. 4640 Admiralty Way, Suite 710, Marina del Rey, CA 90292. (800) 338-9066 ext. 264 or (310) 305-8053. Fax (310) 305-8103. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.rndlabs.com. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0967043905. Summary: This manual serves as a guide to understanding and following special renal diets. The manual begins with a diagram of the renal system and complete diets for predialysis, hemodialysis, and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. The predialysis diet section includes menus and food choices for a 35 gram, 40 gram, and 50 gram protein diet. The predialysis diabetic section provides menus and food choices for a 45 gram, 55 gram, and 65 gram protein diet. The hemodialysis diet section presents menu and food choices for a 70 gram, 80 gram, and 95 gram protein diet. The CAPD diet section provides menus and food choices for a 75 gram, 90 gram, and 105 gram protein diet. Other sections focus on dialysis for people who have diabetes, foot care for people who have diabetes, high and low blood sugar symptoms, control of phosphorus levels, renal vitamins and phosphate binders, blood chemistry tests and values, fluid allowance, adequate dialysis, and dry weight. Additional sections provide guidelines for patients with diabetes and renal disease and offer tips on gaining
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and losing weight. Remaining sections present recipes for appetizers, entrees, and desserts; list the fiber content of common foods; and discuss sodium, potassium, phosphorus, protein, and fast food protein. The manual also includes a glossary. •
Brenner and Rector's the Kidney. 6th ed Source: Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 2000. 2 v., 2652 p. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721679986 (two volume set); 0721679994 (volume 1); 0721680003 (volume 2). Summary: This medical text offers a comprehensive, detailed coverage of the kidney and its diseases. Two volumes include 61 chapters in five sections: elements of normal renal structure and function; disturbances in control of body fluid volume and composition; the pathogenesis of renal disease; the pathophysiology of renal disease; and management of the patient with renal failure. Specific topics include the anatomy and physiology of the kidney, glomerular filtration, renal acidification mechanisms, urine concentration and dilution, the pathophysiology of water metabolism, acid base disorders, disorders of potassium balance, disturbances of calcium metabolism, the radiologic assessment of the kidney, acute renal failure, primary glomerular disease, urinary tract infection, tubulointerstitial diseases, vascular complications involving the renal vessels, toxic nephropathies, microvascular diseases of the kidney, the kidney and hypertension in pregnancy, inherited disorders of the renal tubule, cystic diseases of the kidney, diabetic nephropathy, nephrolithiasis, urinary tract obstruction, renal neoplasia (including cancer), essential hypertension, the pathophysiology of uremia, the effect of aging on renal function and disease, diuretics, antihypertensive drugs, nutritional therapy in renal disease, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplantation. Each chapter is written by an established expert and is illustrated with full color and black and white photographs, figures, and tables. Each chapter concludes with extensive references, and a subject index is included at the end of each volume (covering both volumes).
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Renal and Electrolyte Disorders, Fourth Edition Source: Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1992. 857 p. Contact: Available from Little, Brown and Company. Order Department, 200 West Street, Waltham, MA 02154. (800) 343-9204. PRICE: $57.95. ISBN: 0316774944. Summary: This medical textbook presents a pathophysiologic approach to understanding renal and electrolyte disorders. Topics in the fifteen chapters include: disorders of water metabolism; renal sodium excretion, edematous disorders, and diuretic use; the pathogenesis and management of metabolic acidosis; the pathogenesis and management of respiratory and mixed acid-base disorders; disorders of potassium metabolism; disorders of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone activity; normal and abnormal magnesium metabolism; disorders of the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system; the kidney in hypertension; the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of acute renal failure; the manifestations and pathogenesis of chronic renal failure; obstructive nephropathy; renal function in pregnancy; proteinuria and the nephrotic syndrome; and the glomerulopathies. A subject index is appended. 3862 references.
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Renal Function. 3rd ed Source: Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1995. 314 p. Contact: Available from Lippincott-Raven Publishers. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 777-2295. Fax (301) 824-7390. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: http://www.lrpub.com. PRICE: $31.95. ISBN: 0316895601. Summary: This medical textbook provides a basic introduction to the function and physiology of the kidneys. Eleven chapters cover topics including the components of renal function; the body fluid compartments; glomerular filtration; tubular reabsorption; tubular secretion; renal hemodynamics and oxygen consumption; sodium and water transport and sodium balance; the concentration and dilution of urine; pH balance; the role of kidneys in acid-base balance; and the renal handling of potassium. Common clinical problems, presented at the end of each chapter and answered in detail at the back of the book, clearly and clinically demonstrate the basic principles of renal physiology. Each chapter includes numerous illustrations and a list of suggested readings. One appendix provides numerous charts of normal laboratory values; a subject index concludes the text. (AA-M).
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Care of the Renal Patient. 2nd ed Source: Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1991. 1,031 p. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 782-4479. PRICE: $46.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721630561. Summary: This medical textbook, written for students as well as practicing health care providers, presents a comprehensive overview of care of the renal patient. Twenty chapters, each written by an expert in the field, cover: the assessment of patients with renal disease; hematuria, proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome; acute nephritic syndrome; sodium and potassium disturbances in renal patients; acid-base disturbances in azotemic patients; obstructive uropathy; diabetic nephropathy; renal disease and hypertension in pregnancy; pediatric nephrology; stone disease; edematous states and hepatorenal syndrome; drug use in renal patients and the extracorporeal treatment of poisonings; chronic renal failure; renal bone diseases and aluminum toxicity in renal patients; nutritional therapy in patients with renal failure; psychiatric aspects of renal care; peritoneal dialysis; hemodialysis; renal transplantation; and urgent problems in the renal patient. Each chapter includes figures, tables, and suggested readings. A subject index to the volume is appended. This textbook is also available in Spanish, Japanese, and Portuguese.
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Evaluating and Managing Interstitial Cystitis Source: Englewood Cliffs, NJ: University Research Associates Rx, Inc. 1997. 47 p. Contact: Available from University Research Associates Rx, Inc. 560 Sylvan Avenue, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632. (201) 816-0110. PRICE: Contact distributor directly for current prices for professionals. Summary: This monograph reviews current concepts of the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis (IC) as well as new methods to successfully diagnose and manage this disease. IC is characterized by severe urinary frequency, urgency, and lower abdominal or perineal pain in the absence of any bacterial infection or other definable pathology. IC also has mild and moderate states. IC typically has a gradual onset with an insidious
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progression. The author notes that it may be that IC encompasses a number of different etiologies, all involving a bladder insult that ultimately results in urinary frequency and urgency. An important purpose for using this broader definition of IC is that many patients with milder forms could readily benefit from therapy if the diagnosis is considered. One of the main diagnostic problems with IC is a lack of pathologic findings that are readily identified and quantified. Diagnostic procedures discussed include the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases criteria for IC, the use of a voiding log, the physical examination, urodynamics, the potassium test, cystoscopic inspection and hydrodistension, and biopsy. Treatment options covered include antidepressant therapy, hydrodistension of the bladder under anesthesia, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) instillation, antihistamines, steroids, intravesical silver nitrate, sodium oxychlorosene, heparinoid therapy, pentosan polysulfate (Elmiron), and surgery. The author stresses that, when discussing therapy with the patient, it is important to emphasize that if symptoms have been present for more than a year, no particular therapy is likely to be curative. While the patient may have a significant remission of symptoms, in all probability relapse will occur. The author concludes that perhaps 75 to 85 percent of patients with moderate to severe IC can experience significant, indefinite remissions with conservative therapy and avoid the need for extirpative surgery. The monograph concludes with the package insert information for Elmiron. 3 figures. 6 tables. 105 references. (AA-M). •
Basic Guide for Kidney Patients: When Your Kidneys Fail, You Don't Have to Source: Washington, DC: National Kidney Foundation of the National Capitol Area. 2000. 50 p. Contact: Available from National Kidney Foundation of the National Capital Area. 5335 Wisconsin Avenue, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20015-2030. (202) 244-7900. Fax (202) 244-7405. Website: www.kidneywdc.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This National Kidney Foundation (NKF) guidebook contains important information for the patient newly diagnosed with kidney disease. It is designed as a resource book to help patients understand the medical terminology, the renal (kidney) or transplant team members assigned to care for the patient, kidney failure and how it is treated, dietary considerations, medications, and resources available. The manual begins with the stories of two patients with kidney disease, including their diagnosis, coping, and treatment choices. The next part outlines how medical terms are created and helps readers understand the related root terms that are often used in nephrology (the study of the kidney). The manual then offers five sections: kidney failure and its treatment, dialysis treatment for ESRD (end stage renal disease), transplantation, nutrition, and a resource guide. Specific topics include normal kidney function, acute versus chronic kidney failure, treatment of chronic kidney failure before ESRD, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, the types of transplantation, the advantages and complications of transplantation, transplant medications (to avoid rejection), how a transplant is done (the surgery itself), financial factors surrounding transplantation, hints for taking medications, nutritional factors (protein, carbohydrates and fats, calcium and phosphorus, sodium and water, potassium, iron, vitamins), medications which maintain metabolic balance, medications used to control acidosis, how to find financial help (Medicare, private insurance, Medicaid, Veterans Affairs benefits, government programs, Aid for Families with Dependent Children, Social Security Disability Income, and Supplemental Security Income), and handling major costs. The manual concludes with a glossary of terms that patients are likely to encounter. 4 figures. 3 tables.
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Kidney Disease and Your Diet Source: Hamilton, Ontario: St. Joseph's Hospital, Nephrology Program. 1996. 40 p. Contact: Available from Veena Juneja, Renal Dietitian. St. Joseph's Hospital, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4A6, Canada. PRICE: $10.00 per copy plus $3.00 shipping and handling; for 10 or more copies, $5.00 per copy plus shipping and handling. Summary: This patient education booklet gives readers information about the interplay of diet and kidney disease. After an introduction reviewing general principles about the impact of diet on kidney disease, the author discusses protein, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, herbs and spices, maintaining a healthy weight, fluids, reading labels, and eating at restaurants. Written in nontechnical language, the booklet focuses on helping readers find practical strategies for implementing the recommended nutritional guidelines. A sample menu plan is included for readers to complete with the help of their health care provider. Also included are brief lists of foods to include and avoid in each of the nutritional categories. A list of recommended cookbooks concludes the booklet. 4 figure. 10 tables.
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Renal System. 1st ed Source: Madison, CT: Fence Creek Publishing. 1999. 181 p. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science. Commerce Place, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (781) 388-8250. Fax (781) 388-8270. Website: www.blackwellscience.com. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1889325317. Summary: This text is one of eight titles in a series of books designed as course supplements and aids for board review for first and second year medical students. Each chapter begins with a clinical case, the resolution of which requires the application of basic science concepts to clinical problems. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the concept of body fluid homeostasis and emphasizes the critical role that the kidneys play in this process. Chapter 2 presents an overview of renal anatomy, provides an appreciation of the magnitude of overall renal function, and introduces the key components of renal function, including glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Chapters 3 and 4 focus on the regulation of glomerular filtration and renal tubular reabsorption and secretion, respectively. The remainder of the book emphasizes the role of the kidney in water and sodium chloride homeostasis (Chapter 5); potassium, calcium, and phosphate homeostasis (Chapter 6); and acid base homeostasis (Chapter 7). Extensive use of margin notes, figures, tables, and questions illuminates core biomedical concepts with which medical students often have difficulty. A subject index concludes the volume.
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Review of Hemodialysis for Nurses and Dialysis Personnel. 6th ed Source: St. Louis, MO: Mosby. 1999. 371 p. Contact: Available from Harcourt Publishers. Foots Cray High Street, Sidcup, Kent DA14 5HP UK. 02083085700. Fax 02083085702. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.harcourt-international.com. PRICE: $37.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815120990. Summary: This text poses questions and then answers those questions with the aim of giving a good understanding of the basic principles, basic diseases, and basic problems
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in the treatment of kidney patients by dialysis. Twenty-three chapters cover the hemodialysis team, the basic chemistry of body fluids and electrolytes, renal physiology and the pathology of renal failure, principles of hemodialysis, dialyzers and dialysate, water treatment, dialyzer preparation and reprocessing, access to the bloodstream, patient and machine monitoring and assessment, anticoagulation and heparin administration, medication problems and dialysis, nutrition management, acute renal failure and dialysis, complications of chronic dialysis therapy, transplantation, peritoneal dialysis and home dialysis therapies, diabetes and hemodialysis, infection control and universal precautions, the psychosocial aspects of dialysis therapy, pediatric hemodialysis, end stage renal disease (ESRD) in the elderly, management of quality in dialysis care, and renal care and information technology. The text concludes with references and recommended readings, a listing of nephrology organizations and resources, a glossary of terms, a subject index, and three appendices: conversion factors used in hemodialysis, conversion table for pounds to kilograms of body weight, and the sodium and potassium content of selected foods. The text offers charts and drawings where appropriate. The authors focus on giving members of the dialysis team (including nurses, technicians, dietitians, pharmacologists, social workers, and patients) a strong foundation of basic information and an understanding on the necessary interdisciplinary approach to quality care in the dialysis field. 117 references. •
Renal Disease In the Elderly. 2nd ed Source: New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1998. 441 p. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. Cimarron Road, P.O. Box 5005, Monticello, NY 12701-5185. (800) 228-1160 or (914) 796-1919. Fax (914) 796-1772. Website: www.dekker.com. PRICE: $175.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0824799003. Summary: This textbook offers a comprehensive review of kidney disease in the elderly. Thirteen chapters cover anatomy and physiology; disorders of water and salt metabolism; disorders of potassium metabolism; acid base disorders; disorders of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium metabolism; primary glomerular disease; renal involvement in systemic diseases; urolithiasis (urinary stones) and obstructive uropathy; urinary infection; acute renal failure; chronic renal failure; hypertension in the elderly; and vascular disease of the kidney. For most of these subjects, the authors summarize the existing information on adults in general and then provide information that is specific to the elderly. Each chapter concludes with a list of references, and a subject index concludes the volume.
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Renal and Electrolyte Disorders, Sixth Edition Source: Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. 703 p. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 223-2300. Fax (301) 223-2365. PRICE: $75.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0781737494. Summary: This textbook on renal (kidney) pathophysiology is designed for physicians in training who wish to maintain a current knowledge base and update their clinical skills. The text features clinically focused coverage of kidney pathophysiology. Fifteen chapters cover disorders of water metabolism; renal sodium excretion, edematous disorders, and diuretic use; the pathogenesis and management of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis; the pathogenesis and management of respiratory and mixed acid-base disorders; disorders of potassium metabolism; disorders of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) activity; normal and abnormal magnesium
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metabolism; disorders of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; the kidney in hypertension (high blood pressure); the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of acute renal failure (ARF); the manifestations and pathogenesis of chronic renal failure (CFR); obstructive nephropathy; renal function in pregnancy; proteinuria and the nephrotic syndrome; and the glomerulopathies. Each chapter concludes with a lengthy reference list and the text concludes with a detailed subject index. •
Kidney Electrolyte Disorders Source: New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone Inc. 1990. 637 p. Contact: No longer available from publisher. Summary: This textbook provides a comprehensive approach to mastering the complexities of renal and electrolyte disorders. The first chapters present explanations of basic concepts such as acid-base balance and fluid electrolytes, and are designed for students of medicine in the early part of their training. Later chapters provide more advanced students with concise discussions of the pathophysiology and most current therapies for practical use in the treatment of special problems. Sixteen chapters, each written by specialists in the field, cover topics including disorders of acid-base, sodium, water, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium metabolism; special problems in fluid and electrolyte management in surgery, in diabetic patients, and in children; the pathophysiology and management of chronic renal failure; special problems of chronic peritoneal dialysis in children and in adults; special problems of acute renal failure; and special considerations in hypertension. Each chapter includes extensive references and a detailed subject index concludes the volume.
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Kidney Disease in Primary Care Source: Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1998. 297 p. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (800) 638-0672 or (410) 528-4223. Fax (800) 447-8438 or (410) 528-8550. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $39.95. ISBN: 0683300571. Summary: This textbook provides primary care physicians with practical approaches to common clinical problems of kidney diseases. Interpretation of common radiographic and laboratory techniques are discussed, as are approaches to fluid and electrolyte disturbances. The first seven chapters cover urinalysis and assessment of urinary electrolytes; radiologic studies of common renal diseases; nuclear imaging of the genitourinary system; evaluating renal function in acute and chronic renal failure; hyponatremia and hypernatremia (sodium); hypokalemia and hyperkalemia (potassium); and hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia (magnesium). The problem of patients presenting with elevated levels of urea and creatinine is discussed in depth, as are outpatient issues such as the proper approach to proteinuria and management strategies for hypertension, heart failure, edema, diabetes, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, kidney stones, and urinary tract infections. In addition, the authors cover issues of patient counseling, proper drug dosing, and nutritional approaches. Kidney transplantation is not covered in depth; however, one chapter addresses the management of renal transplant patients. Each of the 24 chapters is written by nephrology experts and include an outline of content, specific diagnostic and management strategies, suggestions for when to refer a patient, and suggested readings. A subject index concludes the textbook.
