Probiotics - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

PROBIOTICS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Probiotics: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84562-X 1. Probiotics-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on probiotics. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PROBIOTICS ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Probiotics ...................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 13 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PROBIOTICS ..................................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding Nutrition Studies on Probiotics ..................................................................................... 49 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 51 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON PROBIOTICS ................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Dissertations on Probiotics .......................................................................................................... 53 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON PROBIOTICS ............................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Patents on Probiotics ................................................................................................................... 55 Patent Applications on Probiotics................................................................................................ 65 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON PROBIOTICS ............................................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 81 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 82 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 84 Chapters on Probiotics ................................................................................................................. 84 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PROBIOTICS.................................................................. 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 87 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 88 Academic Periodicals covering Probiotics.................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 93 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 95 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 99 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 101 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 103 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 103 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 103 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 109 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 109 PROBIOTICS DICTIONARY...................................................................................................... 111

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INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 155

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with probiotics is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about probiotics, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to probiotics, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on probiotics. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to probiotics, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on probiotics. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PROBIOTICS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on probiotics.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and probiotics, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “probiotics” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Use of Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Disease Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 15(12): 817-822. December 2001. Contact: Available from Pulsus Group, Inc. 2902 South Sheridan Way, Oakville, Ontario, Canada L6J 7L6. Fax (905) 829-4799. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: Probiotics are living microorganisms that can affect the host in a beneficial manner. Prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth and activity of probiotic bacteria already established in the colon. This article reviews the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal (GI) disease. The author notes that the efficacy of probiotic compounds has been shown in a wide range of GI diseases. Lactobacillus GG alone, or the combination of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus, is effective in the treatment of Clostridium difficile, as well as in preventing the

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frequency and severity of infectious acute diarrhea in children. Prevention of antibiotic induced diarrhea with the concomitant administration of either Lactobacillus GG or Saccharomyces boulardii has been demonstrated. A probiotic preparation that uses a combination of three species of Bifidobacterium, four strains of Lactobacillus, and one strain of Streptococcus has shown promise in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis and pouchitis, as well as in preventing the postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. The mechanism of action of probiotics may include receptor competition, effects on mucin secretion or probiotic immunomodulation of gut associated lymphoid tissue. Oral administration of probiotic compounds has been demonstrated to be well tolerated and safe. However, while probiotics have the potential to improve human health and to prevent and treat some diseases, major improvements are needed in labeling and quality assurance procedures for probiotic compounds. In addition, the author calls for well planned and controlled clinical studies to delineate fully the potential for probiotic compounds. 1 figure. 2 tables. 45 references. •

Probiotics: Compensation for Lactase Insufficiency Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 73(2 Supplement): 421S-429S. February 2001. Contact: Available from American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Production Office, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 530-7038. Fax (301) 571-8303. Website: www.ajcn.org. Summary: Yogurt and other conventional starter cultures and probiotic bacteria in fermented and unfermented milk products improve lactose digestion and eliminate symptoms of intolerance in lactose maldigesters. This article describes how probiotics can serve to compensate for lactase insufficiency. These beneficial effects are due to microbial beta galactosidase in the (fermented) milk product, delayed gastrointestinal transit, positive effects on intestinal functions and colonic microflora, and reduced sensitivity to symptoms. Intact bacterial cell walls, which act as a mechanical protection of lactase during gastric (stomach) transit, and the release of the enzyme into the small intestine are determinants of efficiency. There is a poor correlation between lactose maldigestion and intolerance; in some studies, low hydrogen exhalation without significant improvement of clinical symptoms was observed. Probiotic bacteria, which by definition target the colon, normally promote lactose digestion in the small intestine less efficiently than do yogurt cultures. They may, however, alleviate clinical symptoms brought about by undigested lactose or other reasons. 1 figure. 6 tables. 72 references.

Federally Funded Research on Probiotics The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to probiotics. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to probiotics. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore probiotics. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for probiotics: •

Project Title: ADVANCES IN ALLERGY, ASTHMA AND IMMUNOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Bielory, Leonard; Medicine; Univ of Med/Dent Nj Newark Newark, Nj 07103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Allergy is one of the most common reasons that individuals use alternative and complementary medicine (CAM). There is a plethora of reports regarding CAM in the treatment of allergy, asthma and immunology, but there is a dirth of scientific studies, plenary sessions, workshops presented in the nationally recognized forums. Objective: This application plans to explore "state of the art" CAM practices and "integrate" them into the annual meetings of the 2 major Allergy and Immunology organizations (American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and immunology (AAAAI) by: 1) providing the initial infrastructure for the submission of rigorous original scientific information related to allergic, asthmatic and immunologic disorders; 2) developing an ongoing scientific forum within the framework of the national organizations; 3) generating new research ideas and facilitating collaboration; and 4) publishing the proceedings and providing an ongoing internet resource site related to this application. This will be coordinated by the CAM Oversight Committee (CAMOC) consisting of respected allergy and immunology researchers in conjunction with the UMDNJ - Asthma & Allergy Research Center and the Center for the Study of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. The CAM Advisory Board (CAMAB) will be constituted with leaders from professional national organizations to provide multidisciplinary panel discussions and to generate CAM research priorities for these disciplines as they relate to allergy, asthma and immunology. Preliminary Work: Single workshops have been instituted at each of the upcoming annual meetings (ACAAI 11/01 and AAAAI 03/02). Commitments for a whole day CAM symposium at the ACAAI (11/14/02) and the publication of the proceedings have been obtained. The tentative schedule provides for the Overview of CAM; Overview of Herbal Medicine in Asthma; Overview of Homeopathy in Allergies; Overview of Probiotics in Atopic Dermatitis; Medico-Legal Aspects and Adverse Reactions. Summary: This application will provide the catalyst for establishing an ongoing forum for the review and promotion of scientifically based research assessing the impact of CAM in allergy, asthma and immunology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COMMENSALS AND PROBIOTICS: ROLE IN INTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Resta-Lenert, Silvia; Medicine; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2009