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Atlas of Diseases of the Kidney. Volume 1: Disorders of Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base/Acute Renal Failure Source: Philadelphia, PA: Current Medicine, Inc. 1999. [336 p.]. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (781) 388-8250. Fax (781) 388-8270. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $75.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0632043857. Summary: This volume is one in a series of five in the Atlas of Diseases of the Kidney, a set that offers educational images including colored photographs, schematics, tables, and algorithms. In Volume 1, the first section covers disorders of water and sodium balance; potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and calcium metabolism; and acid base balance. The second section addresses acute renal failure (ARF), including ischemic and nephrotoxic insults and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of renal injury and repair. Diagnostic evaluation, renal histology, nutrition and support therapies including intermittent hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapies are illustrated. Other topics include ARF in the transplanted kidney; renal injury due to environmental toxins, drugs, and contrast agents; the pathophysiology of nephrotoxic ARF; and nutrition and metabolism in ARF. Each chapter features a detailed introduction and lengthy captions for each of the illustrations and diagrams offered. A subject index for Volume 1 and a section of full color plates concludes the book.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “potassium” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “potassium” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “potassium” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A study of start-up characteristics of a potassium heat pipe from the frozen state (SuDoc NAS 1.26:189713) by Jong Hoon Jang; ISBN: B00010GKAS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010GKAS/icongroupinterna
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Acid-base and potassium homeostasis; ISBN: 0443080178; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443080178/icongroupinterna
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An evaluation of five commercial flame photometers suitable for the simultaneous determination of sodium and potassium by P. M. G. Broughton; ISBN: 0902429019; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0902429019/icongroupinterna
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Analytical chemistry of potassium by I. M. Korenman; ISBN: 0250399202; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0250399202/icongroupinterna
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Arrhythmias and myocardial infarction : the role of potassium; ISBN: 0808913743; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0808913743/icongroupinterna
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Arrhythmias and Myocardial Infarction: The Role of Potassium by Clive Wood (1981); ISBN: 0127949119; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0127949119/icongroupinterna
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Assessment of the use of potassium iodide (KI) as a public protective action during severe reactor accidents draft report for comment (SuDoc Y 3.N 88:10/1633); ISBN: B00010Y9YM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010Y9YM/icongroupinterna
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Atomic Energy Levels of the Iron Period Elements Potassium Through Nickel (Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data) by Jack Sugar, Charles Corliss (1985); ISBN: 088318480X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088318480X/icongroupinterna
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Biomembranes, Part Q: ATP-Driven Pumps and Related Transport: Calcium, Proton, and Potassium Pumps : Volume 157: Biomembranes Part Q by Sidney Fleischer (Editor), et al (1988); ISBN: 0121820580; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121820580/icongroupinterna
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Calcium-Dependent Potassium Channels by Robert Dale Hinrichsen; ISBN: 1570590117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570590117/icongroupinterna
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Cell Potassium by Roderick P. Kernan; ISBN: 0471048062; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471048062/icongroupinterna
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COM (94) 424 Final, Brussels, 19.10.1994: Proposal for a Council Regulation (EC) Imposing a Definitive Anti-dumping Duty on Imports of Potassium Permanganate Originating in the People's Republic of China (COM (94) 424 Final, Brussels, 19.10.1994) (1994); ISBN: 9277809566; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9277809566/icongroupinterna
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COOK: POTASSIUM CHANNELS: STRUCTURE CLASSIFICATION FUNCTION & THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL; ISBN: 0745806244; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0745806244/icongroupinterna
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Current Topics in Membrances, Volume 46: Potassium Ion Channels: Molecular Structure, Function and Disease by Douglas Fambrough (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0121533468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121533468/icongroupinterna
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DECHEMA Corrosion Handbook, Aliphatic Ketones, Ammonium Salts, Atmosphere, Potassium Chloride Chloride by Dieter Behrens (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 3527266585; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527266585/icongroupinterna
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Dechema Corrosion Handbook: Aliphatic Ketones, Ammonium Salts, Atmosphere, Potassium Chloride by Dechema (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 0895736284; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895736284/icongroupinterna
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Determining the Common Ion Effect on the Solubility of Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate by Conrad L. Stanitski (Editor), Charles J. Marzzacco (1996); ISBN: 0875404871; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875404871/icongroupinterna
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Dietary Management of Renal Disease: A Controlled Protein, Sodium and Potassium Cookbook by Jacquelyn Cost; ISBN: 0913590274; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913590274/icongroupinterna
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Dissolved Potassium in Raw and Potable Waters: Tentative Methods, 1980 Version (Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials); ISBN: 0117515450; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117515450/icongroupinterna
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Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Potassium but Were to Tired to Ask by Betty Kamen (1992); ISBN: 0944501060; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944501060/icongroupinterna
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Geochemical investigation of potassium-magnesium chloride mineralization of Zechstein 2 salt, Mors Dome, Denmark : microthermometry on solid inclusions in quartz crystals by Johannes Fabricius; ISBN: 8742107512; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8742107512/icongroupinterna
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Glucose, insulin, potassium, and the heart : selected aspects of cardiac energy metabolism by Richard J. Kones; ISBN: 0879930543; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879930543/icongroupinterna
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Importance of Prostacyclin & Potassium Channels for the Regulation of Vascular Tone by J. C. Frolich (Editor), U. Forestermann (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 388603383X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/388603383X/icongroupinterna
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Interactions of Magnesium and Potassium on Cardiac and Vascular Smooth Muscle by B. M. Altura (Editor), F. Kruck (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 380554149X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/380554149X/icongroupinterna
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Investigation of heat transfer in zirconium potassium percholate at low temperature a study of the failure mechanism of the NASA standard initiator : final technical report for the period August 1, 1988-August 31, 1989 (SuDoc NAS 1.26:184774) by Philip L. Varghese; ISBN: B00010KHLQ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010KHLQ/icongroupinterna
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Ion effects on metabolism in the adult mammalian brain in vitro Evidence of a potassium-induced stimulation of active uptake of KC p1 s into neuroglial cells by Leif Hertz; ISBN: 8774373382; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8774373382/icongroupinterna
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Kidney Patients' Wellness Diet--Tasty Recipes: Low Protein, Low Potassium, Low Sodium, and Low Fat Diet: Combined Renal and Triglyceride Diet, V. 2 by Emma W. Keenan; ISBN: 0915133113; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915133113/icongroupinterna
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Korenman Potassium by Korenman; ISBN: 0470503637; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470503637/icongroupinterna
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Map showing potassium-argon ages from the Mount Katmai and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska (SuDoc I 19.113:MF2021-E) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010B6OI; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010B6OI/icongroupinterna
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Montana High-Potassium Igneous Proyince (Tgc Field Trip Guidebooks Series) by Hearn (Editor); ISBN: 0875906389; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875906389/icongroupinterna
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Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur : answers to your questions, a producer's version (SuDoc DSS Cat. no. A22-148/1994E) by U.S. Dept of Defense; ISBN: 0662225015; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0662225015/icongroupinterna
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Nutrition: Vitamins and Minerals, Sodium and Potassium by Clara M. Lweis; ISBN: 080365622X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080365622X/icongroupinterna
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Performance and modeling of a hot potassium carbonate acid gas removal system in treating coal gas project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 7-87/023) by James Stephen Staton; ISBN: B00010FNPQ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010FNPQ/icongroupinterna
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Pharmacological Control of Calcium and Potassium Homeostasis: Biological, Therapeutical, and Clinical Aspects (Medical Science Symposia Series, Vol 9) by T. Godfraind (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 0792336046; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792336046/icongroupinterna
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Phosphorus, Potassium Abd Sulphur Cycles in Agricultural Soils: Proceedings No 465 (Proceedings of the Internation Fertilizer Society) by A.E. Johnston, et al (2001); ISBN: 0853101019; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853101019/icongroupinterna
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Plant-Growth Substances to Potassium Compounds, Volume 18, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition by R.E. Kirk, et al; ISBN: 0471020710; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471020710/icongroupinterna
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Potassium (Blackwell's Basics of Medicine) by Horacio J. Adrogue, Donald E. Wesson (Contributor); ISBN: 0865424276; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865424276/icongroupinterna
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Potassium (Elements) by Chris Woodford, S. Watt; ISBN: 0761414630; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761414630/icongroupinterna
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Potassium Channel Modulators, Pharmacological, Molecular & Clinical Aspects by A. H. Weston, T. C. Hamilton (1992); ISBN: 0632030445; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632030445/icongroupinterna
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Potassium Channels by Nigel S. Cook; ISBN: 0470216050; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470216050/icongroupinterna
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Potassium Channels & Their Modulators: From Synthesis to Clinical Experience by John M. Evans (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 0748405577; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0748405577/icongroupinterna
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Potassium Channels in Cardiovascular Biology by Stephen L. Archer (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0306464020; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306464020/icongroupinterna
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Potassium Channels in Normal and Pathological Conditions by J. Vereecke (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 9061867010; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9061867010/icongroupinterna
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Potassium Channels: Basic Function and Therapeutic Aspects: Proceedings of the 29th Annual A.N. Richards Symposium, Held at Valley Forge, Pennsylva (Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, V. 334) by Pa.)/ Colatsky, Thomas J. A.N. Richards Symposium 1988 Valley Forge (Editor), Thomas J. Colatsky; ISBN: 0471567140; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471567140/icongroupinterna
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Potassium chloride (potash) : environmental and technical information for problem spills; ISBN: 0662139844; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0662139844/icongroupinterna
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251
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Potassium cuprate (III) (SuDoc NAS 1.77:20246) by Kurt Wahl; ISBN: B0001087UO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001087UO/icongroupinterna
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Potassium hydroxide from Canada, Italy, and the United Kingdom determinations of the Commission in investigation no. 731-TA-542, 543, amd 544 (preliminary) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigations (SuDoc ITC 1.12:731-TA-542-544/prelim.) by U.S. Dept of Interior; ISBN: B00010BCNS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010BCNS/icongroupinterna
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Potassium in Agriculture by Robert D. Munson (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 0891180869; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891180869/icongroupinterna
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Potassium in Agriculture by V.J. Kilmer, et al (1968); ISBN: 0891180036; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891180036/icongroupinterna
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Potassium in Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine: Arrhythmias, Myocardial Infarction, and Hypertension (Kidney Disease Series, Vol 6) by Paul K. Whelton, Andrew Whelton; ISBN: 0824773764; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824773764/icongroupinterna
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Potassium to Zirconium (P to Z) (Elements) by B.J. Knapp; ISBN: 1862140790; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862140790/icongroupinterna
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Potassium Transport: Physiology and Pathophysiology (Current Topics in Membranes, 28) by Gerhard Giebisch (Editor); ISBN: 012153328X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/012153328X/icongroupinterna
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Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium in the Tropics and Subtropics (Technical Bulletins Ser.: T-23) by Robert D. Munson (1982); ISBN: 0880900415; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880900415/icongroupinterna
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Potassium, Its Biologic Significance by Robert Whang (Editor); ISBN: 0849358728; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849358728/icongroupinterna
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Potassium, the heart, and hypertension : a symposium; ISBN: 0881370002; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881370002/icongroupinterna
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Potassium: Chemical Elements That Make Life Possible (Blashfield, Jean F. Sparks of Life.) by Jean F. Blashfield, Walter Kossmann (Editor); ISBN: 0739834517; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0739834517/icongroupinterna
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Potassium-argon age determinations of Ferrar Group rocks, central Transantarctic Mountains by David H. Elliot (1985); ISBN: 0875901557; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875901557/icongroupinterna
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Potassium-argon ages of mainly intrusive rocks in the Saint Elias Mountains, Yukon and British Columbia by C. J. Dodds; ISBN: 0660127814; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0660127814/icongroupinterna
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Potassium-argon dating by Allan Joseph Monty White; ISBN: 0950446505; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0950446505/icongroupinterna
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Potassium-Argon Dating: Principles, Techniques, and Applications to Geochronology by G. Brent. Dalrymple; ISBN: 071670241X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/071670241X/icongroupinterna
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Regulation of Potassium Transport Across Biological Membranes by Luis Reuss, et al (1990); ISBN: 029277043X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/029277043X/icongroupinterna
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Role of Potassium in Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine by David B. Young; ISBN: 0792373766; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792373766/icongroupinterna
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Sample locality map and analytical data for potassium-argon ages in the Port Moller, Stepovak Bay, and Simeonof Island quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula (SuDoc I 19.113:MF-1255-E) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010KFCM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010KFCM/icongroupinterna
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Sodium and Potassium (Elements) by Keith Walshaw (1996); ISBN: 1869860195; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1869860195/icongroupinterna
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Sodium and Potassium in Foods and Drugs; ISBN: 0899700071; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899700071/icongroupinterna
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Sodium and potassium in nutrition of mammals by Flora Campbell Aitken; ISBN: 0851983707; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851983707/icongroupinterna
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Soil and Plant Potassium in Agriculture (Proceedings of the Fertiliser Society) by J.Keith Syers (1998); ISBN: 0853100454; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853100454/icongroupinterna
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Start up of a Nb-1%Zr potassium heat pipe from the frozen state (SuDoc NAS 1.26:207641) by David E. Glass; ISBN: B0001104RW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001104RW/icongroupinterna
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Studying the Rate of the Reaction of Potassium Premangante & Oxalic Acid: Modular Laboratory Program in Chemistry by Richard, C. Bell, M. Gillette (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0875405053; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875405053/icongroupinterna
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The Regulation of Potassium Balance by Donald W. Seldin, Gerhard Giebisch (Editor); ISBN: 0881674680; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881674680/icongroupinterna
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The Salt Solution: A Complete 9-Step Program to Help Reduce Salt, Increase Potassium and Dramatically Reduce the Risk of Salt by Herb Boynton, et al; ISBN: 1583330852; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583330852/icongroupinterna
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The Vital Role of Potassium Fertilizers in Tropical Agriculture: The Present Position, Future Potential, and Constraints to Progress by T. Kaddar (1984); ISBN: 0880900512; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880900512/icongroupinterna
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The World Market for Potassium Sulfate Fertilizers: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B000134C9Q; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000134C9Q/icongroupinterna
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Thermal history effects on electrical relaxation and conductivity for potassium silicate glass with low alkali concentrations (SuDoc NAS 1.15:106324) by Paul W. Angel; ISBN: B00010IB4Q; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010IB4Q/icongroupinterna
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Timing and effect of detachment-related potassium metasomatism on Ar/Ar ages from the Windous Butte Formation, Grant Range, Nevada (SuDoc I 19.3:2154) by William E. Brooks; ISBN: B00010Q9CC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010Q9CC/icongroupinterna
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253
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Timing and Effect of Detachment-Related Potassium Metasomatism on P40Sar/P39Sar Ages from the Windous Butte Formation, Grant Range, Nevada (U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 2154) by William E. Brooks, Lawrence W. Snee (1997); ISBN: 9996261573; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9996261573/icongroupinterna
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Transition from low potassium olivine tholeiites to alkali basalts on Ubekendt Ejland : the tertiary volcanic province of West Greenland by J²rgen Gutzon Larsen; ISBN: 8717023718; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8717023718/icongroupinterna
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Uranium, potassium, and thorium contour maps derived from a helicopter gamma-ray spectrometer survey of the Getchell Trend, Humboldt County, Nevada (SuDoc I 19.76:89-287) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B000104CQM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000104CQM/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
137Cs and potassium in people and diet - a study of Finnish Lapps, by J. K. Miettinen [et al.] with contributions by G. Bengtsson [et al.]. Author: Miettinen, Jorma Kalervo,; Year: 1964; Helsinki, 1963
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Chloride and potassium permeability in cardiac Purkinje fibres. Author: Carmeliet, E. E.; Year: 1965; Brussel, Arscia Uitgaven, 1961
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Interrelations between magnesium, potassium and cardiac arrhythmias Author: Dyckner, Thomas.; Year: 1973; Stockholm: [s.n.], 1979
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Life span, potassium fluxes and membrane ATPases of erythrocytes from subjects exposed to inorganic lead. Author: Hernberg, Sven.; Year: 1969; Helsinki, Institute of Occupational Health, 1967
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Potassium and tartrates; a review of the literature on their physiological effects, by Ralph W. Webster. with a digest and bibliography of the literature, by W. A. Brennan. Author: Webster, Ralph W. (Ralph Waldo),; Year: 1963; Chicago, The Commonwealth press, 1927
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Potassium and the differential thermosensitivity of membrane potential, spike and negative afterpotential in mammalian A and C fibres. Author: Lundberg, Anders.; Year: 1968; Stockholm, 1948
10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Potassium in biochemistry and physiology. [8th Colloquium of the International Potash Institute. Author: International Potash Institute.; Year: 1947; Bern] International Potash Institute, 1971
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Potassium in growth, aging and chronic disease. Author: Hutson, Pearl Rea.; Year: 1948; [Monticello, Ill., c1954]
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Potassium therapy; a seminar. Compiled and edited by Alfred Soffer. Author: Soffer, Alfred,; Year: 1969; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1968]
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Renal distribution of sodium and potassium; their relationship to urinary osmolality in normal, potassium-depleted, and vitamin D-intoxicated rats. Author: Eigler, Jochen Otto Christian.; Year: 1963; [Minneapolis] 1961
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Sodium and potassium. Author: Lewis, Clara M.,; Year: 1959; Philadelphia, Davis [c1976]-; ISBN: 0803656351
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The control of potassium homeostasis Author: Reineck, H. John,; Year: 1968; New York: National Kidney Foundation, 1979
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The role of potassium in agriculture; proceedings of a symposium sponsored and financed by the Tennessee Valley Authority and the American Potash Institute. Edited by V. J. Kilmer, S. E. Younts [and] N. C. Brady. Author: Brady, Nyle C.; Year: 1961; Madison, Wis., 1968
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Utilization of liquid wastes from molasses distillery for recovery of potassium salts, by R. N. Chakrabarty and T. R. Bhaskaran. Author: Chakrabarty, R. N.; Year: 1967; New Delhi, 1964
Chapters on Potassium In order to find chapters that specifically relate to potassium, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and potassium using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on potassium: •
Nutritional Management of Water, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride and Magnesium in Renal Disease and Renal Failure Source: in Kopple, J.D. and Massry, S.G. Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1997. p. 371-394. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (800) 638-0672 or (410) 528-4223. Fax (800) 447-8438 or (410) 528-8550. PRICE: $99.00. ISBN: 068304740X. Summary: This chapter is from a medical textbook on nutrition and metabolism of individuals with renal disease or renal failure. The authors discuss the nutritional management of water, sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium in renal disease and renal failure. The authors first discuss normal water, sodium, chloride, potassium, and magnesium homeostasis, and then show how the normal condition is changed by renal insufficiency. Chloride is considered together with sodium because nearly all dietary chloride intake is the result of sodium chloride (salt) intake. Specific topics
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include sodium and the control of extracellular fluid volume, the regulation of sodium balance in health and in kidney disease, the effect of calcium channel blocker therapy on dietary sodium management, water metabolism in health and in renal insufficiency, excessive fluid weight gain in ESRD patients maintained on dialysis, normal potassium metabolism, extrarenal and renal potassium handling in health and in kidney disease, dietary management of potassium, and magnesium. 3 figures. 15 tables. 84 references. (AA-M). •
Potassium-Modified Diet Source: in American Dietetic Association. Manual of Clinical Dietetics, Sixth Edition. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association. 2000. p.761-768. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. 216 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60606. (800) 877-1600 or (312) 899-0040. Fax (312) 899-4899. PRICE: $59.95 for members, $70.00 for nonmembers. ISBN: 0880911875. Summary: This chapter on a potassium-modified diet is from a comprehensive manual of clinical dietetics designed to help dietitians, physicians, and nurses deliver quality nutrition care. In this chapter, the authors describe how to achieve and maintain normal potassium levels in individuals at risk for hypokalemia (low levels of potassium in the blood) or hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium in the blood). The chapter includes the purpose of nutrition care, the indications for use, a description of the diet, a definition of the disease or condition, and a discussion section. The authors note that fruits and vegetables contain varying amounts of potassium and are the foods highest in potassium content. Thus, they are subject to the greatest adjustment when implementing high potassium or low potassium diets. 3 tables. 5 references.
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Sodium and Potassium Disturbances in Renal Patients Source: in Levine, D.Z. Care of the Renal Patient. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1991. p. 35-52. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 782-4479. PRICE: $46.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721630561. Summary: This chapter, from a comprehensive medical textbook about the care of the renal patient, discusses sodium and potassium disturbances in renal patients. The kidneys play a pivotal role in the homeostasis systems of fluid and potassium levels. Because of this, patients with renal dysfunction are particularly prone to disorders of sodium and potassium. The authors discuss the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of serum sodium and potassium concentrations, present an approach to clinical disorders, and provide a rational discussion of treatments. 2 figures. 7 tables. 7 references.
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Disorders of Potassium Metabolism Source: in Suki, W.N.; Massry, S.G., eds. Therapy of Renal Diseases and Related Disorders, 2nd ed. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1991. p. 45-89. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018. (617) 871-6600. PRICE: $315. ISBN: 0792306767. Summary: This lengthy chapter, from a medical text on the therapy of renal disease and related disorders, discusses disorders of potassium metabolism. The authors present a brief overview of normal potassium homeostasis and regulating factors prior to
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considering specific clinical entities and treatment modalities. The etiology, diagnosis, and management of both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia are discussed. 11 figures. 15 tables. 336 references.
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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON POTASSIUM Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on potassium. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on potassium is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “potassium” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on potassium: •
Nutritional Findings and Interventions in the AIDS Patient Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 1992, 60 minutes. Contact: WIN, 1 WIN WAY, Bethesda, MD 20892-3665. Summary: Dr. Kotler begins his lecture by listing potential adverse effects of malnutrition in AIDS patients. Malnutrition may be an independent risk factor for mortality and may affect immune dysfunction, disease progression, quality of life, response to therapies, and use of health care resources. He notes that although these problems appear self-evident, none have actually been proven. Body weight is a reliable measure of nutritional status in healthy individuals but not in those acutely ill. Dr. Kotler prefers to measure body cell mass (the chief constituent of muscle, organs, and nonadipose tissue) in the laboratory, calculated from a person's potassium levels. He cites his 1985 study showing that a group of men with AIDS had a mean body weight that was 82 percent of ideal body weight (or low-normal), but a mean body cell mass 68
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percent of normal. Thus, someone with AIDS may be normal weight but extremely malnourished. Loss of body cell mass limits patients' performance. Studies of patients with wasting illnesses reveal that death occurs when a patient's body cell mass reaches 54 percent of normal. Treating AIDS patients is not simply a matter of prescribing nutritional supplementation, because not every AIDS patient is malnourished. In addition, malnutrition may be caused by a variety of conditions that require different nutritional strategies. Sometimes the answer is to treat the complication, and the patient will recover on his or her own, as Dr. Kotler found in a study of AIDS patients who suffered from CMV (cytomegalovirus) colitis. Another study of AIDS patients with gastrointestinal disease and AIDS patients with systemic infections found that the patients with GI infections responded to nutritional supplementation, but those with systemic infections did not. Strategies to be tested, in addition to nutritional supplementation, include appetite stimulants, enteral or parenteral nutrition, and anabolic agents such as growth hormone. •
Renal Nutrition Source: Los Angeles, CA: National Health Video. 199x. Contact: Available from National Health Video. 12021 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90025. (800) 543-6803. Fax (310) 477-8198. PRICE: $89.95 (as of 1995). Item Number 163. Summary: This patient education videotape emphasizes the crucial role of nutrition for patients with kidney disease. Topics discussed include fluid balance; phosphorus; potassium; protein; phosphate binders; and sodium. Guidelines for eating out are also included. (AA-M).
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Self-Care for the Interstitial Cystitis Patient Source: Rockville, MD: Interstitial Cystitis Association. 1995. Contact: Available from Interstitial Cystitis Association (ICA). 51 Monroe Street, Suite 1402, Rockville, MD 20850. (301) 610-5300. Fax (301) 610-5308. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.ichelp.org. PRICE: $14.50 (as of 1995). Summary: This patient education videotape program provides viewers with guidelines for coping strategies and self-care therapies to use in managing interstitial cystitis (IC). Narrated by Dr. Kristene Whitmore, the program defines IC; describes the symptoms and the chronic nature of the disease; explains the role of the Interstitial Cystitis Association (ICA); briefly reviews the conventional treatments for IC, including drug therapy, surgery, and drugs instilled into the bladder; stresses the need for a combination of traditional and alternative therapies to reduce the frequency of IC flareups and to prolong remission of the disease; and details alternative management strategies. Strategies covered include dietary modifications, including how to perform a strict elimination diet; urine alkalization, with baking soda, potassium citrate, antacids, urine dilution, and dietary acid restriction; bladder holding protocol (a bladder muscle strengthening program, not behavior modification); the role of exercise; stress reduction techniques, including biofeedback, self hypnosis, visualization, yoga, massage therapy, and acupressure and acupuncture; helpful products, including absorbent pads, external catheters, and portable toilets; travel tips; support and information available from the ICA; and the role of counseling. The videotape depicts various patients using each of these strategies.
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Nutrition Needs for Peritoneal Dialysis Source: Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Dietary Department. 199x. Contact: Available from University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Publications, Dietary Department, Iowa City, IA 52242. (319) 356-2692. PRICE: $100 (purchase), $35 (rental). Summary: This videotape discusses basic nutrition guidelines for the peritoneal dialysis patient and demonstrates how these guidelines can be incorporated into three typical meals. The videotape is useful for educating peritoneal dialysis patients, as well as students and professionals who work with these patients. Topics include protein, sodium, fluids, energy, potassium, phosphorus, cholesterol, fiber, and alcohol use. (AAM).
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Kidney Failure: Are You At Risk? Source: Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Outreach Education. 1998. (videocassette). Contact: Available from University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics. Picture of Health, 702 North Blackhawk Avenue, Suite 215, Madison, WI 53705-3357. (800) 757-4354 or (608) 263-6510. Fax (608) 262-7172. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Order number 051498B. Summary: This videotape program, moderated by Mary Lee, discusses end stage renal disease and the prevention or delay of kidney failure. The program features Dr. Bryan Becker, a nephrologist (kidney specialist). Dr. Becker explores the epidemiology of the recent trend of increasing levels of kidney failure, discussing the aging population, better diagnostics, and better rates of survival. Dr. Becker then reviews the physiology of the kidneys, noting that kidneys control fluids and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride) in the body, regulate the acid base balance, help metabolize proteins and carbohydrates, and remove creatinine (a muscle breakdown product). Different kidney diseases have a varying impact on kidney function. More than 50 percent of kidney failure is caused by two diseases: diabetes mellitus and hypertension; other causes include heredity, illnesses, inflammation, toxicity, kidney cancer, and trauma to the kidney (e.g., automobile accidents). The symptoms of kidney disease (which can be largely silent) can include protein in the urine, hypertension, elevated creatinine levels, decrease in urine output, swelling in the feet (edema, or fluid accumulation), and an increase in nocturia (urinating at night). End stage renal disease (ESRD) is defined as loss of 90 percent or more of kidney function. Dr. Becker discusses screening and identifying patients who may be at risk of kidney disease, then debunks various myths about kidney disease, on the topics of one kidney versus two kidneys, dialysis, and transplantation. Dr. Becker emphasizes that kidney disease, while treatable, has a great impact on lifestyle, diet, caretaking, finances, family and support systems, and heart disease. Prevention strategies include identifying high risk patients, avoiding nephrotoxic medications (including ibuprofen), monitoring the diet, controlling blood pressure, controlling blood glucose levels (for people with diabetes), and educating oneself about kidney disease. The program concludes by referring viewers to the National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (www.niddk.nih.gov).
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Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on potassium: •
Simplified Renal Diabetic Diet Source: Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Sight Center. 199x. (audiocassette). Contact: Available from Cleveland Sight Center. 1909 East 101st Street, Cleveland, OH 44106. (216) 791-8118, extension 248 or 249. PRICE: $2. Summary: This audiocassette, designed for the visually handicapped person with diabetes, describes a simplified renal diet. The audiocassette stresses the importance of controlling protein, sodium, potassium, fluids, and calories, and presents guidelines for doing so.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Potassium The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in potassium (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on potassium: •
Disorders of potassium balance [slide] Source: American Physiological Society; Year: 1977; Format: Slide; [Bethesda, Md.]: The Society, c1977
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Molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity in potassium channels [videorecording] Source: Medical Arts and Photography Branch; Year: 1999; Format: Videorecording; [Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health, 1999]
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Potassium [electronic resource]: a vital electrolyte. Year: 1992; Format: Electronic resource; Orlando, FL: Computerized Educational Systems, c1992
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Potassium [slide] Source: written by Carla A. Lee, Violet R. Stroot, C. Ann Schaper; produced by Robert J. Brady, co; Year: 1980; Format: Slide; Bowie, Md.: Brady, c1980
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Potassium balance [filmstrip] Source: Trainex; Year: 1984; Format: Filmstrip; Garden Grove, Calif.: Trainex, c1984
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Potassium imbalances [filmstrip] Source: Trainex Corporation; Year: 1972; Format: Filmstrip; [Garden Grove, Calif.]: Trainex, c1972
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Sodium hydroxide & potassium hydroxide [videorecording] Source: Emergency Film Group; a Detrick Lawrence production; Year: 2002; Format: Videorecording; Edgartown, MA: Emergency Film Group, c2002
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON POTASSIUM Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover potassium.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on potassium is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to potassium. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “potassium” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for potassium: •
Blockade of specific potassium channels might curb restenosis after angioplasty Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 04, 2003
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Ready access to potassium iodide recommended by pediatricians Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 08, 2003
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Glucose-insulin-potassium infusion improves ischemia-related LV dysfunction Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 24, 2003
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Potassium channel gene mutation associated with familial atrial fibrillation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 09, 2003
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Serum potassium high in early-phase acute coronary syndromes in diabetics Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 06, 2003
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Tinkering with potassium may ward off heart damage Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 31, 2002
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Potassium channel optimizes energy in mitochondria to improve heart strength Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 31, 2002
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Low potassium intake may increase stroke risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 13, 2002
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Low potassium intake linked to stroke: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 12, 2002
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Lead traces found in potassium supplement Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 23, 2002
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Sulfonylureas may raise coronary vasospasm risk by closing potassium channels Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 12, 2002
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Potassium citrate may avert age-dependent bone loss Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 05, 2002
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HHS to stockpile potassium iodide for nuclear accidents Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 04, 2002
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FDA updates guidance on potassium iodide for radiation emergencies Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 11, 2001
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Potassium channel opener reduces angina, protects the heart Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 15, 2001
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Potassium flow gene mutation causes rare syndrome Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 28, 2001
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Potassium channel opener shows promise in treatment of stroke Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 02, 2001
Periodicals and News
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FDA allows foods to claim heart benefits of potassium Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 30, 2000
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Overactive ATP-sensitive potassium channel causes severe diabetes in mice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 14, 2000
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “potassium” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to potassium, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “potassium” (or synonyms).
Newsletters on Potassium Find newsletters on potassium using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “potassium.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •
Kidney Disease Source: Sarcoidosis Networking. 8(3): 2. May-June 2000. Contact: Available from Sarcoid Network Association. Sarcoidosis Networking, 13925 80th Street East, Puyallup, WA 98372-3614. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: Sarcoidosis is a chronic, progressive systemic granulomatous (causing lesions) disease of unknown cause (etiology), involving almost any organ or tissue, including the skin, lungs, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, eyes, and small bones of the hands or feet. This brief article, from a newsletter for patients with sarcoidosis, reviews kidney disease, its types, diagnosis, and management. The article begins with a summary of the anatomy and function of the kidneys, which filter the blood (removing waste and excess body fluids), and maintain the balance of some essential nutrients helping to regulate blood pressure, red blood cells, and elements such as potassium and calcium. Without functioning kidneys, one cannot live without dialysis, the mechanical filtration of the blood. Kidneys fail for a variety of reasons, including trauma to the kidney, toxins, heart failure, obstruction (kidney stones), overuse of some medications, and diseases that invade the kidney, such as sarcoidosis. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes for loss of kidney function. Warning signs of kidney disease are high blood pressure (hypertension), blood or protein in the urine, creatinine level greater than 1.2 in women or 1.4 in men, more frequent urination (especially at night), difficult or painful urination, and puffy eyes or swelling of the hands or feet (especially in children). Loss of kidney function can produce symptoms including fatigue, weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, headaches, loss of appetite, increased edema (fluid retention), and fever or chills. Kidney failure is characterized as acute kidney failure, chronic kidney insufficiency, and chronic kidney failure. The need to put a person on dialysis depends upon the levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen in the blood and the evaluation of body parameters such as fluid status, and symptoms of toxicity. The author encourages readers to practice preventive measures which include drinking 8 to 10 glasses of water per day, preventing or treating diabetes and high blood pressure, avoiding tobacco, eating a well balanced diet, practicing good hygiene, treating wounds and infections, limiting exposure to heavy metals and toxic chemicals, and avoiding unnecessary over the counter drug use.
Periodicals and News
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Overused Antibiotics Lead to Resistant UTIs: Assessing Resistance Risk, Testing Fluoroquinolone Alternatives Key Source: Urology Times. 22(3): 2. March 1994. Contact: Available from Advanstar Communications, Inc. Corporate and Editorial Offices, 7500 Old Oak Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44130. (216) 243-8100. Summary: This brief news article, from a professional newsletter, warns that physicians' overuse of fluoroquinolones to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) has led to a significant increase in ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli. Topics include problems with recurrence of urinary tract infections; recent increases in the use of fluoroquinolones; risk factors for ciprofloxacin-resistant E coli UTIs; experience with 54 patients with resistant UTIs; and the course of ciprofloxacin-resistant E coli-induced UTIs. The article concludes with a brief discussion of alternative treatments, including the combination of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate.
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on potassium: •
Caution: Heart at Work!: Tips on Potassium Control for Hemodialysis Patients Source: AAKP Patient Plan Newsletter. 1(2): 5, 7. 2000. Contact: Available from American Association of Kidney Patients (AAKP). 100 South Ashley Drive, Suite 280, Tampa, FL 33602. (800) 749-AAKP or (813) 223-7099. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aakp.org. Summary: This article is from a newsletter that guides kidney patients through the treatment process for their illness. The newsletter is part of a program that encourages patients to stay active and learn as much as they can about kidney disease and their treatment. The program stresses that the more patients know, the better they are able to make choices that are best for themselves and their families. The program was created by the American Association of Kidney Patients (AAKP), a national organization directed by kidney patients for kidney patients, with the mission of helping kidney patients and their families deal with the physical, emotional, and social impacts of kidney disease. This article discusses potassium, a mineral that is important in heart function, and the need for kidney patients to control their intake of potassium. A healthy kidney will regulate the amount of potassium in the bloodstream by excreting any extra potassium in the urine. When kidney function is reduced, potassium builds up in the blood to high levels. A high potassium level can make the heart stop without warning; other problems can include weak muscles (especially leg muscles), irregular heartbeat, diarrhea, and nausea or vomiting. Going to dialysis and staying for the full treatment is one of the ways to control potassium levels; diet is the other way. The author provides a list of eight tips to become aware of and control the level of potassium in one's diet. The
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article concludes with the instructions for 'dialyzing' vegetables to reduce their potassium content (soaking them in water for 4 hours or overnight).
Academic Periodicals covering Potassium Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to potassium. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering potassium that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for potassium. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with potassium. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to potassium: Aminobenzoate Potassium •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Potaba http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202025.html
Carbohydrates and Electrolytes •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Infalyte; Kao Lectrolyte; Naturalyte; Oralyte; Pedialyte; Pedialyte Freezer Pops; Rehydralyte; Resol$ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202112.html
Citrates •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Bicitra; Citrolith; Oracit; Polycitra Syrup; Polycitra-K; Polycitra-K Crystals; Polycitra-LC; Urocit-K http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202144.html
Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aldactone; Dyrenium; Midamor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202206.html
Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing, and Hydrochlorothiazide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aldactazide; Dyazide; Maxzide; Moduretic; Spirozide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202207.html
Laxatives •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Afko-Lube; Afko-Lube Lax 40; Agoral Marshmallow; Agoral Raspberry; Alaxin; Alophen; Alphamul; Alramucil Orange; Alramucil Regular; Bilagog; Bilax; Bisac-Evac; Black-Draught; Black-Draught Lax-Senna; Carter's Little Pills; Cholac; Chronulac; Cillium; Cit http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202319.html
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Rectal - U.S. Brands: Bisco-Lax; Ceo-Two; Dacodyl; Deficol; Dulcolax; Fleet Babylax; Fleet Bisacodyl; Fleet Enema; Fleet Enema for Children; Fleet Enema Mineral Oil; Fleet Glycerin Laxative; Fleet Laxative; Sani-Supp; Senokot; Theralax; Therevac Plus; Therevac-SB http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202320.html
Penicillins •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amoxil; Bactocill; Beepen-VK; Betapen-VK; Bicillin L-A; Cloxapen; Crysticillin 300 A.S.; Dycill; Dynapen; Geocillin; Geopen; Ledercillin VK; Mezlin; Nafcil; Nallpen; Omnipen; Omnipen-N; Pathocil; Pen Vee K; Pentids; Permapen; Pfizerpen; Pfizerpen-AS; Pi http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202446.html
Phosphates •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: K-Phos M. F.; K-Phos Neutral; K-Phos No. 2; K-Phos Original; Neutra-Phos; Neutra-Phos-K; Uro-KP-Neutral http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202463.html
Researching Medications
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Potassium Iodide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Pima http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202472.html
Potassium Supplements •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cena-K; Effer-K; Gen-K; Glu-K; K+ 10; K+ Care; K+ Care ET; K-8; Kaochlor 10%; Kaochlor S-F 10%; Kaon; Kaon-Cl; Kaon-Cl 20% Liquid; Kaon-Cl-10; Kato; Kay Ciel; Kaylixir; K-Dur; K-Electrolyte; K-G Elixir; K-Ide; KLease; K-Lor; Klor-Con 10; Klor-Con 8; Kl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202473.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “potassium” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
AIDS - Related Cryptococcal Meningitis Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 31 Center Dr MSC 2520, Bethesda, MD, 20892-2520, (301) 496-5717, http://www.niaid.nih.gov. Summary: This report describes cryptococcal meningitis that is related to Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It says that cryptococcal disease accounts for 5-8 percent of all opportunistic infections, and that it is caused by cryptococcus neoformans, a yeastlike fungus found in soil contaminated with bird excrement. Exposure is quite common, but it only manifests as a disease in those individuals with compromised immune systems. The fungus may infect numerous organs, particularly the skin, lungs, and meninges. As meningitis, it has the following symptoms: Fever, headache, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. It may also cause changes in behavior or personality, memory loss or confusion, and difficulty with coordination. Unless maintenance therapy continues, the relapse rate after initial treatment is 50-90 percent. Standard treatment consists of Amphotericin B intravenously for 10 weeks, possibly combined with oral flucytosine. Side effects may include kidney damage, high fever, severe chills, low blood pressure, a decrease in potassium levels, and depressed levels of red and white blood cells, and platelets. Another drug called fluconazole was recently approved for oral or intravenous use, and one called SCH 39304 is under study. At present, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has four meningitis clinical trials underway.
•
AIDS - Related Disseminated Histoplasmosis Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 31 Center Dr MSC 2520, Bethesda, MD, 20892-2520, (301) 496-5717, http://www.niaid.nih.gov. Summary: This report studies histoplasmosis in patients with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A fungal disease which may disseminate to many organs, histoplasmosis may be present in the body for a long time. The infection is common in certain regions, such
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as the Midwest and the Caribbean, where residents inhale or ingest spores of the fungus Historians Capsulate. The disease begins as an acute illness akin to pneumonia or influenza, and may spread to the meninges, heart, and adrenal glands. Persons with AIDS (PWA's) usually respond to the standard treatment with intravenous amphotericin B, but in 80-90 percent of patients, it recurs within a year without maintenance therapy. However, side effects may include high fever, shaking chills, headache, nausea, loss of appetite, muscle and joint pain, suppression of blood-forming cells, depletion of potassium, and abnormal kidney function. Ketoconzale and Itraconazole are being considered as possible alternative drugs. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is presently conducting three clinical trials of these drugs.
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 149403 832 957 100 1 151293
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “potassium” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov. 14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Potassium In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and potassium. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).22 The database contains textual
(SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 20 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 22 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools
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information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for potassium: •
G Protein-coupled Inward Rectifier Potassium Channel Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600932
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Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Potassium Channel 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602780
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Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Potassium Channel 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602781
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Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Potassium Channel 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605206
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Potassium Channel Regulator Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607947
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Potassium Channel Regulator 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603313
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Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Intermediate/small Conductance, Subfamily N, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602982
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Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Intermediate/small Conductance, Subfamily N, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605879
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Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Intermediate/small Conductance, Subfamily N, Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602983
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Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Intermediate/small Conductance, Subfamily N, Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602754
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Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Large Conductance, Subfamily M, Alpha Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600150
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Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Large Conductance, Subfamily M, Beta Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603951
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Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Large Conductance, Subfamily M, Beta Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605214
for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Large Conductance, Subfamily M, Beta Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605222
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Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Large Conductance, Subfamily M, Beta Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605223
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Potassium Channel, Inwardly Rectifying, Subfamily J, Inhibitor 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602604
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Potassium Channel, Inwardly Rectifying, Subfamily J, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600359
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Potassium Channel, Inwardly Rectifying, Subfamily J, Member 10 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602208
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Potassium Channel, Inwardly Rectifying, Subfamily J, Member 11 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600937
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Potassium Channel, Inwardly Rectifying, Subfamily J, Member 12 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602323
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Potassium Channel, Inwardly Rectifying, Subfamily J, Member 13 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603208
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Potassium Channel, Inwardly Rectifying, Subfamily J, Member 15 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602106
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Potassium Channel, Inwardly Rectifying, Subfamily J, Member 16 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605722
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Potassium Channel, Inwardly Rectifying, Subfamily J, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600681
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Potassium Channel, Inwardly Rectifying, Subfamily J, Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601534
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Potassium Channel, Inwardly Rectifying, Subfamily J, Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600504
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Potassium Channel, Inwardly Rectifying, Subfamily J, Member 5 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600734
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Potassium Channel, Inwardly Rectifying, Subfamily J, Member 6 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600877
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Potassium Channel, Inwardly Rectifying, Subfamily J, Member 8 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600935
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily K, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601745
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily K, Member 10 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605873
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily K, Member 12 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607366
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily K, Member 13 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607367
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily K, Member 15 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607368
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily K, Member 16 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607369
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily K, Member 17 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607370
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily K, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603219
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily K, Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603220
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily K, Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605720
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily K, Member 5 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603493
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily K, Member 6 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603939
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily K, Member 7 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603940
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily K, Member 9 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605874
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Potassium Channel, Subfamily T, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608167
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Delayed-rectifier, Subfamily S, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602905
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Delayed-rectifier, Subfamily S, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602906
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Delayed-rectifier, Subfamily S, Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603888
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Isk-related Family, Member 1-like Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300328
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Isk-related Subfamily, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176261
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Isk-related Subfamily, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603796
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Isk-related Subfamily, Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604433
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Isk-related Subfamily, Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607775
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Kqt-like Subfamily, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607542
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Kqt-like Subfamily, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602235
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Kqt-like Subfamily, Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602232
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Kqt-like Subfamily, Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603537
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Kqt-like Subfamily, Member 5 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607357
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shab-related Subfamily, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600397
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shab-related Subfamily, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607738
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaker-related Subfamily, Beta Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601141
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaker-related Subfamily, Beta Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601142
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaker-related Subfamily, Beta Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604111
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaker-related Subfamily, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176260
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaker-related Subfamily, Member 10 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602420
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaker-related Subfamily, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176262
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaker-related Subfamily, Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176263
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaker-related Subfamily, Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176266
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaker-related Subfamily, Member 5 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176267
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaker-related Subfamily, Member 6 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176257
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaker-related Subfamily, Member 7 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176268
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaw-related Subfamily, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176258
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaw-related Subfamily, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176256
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaw-related Subfamily, Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176264
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Shaw-related Subfamily, Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176265
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily F, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603787
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily G, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603788
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily G, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605696
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily G, Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606767
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily G, Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607603
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily H, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603305
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily H, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?152427
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily H, Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604527
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily H, Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604528
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily H, Member 5 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605716
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily H, Member 6 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608168
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily H, Member 7 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608169
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily H, Member 8 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608260
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily V, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608164
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Potassium Channel, Voltage-gated, Subfamily V, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607604
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Potassium Channel-interacting Protein 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604660
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Potassium Channel-interacting Protein 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604661
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Potassium Channel-interacting Protein 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608182
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Potassium Inwardly-rectifying Channel, Subfamily J, Member 14 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603953
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Potassium Voltage-gated Channel, Shal-related Subfamily, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300281
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Potassium Voltage-gated Channel, Shal-related Subfamily, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605410
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Potassium Voltage-gated Channel, Shal-related Subfamily, Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605411
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Sodium-potassium-ATPase Activity of Red Cell Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?270425
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Solute Carrier Family 12 (potassium/chloride Transporter), Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604119
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Solute Carrier Family 12 (potassium/chloride Transporter), Member 5 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606726
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Solute Carrier Family 12 (potassium/chloride Transporter), Member 7 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604879
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Solute Carrier Family 12 (sodium/potassium/chloride Transporter), Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600839
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Solute Carrier Family 12 (sodium/potassium/chloride Transporter), Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600840
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Solute Carrier Family 24 (sodium/potassium/calcium Exchanger), Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603617 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
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Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
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Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
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Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
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Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
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Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “potassium” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database23
This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database24 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms). 23 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 24 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on potassium can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to potassium. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to potassium. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “potassium”:
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Other guides Heart Failure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartfailure.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Radiation Exposure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/radiationexposure.html Vitamin and Mineral Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitaminandmineralsupplements.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on potassium. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Interstitial Cystitis and the Potassium Chloride Sensitivity Test Source: Rockville, MD: Interstitial Cystitis Association (ICA). 2003. 2 p. Contact: Available from Interstitial Cystitis Association (ICA). 110 N. Washington Street, Suite 340, Rockville, MD 20850. (301) 610-5300. Fax (301) 610-5308. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.ichelp.org. PRICE: $1.00 for members; $1.25 for nonmembers. Item number RFKCL01. Summary: Many interstitial cystitis (IC) patients have expressed their concerns regarding the usefulness of the potassium chloride sensitivity test (also known as the KCI test or Parsons test) in diagnosing and treating IC. The Interstitial Cystitis Association (ICA) has also received comments from patients regarding the pain induced by the test. More and more patients report that their physicians are relying on this test to diagnose IC and to predict their response to medications. However, careful investigation and consideration of all available information regarding the KCI test must be taken into account before accepting the validity of the test. This test has yet to be proven or accepted as a diagnostic or predictive IC test. This fact sheet reviews the KCI test and how it is used. The fact sheet includes the contact information for the ICA (www.ichelp.org). 12 references.
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High Potassium Foods Source: Birmingham, AL: Department of Food and Nutrition Services, University Hospital. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Department of Food and Nutrition Services, University Hospital. 619 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35233. (205) 934-8055. Fax (205) 9342987. PRICE: $0.65 per copy; bulk copies available; plus shipping and handling. Summary: Most fruits, vegetables, meats, nuts, milk and milk products are high in potassium. This single fold brochure lists high potassium foods in two categories: vegetables and juices, and fruits and juices. The first category includes Brussels sprouts, blackeyed peas, lima beans, navy beans, broccoli, raw carrots, potato (including hash browns), tomato, tomato juice, acorn squash, sweet potato, eggplant, pumpkin, greens (turnip, collards, mustard, beet), spinach, and rutabaga. The fruits category lists grapefruit juice, cantaloupe, grapefruit, nectarine, banana, apricots, dates, prunes, raisins, oranges, tangerines, prune juice, watermelon, orange juice, fruit cocktail, grape juice, pineapple juice, peaches, and honeydew melon. The brochure is printed on cardstock and illustrated with graphics of the foods listed.
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Potassium Sources Source: Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. 1990. 2 p. Contact: University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Publications, Dietary Department, Iowa City, IA 52242. (319) 356-2692. PRICE: 100 copies at $5 plus postage and handling; smaller quantities can also be purchased at $.05 each. Summary: Potassium (K+) is a mineral found in varying amounts in almost all foods. This brochure provides a very brief list of foods grouped by their average potassium content. Foods are also categorized as follows: fruits, juices and drinks; vegetables; other beverages; and miscellaneous foods.
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High-Low Potassium Diet Source: Camp Hill, PA: Chek-Med Systems, Inc. 199x. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Chek-Med Systems, Inc. 200 Grandview Avenue, Camp Hill, PA 17011-1706. (800) 451-5797 or (717) 761-0216. Fax (717) 761-0216. PRICE: $1.45 each; plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Booklets must be ordered in quantities of 10. Order number: D31. Summary: Potassium is a common mineral that is vital for muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and the proper functioning of the heart. Together with other minerals, it helps regulate blood pressure and water balance in cells. This booklet provides guidelines for people who need to follow either a high potassium or a low potassium diet. Blood levels of potassium are controlled by the kidneys, which filter the blood, removing excess potassium through the urine. Certain medical conditions and medications can upset the blood potassium balance; diet therapy can help in the management of potassium levels. The booklet first discusses the existence of potassium in food sources, the types of medications that can impact potassium metabolism, the use of salt substitutes (potassium chloride, which is not recommended), and digestive system disorders that can be triggered by potassium problems. The remainder of the booklet offers charts of low, moderate, and high potassium foods, organized into the following categories: breads and grains, vegetables, beans and nuts, meats, dairy foods, beverages, fruits, and miscellaneous. A separate section lists very high potassium foods and offers a sample
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high potassium menu plan and a sample low potassium menu plan for one day's meals. Blank space is provided for the patient or dietitian to write special instructions. •
Potassium Rich Foods Source: in Griffith, H.W. Instructions for Patients. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1994. p. 534. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. PRICE: $49.95. ISBN: 0721649300 (English); 0721669972 (Spanish). Summary: This brief fact sheet on potassium rich foods is from a compilation of instructions for patients, published in book format. The fact sheet notes that the flow of potassium and sodium in and out of the cells helps maintain the normal functioning of the heart, brain, kidney, and skeletal muscles. The fact sheet lists foods high in potassium, serving sizes, and the milligrams of potassium in a serving. The fact sheet can be photocopied and distributed to patients as a reinforcement of oral instructions and as a teaching tool. The book in which the fact sheet appears is available in English or Spanish.
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Good News for Snackers!: Low Phosphorus, Low Potassium Choices for People on Dialysis Source: Morgan Hill, CA: Council on Renal Nutrition of Northern California-Northern Nevada. 199x. 2 p. Contact: Available from Council on Renal Nutrition of Northern California-Northern Nevada. Elaine Rodgers, 560 Caprice Court, Morgan Hill, CA 95037. PRICE: 25 copies (minimum order) for $5 plus $1.75 postage (as of 1995). Summary: This brochure presents low phosphorus, low potassium snack ideas for people on dialysis. It consists primarily of lists of treats, including treats that are less sweet; fluid snacks; desserts and baked goods; and candy treats. Each item is listed with a recommended amount or serving. The brochure also includes recipes for soft pretzels and popcorn balls.
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Everything You Need to Know about Acesulfame Potassium Source: Washington, DC: International Food Information Council Foundation. 1998. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from International Food Information Council Foundation. 1100 Connecticut Avenue, Northwest, Suite 430, Washington, DC 20036. (202) 296-6540. Website: ificinfo.health.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure uses a question and answer format to provide information on the history, safety, and usefulness of acesulfame potassium. It explains why this caloriefree sweetener can be used in place of sugar to eliminate or reduce calories in many processed foods and beverages. The brochure discusses the studies done on acesulfame potassium which have demonstrated its safety and noncarcinogenicity as well as its approval by the Food and Drug Administration and various other regulatory bodies throughout the world. It also details the Acceptable Daily Intake level for acesulfame potassium and lack of side effects.