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Summary: (provided by applicant): The long term goal of the candidate is to understand the physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms of host-microbial interactions. The candidate hypothesizes that commensal and probiotic biofilms in the colonic mucosa act as a prominent stimulus for epithelial cell development and differentiation, and that cross-talk among bacteria, and between bacteria and epithelium provide fundamental signaling in gut physiology. All mammals, including humans, are adapted to life in a microbial world and are colonized by bacteria on all their body surfaces at birth. The stimulation of commensal bacterial antigens is crucial for the normal development of the mucosal immune system and the maintenance of tolerance. In fact, animals that are kept germ-free from birth have dysfunctional immune systems, their development is somehow stunted and their energy requirements are abnormally elevated. This study will attempt to define some of the aspects of bacteria-induced intestinal epithelial cell differentiation in a reductionist and an in vivo model challenged with distinct strains of commensal and probiotic. The specific aims proposed are to investigate: 1. Role of commensals and probiotics in modulating the homeostasis of the colon: 2. Role of commensals and probiotics in modulating intestinal epithelial cell inflammatory responses. These studies will be performed using human intestinal epithelial cell lines in vitro and human fetal intestine xenografts in SCID mice ex vivo, and will be carried out applying electrophysiological methods, protein analysis, immunohistochemistry and DNA microarray analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GROUP II INTRON MOBILITY AND GENE TARGETING Principal Investigator & Institution: Lambowitz, Alan M.; Professor; Inst for Cellular and Molecular Biology; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1986; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed research is a continued study of group II intron mobility mechanisms and the development of group II introns as vectors for targeted gene disruption and site-specific DNA insertion. Mobile group II introns are catalytic RNAs ("ribozymes") that encode reverse transcriptases and are thought to be evolutionary ancestors of nuclear premRNA introns, non-LTR retrotransposons and telomerase. These introns use a novel mobility mechanism mediated by an RNP particle that is formed during RNA splicing and contains the intron-encoded reverse transcriptase and the excised intron lariat RNA. For mobility, this RNP recognizes a relatively long DNA target site (30-35 bp), with both the protein and base pairing of the intron RNA used for DNA target site recognition. The intron RNA then inserts directly into one DNA strand by reverse splicing, while the intron-encoded protein cleaves the opposite strand and uses the 3' end at the cleavage site as a primer for reverse transcription of the inserted intron RNA. Because most of the DNA target site is recognized by base pairing, group II introns can be retargeted to insert into any desired DNA target simply by modifying the intron RNA. During the current grant period, we used this feature to develop group II introns into highly efficient, controllable gene targeting vectors for both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including commercially and medically important species that lack good genetic systems. Mobile group II introns are of continued interest because they use a novel RNP-based mechanism for site-specific DNA cleavage and insertion and because they are related evolutionarily to introns, retrotransposable elements, and telomerase in the human genome. Further, as highly efficient bacterial gene targeting vectors, we anticipate that group II introns will have applications in the genetic engineering and functional

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genomics of a wide variety of bacteria, including the identification of novel drug targets and probiotics, which may lead directly to new therapies for bacterial diseases. Moreover, if group II introns can be adapted to function as efficiently for gene targeting in eukaryotes as has been possible in prokaryotes, they would have widespread applications in functional genomics and gene therapy in higher organisms, again including direct application to the cure of human diseases. Specific aims are: (1) To continue to study group II intron DNA target site recognition, focusing on defining and modifying DNA-protein interactions. (2) To study other key aspects of the group II intron mobility mechanism, including the possibility that the RNPs use facilitated diffusion for DNA target site recognition, how the IEP and intron RNA contribute to DNA unwinding, RNP conformational changes during different steps of mobility, and the identity of the enzymes used for second-strand DNA synthesis. (3) To continue to develop bacterial group II intron gene targeting methods and apply them to medically important bacteria. (4) To develop group I1 intronbased gene targeting methods for eukaryotes, including human cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF EXPERIMENTAL CROHN'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cominelli, Fabio; Director, Digestive Health Center of Exc; Internal Medicine; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Crohn's disease (CD) is a debilitating condition of unknown etiology that is poorly responsive to currently available treatments. A working hypothesis suggests that CD may represent a dysregulated immune response to antigens derived from normal intestinal bacteria in a genetically predisposed host. Our studies will take advantage of a new strain of mice referred to as SAMP1/Yit/FC that develops enteritis spontaneously without genetic or immunologic manipulations. Preliminary studies indicate that these mice develop disease only when colonized with normal murine intestinal flora and not when derived under germfree conditions. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that in SAMP1/Yit/FC mice, normal intestinal bacteria are required for the development of ileitis through the induction of antigenspecific immune responses in the gut, and that proper manipulation of the bacterial flora may result in disease amelioration. The overall objective of this proposal is to investigate, in a mechanistic fashion, the role of the bacterial flora in experimental CD. In order to achieve our goals we will: 1) Determine the effects of antibiotic/probiotic administration on the severity of ileitis. The effects of antibiotic administration, as well as that of well-characterized probiotics will be investigated. In addition, the ability of antibiotic/probiotic treatment to maintain remission following initial treatment with anti-TNF or prednisone will be studied; 2) Characterize the composition of the bacterial flora as well as its functional effects on T cell activation. State-of-the-art techniques, including 16S rRNA PCR will be used to characterize the bacterial flora colonizing the ileum versus the colon of SAMP1IYitJFC mice. In addition, a series of in vitro T-cell activation studies as well as adoptive transfer experiments following stimulation with indigenous flora will be used to attempt to define the pathogenesis of ileitis in these mice; 3) Determine the effects of germ-free conditions and the role of specific bacterial species on chronic intestinal inflammation. SAMP1/Yit/FC mice will be re-derived under specific germ-free conditions and specific bacterial species will be re-introduced to determine their ability to induce chronic ileitis in germ-free mice. In addition, adoptive transfer experiments will be performed to define whether the primary