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Potassium Restricted Source: in Kerestes-Smith, J.; Chua, G.; Sullivan, K. Guidelines for Nutritional Care. Ann Arbor, MI: Food and Nutrition Services, University of Michigan Medical Center. 1995. Chapter 65, p. 65.1-65.2. Contact: Available from Guidelines for Nutritional Care. Food and Nutrition Services, 2C227-0056, University of Michigan Hospitals, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0056. (313) 936-5199. Fax (313) 936-5195. PRICE: $79.00 including shipping and handling (as of 1996). ISBN: 0964799405. Summary: This chapter on dietary recommendations for individuals who require a potassium-restricted diet is from a manual on the impact nutrition has on promoting health and in preventing and treating disease. The authors note that a potassiumrestricted diet is indicated for individuals with hyperkalemia. Included are sections detailing indications for use, contraindications, a description of the diet including a brief physiological and/or biochemical rationale, guidelines for nutritional management, nutrient adequacy, ordering procedures, and references for both the health care providers and the layperson. 8 references.
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Eating a Safe Amount of Potassium Source: San Bruno, CA: Krames Communications. 1997. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Krames Communications. Order Department, 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-9821. (800) 333-3032. Fax (650) 244-4512. Website: www.krames.com. PRICE: $12.50 for a pad of 50. Item number 5548. Summary: This fact sheet helps readers with kidney disease get the appropriate amount of potassium. Potassium is a mineral found in many foods. The body needs some potassium to keep the heart working normally. But if the kidneys don't work well, potassium can build up in the blood. By controlling the amount of potassium ingested, safe blood levels can be maintained. This fact sheet offers a serving guide that can be individualized for the reader, and a chart of the potassium content of some foods. Foods are listed in categories, with high, medium, and low potassium content foods grouped together. The fact sheet emphasizes the importance of working in close cooperation with a dietitian on the number and size of servings of foods to eat. The fact sheet includes a section discussing strategies that can reduce the amount of potassium in foods, including boiling potatoes. The fact sheet also includes space for special instructions. The fact sheet is illustrated with simple line drawings of everyday foods.
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Protein-, Sodium-, and Potassium-Controlled Diet Source: Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic. 1992. 37 p. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic. Patient and Health Education Center, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905. (507) 284-2511. PRICE: $2 plus shipping and handling. Order number MC 73/R192. Summary: This patient education booklet was developed by registered dietitians to help patients who must control their diets plan meals that will promote good health. Topics include the individual's diet recommendation; the importance of monitoring one's weight; the need for a controlled diet; food groups; fluid control; nutrition labelling; the use of seasonings and condiments; and eating away from home. Throughout the booklet, space is left for the dietitian or other health care provider to individualize
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patient recommendations. The booklet concludes with a glossary, a blank form for meal planning, and a blank form on which to design a sample menu. •
Potassium and Renal Diet Source: New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation. 1999. 3 p. Contact: Available from National Kidney Foundation. 30 East 33rd Street, New York, NY 10016. (800) 622-9010. Website: www.kidney.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This patient education fact sheet reviews the importance of potassium for patients following a renal (kidney) diet. Potassium is a mineral found in many foods; it plays a role in heartbeat regulation and keeping the muscles working right. The kidneys normally keep the right amount of potassium levels in the body. In people with kidney disease, the kidneys may not perform this regulation function very well, and dietary limitation of potassium can be helpful. Symptoms of too much potassium in the blood (hyperkalemia) include muscle weakness, numbness, and tingling; additional complications include irregular heartbeat or even a heart attack. The fact sheet offers strategies for controlling potassium in the diet, recommending that readers work closely with their dietitian to first learn about their diet therapy. The author emphasizes the importance of portion size; a large amount of a low potassium food can turn it into a high potassium food. The fact sheet includes a table that lists foods that are high in potassium (more than 200 milligrams per portion); the portion size is noted at one-half cup for most foods. A second table lists foods that are low in potassium (lower than 200 milligrams per portion). The fact sheet includes a space for readers to note their own recommended blood potassium level (as determined by their health care provider). The fact sheet concludes with a brief description of the activities of the National Kidney Foundation (800-622-9010).
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High Potassium Foods to Avoid Source: Cleveland, OH: Community Dialysis Center, Inc. 1991. 1 p. Contact: Available from Community Dialysis Center, Inc. P.O. Box 12220, East Cleveland, OH 44112. (216) 229-1100. PRICE: $5 for laser-print original designed for photocopying. Summary: This simple, one-page, large-print chart lists high potassium foods that people following diet therapy for kidney disease should avoid. High potassium foods are grouped into five sections: fruits, beans, vegetables, potatoes, and other foods. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “potassium” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Potassium iodide as a thyroid blocking agent in radiation emergencies Source: Food and Drug Administration (U.S.) - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2001 November; 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3089&nbr=2315&a mp;string=potassium
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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Eat Right to Feel Right on Hemodialysis Summary: Describes the effects that food, fluids, potassium, phosphorous, protein, sodium, and calories have on patients undergoing hemodialysis. Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6499
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Frequently Asked Questions on Potassium Iodide (KI) Summary: Answers frequently asked questions about potassium iodide as a preventive measure for thyroid cancer from radiation exposure. Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6698
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Potassium Iodide as a Thyroid Blocking Agent in Radiation Emergencies Summary: This document provides guidance on the use of potassium iodide as a thyroid blocking agent for radiation exposure. Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6697 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to potassium. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to potassium. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with potassium. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about potassium. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “potassium” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit
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your search to “Organizations” and “potassium”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “potassium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “potassium” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.25
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
25
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)26: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
26
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on potassium: •
Basic Guidelines for Potassium Potassium - urine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003600.htm Potassium carbonate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002481.htm Potassium hydroxide Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002482.htm Potassium in diet Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002413.htm Potassium permanganate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002483.htm Potassium test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003484.htm
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Signs & Symptoms for Potassium Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Anorexia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Arrhythmia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm Breathing difficulties Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Breathing results in loud sounds Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003074.htm Cardiac arrest Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003078.htm Collapse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Dry skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003250.htm Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Muscle weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm Pain in the throat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003053.htm
Online Glossaries 307
Paralysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003190.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Urine output, decreased Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003147.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Yellow eyes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm Yellow skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Potassium Aldosterone Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003704.htm Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm Gastric lavage Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003882.htm Heart rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm Slow pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm Venipuncture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003423.htm
•
Nutrition for Potassium Carbohydrate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htm Protein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm
•
Background Topics for Potassium Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm
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Adrenal glands Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002219.htm Amino acids Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002222.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Crush injury Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000024.htm Electrolyte Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002350.htm Hemolysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002372.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Ion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002385.htm Metabolism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002257.htm Penis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002279.htm Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm Renal Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002289.htm Renal disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000457.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm Shock Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm
Online Glossaries 309
Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
311
POTASSIUM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]
Acetic Acids: Acetic acid and its derivatives which may be formed by substitution reactions. Mono- and di-substituted, as well as halogenated compounds have been synthesized. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acidosis, Renal Tubular: A rare sometimes familial disorder of the renal tubule characterized by the inability to excrete urine of normal acidity. This leads to a hyperchloremic acidosis which is often associated with one or more secondary complications such as hypercalcinuria with nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis, rickets, or osteomalacia and severe potassium depletion. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, atomic number 89, and atomic weight 227.0278. Its principal isotope is 227 and decays primarily by beta-emission. [NIH] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different
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from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Triphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agents: Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters. [NIH]
Adrenergic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. [NIH] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated
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with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Albuterol: A racemic mixture with a 1:1 ratio of the r-isomer, levalbuterol, and s-albuterol. It is a short-acting beta 2-adrenergic agonist with its main clinical use in asthma. [NIH] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Aldose Reductase Inhibitor: A class of drugs being studied as a way to prevent eye and nerve damage in people with diabetes. Aldose reductase is an enzyme that is normally present in the eye and in many other parts of the body. It helps change glucose (sugar) into a sugar alcohol called sorbitol. Too much sorbitol trapped in eye and nerve cells can damage these cells, leading to retinopathy and neuropathy. Drugs that prevent or slow (inhibit) the action of aldose reductase are being studied as a way to prevent or delay these complications of diabetes. [NIH]
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Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkalosis: A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids. [NIH] Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alternative Splicing: A process whereby multiple protein isoforms are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of nonconsecutive exons during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form messenger RNA. The alternative forms produce proteins in which one part is common while the other part is different. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical
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applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU]
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Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Anhydrides: Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water. [NIH] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
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Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]
Anoxia: Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of a relatively complete absence of oxygen. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anterior Cerebral Artery: Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen, septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. [NIH] Anthropometry: The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body. [NIH] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Antidiabetic Agent: A substance that helps a person with diabetes control the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood so that the body works as it should. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU]
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Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apamin: A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Appetite Stimulants: Agents that are used to stimulate appetite. These drugs are frequently used to treat anorexia associated with cancer and AIDS. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH]
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Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arabidopsis: A genus of flowering plants found in north temperate regions. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris. [NIH]
Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH]
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Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Auxin: A natural organic compound formed in actively growing parts of plants, particularly in the growing points of shoots, which in minute concentrations regulates cell expansion and other developmental processes. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with grampositive organisms. [NIH] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by
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the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Background Radiation: Radiation from sources other than the source of interest. It is due to cosmic rays and natural radioactivity in the environment. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Baroreflex: A negative feedback system which buffers short-term changes in blood pressure. Increased pressure stretches blood vessels which activates pressoreceptors (baroreceptors) in the vessel walls. The net response of the central nervous system is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and by lowering cardiac output. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure. [NIH]
Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Behavioral Symptoms: Observable manifestions of impaired psychological functioning. [NIH]
Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.
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[NIH]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Berylliosis: A lung disease caused by exposure to metallic beryllium or its soluble salts. [NIH]
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as berylliosis. [NIH]
Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is evolution. [NIH] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH]
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Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Gas Analysis: Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood Proteins: Proteins that are present in blood serum, including serum albumin, blood coagulation factors, and many other types of proteins. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood urea: A waste product in the blood that comes from the breakdown of food protein. The kidneys filter blood to remove urea. As kidney function decreases, the BUN level increases. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH]
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Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluid Compartments: The two phases between which water and other body fluids are distributed: extracellular and intracellular. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Boric Acids: Inorganic and organic derivatives of boric acid either B(OH)3 or, preferably H3BO3. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen leading to unconsciousness. [NIH] Brain Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral infarction), thalami, basal ganglia, brain stem (brain stem infarctions), or cerebellum secondary to an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. [NIH] Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obtruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjuction with brain hypoxia. Prolonged ischemia is associated with brain infarction. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures.
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[NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Bumetanide: A sulfamyl diuretic. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of
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its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. [NIH] Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carboxymethylcellulose: It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabilizer for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU]
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Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiac Glycosides: Substances obtained from species of Digitalis, Strophanthus, and other plants that contain specific steroid glycosides or their semisynthetic derivatives and used in congestive heart failure. They increase the force of cardiac contraction without significantly affecting other parameters, but are very toxic at larger doses. Their mechanism of action usually involves inhibition of the Na(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase and they are often used in cell biological studies for that purpose. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiac Surgical Procedures: Surgery performed on the heart. [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardioplegic Solutions: Solutions which, upon administration, will temporarily arrest cardiac activity. They are used in the performance of heart surgery. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiotoxic: Having a poisonous or deleterious effect upon the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotid Arteries: Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH]
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Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellular metabolism: The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH]
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Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]
Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular Disorders: A broad category of disorders characterized by impairment of blood flow in the arteries and veins which supply the brain. These include cerebral infarction; brain ischemia; hypoxia, brain; intracranial embolism and thrombosis; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; and vasculitis, central nervous system. In common usage, the term cerebrovascular disorders is not limited to conditions that affect the cerebrum, but refers to vascular disorders of the entire brain including the diencephalon; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications. [NIH] Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Charybdotoxin: A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH]
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Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion. [NIH]
Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromaffin Cells: Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (paraganglia, chromaffin) of the sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH]
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Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chronotropic: Affecting the time or rate, as the rate of contraction of the heart. [EU] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Civilization: The distinctly human attributes and attainments of a particular society. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which
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causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Duct: Spiral tube in the bony canal of the cochlea, lying on its outer wall between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Coitus: Sexual intercourse. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the
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colon. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and
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theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Condiments: Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connexins: A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of gap junctions. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU]
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Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH]
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Coronary Vasospasm: Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cosmic Radiation: High-energy radiation or particles from extraterrestrial space that strike the earth, its atmosphere, or spacecraft and may create secondary radiation as a result of collisions with the atmosphere or spacecraft. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Creatinine clearance: A test that measures how efficiently the kidneys remove creatinine and other wastes from the blood. Low creatinine clearance indicates impaired kidney function. [NIH] Cribriform: Pierced with small holes as in a sieve. Refers to the appearance of a tumor when viewed under a microscope. The tumor appears to have open spaces or small holes inside. [NIH]
Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Crush Syndrome: Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Cryptococcus: A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium. [NIH]
Cryptococcus neoformans: A species of the fungus Cryptococcus, which causes cryptococcosis. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU]
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Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cystometrogram: A line graph that records urinary bladder pressure at various volumes. [NIH]
Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Defibrillation: The act to arrest the fibrillation of (heart muscle) by applying electric shock across the chest, thus depolarizing the heart cells and allowing normal rhythm to return. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH]
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Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Demulcent: Soothing; bland; allaying the irritation of inflamed or abraded surfaces. [EU] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by
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administration of graded immunotherapy. [EU]
doses
of
allergen;
called
also
hyposensitization
and
Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietetics: The study and regulation of the diet. [NIH] Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]
Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH]
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Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilate: Relax; expand. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during cryopreservation. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation. [NIH] Dioxins: Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA. [NIH] Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions
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of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dobutamine: A beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial infarction or open heart surgery. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Doping: The action of administering a drug to someone before a sports event (originally to a horse before a race); the substance thus administered. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring
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may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dysprosium: Dysprosium. An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]
Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elastomers: A generic term for all substances having the properties of natural, reclaimed, vulcanized, or synthetic rubber, in that they stretch under tension, have a high tensile strength, retract rapidly, and recover their original dimensions fully. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electric shock: A dangerous patho-physiological effect resulting from an electric current passing through the body of a human or animal. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear
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particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endolymph: The fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the ear. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endoscopes: Instruments for the visual examination of interior parts of hollow structures of the body. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH]
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Endosomes: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when coated vesicles shed their clathrin coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis). [EU] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are
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uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Epitope Mapping: Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry. [NIH] Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythrocyte Volume: Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach.
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[NIH]
Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethmoid: An unpaired cranial bone which helps form the medial walls of the orbits and contains the themoidal air cells which drain into the nose. [NIH] Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]
Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
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Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extrarenal: Outside of the kidney. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ,
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usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent. [NIH] Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH]
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Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food and Beverages: Edible or potable substances. [NIH] Food Chain: The sequence of transfers of matter and energy from organism to organism in the form of food. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a larger animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter. [NIH] Food Exchange: See: Exchange lists. [NIH] Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forskolin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive ionotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Francium: A radioactive alkali metal with the atomic symbol Fr, atomic number 87, and atomic weight 223. The mass numbers of other known isotopes are 204-213, 217-222, and 224. Its valence is +1. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH]
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Fulguration: Destroying tissue using an electric current. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. [NIH] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gangliosides: Protein kinase C's inhibitor which reduces ischemia-related brain damage. [NIH]
Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines,
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characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gavage: Feeding by a tube passed into the stomach; called also tube feeding. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Targeting: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH]
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Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genitourinary system: The parts of the body that play a role in reproduction, getting rid of waste products in the form of urine, or both. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.59. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH]
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Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gold Alloys: Alloys that contain a high percentage of gold. They are used in restorative or prosthetic dentistry. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Programs: Programs and activities sponsored or administered by local, state, or national governments. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to
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its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Halogens: A family of nonmetallic, generally electronegative, elements of group VIIa of the periodic table. They are all multivalent and have oxidation numbers of -1 (the most common), 1, 3, 5, and 7. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH]
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Hazardous Substances: Substances which, upon release into the atmosphere, water, or soil, or which, in direct contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, or as additives to food, cause health risks to humans or animals through absorption, inhalation, or ingestion. The concept includes safe handling, transportation, and storage of these substances. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of
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sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatopulmonary Syndrome: A syndrome consisting of the triad of liver dysfunction, pulmonary vascular dilatation, and abnormal arterial oxygenation in the absence of detectable intrinsic disease of the lung and heart. [NIH] Hepatorenal Syndrome: Renal failure in those with liver disease, usually liver cirrhosis or obstructive jaundice. Historically called Heyd disease, urohepatic syndrome, or bile nephrosis. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterogenic: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenous. [NIH] Heterogenous: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenic. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histocompatibility: The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH]
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Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [NIH] Hydrofluoric Acid: A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH]
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Hypercalciuria: Abnormally large amounts of calcium in the urine. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperkalaemia: Pathology: an abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood. [EU]
Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertension, Renal: Hypertension due to renal diseases, especially chronic parenchymal disease. Hypertension as a result of compression or obstruction of the renal artery or its branches is hypertension, renovascular. [NIH] Hypertension, Renovascular: Hypertension due to compression or obstruction of the renal artery or its branches. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]
Hypoglycemic Agents: Agents which lower the blood glucose level. [NIH] Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis: Loss or impairment of muscle function or sensation. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxemia: Deficient oxygenation of the blood; hypoxia. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH]
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Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunochemistry: Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] Impregnation: 1. The act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant. 2. The process or act of saturation; a saturated condition. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incineration: High temperature destruction of waste by burning with subsequent reduction to ashes or conversion to an inert mass. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH]
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Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled
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or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] In-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Instillation: . [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intermittent Claudication: A symptom complex characterized by leg pain and weakness brought on by walking, with the disappearance of the symptoms following a brief rest. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of
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digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intracranial Embolism: The sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus. [NIH] Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis: Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intramuscular injection: IM. Injection into a muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intravesical: Within the bladder. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the
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passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ionophores: Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isocyanates: Organic compounds that contain the -NCO radical. [NIH] Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. [NIH] Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma. [NIH] Isotonic: A biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. [EU] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Joint Capsule: The sac enclosing a joint. It is composed of an outer fibrous articular capsule and an inner synovial membrane. [NIH] Kainate: Glutamate receptor. [NIH] Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kallikrein-Kinin System: A system produced in the distal nephron of the kidney. Its components are kallikrein, kinins, kininase I and II, and enkephalinase. It is involved in
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mediation and modulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, prostaglandins, vasopressins, and in the regulation of sodium-water balance, renal hemodynamics, and particularly blood pressure. The system participates in the control of renal functions and the physiopathology of renal diseases. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to indomethacin. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an
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osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthitis: Inflammation of the inner ear. [NIH] Lanthanum: The prototypical element in the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol La, atomic number 57, and atomic weight 138.91. Lanthanide ion is used in experimental biology as a calcium antagonist; lanthanum oxide improves the optical properties of glass. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and
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strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lisinopril: An orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Livedo: A discoloured spot or patch on the skin, commonly due to passive congestion; commonly used alone to refer to l. reticularis. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH]
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Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Magnesium Chloride: Magnesium chloride. An inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys. [NIH] Magnesium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
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Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mendelevium: A man-made radioactive element of the actinide family with atomic symbol
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Md, atomic number 101, and atomic weight 258. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesenteric Arteries: Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines. [NIH] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metals, Alkali: Metals that constitute group Ia in the periodic table. They are the most strongly electropositive of the metals. [NIH] Metals, Alkaline Earth: Metals that constitute the group IIa in the periodic table. [NIH] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]
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Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Micromanipulators: A high precision instrument used in microinjection or chromosome dissection activities. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]
labeled
with
Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Millimeter: A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mineralocorticoid: 1. Any of the group of C21 corticosteroids, principally aldosterone, predominantly involved in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance through their effect on ion transport in epithelial cells of the renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium; some also possess varying degrees of glucocorticoid activity. Their secretion is regulated principally by plasma volume, serum potassium concentration and angiotensin II, and to a lesser extent by anterior pituitary ACTH. 2. Of, pertaining to, having the properties of, or resembling a mineralocorticoid. [EU] Miotic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing miosis : contraction of the pupil. 2. An agent that causes the pupil to contract. 3. Meiotic: characterized by cell division. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH]
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Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]
Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Monogenic: A human disease caused by a mutation in a single gene. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH]
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Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Multiple Organ Failure: A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Muscarinic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (receptors, muscarinic). Muscarinic agonists are most commonly used when it is desirable to increase smooth muscle tone, especially in the GI tract, urinary bladder and the eye. They may also be used to reduce heart rate. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result
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in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Myometrium: The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Natriuresis: The excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine. [EU] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action
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toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH] Neodymium: Neodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones. [NIH] Nephrologist: A doctor who treats patients with kidney problems or hypertension. [NIH] Nephrology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney. [NIH] Nephron: A tiny part of the kidneys. Each kidney is made up of about 1 million nephrons, which are the working units of the kidneys, removing wastes and extra fluids from the blood. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nephrotoxic: Toxic or destructive to kidney cells. [EU] Neptunium: A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, atomic number 93, and atomic weight 237. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurites: In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell. [NIH]
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Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neurotrophins: A nerve growth factor. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH]
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Niacinamide: An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nicorandil: A derivative of the niacinamide that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Oxides: Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen. [NIH] Nocturia: Excessive urination at night. [EU] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with nucleoproteins which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]
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Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ocular Hypertension: A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Olfactory Bulb: Ovoid body resting on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone where the olfactory nerve terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose dendrites the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the vomeronasal organ via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. [NIH] Olfactory Nerve: The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of olfactory receptor neurons which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the olfactory bulb. [NIH] Oligo: Chemical and mineral elements that exist in minimal (oligo) quantities in the body, in foods, in the air, in soil; name applied to any element observed as a microconstituent of plant or animal tissue and of beneficial, harmful, or even doubtful significance. [NIH] Oligodeoxyribonucleotides: A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes
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currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proopiomelanocortin, respectively. There are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic nerve head: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]
Osmolality: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions; osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressure lowering. [EU] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osmoles: The standard unit of osmotic pressure. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit
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the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Osteodystrophy: Defective bone formation. [EU] Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. [EU]
Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like digitalis. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]
Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA
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bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] P-450: Enzyme that donates electrons to P-450 enzymes which metabolize drugs in the liver. [NIH]
Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreas Transplant: A surgical procedure that involves replacing the pancreas of a person who has diabetes with a healthy pancreas that can make insulin. The healthy pancreas comes from a donor who has just died or from a living relative. A person can donate half a pancreas and still live normally. [NIH] Pancreas Transplantation: The transference of a pancreas from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Paraganglia, Chromaffin: Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH]
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Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pentosan polysulfate: A drug used to relieve pain or discomfort associated with chronic inflammation of the bladder. It is also being evaluated for its protective effects on the gastrointestinal tract in people undergoing radiation therapy. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of
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proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Pericytes: Smooth muscle cell that wraps around normal blood vessels. [NIH] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Perineural: Around a nerve or group of nerves. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a
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catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Pheromones: Chemical substances which, when secreted by an individual into the environment, cause specific reactions in other individuals, usually of the same species. The substances relate only to multicellular organisms. This includes kairomones. Allomones are repellent pheromones. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not
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stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphoprotein Phosphatase: A group of enzymes removing the serine- or threoninebound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.1.3.16. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylating: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Physiology: Physiological functions characteristic of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU]
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Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Point System: A way to plan meals that uses points to rate food. The foods are placed in four classes: calories, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Each food is given a point value within its class. A person with a planned diet for the day can choose foods in the same class that have the same point values for meals and snacks. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polycarboxylate Cement: Water-soluble low-molecular-weight polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid that form solid, insoluble products when mixed with specially prepared ZnO powder. The resulting cement adheres to dental enamel and is also used as a luting agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Polyurethanes: A group of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers containing polyisocyanate. They are used as elastomers, as coatings, as fibers and as foams. [NIH] Polyuria: Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency,