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abnormality of SAMP1/Yit/FC mice occurs in the T cells or is caused by specific bacterial antigens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MURINE AIDS MODEL: OPPORTUNISTIC INFEC: MAIDS: TCR GENE:

C

PARVUM

PROBIOTICS,

Principal Investigator & Institution: Alak, John I.; Tuskegee University Tuskegee Institute, Al 36088 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The overall objective of this proposal is to study the host/pathogen interaction at mucosal surfaces and to develop prevention strategies that maximize protective mucosal immune responses to Cryptosporidiumum parvum (C parvum). We will develop and maintain a murine model for murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS) which will be used to study the pathogenesis of C parmm; a potential pathogen commonly associated with AIDS. To develop the MAIDS model, C57BI_16 female mice win be immunosuppressed by inoculation with LP-BM5; then challenged with C parvum 3 months post LP-BM5 infection. Studies of experimentally induced cryptosporidiosis using this model, will serve as a relevant tool for evaluating various therapies for prevention of this opportunistic disease as our previous studies have confirmed that mice infected with LP-BM5, develop persistent experimental cryptosporidiosis with high numbers of oocysts shed in the feces. Since the spread of AIDS is global and frequently assoc iated with opportunistic infections including cryptosporidiosis, it is critical to control AIDS-related o0portunistic diseases to alleviate human suffering in order to minimize both social and economic impact on society. Our long range goal will be to develop effective prophylactic regimens for the control of Cryptosporidium. infection, especially through nutritional, immunotherapeutic or chemotherapeutic interventions. As yet, no effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis has been reported. We will achieve the following specific aims during these studies: elucidate the role of cellular gut immunity to C parvum in this MAIDS model by determining the roles and phenotypic frequencies of intestinal (1) intraepithelial (EEL's) and (2) lamina propria (LPL) subpopulations (CD4', CD8, IgA, IgG' and IgM') and cytokine (TNF-a , IFN-y, IL-1, IL-2, 4, 5 and 10) production post C parvum challenge. (3) evaluate the efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri and L. acidophilus as probiotics for the control of cryptosporidiosis and (4) evaluate the efficacy of probiotics and (5) vavvines administered simultaneously for the control of cryptosporidiosis. Results obtained from these studies will be relevant in the development of new therapies for the control of cryptosporidiosis and other opportunistic diseases in immuncompromised individuals especially AIDS subjects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHOGENS, PROBIOTICS AND THE EPITHELIUM IN COLITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Barrett, Kim E.; Professor and Vice Chair for Research; Medicine; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our long-term goal is to understand intestinal epithelial transport and barrier function. Substantial evidence suggests that these critical functions are altered in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease and other intestinal disorders. Moreover, we hypothesize that inflammatory bowel disease results when

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intestinal barrier function is inadequate to exclude luminal factors, thereby resulting in immune stimulation and a vicious cycle of inflammation and injury that further compromises transport and barrier homeostasis. We will also test the specific hypothesis that probiotic microorganisms exert protective effects on intestinal epithelial cells under both basal conditions and when they are compromised by pathogenic microorganisms or other injurious insults. We will test our hypotheses by addressing two Specific Aims. In the first, we will examine whether barrier and transport functions are altered in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease known to depend on an epithelial defect, and determine how such alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammation and/or the generation of symptomatology. The interplay with luminal bacteria will also be sought. In the second Aim, we will define mechanisms whereby probiotic microorganisms improve epithelial barrier and transport function under control conditions, when these functions are compromised in vitro, and in the model of inflammatory bowel disease described above. The approach will be to use the mdr1a -/mouse which develops spontaneous colitis when conventionally housed, as well as human intestinal epithelial cell lines. We will also employ pathogenic bacteria and two representative probiotic strains. We will study transport and barrier functions in these models using electrophysiological approaches, and will apply molecular techniques to define protein targets of inflammation, or which underlie the beneficial effects of probiotics. The significance of this work lies in its potential to yield novel insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. It may also provide a scientific rationale for continued exploration of probiotics, promising complementary/alternative therapies, in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and other intestinal disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION OF INFECTION IN INDIAN NEONATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Panigrahi, Pinaki; Pediatrics; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 03-SEP-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (Provided by applicant): India, with one of the world's largest populations, continues to struggle with extremely high infant and neonatal mortality rates. Sepsis now accounts for 50% of deaths among community-born (and 20% of mortality among hospital-born) infants. Closely linked with this is a burgeoning problem with antimicrobial resistance, which is increasingly restricting the therapeutic options for medical care providers. To deal with these critical issues, the investigators propose to establish a Research Unit for the study of MCH in India, based on strong, existing collaborations between investigators in the Department of Pediatrics and Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine at the UMSM, Baltimore, and the AIIMS, New Delhi, and hospitals and the Ministry of Health in the state of Orissa, India. The applicant will initially develop an infrastructure to monitor occurrence of neonatal sepsis in community- and hospital-born infants. This will include: 1) identification of all hospitalized children, and children brought to hospital, with the diagnosis of sepsis; 2) obtaining blood cultures from these children; 3) screening of all bacterial strains isolated from blood cultures for antimicrobial resistance; 4) collecting basic demographic, risk factor, and treatment data on each case; and 5) development of a computer-based system and network for data management. In villages of Orissa State, the applicants will set up a village-level surveillance system to identify women during their pregnancy, monitor pregnancy outcomes, and establish a mechanism for referral of all potentially septic infants to participating clinics or hospitals for evaluation, including collection of blood cultures. Subsequent studies will identify potential sources of bacterial isolates

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causing sepsis. To this end, the applicants will screen skin, nares, and stool cultures from infants (and skin, nares, and vaginal cultures from their mothers), and seek to match blood isolates with these colonizing isolates, using molecular epidemiologic techniques. In the latter years of the grant period, and with these data collection systems in place, the applicants will initiate a series of interventions, including implementation of a hospital- and community-based system of "preferred" antimicrobials, use of probiotics to reduce the risk of neonatal sepsis, and implement alcohol-based handwashing products in hospital and community-based healthcare settings to minimize pathogen transmission. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROBIOTIC EFFECTS ON GUT EPITHELIAL HSPS AND NF-KB Principal Investigator & Institution: Petrof, Elaine O.; Medicine; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): In this mentored clinical scientist training proposal, the applicant will test the hypothesis that probiotic and commensal bacterial organisms secrete soluble, heat-labile proteins exert their beneficial effects by the induction of cytoprotective heat shock proteins (hsp) and the inhibition of the proinflammatory NFkappaB pathway in gut epithelial cells. Preliminary data strongly support this hypothesis and show feasibility of proposed approaches. Studies are aimed at examining specific mechanisms of probiotic action, the relative roles of the aforementioned actions in mediating probiotic action, and identifying bioactive probiotic proteins. These investigations will provide an outstanding training opportunity for the applicant to learn how to examine transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes, learn epithelial biology, and acquire additional skills in molecular and cell biology, including imaging technology. Finally, the applicant will learn biochemical techniques to identify and purify the active components of the bacterial conditioned media. The applicant, Elaine O. Petrof, MD, M.Sc., completed her Infectious Diseases fellowship and went on to pursue a Clinical Pharmacology fellowship at the University of Chicago. During this period, she entered the IBD laboratory of Dr. Eugene Chang to seek additional basic science training and to study the effect of probiotics and commensal flora on gut epithelium. The proposed training plan provides 75% protected time, numerous opportunities to acquire new skills and experience in cell and molecular biology, didactic training in techniques and proper conduct in research, meaningful interactions with other experienced investigators, and phased transition steps for the applicant to mature as an independent investigator. The applicant's research will form a solid foundation for future research required to develop a career in academic medicine Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HOMEOSTA

PROBIOTICS

REGULATE

INTESTINAL

EPITHELIAL

CELL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Yan, Fang; Pediatrics; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 30-DEC-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Probiotic bacteria are microorganisms that benefit the host by preventing or ameliorating disease. However, little information is known regarding the scientific rationale for using probiotics as alternative medicine. We

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reported that one such probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), prevents cytokine-induced apoptosis in both mouse and human colon cells through activating the anti-apoptotic Akt/protein kinase B and inhibiting cytokine-stimulated pro-apoptotic p38/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) activation. We further demonstrated that products recovered from LGG culture broth supernatant (LGG-s) show concentrationdependent activation of Akt and inhibition of cytokine-induced apoptosis. The longterm goal of this study is to investigate the mechanism of the probiotic bacterial regulatory effects on normal intestinal growth and development and to provide the mechanistic basis for potential therapeutic applications in diseases. The present research proposal is focused on studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of probiotic regulation of intestinal epithelial cells homeostasis. Three Specific Aims are addressed: Aim 1. To identify proteins recovered from LGG-s that regulate colon epithelial cell survival. Proteins in LGG-s will be purified by column chromatography or electroelution, and used to treat mouse and human colon epithelial cells to determine their effects on Akt activation and cell survival Aim 2. To determine amino acid sequence and clone the gene(s) encoding cell signaling and survival regulating proteins present in LGG-s. Amino acid sequences of purified proteins from LGG-s which regulate colon cell survival (Aim 1) will be determined for designing degenerate oligonucleotide probes. These probes will be used to screen/hybridize the LGG genomic DNA library to obtain DNA encoding the message for the full-length protein. Aim 3. To determine intestinal epithelial cell interacting proteins and molecular targets of purified proteins from LGG-s which regulate cell survival, Pull-down assays or protein arrays using proteins in LGG-s expressed as GST-fusion proteins will be performed to screen colon epithelial cellular lysates. Genes regulated by LGG in colon cells will be identified using DNA microarray. These findings will have significant relevance to further understanding the probiotic regulation of intestinal health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN ENTEROCOCCI Principal Investigator & Institution: Perego, Marta; Associate Professor; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Enterococci are Gram-positive constituents of the human microflora and play beneficial roles in artisanal cheese production and as probiotics to treat gastroenteritis. Enterococci have emerged as one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. The problem of enterococcal infection has been aggravated by the emergence of multiple antibiotic resistance that poses a serious challenge to therapeutic intervention. This is an issue of concern in medicine, to the scientific community and the general public. Direction in the search for new therapeutic approaches for treating enterococcal infections will come from a clearer understanding of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and their regulatory mechanisms. The availability of the E. faecalis genome sequence allowed us to identify the key components of the bacterial regulatory mechanisms carried out by twocomponent signal transduction systems. The research proposed in this application has the goal of defining the regulatory network of enterococcal signal transduction for the purpose of understanding the mechanisms underlying the physiology of these organisms. This will provide valuable information for the understanding of mechanisms responsible for pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance and thus the identification of molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. We have generated deletion mutants for all response regulators identified in E. faecalis V583. Phenotypes have been identified in