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commonly seen in diabetes. [NIH] Population Growth: Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region. [NIH] Porins: Protein molecules situated in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that, in dimeric or trimeric form, constitute a water-filled transmembrane channel allowing passage of ions and other small molecules. Porins are also found in bacterial cell walls, and in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate cell and mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions. [NIH] Potassium Chloride: Potassium chloride. A white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives. [NIH] Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher. [NIH] Potassium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Potassium Cyanide: Potassium cyanide (K(CN)). A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes. [NIH] Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison. [NIH] Potassium hydroxide: A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparatrion of some drugs. [NIH] Potassium Isotopes: Stable potassium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element potassium, but differ in atomic weight. K-41 is a stable potassium isotope. [NIH] Potassium, Dietary: Potassium or potassium compounds used in foods or as foods. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Power Plants: Units that convert some form of energy into electrical energy, such as
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hydroelectric or steam-generating stations, diesel-electric engines in locomotives, or nuclear power plants. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Praseodymium: Praseodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Pressoreceptors: Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promethium: Promethium. A radioactive element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pm, atomic number 61, and atomic weight 147. It has been used in the construction of atomic batteries, in the preparation of self-luminous compounds, and as a
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beta-particle source for thickness gauges. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity. The drug is generally well tolerated. [NIH]
Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins B: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They are potent pressor substances and have many other physiological activities. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostaglandins F: (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-
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oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protactinium: Protactinium. A radioactive element of the actinide group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pa, atomic number 91, and atomic weight 231. It decays by alpha-emission. [NIH]
Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different genes, or from the same gene by alternative splicing. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the
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nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Gas Exchange: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal
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cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Pyruvate Kinase: ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and
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interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Railroads: Permanent roads having a line of rails fixed to ties and laid to gage, usually on a leveled or graded ballasted roadbed and providing a track for freight cars, passenger cars, and other rolling stock. Cars are designed to be drawn by locomotives or sometimes propelled by self-contained motors. (From Webster's 3d) The concept includes the organizational and administrative aspects of railroads as well. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rationalization: A defense mechanism operating unconsciously, in which the individual attempts to justify or make consciously tolerable, by plausible means, feelings, behavior, and motives that would otherwise be intolerable. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Muscarinic: One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for muscarine over nicotine. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3.) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH]
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Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]
Rehydration: The restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has become dehydrated. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal Artery: A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters. [NIH] Renal Dialysis: Removal of certain elements from the blood based on the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Renal tubular acidosis: A rare disorder in which structures in the kidney that filter the blood are impaired, producing using that is more acid than normal. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme
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contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Renovascular: Of or pertaining to the blood vessels of the kidneys. [EU] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve disorders; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promotor and enhancer regions. [NIH]
Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an
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uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA
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attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]
Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Roentgenography: Production of an image of an object on film, or other kind of sensitized plate, usually by means of X-radiation or gamma radiation, the contrast between different areas of the image being the result of differential interaction of the radiation in the object. [NIH]
Rotator: A muscle by which a part can be turned circularly. [NIH] Rotator Cuff: The musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. These help stabilize the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa and allow for rotation of the shoulder joint about its longitudinal axis. [NIH] Rotenone: A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. [NIH]
Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells. [NIH] Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for platinum and palladium. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saccharomyces: A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order saccharomycetales. [NIH] Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus Saccharomyces, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement. [NIH]
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Saccharomycetales: An order of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota that multiply by budding. They include the telomorphic ascomycetous yeasts which are found in a very wide range of habitats. [NIH] Saccule: The smaller of the 2 sacs within the vestibule of the ear. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU]
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Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secretory Vesicles: Vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus containing material to be released at the cell surface. [NIH] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senna: Preparations of Cassia senna L. and C. angustifolia of the Leguminosae. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type cathartics and are used in many different preparations as laxatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines,
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pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Silicone Oils: Organic siloxanes which are polymerized to the oily stage. The oils have low surface tension and density less than 1. They are used in industrial applications and in the
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treatment of retinal detachment, complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy. [NIH] Siloxanes: Silicon polymers that contain alternate silicon and oxygen atoms in linear or cyclic molecular structures. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Sodium Fluoride: A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Sodium sulfite: A chemical used in photography, paper making, water treatment, and for other purposes. [NIH] Sodium-Calcium Exchanger: An electrogenic ion exchange protein that maintains a steady level of calcium by removing an amount of calcium equal to that which enters the cells. It is
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widely distributed in most excitable membranes, including the brain and heart. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrometer: An apparatus for determining spectra; measures quantities such as wavelengths and relative amplitudes of components. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Count: A count of sperm in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter. [NIH]
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Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Spermine: A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spiral Ganglion: The sensory ganglion of the cochlear nerve. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this
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group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stria: 1. A streak, or line. 2. A narrow bandlike structure; a general term for such longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain. [EU] Stria Vascularis: A layer of highly vascular pigmented granular cells on the outer wall of the cochlear duct. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Submandibular: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions
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of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sudden cardiac death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. [NIH] Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superinfection: A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Surgical Instruments: Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH]
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Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Syncytium: A living nucleated tissue without apparent cellular structure; a tissue composed of a mass of nucleated protoplasm without cell boundaries. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Tellurium: Tellurium. An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression. [NIH] Telomere: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Terbium: Terbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH]
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Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Tetrodotoxin: Octahydro-12-(hydroxymethyl)-2-imino-5,9:7,10a-dimethano10aH(1,3)dioxocino(6,5-a)pyrimidine-4,7,10,11,12-pentol. An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order Tetradontiformes (pufferfish, globefish, toadfish), which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]
hydroxyethyl)-4-
Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Thorium: Thorium. A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography. [NIH] Thorium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain thorium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH]
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Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to carbenicillin in action. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive
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elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Tractus: A part of some structure, usually that part along which something passes. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme
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"donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Trivalent: Having a valence of three. [EU] Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uncoupling Agents: Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those ionophores that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH]
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Universal Precautions: Prudent standard preventive measures to be taken by professional and other health personnel in contact with persons afflicted with a communicable disease, to avoid contracting the disease by contagion or infection. Precautions are especially applicable in the diagnosis and care of AIDS patients. [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urodynamics: The mechanical laws of fluid dynamics as they apply to urine transport. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urolithiasis: Stones in the urinary system. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes
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muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alphahydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Vanadium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain vanadium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasopressins: Octapeptide antidiuretic hormones released by the neurohypophysis of all vertebrates (chemical composition varies with species). They control water metabolism and balance by regulating lung, gill, kidney, etc., and water loss, and also contract smooth muscle. They may also be neurotransmitters. Also included are synthetic vasopressin derivatives. Vasopressins are used pharmacologically as renal agents, vasoconstrictor agents, and hemostatics. [NIH] VATER: A word made from the first letters of a group of birth defects. It is used when all of these birth defects affect the same child. The birth defects are [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH]
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Potassium
Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Dysfunction: A condition in which the ventricles of the heart exhibit a decreased functionality. [NIH] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]
Ventricular Pressure: The pressure within a cardiac ventricle. Ventricular pressure waveforms can be measured in the beating heart by catheterization or estimated using imaging techniques (e.g., Doppler echocardiography). The information is useful in evaluating the function of the myocardium, cardiac valves, and pericardium, particularly with simultaneous measurement of other (e.g., aortic or atrial) pressures. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH]
Dictionary 413
Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]
Vomeronasal Organ: A specialized part of the olfactory system located anteriorly in the nasal cavity within the nasal septum. Chemosensitive cells of the vomeronasal organ project via the vomeronasal nerve to the accessory olfactory bulb. The primary function of this organ appears to be in sensing pheromones which regulate reproductive and other social behaviors. While the structure has been thought absent in higher primate adults, data now suggests it may be present in adult humans. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Ytterbium: Ytterbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable X-ray source. [NIH] Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
414
Potassium
415
INDEX A Abdominal, 242, 306, 311, 312, 339, 351, 369, 380, 382, 393, 395 Ablation, 89, 311 Abrasion, 198, 311 Acceptor, 311, 366, 379, 408 ACE, 4, 26, 112, 311 Acetic Acids, 168, 311 Acetylcholine, 39, 311, 330, 375, 376 Acidity, 192, 311, 383 Acidosis, 24, 47, 60, 192, 233, 234, 241, 243, 245, 311 Acidosis, Renal Tubular, 233, 311 Acrylonitrile, 173, 174, 311, 396 Actin, 33, 101, 110, 153, 311, 372, 373 Actinium, 210, 211, 311 Action Potentials, 30, 45, 55, 62, 180, 226, 311 Acute renal, 231, 235, 236, 241, 245, 246, 247, 311, 355 Acyl, 89, 311 Adaptability, 311, 328 Adaptation, 44, 55, 72, 312, 385 Adenine, 312, 390 Adenoma, 103, 312 Adenosine, 7, 39, 76, 82, 83, 90, 124, 151, 153, 225, 312, 320, 325, 384, 406 Adenosine Triphosphate, 82, 83, 90, 124, 151, 312, 320, 384 Adenylate Cyclase, 53, 312, 349 Adhesives, 191, 311, 312 Adipocytes, 312, 365 Adjustment, 179, 225, 255, 312 Adjuvant, 312, 315, 351 Adrenal Cortex, 312, 314, 336, 387, 394 Adrenal Glands, 277, 312, 315, 393 Adrenal Medulla, 312, 327, 330, 344, 345, 376, 380 Adrenaline, 82, 312 Adrenergic, 28, 38, 39, 50, 68, 108, 136, 217, 312, 313, 341, 345, 391, 404 Adrenergic Agents, 50, 312 Adrenergic Antagonists, 217, 312 Adsorption, 149, 161, 184, 185, 312 Adsorptive, 312, 313 Adverse Effect, 5, 41, 86, 223, 257, 313, 399 Aerobic, 313, 370 Afferent, 20, 28, 54, 313, 347, 365
Affinity, 22, 39, 57, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 93, 169, 313, 319, 400 Age Groups, 16, 313 Age of Onset, 313, 409 Aged, 80 and Over, 313 Agonist, 19, 53, 160, 212, 313, 326, 341, 363, 376, 384 Airway, 74, 146, 169, 313, 400 Albumin, 313, 384 Albuterol, 90, 135, 313 Aldehydes, 168, 313 Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, 164, 313 Aldosterone, 4, 22, 32, 35, 46, 52, 63, 70, 92, 233, 241, 246, 307, 314, 364, 370 Alertness, 314, 325 Algorithms, 247, 314, 323 Alimentary, 314, 339, 381 Alkaloid, 314, 376, 391, 406 Alkalosis, 47, 60, 234, 245, 314, 406 Alkylation, 186, 314 Allergen, 314, 339, 398 Allo, 314, 354 Allografts, 314, 356 Alloys, 164, 314, 332, 353, 367, 380 Allylamine, 314, 315 Alopecia, 219, 314 Alpha Particles, 314, 391 Alpha-1, 24, 314 Alternative medicine, 263, 314 Alternative Splicing, 20, 50, 150, 151, 314, 389 Aluminum Hydroxide, 176, 314 Ameliorated, 219, 315 Amenorrhea, 315, 317 Amine, 147, 221, 315, 356 Amino acid, 47, 51, 56, 59, 64, 192, 207, 223, 308, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 326, 329, 340, 346, 351, 353, 356, 357, 363, 365, 369, 375, 381, 382, 383, 387, 389, 396, 398, 399, 403, 404, 406, 409, 410 Amino Acid Sequence, 207, 315, 317, 346, 351 Aminophylline, 143, 315 Ammonia, 150, 315, 353, 410 Amoxicillin, 76, 221, 265, 315 Ampicillin, 315 Amplification, 27, 85, 315 Amyloidosis, 232, 315
416
Potassium
Anabolic, 258, 315, 340 Anaesthesia, 74, 315, 360 Anal, 41, 109, 315, 345, 348 Analgesic, 209, 315, 339, 358, 373, 391 Analog, 53, 316, 348 Analogous, 316, 385, 408 Anaphylatoxins, 316, 333 Anatomical, 16, 40, 316, 320, 330, 334, 340, 343, 359, 370, 397 Anemia, 233, 285, 316, 325, 332, 349, 391 Anesthesia, 93, 102, 243, 313, 316, 337, 343 Anesthetics, 7, 93, 316, 345 Aneurysm, 316, 411 Angina, 219, 262, 316 Anginal, 316, 376 Angioplasty, 82, 85, 261, 316, 373 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 233, 316 Angiotensinogen, 46, 316, 393 Anhydrides, 168, 316 Anhydrous, 191, 209, 316 Animal model, 49, 316 Anions, 201, 211, 228, 313, 316, 363, 399 Ankle, 160, 316 Annealing, 202, 316 Anode, 159, 215, 316, 317 Anomalies, 180, 317, 405 Anorexia, 125, 132, 306, 317, 318, 351, 379 Anorexia Nervosa, 125, 132, 317 Anoxia, 48, 208, 317 Antagonism, 317, 325, 406 Anterior Cerebral Artery, 317, 329 Anthropometry, 96, 317 Antiarrhythmic, 17, 92, 317 Antibacterial, 127, 192, 197, 317, 401 Antibiotic, 181, 221, 315, 317, 320, 325, 381, 401, 407, 411 Antibodies, 22, 32, 51, 104, 168, 207, 317, 345, 354, 359, 367, 371, 384 Antibody, 51, 197, 313, 317, 318, 333, 345, 354, 357, 359, 360, 368, 371, 391, 398, 401 Anticoagulant, 126, 317, 389 Antidepressant, 101, 243, 317, 348 Antidiabetic, 164, 317 Antidiabetic Agent, 164, 317 Antidote, 317, 325 Antifungal, 205, 317, 348 Antigen, 148, 313, 317, 318, 333, 352, 357, 358, 359, 360, 368, 370, 398 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 318, 333 Antihypertensive, 108, 241, 318, 349 Anti-infective, 318, 330, 357, 362, 400
Anti-inflammatory, 160, 209, 318, 339, 352, 358, 360, 364, 373 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 318, 364 Antimetabolite, 318, 348 Antimicrobial, 192, 318, 331, 339 Antimony, 150, 174, 210, 211, 318 Antineoplastic, 18, 318, 348, 351 Antineoplastic Agents, 18, 318 Antioxidant, 192, 318, 319, 350, 379 Antipyretic, 209, 318, 339, 373, 391 Antiseptic, 318, 386 Antiviral, 318, 361, 382 Anuria, 318, 364 Anus, 315, 318, 324, 332, 382 Aorta, 318, 335, 369, 387, 393, 412 Apamin, 55, 169, 318 Apnea, 318 Apoptosis, 15, 26, 67, 95, 97, 99, 148, 318, 327 Appetite Stimulants, 258, 318 Approximate, 223, 318 Aqueous humor, 217, 319, 331 Arabidopsis, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 319 Arachidonic Acid, 18, 319, 365, 388 Arginine, 41, 70, 316, 319, 376 Argon, 145, 146, 153, 184, 249, 251, 252, 319 Aromatic, 162, 163, 221, 319, 326, 334, 383, 402 Arrhythmia, 33, 58, 94, 124, 132, 180, 306, 317, 319 Arterial, 8, 25, 31, 42, 49, 51, 60, 89, 108, 124, 314, 319, 324, 329, 335, 356, 358, 362, 389, 405 Arteries, 31, 36, 42, 129, 318, 319, 323, 327, 329, 335, 336, 369, 372, 376, 407 Arteriolar, 319, 324, 394 Arterioles, 41, 80, 124, 319, 323, 326, 372, 376, 411 Arteriosus, 319, 390 Arteriovenous, 319, 329 Artery, 7, 31, 36, 86, 94, 132, 219, 316, 317, 319, 327, 335, 343, 373, 381, 390, 394 Arthroscopy, 160, 319 Articular, 161, 319, 363 Ascorbic Acid, 128, 236, 319, 357, 379 Aseptic, 319, 378, 402 Aspartate, 13, 39, 225, 319 Assay, 28, 37, 59, 60, 319, 409 Astringent, 225, 319, 386 Astrocytes, 18, 23, 149, 319, 370
Index 417
Ataxia, 33, 285, 320, 406 Atrial, 66, 96, 262, 320, 335, 412 Atrial Fibrillation, 262, 320 Atrium, 50, 109, 320, 335, 412 Atrophy, 284, 285, 320, 375 Attenuation, 60, 320 Atypical, 53, 320 Auditory, 15, 27, 110, 125, 131, 320, 354 Autoimmune disease, 320, 372 Autologous, 101, 320 Autonomic, 44, 60, 311, 320, 376, 382, 401, 404 Autonomic Nervous System, 60, 320, 382, 401, 404 Auxin, 64, 320 Axonal, 59, 72, 320 Axons, 54, 320, 338, 377, 378, 391, 395 Aztreonam, 124, 320 B Babesiosis, 320, 391 Background Radiation, 216, 321 Bacterial Infections, 221, 321, 329 Bacterial Physiology, 312, 321 Bactericidal, 321, 346 Bacteriophage, 321, 384, 408 Bacteriuria, 321, 410 Barium, 170, 210, 211, 219, 321 Baroreflex, 60, 321 Basal Ganglia, 320, 321, 324, 350 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 320, 321 Basophils, 321, 354, 365 Baths, 172, 321 Behavioral Symptoms, 208, 321 Benign, 9, 219, 220, 230, 312, 321, 322, 350, 355, 374 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 219, 322 Benzene, 186, 322 Berylliosis, 322 Beryllium, 167, 204, 210, 211, 219, 322 Beta blocker, 233, 322 Beta-Lactamases, 320, 322 Bile, 322, 350, 356, 363, 366, 403 Biliary, 322, 326 Biliary Tract, 322, 326 Binding Sites, 83, 322 Biogenesis, 33, 322 Biological Markers, 11, 322 Biological response modifier, 322, 361 Biological therapy, 322, 354 Biomarkers, 25, 322 Biophysics, 20, 21, 31, 41, 43, 47, 49, 59, 98, 110, 322
Biopsy, 243, 323 Biotechnology, 62, 72, 205, 253, 263, 275, 278, 284, 285, 286, 323 Biotin, 236, 323 Biotransformation, 323 Bipolar Disorder, 168, 323 Bismuth, 167, 173, 174, 176, 210, 211, 323 Bladder, 6, 9, 213, 219, 243, 258, 320, 322, 323, 337, 359, 362, 372, 381, 389, 393, 410, 413 Blastocyst, 323, 334, 384 Blood Coagulation, 323, 325, 407 Blood Coagulation Factors, 323 Blood Gas Analysis, 89, 323 Blood Glucose, 259, 323, 355, 358, 361 Blood Platelets, 323, 399 Blood Proteins, 202, 323 Blood transfusion, 3, 323 Blood urea, 240, 323, 364 Blood Volume, 32, 324 Blood-Brain Barrier, 18, 208, 324 Blot, 28, 40, 324 Body Fluid Compartments, 242, 324 Body Fluids, 224, 234, 240, 245, 264, 314, 322, 324, 341, 348, 400, 409 Bone Density, 6, 324 Bone Marrow, 101, 322, 324, 345, 351, 359, 367, 371, 402 Bone Resorption, 5, 86, 324 Boric Acids, 168, 324 Boron, 150, 167, 211, 324 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 324 Bowel, 5, 79, 219, 315, 324, 340, 362, 365, 382, 403 Bowel Movement, 324, 340, 403 Bradykinin, 160, 212, 324, 363, 376, 384 Brain Hypoxia, 324, 406 Brain Infarction, 324 Brain Ischemia, 208, 324, 329 Brain Stem, 324, 329, 332, 402 Branch, 180, 260, 303, 324, 342, 367, 381, 390, 393, 401, 406 Breakdown, 210, 226, 259, 323, 325, 328, 339, 350, 378 Broad-spectrum, 315, 325, 326 Bromine, 163, 167, 211, 325 Bronchial, 315, 325, 356, 389, 406 Bronchiseptica, 325, 382 Buffers, 229, 321, 325 Bumetanide, 21, 325 Burns, 96, 132, 325, 357
418
Potassium
C Cadmium, 101, 110, 190, 210, 211, 220, 325 Cadmium Poisoning, 325 Caffeine, 233, 236, 325, 390 Calcium Carbonate, 173, 176, 194, 325 Calcium channel blocker, 255, 325 Calcium Channels, 9, 20, 39, 48, 62, 130, 325 Calcium Chloride, 174, 175, 199, 325 Calcium Hydroxide, 161, 176, 188, 325 Calcium Oxalate, 6, 326, 379 Calculi, 123, 326, 353 Calmodulin, 26, 326 Caloric intake, 238, 239, 326 Candidiasis, 326, 348 Capillary, 18, 324, 326, 352, 390, 396, 412 Capillary Permeability, 324, 326 Capsules, 326, 348, 351, 352 Carbachol, 39, 326 Carbenicillin, 326, 407 Carbohydrate, 9, 55, 223, 224, 235, 236, 239, 307, 326, 352, 353, 377, 385 Carbon Dioxide, 185, 193, 194, 323, 326, 337, 348, 350, 384, 390, 394, 410, 411 Carboxy, 33, 326, 363 Carboxylic Acids, 154, 168, 326 Carboxymethylcellulose, 165, 326 Carcinogenesis, 128, 326 Carcinogenic, 322, 326, 339, 340, 360, 361, 377, 388, 403 Carcinogens, 327, 330, 377, 379 Cardiac arrest, 11, 45, 306, 327, 404 Cardiac Glycosides, 30, 327 Cardiac Output, 321, 327 Cardiac Surgical Procedures, 11, 327 Cardiology, 29, 77, 85, 101, 327 Cardioplegic Solutions, 12, 327 Cardiopulmonary, 49, 327 Cardiotonic, 327, 340, 341 Cardiotoxic, 12, 327 Cardiovascular disease, 25, 36, 61, 164, 327 Cardiovascular System, 41, 50, 235, 327 Carotene, 327, 394 Carotid Arteries, 61, 327 Carrier Proteins, 327, 384 Case report, 83, 100, 124, 327 Caspase, 95, 327 Catecholamine, 327, 341 Catheter, 127, 328, 343 Catheterization, 316, 328, 373, 412 Cathode, 159, 165, 166, 215, 317, 328, 346