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some strains, and a role for the FsrA response regulator in controlling biofilm formation through regulation of gelatinase production has been revealed. We propose to: 1) determine the role of two-component systems in virulence through in vivo analyses; 2) determine the role of gelatinase in biofilm; 3) define the genes regulated by twocomponent signal transduction systems (the regulon) by transcriptional and proteomic approaches; 4) determine the role of the two-component systems in enterococcal physiology by turning ON or OFF the genes encoding response regulatory proteins and analyzing the resulting phenotypes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SOY, PROBIOTICS AND BREAST CANCER PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kurzer, Mindy S.; Associate Professor; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This study will investigate the independent and interactive effects of soy an probiotic consumption on lipids and estrogen and phytoestrogen metabolism in women who have had breast cancer and controls. A randomized, cross-over human study will be performed, in which 20 post-menopausal breast cancer survivors and 20 postmenopausal controls will consume 4 different combinations of dietary supplements for six weeks each, separated by 2-week washout periods. The supplements will be: 1) soy powder containing 2mg phtoestrogens per kg body weight + placebo capsule; 2) casein powder + probiotic capsule; 3) soy powder containing 2mg phytoestrogen per kg body weight + probiotic capsule; 4) casein powder + placebo capsule. Urine (3, 24 hour samples) and one fasting blood draw will be collected at the beginning of the study and the end of each diet period. Samples will be evaluated for lipoproteins as well as urinary and blood estrogen and phytoestrogen metabolites. To assure that energy and nutrient intakes do not differ between diet periods, food records will be collected once at the beginning of the study and at the end of each diet period. Feces will be collected once before the study begins and once at the end of each diet period, for evaluation of intestional microflora profiles. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE EFFECT OF A PROBIOTIC ON HEPATIC STEATOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Diehl, Anna M.; Professor; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States. NAFLD includes a spectrum of hepatic pathology that ranges from fatty liver (steatosis) at the most clinically indolent extreme, to cirrhosis at the opposite extreme where most liver specific morbidity and mortality occurs. Indeed, NAFLD is now thought to be responsible for most of what was once classified as 'cryptogenic cirrhosis'. Cryptogenic cirrhosis accounts for half of the annual liver-related deaths. The study of NAFLD has been hindered by the lack of an easily measurable, clinically relevant outcome measure. Safe, inexpensive, well-tolerated treatments for NAFLD are greatly needed. Recent breakthroughs using animal models have advanced understanding of the pathogenesis of NAFLD and provide hope for the development of effective treatments. Based on extensive work in our own laboratory, our OVERALL HYPOTHESIS is that alcohol and lipopolysacchride (LPS) production by intestinal bacterial overgrowth (IBO) cause

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inflammatory signaling in the liver that leads to hepatic insulin resistance and NAFLD. To evaluate this possibility, we treated a murine model of NAFLD with probiotics or anti-tumor necrosis factor a (TNF) antibodies. Indeed, both treatments decreased activation of well-defined molecular inflammatory pathways and improved steatosis by biopsy. This exciting preliminary data provides rationale for studying probiotics in humans. Therefore, this project has a single SPECIFIC AIM: to determine if probiotic therapy can decrease hepatic steatosis in humans with NAFLD. We propose a doubleblinded, randomized, placebo-controlled four month pilot study of 30 patients with NAFLD. The main outcome measure will be grade of hepatic steatosis evaluated by biopsy. We will also measure steatosis by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The possibility that probiotics, which are safe, well-tolerated and natural therapies, might improve NAFLD is exciting because liver-related morbidity and mortality are late complications of most chronic liver diseases, including NAFLD. Thus, the safety profile of probiotics makes them an attractive treatment option for a disease that will likely require chronic therapy. If the efficacy of probiotics is established one type of chronic liver disease, the possibility that similar biological therapies might benefit other chronic inflammatory states would merit further evaluation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “probiotics” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for probiotics in the PubMed Central database: •

Bacillus Probiotics: Spore Germination in the Gastrointestinal Tract. by Casula G, Cutting SM.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127533

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Characterization of the Properties of Human- and Dairy-Derived Probiotics for Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Fish. by Nikoskelainen S, Salminen S, Bylund G, Ouwehand AC.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92891

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Characterization of Two Bacillus Probiotics. by Green DH, Wakeley PR, Page A, Barnes A, Baccigalupi L, Ricca E, Cutting SM.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99781

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Probiotics as medical therapies. by Miller MA.; 2001 Nov 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=81661

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Probiotics as medical therapies. by Edmunds L.; 2001 Nov 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=81662

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Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis. by D'Souza AL, Rajkumar C, Cooke J, Bulpitt CJ.; 2002 Jun 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115209

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Probiotics Shown To Change Bacterial Community Structure in the Avian Gastrointestinal Tract. by Netherwood T, Gilbert HJ, Parker DS, O'Donnell AG.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91690

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Probiotics. by Berger A.; 2002 Jun 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115210

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The underuse of probiotics by family physicians. by Edmunds L.; 2001 May 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=81112

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with probiotics, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “probiotics” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for probiotics (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A bit of culture for children: probiotics may improve health and fight disease. Author(s): Friedrich MJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 September 20; 284(11): 1365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10989377

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A review of the role of the gut microflora in irritable bowel syndrome and the effects of probiotics. Author(s): Madden JA, Hunter JO. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 88 Suppl 1: S67-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215182

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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•

A review on the use of microorganisms as probiotics. Author(s): Gomez-Gil B, Roque A, Turnbull JF, Inglis V. Source: Rev Latinoam Microbiol. 1998 July-December; 40(3-4): 166-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10932744

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Adaptation of bacteria to the intestinal niche: probiotics and gut disorder. Author(s): Dunne C. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2001 May; 7(2): 136-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11383587

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Alternatives to antibiotic use: probiotics for the gut. Author(s): Reid G, Friendship R. Source: Animal Biotechnology. 2002 May; 13(1): 97-112. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12212948

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Anti-carcinogenicity of probiotics and prebiotics. Author(s): Burns AJ, Rowland IR. Source: Curr Issues Intest Microbiol. 2000 March; 1(1): 13-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11709850

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Application of molecular biological methods for studying probiotics and the gut flora. Author(s): McCartney AL. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 88 Suppl 1: S29-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215179

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Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production. Author(s): Patterson JA, Burkholder KM. Source: Poultry Science. 2003 April; 82(4): 627-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12710484

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Are probiotics and other functional foods the medicines of the future? Author(s): Holmes S. Source: Prof Nurse. 2003 July; 18(11): 627-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12861815

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Are probiotics useful in irritable bowel syndrome? Author(s): Faber SM. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 July; 37(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12811225

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Aspects of in vitro and in vivo research approaches directed toward identifying probiotics and prebiotics for human use. Author(s): Gibson GR, Fuller R. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 February; 130(2S Suppl): 391S-395S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10721913

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Assessment of mucosal inflammation and circulation in response to probiotics in patients operated with ileal pouch anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Laake KO, Line PD, Aabakken L, Lotveit T, Bakka A, Eide J, Roseth A, Grzyb K, Bjorneklett A, Vatn MH. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 April; 38(4): 409-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12739713

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Basic aspects and pharmacology of probiotics: an overview of pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action and side-effects. Author(s): Marteau P, Shanahan F. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 October; 17(5): 725-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507584

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but quantitation of probiotics, cytokines and organ substrate flux is more problematical. Author(s): Grimble GK. Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 1999 November; 2(6): 441-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10712073

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Characterization of the properties of human- and dairy-derived probiotics for prevention of infectious diseases in fish. Author(s): Nikoskelainen S, Salminen S, Bylund G, Ouwehand AC. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2001 June; 67(6): 2430-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11375147

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Clinical uses of probiotics for stabilizing the gut mucosal barrier: successful strains and future challenges. Author(s): Salminen S, Isolauri E, Salminen E. Source: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1996 October; 70(2-4): 347-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8992950

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Colonic food: pre- and probiotics. Author(s): Bengmark S. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 January; 95(1 Suppl): S5-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10634219

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Comparison of three probiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhea in mentally retarded children. Author(s): Barone C, Pettinato R, Avola E, Alberti A, Greco D, Failla P, Romano C. Source: Minerva Pediatr. 2000 March; 52(3): 161-5. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10879009

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Competition for adhesion between probiotics and human gastrointestinal pathogens in the presence of carbohydrate. Author(s): Lee YK, Puong KY. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 88 Suppl 1: S101-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215184

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Could probiotics be an option for treating and preventing urogenital infections? Author(s): Reid G, Bruce AW. Source: Medscape Women's Health [electronic Resource]. 2001 October; 6(5): 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11698931

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Demonstration of safety of probiotics -- a review. Author(s): Salminen S, von Wright A, Morelli L, Marteau P, Brassart D, de Vos WM, Fonden R, Saxelin M, Collins K, Mogensen G, Birkeland SE, Mattila-Sandholm T. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1998 October 20; 44(1-2): 93-106. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9849787

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Development of consumer probiotics for the US market. Author(s): Sanders ME. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1998 October; 80(4): S213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9924287

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Do probiotics prevent childhood illnesses? Author(s): Wanke CA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 June 2; 322(7298): 1318-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11387165

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Does probiotics administration decrease serum endotoxin levels in infants? Author(s): Urao M, Fujimoto T, Lane GJ, Seo G, Miyano T. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1999 February; 34(2): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10052803

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Effect of probiotics on constipation, fecal azoreductase activity and fecal mucin content in the elderly. Author(s): Ouwehand AC, Lagstrom H, Suomalainen T, Salminen S. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2002; 46(3-4): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12169860

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Effect of probiotics on enterocyte bacterial translocation in vitro. Author(s): Mattar AF, Drongowski RA, Coran AG, Harmon CM. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2001 May; 17(4): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11409159

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Effects of consumption of probiotics and prebiotics on serum lipid levels in humans. Author(s): Pereira DI, Gibson GR. Source: Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2002; 37(4): 259-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12236466

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Effects of probiotics and prebiotics on blood lipids. Author(s): Taylor GR, Williams CM. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1998 October; 80(4): S225-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9924289

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Efficacy studies of probiotics: a call for guidelines. Author(s): Hamilton-Miller JM, Gibson GR. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1999 July; 82(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10655959

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Essential fatty acids as possible enhancers of the beneficial actions of probiotics. Author(s): Das UN. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 September; 18(9): 786. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12297226

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European Union-funded research on probiotics, prebiotics and new foods. Author(s): Lucas J. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S98-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408451

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Evaluation in human volunteers of the potential anticarcinogenic activities of novel nutritional concepts: prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics (the SYNCAN project QLK1-1999-00346). Author(s): Van Loo J, Jonkers N. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001 August; 11(4 Suppl): 87-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11894762

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Evaluation of deficiencies in labeling of commercial probiotics. Author(s): Weese JS. Source: Can Vet J. 2003 December; 44(12): 982-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14703084

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Fecal bacteriotherapy or probiotics for the treatment of intestinal diseases? Author(s): Famularo G, Trinchieri V, De Simone C. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 July; 96(7): 2262-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11467668

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Functional foods and probiotics: time for gastroenterologists to embrace the concept. Author(s): Shanahan F, McCarthy J. Source: Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2000 October; 2(5): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10998660

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Functional foods and probiotics: Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Author(s): Isolauri E, Ribeiro Hda C, Gibson G, Saavedra J, Saliminen S, Vanderhoof J, Varavithya W. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002; 35 Suppl 2: S106-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12192178

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Functionality of probiotics and intestinal lactobacilli: light in the intestinal tract tunnel. Author(s): Vaughan EE, Mollet B, deVos WM. Source: Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 1999 October; 10(5): 505-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10508641

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Genetically engineered probiotics. Author(s): Steidler L. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 October; 17(5): 861-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507594

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Good adhesion properties of probiotics: a potential risk for bacteremia? Author(s): Apostolou E, Kirjavainen PV, Saxelin M, Rautelin H, Valtonen V, Salminen SJ, Ouwehand AC. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2001 July; 31(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11476979

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Gut microbial ecology in critical illness: is there a role for prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics? Author(s): Bengmark S. Source: Current Opinion in Critical Care. 2002 April; 8(2): 145-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12386516