Cations, 55, 65, 165, 184, 201, 328, 363 Cause of Death, 208, 328 Caustic, 77, 158, 328, 386, 400 Cell Adhesion, 212, 328 Cell Death, 85, 91, 104, 124, 131, 208, 318, 328, 352 Cell Differentiation, 20, 54, 328, 399 Cell Division, 69, 284, 321, 328, 354, 368, 370, 371, 384, 388, 398 Cell proliferation, 35, 328, 399 Cell Respiration, 328, 370, 394 Cell Survival, 328, 354 Cell Transplantation, 328 Cellobiose, 328 Cellular metabolism, 12, 185, 328 Cellulose, 165, 328, 350, 384 Central Nervous System Infections, 329, 355 Centrifugation, 52, 329 Cerebellar, 62, 64, 67, 85, 105, 127, 320, 329, 392 Cerebellum, 105, 324, 329, 392 Cerebral, 8, 41, 42, 53, 75, 208, 317, 320, 321, 324, 329, 335, 345, 346, 348, 349, 374, 390 Cerebral Arteries, 42, 329 Cerebral Cortex, 320, 329, 346, 348, 374, 390 Cerebral Infarction, 208, 324, 329 Cerebrovascular, 41, 42, 321, 327, 329, 406 Cerebrovascular Disorders, 41, 329, 406 Cerebrum, 329, 409 Cerium, 210, 211, 329 Cesium, 164, 165, 167, 210, 211, 329 Character, 235, 329, 337 Charybdotoxin, 169, 329 Chemotactic Factors, 329, 333 Chemotherapy, 124, 137, 330 Chimeras, 58, 59, 330 Chin, 330, 369 Chlorhexidine, 127, 330 Chlorides, 165, 171, 330 Chlorine, 153, 172, 174, 175, 211, 228, 330 Chlorophyll, 330, 350 Cholera, 224, 330, 412 Cholesterol, 116, 233, 236, 237, 238, 239, 259, 322, 330, 335, 366, 397, 403 Choline, 85, 330 Cholinergic, 326, 330, 372, 376, 392 Choroid, 330, 335, 394 Chromaffin Cells, 10, 169, 330, 380 Chromates, 188, 330
Index 419
Chromatin, 318, 330, 344, 375 Chromic, 188, 330, 386 Chromium, 153, 167, 173, 179, 218, 220, 236, 330 Chromosomal, 22, 315, 330, 405 Chromosome, 330, 354, 366, 370, 398, 405 Chronic Disease, 254, 331 Chronic renal, 21, 25, 233, 236, 241, 242, 245, 246, 331, 385 Chronotropic, 39, 331 Ciliary, 152, 319, 331 Ciliary processes, 319, 331 Cinchona, 331, 391 Ciprofloxacin, 265, 331 Cirrhosis, 22, 49, 92, 331 CIS, 22, 331, 394 Citric Acid, 12, 174, 228, 331 Citrus, 319, 331 Civilization, 215, 331 Clamp, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 30, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 48, 51, 59, 62, 331 Clathrin, 44, 331, 332, 344 Clear cell carcinoma, 331, 338 Clinical Medicine, 36, 331, 387 Clinical trial, 7, 83, 275, 276, 277, 331, 335, 341, 389, 392 Clone, 16, 331 Cloning, 35, 64, 71, 78, 92, 168, 323, 331 Coagulation, 323, 331, 355, 384, 407 Coal, 161, 250, 322, 332 Coated Vesicles, 331, 332, 344 Cobalt, 101, 110, 148, 163, 167, 210, 211, 332 Cochlea, 13, 15, 20, 332, 361 Cochlear, 13, 15, 20, 125, 332, 402, 403, 407 Cochlear Duct, 332, 403 Cochlear Nerve, 332, 402 Cod Liver Oil, 332, 343 Coenzyme, 319, 332, 376 Cofactor, 332, 376, 389, 407 Coitus, 25, 332 Colitis, 258, 332 Collagen, 127, 195, 312, 315, 332, 347, 351, 385, 387 Collapse, 11, 306, 325, 332, 400 Colloidal, 159, 195, 223, 224, 228, 313, 332, 383, 399 Colon, 22, 35, 169, 284, 332, 333, 365 Colonoscopy, 5, 332 Combination Therapy, 163, 164, 333 Combinatorial, 63, 333
Communicable disease, 333, 410 Communis, 139, 333 Complement, 14, 57, 316, 333, 351, 384, 398 Complementary and alternative medicine, 123, 144, 333 Complementary medicine, 123, 333 Complete remission, 333, 393 Compress, 200, 333 Computational Biology, 275, 278, 333 Conception, 218, 334, 347, 402 Concomitant, 17, 52, 334 Concretion, 326, 334 Condiments, 189, 293, 334 Conduction, 9, 28, 159, 260, 334, 406 Cones, 334, 394 Congenita, 334, 391 Congestion, 334, 366 Congestive heart failure, 22, 44, 327, 334, 366 Conjugated, 334, 337, 373, 376, 377 Conjunctiva, 334, 360 Conjunctivitis, 94, 103, 334 Connective Tissue, 319, 324, 332, 334, 347, 350, 351, 367, 395, 405 Connexins, 15, 334, 350 Consciousness, 315, 334, 338, 340, 341 Constipation, 234, 238, 264, 334 Constriction, 334, 363, 411 Constriction, Pathologic, 334, 411 Consumption, 171, 187, 193, 213, 223, 229, 232, 236, 334, 351, 377, 380 Contamination, 126, 178, 179, 202, 334, 356 Contractility, 10, 17, 31, 152, 316, 334 Contraindications, ii, 5, 293, 334 Contrast medium, 88, 334, 335 Controlled study, 4, 104, 126, 335 Conus, 335, 390 Conventional therapy, 335 Conventional treatment, 258, 335 Convulsions, 103, 318, 335, 342, 387 Coordination, 153, 276, 329, 335, 372 Cor, 335 Cornea, 319, 335 Corneum, 335, 345 Coronary, 7, 36, 80, 81, 86, 87, 94, 97, 124, 126, 132, 219, 262, 327, 335, 336, 369, 372, 376 Coronary Angiography, 97, 335 Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 335, 372 Coronary Artery Bypass, 8, 335 Coronary heart disease, 327, 335
420
Potassium
Coronary Thrombosis, 335, 369, 372 Coronary Vasospasm, 262, 336 Corpus, 336, 387, 413 Corpus Luteum, 336, 387 Corrosion, 167, 179, 188, 228, 248, 336 Cortex, 39, 137, 148, 336, 344, 392 Cortical, 34, 38, 39, 44, 47, 64, 336, 346, 391, 398, 406 Corticosteroids, 141, 336, 352, 370 Cortisol, 46, 313, 336 Cortisone, 336, 339 Cosmic Radiation, 216, 336 Cranial, 79, 329, 332, 336, 346, 347, 355, 377, 378, 382 Craniocerebral Trauma, 321, 336, 355, 406, 407 Creatinine, 5, 51, 246, 259, 264, 336, 364 Creatinine clearance, 5, 336 Cribriform, 336, 377 Crossing-over, 336, 392 Crush Syndrome, 99, 336 Cryptococcosis, 336 Cryptococcus, 276, 336 Cryptococcus neoformans, 276, 336 Crystallization, 191, 336 Cultured cells, 52, 337 Curare, 337, 372 Curative, 243, 337, 375, 396, 406 Cyanide, 172, 337, 386 Cyclic, 65, 152, 227, 238, 279, 312, 325, 326, 337, 349, 354, 376, 383, 388, 400, 406 Cystitis, 5, 87, 102, 104, 242, 258, 290, 337 Cystometrogram, 6, 337 Cytochrome, 8, 18, 124, 337 Cytokine, 73, 337 Cytomegalovirus, 258, 337 Cytoplasm, 318, 321, 328, 337, 344, 354, 371, 375, 395, 397 Cytosine, 337, 348, 391 Cytotoxic, 12, 337, 399 D Dairy Products, 6, 337, 397 Deamination, 337, 410 Decarboxylation, 154, 337, 356 Defibrillation, 96, 337 Degenerative, 217, 335, 337, 356, 367, 394, 395 Dehydration, 5, 224, 330, 337 Deletion, 33, 59, 318, 338 Dementia, 208, 338 Demulcent, 192, 338 Dendrites, 338, 374, 375, 377, 391
Dendritic, 59, 215, 338, 368, 395, 402 Density, 6, 28, 32, 42, 52, 80, 146, 165, 179, 191, 219, 324, 329, 338, 366, 377, 399, 401 Dental Caries, 338, 348, 400 Dentate Gyrus, 155, 338, 356 Dentifrices, 315, 338 Deoxyribonucleic, 338, 395 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 338, 395 Deoxyribonucleotides, 338, 377 Depolarization, 48, 68, 222, 338, 399 Depressive Disorder, 338, 366 Deprivation, 23, 208, 338 Dermatitis, 104, 126, 229, 230, 338 DES, 161, 316, 338 Desensitization, 65, 199, 225, 338 Detergents, 203, 339, 348 Deuterium, 339, 357 Dexamethasone, 21, 339 Diabetes Insipidus, 339, 357 Diabetes Mellitus, 125, 163, 164, 232, 233, 259, 339, 352, 355 Diabetic Retinopathy, 24, 339 Diagnostic procedure, 157, 243, 263, 339 Dialysate, 3, 216, 232, 245, 339 Dialyzer, 245, 339, 355 Diaphragm, 16, 152, 339 Diarrhea, 5, 133, 223, 264, 265, 306, 339 Diastolic, 339, 358 Diclofenac, 90, 209, 339 Diclofenac Sodium, 339 Diencephalon, 329, 339, 358 Dietary Fiber, 236, 239, 339 Dietetics, 255, 339 Diethylnitrosamine, 130, 339 Dietitian, 6, 237, 238, 244, 292, 293, 294, 339 Digestion, 9, 43, 74, 314, 322, 324, 339, 362, 366, 403 Digestive system, 291, 340 Digitalis, 327, 340, 379 Dihydrotestosterone, 340, 392 Dilatation, 41, 316, 340, 356, 387, 411 Dilatation, Pathologic, 340, 411 Dilate, 124, 340 Dilation, 324, 340, 411 Dilution, 233, 241, 242, 258, 340, 345 Dimethyl, 77, 168, 205, 243, 340 Dimethyl Sulfoxide, 243, 340 Dioxins, 161, 340 Diphosphates, 101, 340 Diploid, 340, 384 Discrete, 24, 35, 201, 340, 366, 405
Index 421
Disease Progression, 257, 340 Disinfectant, 178, 330, 340, 346 Dissection, 54, 340, 370 Dissociation, 228, 313, 340, 362 Dissociative Disorders, 340 Distal, 22, 32, 35, 47, 59, 80, 102, 320, 335, 341, 342, 363, 382, 390 Diuresis, 325, 341, 406 Dizziness, 54, 341, 412 DNA Topoisomerase, 341, 351 Dobutamine, 86, 341 Dominance, 219, 341 Dopamine, 53, 148, 341, 375, 383 Doping, 177, 341 Dorsal, 56, 341, 386, 402 Double-blind, 126, 341 Drive, ii, vi, 37, 107, 179, 218, 241, 242, 255, 265, 292, 293, 341, 362 Drug Interactions, 269, 341 Drug Tolerance, 341, 407 Duct, 22, 24, 34, 44, 47, 59, 64, 328, 341, 346, 380, 397 Dura mater, 341, 369, 380 Dyes, 321, 341, 375, 376 Dysmenorrhea, 219, 342, 373 Dysplasia, 39, 285, 342 Dysprosium, 210, 211, 342 Dystrophy, 84, 134, 284, 342 E Eating Disorders, 219, 342 Echocardiography, 86, 342, 412 Eclampsia, 342, 387 Edema, 133, 240, 246, 259, 264, 339, 342, 357, 373, 374, 387 Effector, 29, 39, 56, 65, 311, 333, 342, 383 Effector cell, 29, 342 Efficacy, 5, 34, 53, 83, 123, 178, 342 Elastic, 150, 342, 401, 404 Elastin, 332, 342 Elastomers, 342, 385 Elective, 71, 342 Electric shock, 337, 342 Electrode, 48, 83, 148, 166, 172, 206, 215, 219, 317, 328, 342 Electrolysis, 316, 328, 342 Electrophysiological, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 48, 50, 126, 342, 412 Electroplating, 188, 342 Elementary Particles, 342, 375, 389 Embolism, 208, 343, 362 Embolus, 343, 360, 362
Embryo, 323, 328, 343, 360, 385 Emollient, 343, 353 Emulsion, 214, 343, 348 Enamel, 198, 338, 343, 364, 385 Encephalitis, 104, 343 Encephalitis, Viral, 343 Endarterectomy, 316, 343 Endemic, 330, 343, 402 Endogenous, 8, 17, 23, 226, 312, 323, 341, 343, 344, 377, 379, 389, 408 Endolymph, 13, 14, 343 Endorphins, 343, 375, 378 Endoscopes, 213, 343 Endoscopy, 89, 213, 343 Endosomes, 21, 344 Endothelial cell, 19, 130, 324, 344, 407 Endothelium, 18, 31, 36, 344, 376 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 344 Endothelium, Vascular, 344 Endothelium-derived, 18, 31, 344, 376 Endotoxins, 333, 344 End-stage renal, 3, 80, 331, 344, 385 Energetic, 15, 344 Energy balance, 344, 365 Enhancer, 22, 189, 225, 344, 394 Enkephalins, 28, 344, 375, 378 Entorhinal Cortex, 344, 356 Enuresis, 219, 344 Environmental Exposure, 322, 344, 377 Environmental Health, 274, 276, 344 Enzymatic, 24, 43, 49, 55, 315, 325, 327, 333, 338, 344, 356, 394 Enzyme Inhibitors, 112, 344, 384 Eosinophils, 344, 354, 365 Epidemic, 178, 345, 402 Epidemiologic Studies, 322, 345 Epidermal, 345, 364, 368 Epidermis, 214, 335, 345, 357, 364, 387 Epidural, 127, 345 Epigastric, 345, 380 Epinephrine, 138, 312, 330, 341, 345, 375, 376, 409 Epithelial, 13, 22, 46, 64, 78, 91, 104, 131, 153, 312, 345, 356, 370 Epithelial Cells, 13, 46, 78, 91, 153, 345, 356, 370 Epithelium, 344, 345, 377, 394 Epitope, 9, 345 Epitope Mapping, 9, 345 Erbium, 210, 211, 345 Erectile, 95, 345 Erection, 345
422
Potassium
Erythrocyte Volume, 324, 345 Erythrocytes, 12, 79, 169, 253, 316, 320, 324, 345, 392, 398 Erythropoietin, 233, 345 Esophagus, 83, 89, 340, 345, 383, 393, 403 Essential Tremor, 285, 346 Estrogen, 31, 46, 50, 61, 83, 346 Estrogen receptor, 61, 346 Ethanol, 19, 213, 346, 347 Ether, 33, 40, 74, 86, 93, 151, 153, 346 Ethmoid, 346, 377 Ethylmaleimide, 71, 346 Eukaryotic Cells, 346, 359, 378 Europium, 210, 211, 346 Evacuation, 334, 346, 365 Evoke, 14, 24, 45, 66, 346, 403 Excitability, 8, 9, 10, 11, 20, 21, 33, 35, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 50, 59, 62, 110, 126, 185, 218, 346, 391 Excitation, 9, 17, 48, 50, 58, 98, 149, 152, 228, 346, 375 Excitatory, 24, 40, 346, 353, 363 Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, 346, 363 Excrete, 311, 318, 346, 364, 393 Exocrine, 346, 380 Exogenous, 13, 59, 313, 323, 343, 346, 351, 389, 409 Exon, 314, 346 Expectorant, 346, 386, 400 Extensor, 346, 390 Extracellular Matrix, 334, 347 Extracellular Space, 347, 370 Extracorporeal, 242, 347 Extraction, 109, 347, 395 Extrapyramidal, 341, 347 Extrarenal, 21, 234, 255, 347 F Facial, 347, 381, 401 Facial Nerve, 347, 381 Family Planning, 275, 347 Fatigue, 132, 197, 264, 276, 306, 347, 355 Fatty acids, 83, 214, 313, 326, 347, 388, 400 Febrile, 103, 124, 347 Feces, 334, 347, 403 Fermentation, 63, 197, 347 Fertilizers, 252, 347, 376, 386 Fetus, 345, 347, 384, 387, 410 Fibrillation, 337, 347 Fibrinogen, 347, 384, 407 Fibroblasts, 69, 126, 347 Fibrosis, 52, 65, 285, 314, 347, 397 Filler, 191, 210, 348
Filtration, 51, 52, 175, 202, 241, 242, 244, 264, 348, 364 Fish Oils, 158, 348 Fish Products, 348, 397 Fissure, 333, 338, 348 Fixation, 149, 348, 398 Flatus, 348, 350 Fluconazole, 276, 348 Flucytosine, 276, 348 Fluid Therapy, 234, 348 Fluorescence, 30, 73, 149, 348 Fluorine, 211, 348 Fluorouracil, 95, 348 Fluoxetine, 101, 348 Folate, 349 Fold, 19, 291, 348, 349, 369 Folic Acid, 237, 349 Food and Beverages, 192, 349 Food Chain, 161, 349 Food Exchange, 239, 349 Foot Care, 240, 349 Foramen, 330, 333, 349, 382 Forearm, 82, 323, 349 Forskolin, 53, 349 Fossa, 329, 349, 396 Frameshift, 349, 409 Frameshift Mutation, 349, 409 Francium, 167, 349 Free Radicals, 41, 148, 318, 340, 349, 373 Frontal Lobe, 317, 329, 349 Fulguration, 83, 350 Fungi, 57, 178, 230, 317, 350, 354, 370, 396, 397, 402, 413 Fungus, 276, 277, 326, 336, 350 G Gadolinium, 210, 211, 350 Gallate, 126, 158, 350 Gallbladder, 74, 311, 322, 340, 350 Gallium, 167, 210, 211, 350 Gamma Rays, 201, 350, 391 Ganglia, 311, 321, 350, 374, 380, 382, 404 Ganglion, 152, 350, 378, 395, 402 Gangliosides, 64, 350 Gap Junctions, 14, 40, 334, 350, 405 Gas exchange, 350, 394, 411 Gasoline, 167, 322, 350 Gastric, 47, 146, 153, 307, 315, 326, 350, 356, 357 Gastrin, 350, 357 Gastroenteritis, 325, 350 Gastrointestinal tract, 176, 346, 351, 365, 381, 399, 402, 409
Index 423
Gavage, 348, 351 Gelatin, 195, 351, 353, 404, 406 Gels, 83, 178, 351 Gene, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 46, 49, 54, 58, 61, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80, 85, 86, 92, 93, 109, 150, 168, 180, 222, 253, 262, 285, 286, 314, 322, 323, 334, 341, 351, 371, 377, 385, 389, 394, 398 Gene Expression, 16, 22, 26, 49, 58, 69, 109, 150, 285, 351 Gene Targeting, 70, 351 Gene Therapy, 17, 351 Generator, 13, 152, 204, 351 Genetic Code, 351, 377 Genetic Engineering, 323, 331, 351 Genetics, 25, 41, 44, 57, 236, 319, 341, 351, 371 Genistein, 124, 127, 351 Genital, 331, 352, 410 Genitourinary, 246, 352, 410 Genitourinary system, 246, 352 Genotype, 46, 314, 352, 383 Germ Cells, 352, 368, 377, 379, 401, 405 Germanium, 167, 211, 352 Gestation, 31, 49, 100, 352, 384 Gestational, 164, 352 Giant Cells, 352, 397 Gland, 37, 151, 222, 312, 336, 352, 367, 380, 381, 384, 389, 397, 403, 407 Glioma, 19, 65, 352 Glomerular, 4, 51, 236, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 352, 362, 364, 393 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 4, 51, 240, 352, 364 Glomeruli, 352, 377 Glomerulonephritis, 231, 246, 352 Glomerulus, 352 Glottis, 352, 383 Glucocorticoid, 339, 352, 370 Gluconeogenesis, 352 Glucose Intolerance, 339, 352 Glucuronic Acid, 353, 356 Glutamate, 13, 15, 16, 24, 60, 64, 65, 66, 67, 99, 153, 353, 363 Glutamic Acid, 349, 353, 375, 387 Glutamine, 52, 353 Glutathione Peroxidase, 353, 398 Glycerol, 161, 214, 353, 383 Glycine, 16, 66, 129, 315, 353, 375, 398 Glycogen, 353 Glycols, 168, 171, 353
Glycoprotein, 345, 347, 352, 353, 407 Glycoside, 353, 379, 397 Glycosylation, 9, 58, 353 Goats, 337, 353 Gold Alloys, 172, 353 Gonadal, 353, 403 Gout, 353, 373 Governing Board, 353, 387 Government Programs, 243, 353 Gp120, 353, 382 Grade, 238, 354 Graft, 8, 314, 354, 357, 359, 373 Grafting, 335, 354, 359 Gram-negative, 178, 320, 325, 354, 386, 395, 412 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 354, 386, 395 Gram-positive, 320, 354 Granule, 34, 62, 67, 85, 105, 127, 338, 354, 395 Granulocytes, 354, 365, 399, 413 Graphite, 166, 354 Grasses, 349, 354 Growth factors, 34, 354, 370, 374 Guanylate Cyclase, 354, 376 H Habitual, 329, 354 Hair Cells, 15, 20, 27, 54, 131, 332, 354, 402 Halogens, 187, 354 Haploid, 354, 384 Haptens, 313, 354 Hazardous Substances, 200, 355 Headache, 90, 134, 276, 277, 325, 355, 360 Headache Disorders, 355 Heart attack, 77, 294, 327, 355 Heart failure, 4, 12, 17, 26, 28, 36, 39, 82, 88, 233, 246, 264, 316, 355 Heartbeat, 4, 265, 294, 355, 404 Hematuria, 242, 355 Heme, 42, 49, 337, 355, 373, 380, 386 Hemodynamics, 232, 242, 355, 364 Hemoglobin, 5, 42, 316, 345, 355, 365 Hemoglobinopathies, 351, 355 Hemoglobinuria, 284, 355 Hemolytic, 355, 391 Hemorrhage, 42, 208, 336, 355, 373, 403, 413 Hemostasis, 355, 399 Heparin, 81, 138, 245, 355 Hepatitis, 202, 232, 356 Hepatitis A, 232, 356 Hepatocytes, 109, 126, 356 Hepatopulmonary Syndrome, 49, 356
424
Potassium
Hepatorenal Syndrome, 233, 242, 356 Hepatovirus, 356 Herbicide, 203, 356 Hereditary, 9, 15, 353, 356, 375, 395 Heredity, 259, 351, 356 Heterogeneity, 25, 313, 356 Heterogenic, 356 Heterogenous, 25, 356 Heterotrophic, 350, 356 Heterozygotes, 341, 356 Hippocampus, 10, 338, 356, 390, 403 Histamine, 160, 212, 316, 356 Histidine, 356 Histocompatibility, 232, 356 Histology, 26, 247, 356 Homologous, 16, 334, 336, 351, 356, 357, 372, 398, 404, 405 Hormonal, 47, 320, 330, 357 Horny layer, 345, 357 Host, 314, 320, 321, 349, 357, 359, 365, 404, 410, 412 Hybrid, 33, 59, 61, 196, 331, 357 Hybridization, 357, 371 Hydrochloric Acid, 330, 357 Hydrochlorothiazide, 113, 136, 143, 268, 357 Hydrofluoric Acid, 218, 357, 399 Hydrogen Peroxide, 159, 172, 181, 182, 227, 228, 353, 357, 366 Hydrogenation, 182, 186, 357 Hydrolysis, 167, 195, 322, 323, 328, 357, 362, 383, 389 Hydrophilic, 195, 207, 226, 339, 357 Hydrophobic, 226, 339, 357, 366 Hydroxides, 219, 357 Hydroxylysine, 332, 357 Hydroxyproline, 315, 332, 357 Hypercalciuria, 4, 358 Hyperglycemia, 164, 358 Hyperkalaemia, 99, 358 Hyperplasia, 9, 358 Hyperreflexia, 219, 358, 406 Hypersensitivity, 22, 83, 198, 199, 314, 338, 358, 365, 395, 398 Hypertension, Renal, 51, 358 Hypertension, Renovascular, 358 Hypertrophy, 26, 28, 152, 322, 335, 358 Hypoglycemia, 33, 48, 108, 358 Hypoglycemic, 82, 358 Hypoglycemic Agents, 82, 358 Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis, 72, 358 Hypotension, 208, 335, 336, 358
Hypotensive, 129, 358, 363 Hypothalamic, 149, 185, 358 Hypothalamus, 320, 339, 358, 384 Hypoxemia, 49, 358 Hypoxia, 8, 49, 80, 110, 208, 329, 358 Hypoxic, 49, 67, 86, 87, 358 I Ibuprofen, 139, 259, 358 Id, 110, 111, 131, 243, 294, 295, 302, 304, 358 Idiopathic, 26, 94, 100, 358, 397 Illusion, 358, 412 Imidazole, 323, 356, 358 Immersion, 321, 358 Immune response, 29, 198, 312, 317, 320, 336, 354, 359, 398, 404, 410, 412 Immune system, 198, 235, 276, 322, 342, 359, 365, 367, 372, 383, 410, 413 Immunization, 359, 398 Immunochemistry, 345, 359 Immunodeficiency, 63, 202, 276, 284, 359 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 276, 359 Immunoglobulin, 317, 359, 371 Immunohistochemistry, 51, 359 Immunology, 73, 312, 313, 359 Immunosuppressant, 348, 359 Immunosuppressive, 232, 352, 359 Immunosuppressive therapy, 232, 359 Immunotherapy, 322, 339, 359 Impairment, 41, 128, 162, 233, 320, 329, 358, 359 Implantation, 334, 359 Impotence, 345, 359 Impregnation, 175, 178, 187, 359 In situ, 16, 25, 26, 32, 359 In Situ Hybridization, 16, 25, 32, 359 In vivo, 7, 17, 19, 22, 24, 33, 38, 46, 49, 53, 58, 62, 180, 208, 351, 356, 359, 370, 379, 407 Incineration, 161, 359 Incision, 160, 213, 359, 362 Incontinence, 186, 218, 359 Incubation, 208, 360, 383 Incubation period, 360, 383 Indicative, 247, 360, 381, 411 Indomethacin, 139, 360, 364 Induction, 11, 14, 22, 26, 51, 61, 63, 66, 67, 68, 70, 360, 391 Infancy, 8, 360, 396 Infant, Newborn, 313, 360 Infarction, 7, 134, 248, 251, 329, 360, 394 Infection Control, 245, 360
Index 425
Infertility, 26, 360 Infiltration, 352, 360 Influenza, 277, 360 Infusion, 35, 75, 82, 85, 86, 104, 108, 109, 125, 127, 262, 360, 373, 409 Ingestion, 74, 224, 325, 355, 360, 369, 385, 406 Inhalation, 355, 360, 363, 385 Initiation, 65, 70, 360, 388, 408 Initiator, 249, 360 Inlay, 361, 394 In-line, 166, 361 Inner ear, 13, 15, 20, 361, 365 Innervation, 28, 77, 347, 361 Inotropic, 39, 341, 361, 411 Inpatients, 85, 208, 361 Insight, 14, 22, 28, 44, 47, 48, 54, 361 Instillation, 243, 361 Insulator, 361, 372 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 164, 361 Insulin-like, 361, 411 Intensive Care, 97, 361 Interferon, 104, 361 Interferon-alpha, 361 Intermittent, 219, 247, 348, 361, 382 Intermittent Claudication, 219, 361 Internal Medicine, 17, 21, 22, 35, 45, 47, 52, 75, 104, 361, 374 Interstitial, 5, 7, 45, 60, 87, 92, 102, 104, 242, 258, 290, 347, 361, 393 Intestinal, 5, 23, 89, 327, 361, 367 Intestine, 324, 361, 365 Intoxication, 19, 62, 79, 362, 411 Intracellular, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 17, 24, 26, 31, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 50, 52, 55, 57, 59, 60, 63, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 154, 185, 222, 324, 325, 331, 360, 362, 368, 376, 386, 388, 392, 396, 398, 399 Intracellular Membranes, 362, 368 Intracranial Embolism, 329, 362 Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis, 329, 362 Intramuscular, 160, 209, 212, 362, 381 Intramuscular injection, 209, 362 Intraocular, 217, 349, 362, 377 Intraocular pressure, 217, 349, 362, 377 Intravascular, 97, 362 Intravenous, 84, 108, 160, 209, 212, 234, 276, 277, 360, 362, 381 Intravesical, 87, 102, 243, 362
Intrinsic, 12, 16, 38, 40, 49, 67, 235, 313, 356, 362 Inulin, 352, 362 Invasive, 38, 362 Involuntary, 321, 344, 346, 347, 362, 373, 393, 400, 401 Iodine, 112, 127, 163, 167, 211, 227, 228, 236, 362 Ion Exchange, 328, 362, 400 Ion Transport, 13, 30, 37, 151, 362, 370, 411 Ionization, 197, 362, 363 Ionizing, 216, 314, 344, 363, 368 Ionophores, 72, 363, 409 Iridium, 210, 211, 363 Irrigation, 160, 212, 363 Ischemia, 7, 11, 12, 18, 39, 42, 56, 208, 219, 262, 320, 324, 336, 350, 363, 373, 394 Islet, 80, 363 Isocyanates, 185, 363 Isoflurane, 7, 363 Isosorbide, 77, 363 Isotonic, 209, 363 Isozymes, 363, 391 J Jaundice, 356, 363 Joint, 160, 213, 277, 319, 331, 363, 396, 404, 405 Joint Capsule, 160, 363, 405 K Kainate, 225, 363 Kainic Acid, 56, 363 Kallidin, 324, 363 Kallikrein-Kinin System, 46, 363 Kb, 274, 364 Keratin, 364 Keratinocytes, 101, 110, 364 Ketorolac, 139, 209, 364 Ketorolac Tromethamine, 209, 364 Kidney Failure, 243, 259, 264, 344, 364 Kidney Failure, Acute, 364 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 264, 364 Kidney stone, 6, 240, 246, 264, 364, 374, 379, 393 Kidney Transplantation, 233, 364 Kinetic, 12, 14, 22, 38, 53, 56, 89, 363, 364 L Labile, 333, 364 Labyrinth, 13, 332, 343, 361, 364, 379, 398, 412 Labyrinthitis, 14, 365 Lanthanum, 210, 211, 365 Large Intestine, 340, 362, 365, 392, 400
426
Potassium
Latent, 168, 365, 387 Lavage, 307, 365 Laxative, 268, 326, 365, 401 Least-Squares Analysis, 365, 393 Lectin, 365, 368 Lens, 153, 319, 334, 365, 394, 413 Leptin, 185, 365 Lethal, 36, 321, 337, 365 Leucine, 110, 365 Leucocyte, 314, 365 Leukemia, 284, 351, 365 Leukocytes, 11, 169, 321, 324, 329, 344, 354, 360, 361, 365, 371, 375 Leukotrienes, 319, 365 Library Services, 302, 365 Life cycle, 312, 350, 365 Ligament, 13, 160, 365, 389 Ligands, 22, 53, 148, 186, 366 Likelihood Functions, 366, 393 Limbic, 104, 366 Linear Models, 366, 393 Linkage, 9, 13, 328, 366 Lipid, 43, 98, 102, 203, 214, 226, 326, 330, 353, 361, 363, 366, 372, 380 Lipid Peroxidation, 366, 380 Lipopolysaccharide, 354, 366 Lipoprotein, 354, 366 Lisinopril, 4, 140, 366 Livedo, 99, 366 Liver Cirrhosis, 356, 366 Lobe, 317, 329, 366 Localization, 16, 22, 36, 46, 50, 52, 59, 90, 359, 366 Localized, 31, 59, 315, 324, 338, 348, 360, 366, 384, 406 Locomotion, 366, 384 Logistic Models, 366, 393 Loop, 66, 140, 367 Lubricants, 367, 383 Luciferase, 47, 367 Lymph, 29, 264, 344, 367, 397, 403 Lymph node, 29, 264, 367, 397 Lymphatic, 344, 360, 367, 402 Lymphatic system, 367, 402 Lymphocyte, 102, 150, 317, 367, 368 Lymphoid, 95, 317, 336, 365, 367 Lymphoma, 284, 367 M Macula, 367 Macula Lutea, 367 Macular Degeneration, 24, 367 Magnesium Chloride, 171, 172, 249, 367
Magnesium Compounds, 167, 367 Magnesium Hydroxide, 112, 176, 367 Maintenance therapy, 276, 277, 367 Malabsorption, 284, 367 Malignancy, 232, 367 Malignant, 28, 197, 284, 318, 367, 374 Malnutrition, 88, 239, 257, 313, 320, 368, 372 Mammary, 335, 368 Manic, 323, 366, 368 Manifest, 320, 368 Man-made, 368 Mannans, 350, 368 Meat, 236, 237, 238, 368, 397 Mediate, 10, 27, 33, 55, 332, 341, 368 Mediator, 45, 368, 399 Medicament, 221, 368, 404 MEDLINE, 275, 279, 285, 368 Medullary, 22, 24, 47, 60, 368 Megaloblastic, 349, 368 Meiosis, 368, 372, 404, 405 Melanin, 368, 383, 409 Melanocytes, 368 Melanoma, 284, 324, 368 Membrane Glycoproteins, 325, 368, 386, 400 Membrane Proteins, 56, 226, 368 Memory, 29, 55, 149, 170, 235, 276, 317, 338, 368 Mendelevium, 210, 211, 368 Meninges, 276, 277, 320, 328, 329, 336, 341, 369 Meningitis, 276, 348, 369 Menopause, 369, 386 Menstrual Cycle, 369, 387 Menstruation, 315, 342, 369 Mental, iv, 7, 33, 274, 277, 286, 329, 330, 338, 340, 347, 368, 369, 390, 397, 410 Mental Health, iv, 7, 274, 277, 369, 390 Mental Processes, 340, 369, 390 Mercury, 161, 206, 210, 211, 220, 369 Mesenteric, 61, 369 Mesenteric Arteries, 61, 369 Mesentery, 369, 382 Metabolite, 323, 340, 369, 387 Metals, Alkali, 162, 369 Metals, Alkaline Earth, 162, 369 Metaplasia, 89, 369 Metastasis, 149, 213, 369, 374 Metastatic, 18, 369, 397 Methanol, 123, 369 Methionine, 47, 340, 369, 404