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Health aspects of probiotics. Author(s): Ouwehand A, Vesterlund S. Source: Idrugs. 2003 June; 6(6): 573-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12811680

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Health benefits of probiotics. Author(s): Goldin BR. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1998 October; 80(4): S203-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9924285

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Helicobacter pylori treatment: a role for probiotics? Author(s): Cremonini F, Canducci F, Di Caro S, Santarelli L, Armuzzi A, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Source: Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 19(2): 144-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11549824

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Human ileostomy glycoproteins as a model for small intestinal mucus to investigate adhesion of probiotics. Author(s): Tuomola EM, Ouwehand AC, Salminen SJ. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1999 March; 28(3): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10196761

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Human studies with probiotics and prebiotics: clinical implications. Author(s): Saavedra JM, Tschernia A. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 May; 87 Suppl 2: S241-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12088524

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Immune system stimulation by probiotics. Author(s): Perdigon G, Alvarez S, Rachid M, Aguero G, Gobbato N. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1995 July; 78(7): 1597-606. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7593855

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Immunity and probiotics. Author(s): Dugas B, Mercenier A, Lenoir-Wijnkoop I, Arnaud C, Dugas N, Postaire E. Source: Immunology Today. 1999 September; 20(9): 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10462737

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Immunological effects of probiotics with special reference to lactobacilli. Author(s): Vaarala O. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 December; 33(12): 1634-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14656348

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Ineffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for Crohn's disease: a randomised controlled trial with Lactobacillus GG. Author(s): Prantera C, Scribano ML, Falasco G, Andreoli A, Luzi C. Source: Gut. 2002 September; 51(3): 405-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12171964

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Infant formula supplemented with probiotics or prebiotics: never, now, or someday? Author(s): Ghisolfi J, Roberfroid M, Rigo J, Moro G, Polanco I. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002 October; 35(4): 467-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12402966

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Ingested probiotics reduce nasal colonization with pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and beta-hemolytic streptococci). Author(s): Gluck U, Gebbers JO. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 February; 77(2): 517-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12540416

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Ingestion of probiotics: optional treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Author(s): Shalev E. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 May; 4(5): 357-60. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12040825

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Intelligent nutrition: health-promoting mechanisms of probiotics. Author(s): Amital H, Gilburd B, Shoenfeld Y. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 November; 5(11): 812-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14650108

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Live probiotics protect intestinal epithelial cells from the effects of infection with enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). Author(s): Resta-Lenert S, Barrett KE. Source: Gut. 2003 July; 52(7): 988-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12801956

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Making sense of probiotics. Author(s): Palmer D, Barker P. Source: Nurs Times. 2001 February 15-21; 97(7): 40-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11954084

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Market potential for probiotics. Author(s): Stanton C, Gardiner G, Meehan H, Collins K, Fitzgerald G, Lynch PB, Ross RP. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 February; 73(2 Suppl): 476S483S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11157361

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Methods for assessing the potential of prebiotics and probiotics. Author(s): Rycroft CE, Fooks LJ, Gibson GR. Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 1999 November; 2(6): 481-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10678677

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Microbiologic evaluation of commercial probiotics. Author(s): Weese JS. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 March 15; 220(6): 794-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11918274

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Microecology, bacterial vaginosis and probiotics: perspectives for bacteriotherapy. Author(s): Famularo G, Pieluigi M, Coccia R, Mastroiacovo P, De Simone C. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 April; 56(4): 421-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11339841

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Modification of the intestinal microflora using probiotics and prebiotics. Author(s): Fuller R, Gibson GR. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1997; 222: 28-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9145443

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Multifactorial gut barrier failure in cirrhosis and bacterial translocation: working out the role of probiotics and antioxidants. Author(s): Albillos A, de la Hera A. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2002 October; 37(4): 523-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12217607

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New aspects of probiotics--a novel approach in the management of food allergy. Author(s): Kirjavainen PV, Apostolou E, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E. Source: Allergy. 1999 September; 54(9): 909-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10505453

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New scientific paradigms for probiotics and prebiotics. Author(s): Reid G, Sanders ME, Gaskins HR, Gibson GR, Mercenier A, Rastall R, Roberfroid M, Rowland I, Cherbut C, Klaenhammer TR. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 August; 37(2): 105-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869879

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New therapeutic approach in the management of intestinal disease: probiotics in intestinal disease in paediatric age. Author(s): Cucchiara S, Falconieri P, Di Nardo G, Parcelii MA, Dito L, Grandinetti A. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S44-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408439

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: lumen-liver interactions and possible role for probiotics. Author(s): Solga SF, Diehl AM. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2003 May; 38(5): 681-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12713883

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Novel probiotics for the management of allergic inflammation. Author(s): von der Weid T, Ibnou-Zekri N, Pfeifer A. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S25-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408435

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Nutritional advantages of probiotics and prebiotics. Author(s): Marteau P, Boutron-Ruault MC. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 May; 87 Suppl 2: S153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12088512

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Nutritional impact of pre- and probiotics as protective gastrointestinal organisms. Author(s): Teitelbaum JE, Walker WA. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 2002; 22: 107-38. Epub 2002 January 04. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12055340

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Oral probiotics can resolve urogenital infections. Author(s): Reid G, Bruce AW, Fraser N, Heinemann C, Owen J, Henning B. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2001 February; 30(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11172991

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Overview of gut flora and probiotics. Author(s): Holzapfel WH, Haberer P, Snel J, Schillinger U, Huis in't Veld JH. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1998 May 26; 41(2): 85-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9704859

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Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice. Author(s): Reid G, Jass J, Sebulsky MT, McCormick JK. Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2003 October; 16(4): 658-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14557292

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Pouchitis prevention with probiotics. Author(s): Veereman-Wauters G. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 November; 37(5): 636. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14640099

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Pre- and probiotics: where are we today? Introduction. Author(s): Hasler CM. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1998 October; 80(4): S195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9924283