Index 427
MI, 79, 131, 235, 293, 309, 369 Microbe, 370, 408 Microbiology, 312, 320, 321, 370 Microdialysis, 53, 370 Microglia, 150, 319, 370 Micromanipulators, 109, 370 Microorganism, 178, 332, 370, 381, 413 Micro-organism, 338, 370, 384 Microscopy, 19, 370 Microspheres, 189, 370 Migration, 39, 146, 163, 370 Milliliter, 324, 370, 401 Millimeter, 193, 370 Mineralization, 249, 326, 370, 379 Mineralocorticoid, 96, 370 Miotic, 370, 384 Mitochondria, 65, 69, 151, 262, 370, 373, 378 Mitosis, 318, 371 Mobility, 61, 371 Modeling, 14, 17, 67, 145, 232, 250, 371 Modification, 5, 7, 12, 258, 315, 351, 371, 391 Modulator, 213, 224, 371 Molasses, 254, 371 Molecular Probes, 54, 371 Molecular Structure, 22, 248, 371, 400 Monitor, 8, 26, 160, 213, 336, 371, 376 Monoclonal, 19, 371, 391 Monoclonal antibodies, 19, 371 Monocytes, 365, 371 Monogenic, 17, 371 Monophosphate, 151, 371 Morphological, 24, 54, 343, 350, 368, 371 Morphology, 16, 24, 180, 371 Motility, 223, 360, 371, 399 Motion Sickness, 371, 373 Motor Activity, 335, 372 Motor nerve, 372 Mucins, 372, 397 Multiple Organ Failure, 11, 372 Multiple sclerosis, 29, 208, 372 Multivalent, 354, 372 Muscarinic Agonists, 37, 372 Muscle Contraction, 16, 44, 45, 50, 291, 372, 397 Muscle Fibers, 154, 372, 373 Muscle relaxant, 100, 372 Muscle tension, 372 Muscular Atrophy, 284, 372 Muscular Dystrophies, 342, 372 Mutagenic, 339, 340, 372
Myalgia, 360, 372 Myelin, 29, 372 Myocardial infarction, 7, 36, 85, 101, 110, 247, 335, 341, 369, 372, 373 Myocardial Ischemia, 11, 12, 372 Myocardial Reperfusion, 373, 394 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 373, 394 Myocardium, 7, 51, 86, 90, 369, 372, 373, 412 Myoglobin, 336, 373 Myometrium, 77, 84, 87, 373 Myosin, 153, 372, 373 Myotonia, 373, 391 Myotonic Dystrophy, 284, 373 N Naproxen, 113, 373 Nasal Mucosa, 360, 373 Natriuresis, 316, 373 Natural selection, 322, 373 Nausea, 264, 265, 276, 277, 351, 373, 405, 410 NCI, 1, 273, 331, 373 Neocortex, 40, 85, 374 Neodymium, 210, 211, 374 Neonatal, 20, 152, 180, 374 Neoplasia, 241, 284, 374 Neoplasms, 318, 324, 327, 374, 406 Neoplastic, 367, 374 Nephrolithiasis, 6, 241, 311, 374 Nephrologist, 259, 374 Nephrology, 80, 87, 99, 231, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 374 Nephron, 24, 32, 47, 59, 80, 96, 240, 352, 363, 374 Nephropathy, 73, 123, 232, 241, 242, 246, 364, 374 Nephrosis, 356, 374 Nephrotic, 80, 241, 242, 246, 374 Nephrotic Syndrome, 80, 241, 242, 246, 374 Nephrotoxic, 247, 259, 374 Neptunium, 210, 211, 374 Nerve Growth Factor, 374, 375 Networks, 40, 218, 374 Neural, 34, 39, 44, 313, 370, 374, 394, 400 Neurites, 20, 374 Neuroblastoma, 78, 375 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 208, 321, 375 Neurologic, 56, 208, 235, 375 Neurology, 29, 103, 104, 208, 375 Neuromuscular, 152, 168, 192, 311, 375, 394, 406
428
Potassium
Neuromuscular Junction, 311, 375, 394 Neurons, 16, 20, 23, 28, 33, 35, 38, 48, 54, 55, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 67, 85, 110, 125, 147, 148, 150, 152, 169, 185, 208, 222, 332, 338, 346, 350, 372, 374, 375, 376, 377, 390, 404, 405 Neuropathy, 313, 375, 382 Neuropeptide, 54, 375 Neurophysiology, 110, 338, 375 Neurosurgery, 29, 109, 375 Neurotoxic, 318, 375 Neurotoxicity, 363, 375 Neurotoxin, 329, 375 Neurotrophins, 34, 375 Neutrons, 314, 324, 375, 391 Neutrophils, 354, 365, 375 Niacin, 235, 236, 237, 375, 409 Niacinamide, 376 Nickel, 101, 110, 126, 148, 163, 167, 170, 173, 183, 186, 210, 211, 219, 248, 376 Nicorandil, 90, 376 Nicotine, 41, 78, 376, 392 Nifedipine, 110, 376 Nitric acid, 179, 182, 376 Nitric Oxide, 22, 34, 41, 42, 46, 61, 78, 83, 152, 376 Nitrogen Oxides, 182, 376 Nocturia, 219, 259, 376 Norepinephrine, 28, 312, 341, 375, 376 Normotensive, 51, 376 Nuclear Proteins, 23, 376 Nuclei, 314, 317, 332, 351, 371, 375, 376, 378, 390, 402 Nucleic acid, 207, 337, 351, 357, 359, 376, 377, 390, 391, 395, 402 Nucleoproteins, 376, 377 Nutritional Status, 257, 377 Nutritive Value, 192, 377 O Ocular, 94, 217, 377 Ocular Hypertension, 217, 377 Odour, 319, 377 Olfaction, 35, 377 Olfactory Bulb, 34, 377, 413 Olfactory Nerve, 377 Oligo, 65, 377 Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, 70, 377 Oliguria, 364, 377 Oncogene, 284, 377 Oncogenic, 85, 377 Oocytes, 9, 22, 27, 33, 37, 47, 52, 65, 66, 86, 377
Opacity, 338, 377 Ophthalmic, 94, 377 Opioid Peptides, 343, 344, 377 Opportunistic Infections, 276, 378 Opsin, 378, 394, 395 Optic Chiasm, 358, 378 Optic Disk, 335, 339, 367, 378 Optic Nerve, 217, 378, 380, 394, 395 Optic nerve head, 217, 378 Oral Health, 37, 378 Orbital, 333, 378 Organ Culture, 378, 407 Organelles, 329, 331, 337, 368, 371, 378 Organoleptic, 224, 225, 378 Osmolality, 240, 254, 378 Osmolarity, 209, 232, 378 Osmoles, 378 Osmotic, 68, 313, 363, 378, 399 Ossicles, 378, 379 Osteodystrophy, 233, 379 Osteomalacia, 311, 379 Otitis, 221, 379 Otitis Media, 221, 379 Otosclerosis, 14, 379 Ouabain, 35, 125, 379 Outpatient, 246, 379 Ovaries, 379, 399, 406 Ovary, 38, 336, 379, 385 Ovum, 336, 352, 365, 379, 387, 413 Oxalate, 6, 379 Oxalic Acid, 252, 326, 379 Oxidants, 172, 379 Oxidation-Reduction, 323, 379 Oxidative Stress, 128, 130, 379 Oxides, 168, 182, 376, 380 Oxygen Consumption, 242, 380, 394 Oxygenase, 49, 380 Oxygenation, 356, 358, 380 P P-450, 124, 380 Pacemaker, 39, 380 Pachymeningitis, 369, 380 Palladium, 167, 186, 187, 210, 211, 380, 396 Palliative, 380, 406 Pancreas, 10, 185, 232, 311, 322, 323, 340, 361, 363, 380, 409 Pancreas Transplant, 232, 380 Pancreas Transplantation, 232, 380 Pancreatic, 8, 18, 52, 93, 101, 103, 154, 164, 284, 380 Pancreatic cancer, 284, 380 Papilla, 16, 131, 380
Index 429
Papillary, 12, 380 Paraganglia, Chromaffin, 330, 380 Paralysis, 42, 57, 208, 307, 337, 380, 406 Parasite, 349, 380 Parasitic, 229, 380, 396 Parathyroid, 241, 245, 381, 396, 406 Parathyroid Glands, 381, 396 Parathyroid hormone, 241, 245, 381 Parenteral, 209, 258, 381 Parenteral Nutrition, 258, 381 Paresthesia, 381, 406 Parotid, 37, 381, 397 Paroxysmal, 284, 355, 381, 383, 413 Partial remission, 381, 393 Parturition, 381 Patch, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18, 20, 26, 27, 28, 30, 35, 36, 38, 42, 48, 57, 60, 61, 335, 366, 381 Pathogen, 360, 381, 404 Pathogenesis, 22, 41, 49, 241, 242, 245, 381 Pathologic, 13, 28, 44, 47, 243, 311, 318, 323, 335, 358, 381, 390 Pathologic Processes, 13, 318, 381 Pathologies, 164, 381 Pathophysiology, 16, 41, 81, 233, 234, 235, 241, 245, 246, 247, 251, 381 Patient Education, 6, 244, 258, 290, 293, 294, 300, 302, 309, 381 Pelvic, 102, 381, 389 Pelvis, 379, 381, 410 Penicillin, 141, 315, 317, 326, 381, 407, 411 Pentosan polysulfate, 243, 381 Peptide, 29, 55, 59, 62, 70, 91, 95, 110, 315, 329, 364, 365, 378, 381, 382, 389 Peptide T, 55, 62, 382 Perfusion, 336, 358, 382, 407 Pericardium, 382, 412 Pericytes, 18, 382 Perineal, 242, 382 Perineum, 382 Perineural, 54, 382 Periodontal disease, 198, 382 Perioperative, 108, 213, 382 Peripheral Nervous System, 208, 344, 375, 382, 403 Peripheral Neuropathy, 208, 382 Peritoneal, 213, 232, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 259, 339, 382 Peritoneal Cavity, 213, 382 Peritoneal Dialysis, 232, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 259, 339, 382 Peritoneum, 369, 382, 395 Perivascular, 42, 370, 382
Peroxide, 78, 181, 182, 228, 382 Pertussis, 39, 382, 413 Petrolatum, 343, 383 Petroleum, 161, 350, 383 PH, 71, 98, 201, 219, 324, 383 Phagocyte, 379, 383 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 328, 346, 351, 383, 388 Pharmacokinetic, 383 Pharmacologic, 46, 90, 232, 315, 316, 383, 407, 408 Pharynx, 360, 383 Phenolphthalein, 343, 383 Phenotype, 29, 38, 322, 383 Phenylalanine, 383, 409 Pheromones, 205, 383, 413 Phosphates, 36, 173, 268, 383 Phosphodiesterase, 93, 383 Phospholipases, 383, 399 Phospholipids, 347, 366, 383 Phosphoprotein Phosphatase, 36, 384 Phosphorous, 295, 384 Phosphorylated, 332, 384 Phosphorylating, 50, 384 Phosphorylation, 22, 34, 38, 74, 98, 150, 222, 384, 389, 391, 409 Physical Examination, 243, 384 Physiologic, 28, 35, 46, 56, 160, 212, 313, 362, 363, 369, 384, 388, 392 Pigments, 188, 192, 211, 327, 332, 363, 384, 394 Pilocarpine, 217, 384 Pituitary Gland, 349, 384 Placenta, 384, 387 Plant Physiology, 94, 319, 384 Plaque, 316, 330, 384 Plasma cells, 317, 384 Plasma protein, 202, 313, 344, 384, 399 Plasticity, 33, 69, 91, 385 Platelet Activation, 385, 399 Platelet Aggregation, 316, 349, 376, 385, 407 Platelets, 30, 276, 376, 385, 407 Platinum, 210, 211, 367, 380, 385, 396 Pneumonia, 277, 334, 385 Point System, 237, 385 Poisoning, 133, 178, 322, 325, 351, 362, 369, 373, 385 Pollen, 385, 391 Polycarboxylate Cement, 77, 385 Polycystic, 246, 285, 385 Polymers, 183, 192, 385, 389, 400
430
Potassium
Polymorphism, 80, 101, 385 Polysaccharide, 165, 317, 328, 385 Polyunsaturated fat, 385, 407 Polyurethanes, 185, 385 Polyuria, 233, 385 Population Growth, 213, 386 Porins, 14, 386 Posterior, 315, 319, 320, 329, 330, 341, 380, 386 Postmenopausal, 86, 108, 386 Postnatal, 16, 61, 386, 402 Postoperative, 364, 372, 386 Postsynaptic, 40, 60, 386, 399, 405 Post-synaptic, 53, 386 Potassium Citrate, 6, 94, 102, 123, 176, 225, 228, 258, 386 Potassium Compounds, 250, 386 Potassium Cyanide, 109, 386 Potassium Dichromate, 101, 104, 110, 131, 386 Potassium hydroxide, 158, 174, 181, 194, 195, 214, 218, 251, 260, 305, 386 Potassium Isotopes, 216, 386 Potassium, Dietary, 233, 386 Potentiates, 20, 386 Potentiation, 386, 399 Power Plants, 161, 386 Practice Guidelines, 277, 294, 387 Praseodymium, 167, 210, 211, 387 Preclinical, 240, 387 Precursor, 95, 147, 205, 316, 319, 330, 341, 342, 343, 344, 376, 383, 387, 402, 409, 411 Predisposition, 46, 387 Preeclampsia, 31, 134, 387 Prenatal, 54, 343, 387 Pressoreceptors, 321, 387 Presynaptic, 60, 128, 375, 387, 405 Prevalence, 87, 98, 102, 130, 213, 387 Prickle, 364, 387 Probe, 20, 26, 27, 56, 370, 387 Prodrug, 221, 387 Progesterone, 50, 387, 403 Progression, 239, 243, 316, 387 Progressive, 61, 180, 264, 328, 331, 338, 341, 354, 364, 372, 373, 375, 385, 387, 393 Projection, 206, 376, 377, 378, 387, 390, 392 Proline, 67, 332, 357, 387 Promethium, 210, 211, 387 Promoter, 22, 40, 47, 177, 186, 187, 227, 388 Promotor, 388, 394 Prone, 51, 255, 388 Propafenone, 92, 388
Prophase, 372, 377, 388, 404, 405 Prophylaxis, 235, 388, 395, 410 Proportional, 378, 388 Propylene Glycol, 214, 388 Prostaglandin, 316, 388, 407 Prostaglandins A, 209, 360, 388 Prostaglandins B, 209, 388 Prostaglandins D, 388 Prostaglandins F, 388 Prostate, 9, 284, 322, 389, 409 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 389 Prosthesis, 199, 389 Protactinium, 210, 211, 389 Protease, 9, 333, 389 Protein Binding, 45, 389, 407 Protein C, 32, 53, 313, 315, 321, 332, 364, 366, 389, 410 Protein Conformation, 315, 364, 389 Protein Isoforms, 314, 389 Protein Kinases, 34, 63, 152, 389 Protein S, 14, 39, 44, 70, 253, 285, 323, 351, 389, 395 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 351, 389 Proteinuria, 241, 242, 246, 374, 387, 389 Proteolytic, 314, 333, 347, 389 Protocol, 258, 389 Protons, 66, 174, 175, 314, 357, 363, 389, 391 Protozoa, 370, 390, 402 Proximal, 40, 47, 341, 387, 390 Psoriasis, 229, 230, 390, 395 Psychiatric, 242, 322, 390 Psychiatry, 103, 348, 390 Psychic, 369, 390, 398 Psychology, 340, 390 Psyllium, 141, 390 Public Health, 123, 213, 276, 277, 390 Public Policy, 275, 390 Pulmonary, 22, 49, 67, 134, 323, 330, 334, 335, 356, 364, 365, 390, 394, 404, 412 Pulmonary Artery, 22, 323, 390, 412 Pulmonary Circulation, 49, 390 Pulmonary Edema, 134, 330, 364, 390 Pulmonary Gas Exchange, 49, 390 Pulmonary Ventilation, 390, 394 Pulse, 52, 152, 307, 371, 390 Purifying, 223, 339, 390 Purines, 390, 398 Pyramidal Cells, 55, 68, 338, 390 Pyrimidines, 391, 399 Pyruvate Kinase, 55, 391
Index 431
Q Quality of Life, 257, 391 Quaternary, 57, 389, 391 Quercetin, 129, 391 Quinidine, 141, 223, 331, 391 Quinine, 110, 223, 331, 391 R Race, 46, 90, 103, 209, 232, 313, 341, 370, 391 Racemic, 90, 209, 313, 391 Radiation therapy, 381, 391 Radioactive, 216, 311, 349, 357, 359, 363, 368, 371, 374, 376, 377, 387, 389, 391, 392, 406, 410 Radioactivity, 216, 321, 391 Radiological, 93, 391 Radiology, 392 Radiopharmaceutical, 351, 392 Railroads, 204, 392 Randomized, 4, 85, 94, 125, 342, 392 Rationalization, 60, 392 Reactive Oxygen Species, 95, 152, 392 Reagent, 71, 129, 330, 346, 357, 367, 379, 392, 396 Receptors, Muscarinic, 372, 392 Receptors, Serotonin, 392, 399 Recombinant, 9, 16, 27, 37, 38, 392, 411 Recombinant Proteins, 9, 392 Recombination, 41, 351, 392 Rectum, 318, 324, 332, 340, 348, 350, 359, 365, 389, 392, 404 Recurrence, 265, 323, 392 Red blood cells, 12, 222, 264, 345, 355, 380, 392, 397 Red Nucleus, 320, 392 Reductase, 47, 313, 392 Refer, 1, 164, 246, 333, 341, 343, 348, 350, 366, 367, 374, 375, 393, 408, 412 Reflex, 44, 393 Reflux, 89, 232, 393 Refraction, 393, 401 Regeneration, 16, 393 Regimen, 168, 221, 342, 393 Regression Analysis, 24, 393 Rehydration, 223, 224, 393 Relapse, 243, 276, 393 Relaxant, 349, 393 Reliability, 166, 393 Remission, 243, 258, 323, 367, 392, 393 Renal Artery, 358, 393 Renal Dialysis, 239, 393
Renal failure, 79, 231, 233, 235, 241, 242, 245, 254, 356, 393 Renal pelvis, 364, 393 Renal tubular, 60, 102, 232, 244, 393 Renal tubular acidosis, 60, 102, 393 Renin, 4, 26, 241, 246, 316, 364, 393 Renin-Angiotensin System, 26, 316, 393 Renovascular, 232, 394 Reperfusion, 7, 11, 373, 394 Reperfusion Injury, 8, 394 Resolving, 223, 394 Respiration, 318, 326, 337, 371, 394 Respiratory Paralysis, 318, 394 Respiratory System, 235, 394 Response Elements, 26, 46, 394 Restoration, 21, 28, 373, 393, 394 Retina, 23, 48, 91, 330, 334, 335, 339, 365, 367, 378, 394, 395, 396, 413 Retinal, 24, 29, 48, 66, 339, 378, 394, 395, 400 Retinal Detachment, 339, 394, 400 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 378, 395 Retinoblastoma, 284, 395 Retinoids, 395 Retinol, 394, 395 Retinopathy, 313, 339, 395 Retroperitoneal, 312, 395 Retrospective, 5, 86, 127, 395 Retroviral vector, 351, 395 Reversion, 395, 409 Rhamnose, 379, 395 Rheumatism, 358, 395 Rheumatoid, 373, 379, 395 Rheumatoid arthritis, 373, 395 Rhodopsin, 378, 394, 395 Riboflavin, 235, 236, 237, 395 Ribonuclease, 28, 395 Ribonucleic acid, 42, 395 Ribose, 312, 395 Ribosome, 395, 409 Rickets, 192, 311, 396 Rickettsiae, 396 Rigidity, 384, 396 Risk factor, 25, 41, 232, 257, 265, 345, 366, 396 Risk patient, 259, 396 Rod, 29, 331, 396 Roentgenography, 396, 406 Rotator, 160, 396 Rotator Cuff, 160, 396 Rotenone, 124, 396 Rubber, 311, 342, 396
432
Potassium
Rubidium, 146, 167, 210, 211, 396 Ruthenium, 99, 183, 396 Rutin, 391, 396 S Saccharomyces, 57, 63, 65, 68, 226, 396, 413 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 57, 63, 65, 68, 226, 396, 413 Saccharomycetales, 396, 397 Saccule, 397, 412 Saliva, 37, 397 Salivary, 37, 81, 89, 337, 340, 347, 380, 397, 403 Salivary glands, 37, 337, 340, 347, 397 Saphenous, 335, 397 Saphenous Vein, 335, 397 Saponins, 397, 403 Sarcoidosis, 232, 264, 397 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 10, 397 Saturated fat, 237, 397 Scatter, 146, 397 Schizophrenia, 80, 168, 397 Sclerosis, 134, 208, 285, 372, 397 Screening, 52, 61, 180, 185, 207, 208, 213, 226, 259, 331, 397, 410 Seafood, 236, 239, 397 Secondary tumor, 369, 397 Secretory, 185, 240, 330, 398, 405 Secretory Vesicles, 330, 398 Sedentary, 154, 193, 236, 398 Sediment, 398, 410 Sedimentation, 58, 329, 398 Segmental, 54, 59, 398 Segmentation, 398 Segregation, 321, 392, 398 Seizures, 38, 381, 398 Selenium, 153, 211, 236, 398 Semen, 389, 398 Semicircular canal, 361, 398 Semisynthetic, 315, 326, 327, 398 Senna, 142, 268, 398 Sensitization, 31, 150, 398 Sensor, 109, 153, 170, 398 Sepsis, 85, 398 Septic, 85, 319, 398 Sequence Homology, 382, 398 Sequencing, 71, 398 Serine, 110, 384, 398 Serotonin, 160, 212, 348, 375, 392, 399, 409 Serous, 344, 399 Serum Albumin, 323, 399 Sex Characteristics, 399, 405
Sex Determination, 285, 399 Shock, 63, 85, 210, 308, 399, 409 Side effect, 5, 53, 57, 160, 197, 208, 212, 233, 267, 276, 277, 292, 313, 322, 363, 399, 408 Signal Transduction, 8, 27, 34, 39, 43, 60, 180, 399 Signs and Symptoms, 235, 393, 399 Silicon, 151, 164, 167, 182, 211, 217, 218, 229, 399, 400 Silicon Dioxide, 217, 218, 229, 399 Silicone Oils, 214, 399 Siloxanes, 399, 400 Skeletal, 44, 84, 90, 105, 154, 168, 169, 219, 222, 292, 331, 336, 337, 372, 391, 397, 400, 401 Skeleton, 101, 110, 311, 363, 388, 400 Skull, 336, 400, 405 Sleep apnea, 233, 400 Small intestine, 357, 362, 400 Smooth muscle, 9, 10, 18, 22, 31, 36, 42, 49, 50, 61, 75, 94, 130, 185, 213, 219, 222, 314, 316, 325, 349, 356, 372, 373, 382, 389, 394, 400, 401, 404, 411 Sneezing, 383, 400 Soaps, 348, 400 Social Environment, 391, 400 Social Work, 245, 400 Sodium Acetate, 202, 400 Sodium Bicarbonate, 5, 176, 194, 204, 216, 400 Sodium Channels, 58, 391, 400 Sodium Fluoride, 182, 201, 400 Sodium sulfite, 126, 400 Sodium-Calcium Exchanger, 92, 400 Soft tissue, 324, 336, 400, 401 Solitary Nucleus, 320, 401 Solvent, 158, 182, 227, 322, 340, 346, 353, 369, 378, 388, 401 Soma, 391, 401 Somatic, 26, 368, 371, 382, 401 Sorbitol, 313, 401 Sound wave, 334, 401 Spasm, 160, 213, 336, 401, 406 Spasmodic, 383, 401 Spatial disorientation, 341, 401 Specialist, 259, 296, 340, 401 Specificity, 14, 18, 29, 33, 39, 56, 313, 325, 401, 407 Spectrometer, 253, 401 Spectroscopic, 56, 401 Spectrum, 177, 178, 202, 370, 401
Index 433
Sperm, 25, 330, 385, 401 Sperm Count, 26, 401 Spermidine, 402 Spermine, 48, 402 Spices, 244, 402 Spike, 17, 23, 55, 62, 169, 253, 402 Spinal Nerves, 382, 402 Spinous, 345, 364, 402 Spiral Ganglion, 20, 332, 402 Spleen, 264, 315, 337, 367, 397, 402 Sporadic, 375, 395, 402 Spores, 178, 277, 402 Stabilizer, 158, 195, 326, 402 Steady state, 31, 402 Steel, 162, 188, 331, 402, 409, 411 Stem cell transplantation, 101, 402 Stem Cells, 345, 402 Stent, 97, 402 Sterile, 319, 381, 402 Sterility, 196, 360, 402 Steroid, 23, 46, 327, 336, 397, 402 Stimulant, 142, 325, 341, 356, 363, 403, 410 Stimulus, 54, 55, 334, 341, 342, 346, 361, 362, 393, 403, 406 Stomach, 311, 340, 345, 350, 351, 357, 365, 373, 382, 383, 393, 400, 402, 403 Stool, 332, 359, 365, 403 Strand, 40, 403 Stria, 13, 14, 15, 403 Stria Vascularis, 13, 14, 15, 403 Striatum, 53, 403 Stroke, 41, 51, 62, 75, 76, 108, 134, 186, 208, 219, 224, 262, 274, 327, 403 Strontium, 145, 146, 163, 170, 198, 199, 210, 211, 219, 403 Structure-Activity Relationship, 93, 403 Subacute, 360, 403 Subarachnoid, 42, 355, 403 Subclinical, 360, 398, 403 Subcutaneous, 108, 160, 212, 312, 342, 381, 403 Subiculum, 356, 403 Submandibular, 37, 151, 403 Subspecies, 401, 403 Substance P, 369, 397, 403 Substrate, 12, 17, 54, 57, 179, 189, 201, 218, 344, 404 Suction, 348, 404 Sudden cardiac death, 33, 40, 404 Sudden death, 28, 180, 404 Sulfur, 153, 159, 161, 182, 186, 211, 369, 404
Superinfection, 320, 404 Supplementation, 101, 108, 124, 125, 130, 192, 225, 258, 404 Suppositories, 351, 404 Suppression, 12, 277, 404 Surfactant, 159, 196, 203, 404 Surgical Instruments, 160, 213, 404 Survival Rate, 224, 404 Sympathetic Nervous System, 28, 316, 320, 330, 375, 404 Sympathomimetic, 341, 345, 376, 404 Symphysis, 330, 389, 404 Synapse, 28, 60, 312, 375, 387, 404, 405, 409 Synapsis, 404, 405 Synaptic, 20, 28, 33, 34, 38, 48, 53, 60, 91, 125, 185, 375, 376, 399, 405 Synaptic Transmission, 20, 28, 39, 48, 60, 185, 376, 405 Syncytium, 14, 352, 405 Synovial, 363, 405 Synovial Membrane, 363, 405 Systemic disease, 37, 231, 236, 245, 405 Systolic, 358, 405 T Tachycardia, 17, 341, 405 Talc, 176, 191, 405 Telangiectasia, 285, 405 Tellurium, 211, 405 Telomere, 71, 405 Temporal, 40, 56, 150, 208, 355, 356, 367, 405 Tendon, 333, 350, 405 Teratogenic, 340, 405 Terbium, 210, 211, 405 Testicular, 26, 405 Testis, 25, 405 Testosterone, 103, 392, 405 Tetanic, 55, 406 Tetanus, 406 Tetany, 381, 406 Tetrodotoxin, 12, 406 Thalamic, 320, 406 Thalamic Diseases, 320, 406 Theophylline, 143, 315, 390, 406 Therapeutics, 20, 80, 82, 94, 125, 129, 269, 406 Thermal, 56, 161, 162, 168, 171, 210, 252, 324, 340, 375, 406 Thiamine, 237, 406 Thoracic, 90, 127, 339, 406, 413 Thorax, 213, 406 Thorium, 210, 211, 253, 406
434
Potassium
Thorium Compounds, 406 Threonine, 382, 384, 398, 406 Threshold, 154, 226, 346, 358, 406 Thrombin, 347, 385, 389, 407 Thrombocytes, 385, 407 Thrombomodulin, 389, 407 Thrombosis, 81, 208, 362, 389, 403, 407 Thromboxanes, 209, 319, 407 Thrombus, 335, 360, 372, 373, 385, 407 Thyroid, 21, 103, 109, 294, 295, 362, 381, 407, 409 Thyroid Gland, 381, 407 Ticarcillin, 124, 407 Tin, 163, 167, 186, 187, 210, 211, 294, 381, 382, 385, 407 Tinnitus, 379, 407 Tissue Culture, 208, 374, 407 Tissue Distribution, 22, 23, 407 Tolerance, 4, 63, 64, 66, 311, 352, 407 Tomography, 324, 407 Tone, 18, 26, 41, 46, 49, 50, 61, 88, 222, 249, 372, 376, 379, 407, 408 Tonic, 192, 327, 408 Tonicity, 363, 408 Tonus, 408 Tooth Preparation, 312, 408 Topical, 229, 230, 319, 330, 340, 346, 357, 383, 400, 408 Torsion, 218, 360, 408 Toxaemia, 387, 408 Toxicity, 55, 110, 129, 130, 131, 172, 194, 219, 220, 242, 259, 264, 341, 369, 408 Toxicokinetics, 408 Toxicology, 11, 36, 84, 93, 95, 110, 127, 128, 129, 130, 276, 408 Toxin, 14, 39, 74, 96, 406, 407, 408 Trace element, 324, 330, 332, 348, 376, 399, 407, 408 Trachea, 346, 383, 407, 408 Traction, 331, 408 Tractus, 60, 408 Transcription Factors, 22, 394, 408 Transduction, 7, 20, 27, 34, 39, 399, 408 Transfection, 35, 59, 61, 75, 323, 351, 408 Transferases, 353, 408 Transfusion, 97, 409 Translation, 52, 315, 409 Translational, 11, 409 Translocation, 7, 67, 69, 409 Transmitter, 20, 32, 60, 311, 319, 341, 362, 368, 376, 409
Transplantation, 80, 101, 231, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 259, 331, 359, 409 Trauma, 14, 16, 259, 264, 336, 409 Triad, 49, 356, 409 Trivalent, 184, 311, 409 Trophic, 28, 35, 409 Tryptophan, 332, 399, 409 Tuberous Sclerosis, 285, 409 Tumor marker, 322, 409 Tungsten, 210, 211, 328, 409 Type 2 diabetes, 89, 93, 236, 409 Typhimurium, 66, 409 Tyrosine, 26, 35, 53, 150, 341, 389, 409 U Unconscious, 316, 358, 409 Uncoupling Agents, 363, 409 Universal Precautions, 245, 410 Unsaturated Fats, 348, 410 Uranium, 253, 406, 410 Urea, 87, 200, 232, 246, 264, 323, 410 Urease, 376, 410 Uremia, 21, 233, 241, 336, 364, 393, 410 Ureters, 364, 393, 410 Urethra, 322, 389, 410 Urinalysis, 240, 246, 410 Urinary tract, 232, 241, 246, 265, 321, 410 Urinary tract infection, 232, 241, 246, 265, 321, 410 Urinate, 410, 413 Urodynamics, 243, 410 Urogenital, 352, 410 Urolithiasis, 6, 94, 236, 245, 410 Uterine Contraction, 49, 410 Uterus, 336, 369, 373, 379, 387, 410 V Vaccination, 197, 198, 410 Vaccine, 312, 389, 410 Vagina, 326, 338, 369, 410 Valine, 410, 411 Valinomycin, 181, 411 Valves, 170, 411, 412 Vanadates, 167, 411 Vanadium, 166, 167, 210, 211, 411 Vanadium Compounds, 167, 411 Vascular, 8, 11, 18, 31, 41, 46, 49, 50, 51, 61, 79, 88, 94, 95, 185, 193, 208, 222, 232, 236, 241, 245, 249, 314, 321, 329, 330, 335, 344, 355, 356, 360, 366, 376, 384, 387, 403, 407, 411 Vascular Resistance, 51, 321, 411 Vasculitis, 99, 231, 329, 411 Vasoactive, 26, 411
Index 435
Vasoconstriction, 49, 67, 86, 341, 345, 411 Vasodilatation, 363, 376, 411 Vasodilation, 31, 49, 80, 82, 83, 87, 316, 376, 411 Vasodilator, 46, 49, 324, 341, 356, 373, 376, 411 Vasopressins, 364, 411 VATER, 240, 411 Vector, 408, 411 Vein, 316, 319, 362, 376, 381, 397, 411 Venom, 55, 169, 318, 411 Venous, 45, 81, 319, 324, 329, 362, 376, 389, 411 Venous blood, 324, 329, 411 Ventricle, 28, 50, 109, 335, 356, 358, 390, 405, 412 Ventricular Dysfunction, 82, 109, 412 Ventricular Function, 82, 412 Ventricular Pressure, 7, 412 Venules, 323, 326, 344, 412 Vertebrae, 402, 412 Vertigo, 54, 379, 412 Vesicular, 19, 412 Vestibular, 13, 15, 27, 53, 354, 412 Vestibule, 30, 79, 88, 332, 361, 397, 398, 412 Veterinary Medicine, 275, 412 Vibrio, 330, 412 Vibrio cholerae, 330, 412 Viral, 58, 197, 343, 352, 360, 377, 408, 412 Viral vector, 58, 412 Virulence, 404, 408, 412
Virus, 28, 63, 202, 276, 321, 329, 344, 351, 352, 353, 361, 384, 395, 408, 412 Visceral, 320, 382, 412 Visceral Afferents, 320, 412 Viscosity, 165, 175, 191, 195, 196, 227, 413 Vitreous, 339, 365, 394, 395, 413 Vitreous Body, 394, 413 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 339, 413 Vitro, 8, 13, 23, 29, 36, 37, 47, 49, 52, 53, 60, 61, 64, 70, 76, 104, 110, 124, 127, 180, 208, 249, 351, 356, 359, 404, 407, 413 Vivo, 8, 19, 58, 208, 413 Void, 6, 201, 413 Vomeronasal Organ, 377, 413 W Weight Gain, 197, 255, 413 White blood cell, 276, 317, 365, 367, 384, 413 Whooping Cough, 383, 413 Windpipe, 383, 407, 413 X Xenograft, 316, 413 X-ray, 45, 56, 149, 324, 328, 334, 348, 350, 368, 376, 391, 392, 402, 413 Y Yeasts, 350, 383, 397, 413 Ytterbium, 210, 211, 413 Yttrium, 83, 169, 170, 210, 211, 413 Z Zygote, 334, 413 Zymogen, 389, 413
436
Potassium