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Prebiotics and probiotics: are they functional foods? Author(s): Roberfroid MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 June; 71(6 Suppl): 1682S-7S; Discussion 1688S-90S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10837317

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Prebiotics or probiotics for lactose intolerance: a question of adaptation. Author(s): Szilagyi A. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 July; 70(1): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10393148

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Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in infants by probiotics. Author(s): Jirapinyo P, Densupsoontorn N, Thamonsiri N, Wongarn R. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 August; 85 Suppl 2: S739-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12403254

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Probiotics (Br J Surg 2001; 88: 161-2). Author(s): Kennedy RJ, Kirk SJ, Gardiner KR. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2001 July; 88(7): 1018-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11442548

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Probiotics (Br J Surg 2001; 88: 161-2). Author(s): Guslandi M. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2001 June; 88(6): 890-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11412272

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Probiotics against allergy: data, doubts, and perspectives. Author(s): Matricardi PM. Source: Allergy. 2002 March; 57(3): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11906330

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Probiotics and antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Lactulose is effective. Author(s): Battle M, Teare L, Law S, Fulton J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 October 19; 325(7369): 901; Author Reply 901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12386048

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Probiotics and antibiotic associated diarrhoea. The case for probiotics remains unproved. Author(s): Beckly J, Lewis S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 October 19; 325(7369): 901; Author Reply 901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12395791

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Probiotics and atopic dermatitis. A new strategy in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Miraglia del Giudice M Jr, De Luca MG, Capristo C. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408445

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Probiotics and benefits to human health--the evidence in favour. Author(s): Rowland I. Source: Environmental Microbiology. 1999 October; 1(5): 375-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11207755

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Probiotics and colon cancer. Author(s): Rafter J. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 October; 17(5): 849-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507593

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Probiotics and Crohn's disease. Author(s): Prantera C, Scribano ML. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408444

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Probiotics and dietary fiber: the clinical coming of age of intestinal microecology. Author(s): Floch MH, Moussa K. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1998 September; 27(2): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9754769

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Probiotics and E. coli infections in man. Author(s): Lodinova-Zadnikova R, Sonnenborn U, Tlaskalova H. Source: Vet Q. 1998; 20 Suppl 3: S78-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9689732

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Probiotics and food-allergic diseases. Author(s): Paganelli R, Ciuffreda S, Verna N, Cavallucci E, Paolini F, Ramondo S, Di Gioacchino M. Source: Allergy. 2002; 57 Suppl 72: 97-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12144565

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Probiotics and functional foods in gastrointestinal disorders. Author(s): Floch MH, Hong-Curtiss J. Source: Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2001 August; 3(4): 343-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11470004

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Probiotics and gastrointestinal function in health and disease. Author(s): Kochhar KP. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 2000 January-March; 21(1): 8-11. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10835952

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Probiotics and gastrointestinal health. Author(s): Gorbach SL. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 January; 95(1 Suppl): S2-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10634218

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Probiotics and health. Foreword. Author(s): Roberfroid M. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 88 Suppl 1: S3-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215175

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Probiotics and health: new facts and ideas. Author(s): Marteau P, Seksik P, Jian R. Source: Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2002 October; 13(5): 486-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12459342

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Probiotics and Helicobacter pylori eradication. Author(s): Canducci F, Cremonini F, Armuzzi A, Di Caro S, Gabrielli M, Santarelli L, Nista E, Lupascu A, De Martini D, Gasbarrini A. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408448

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Probiotics and Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Felley C, Michetti P. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 October; 17(5): 785-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507588

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Probiotics and immune regulation of inflammatory bowel diseases. Author(s): Cong Y, Konrad A, Iqbal N, Elson CO. Source: Current Drug Targets. Inflammation and Allergy. 2003 June; 2(2): 145-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14561167

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Probiotics and immune response. Author(s): Blum S, Haller D, Pfeifer A, Schiffrin EJ. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 2002 June; 22(3): 287-309. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12043386

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Probiotics and immune response. Author(s): Cunningham-Rundles S, Ahrne S, Bengmark S, Johann-Liang R, Marshall F, Metakis L, Califano C, Dunn AM, Grassey C, Hinds G, Cervia J. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 January; 95(1 Suppl): S22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10634225

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Probiotics and immunity. Introduction. Author(s): Gershwin ME, Schiffrin E. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 2002 June; 22(3): 205-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12043381

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Probiotics and infant and child nutrition. Author(s): Ebrahim GJ. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2001 October; 47(5): 256-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11695722

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Probiotics and infectious diarrhea. Author(s): Saavedra J. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 January; 95(1 Suppl): S16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10634223

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Probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Kwon J, Farrell R. Source: Biodrugs : Clinical Immunotherapeutics, Biopharmaceuticals and Gene Therapy. 2003; 17(3): 179-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749754

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Probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Jonkers D, Stockbrugger R. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 April; 96(4): 167-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12668702

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Probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease: from fads and fantasy to facts and future. Author(s): Shanahan F. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 88 Suppl 1: S5-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215176

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Probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease: is there a scientific rationale? Author(s): Shanahan F. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2000 May; 6(2): 107-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10833070

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Probiotics and inflammatory bowel diseases. Author(s): Schultz M, Sartor RB. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 January; 95(1 Suppl): S19-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10634224

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Probiotics and intestinal health effects: a clinical perspective. Author(s): Marteau P, Seksik P, Jian R. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 88 Suppl 1: S51-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215185

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Probiotics and intestinal inflammatory disorders in infants and children. Author(s): Vanderhoof JA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2000; 30 Suppl 2: S34-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10749399

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Probiotics and life-threatening infection. Author(s): Torrens JK, McWhinney PH. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1999 November; 39(3): 246. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10714808

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Probiotics and non-intestinal infectious conditions. Author(s): de Vrese M, Schrezenmeir J. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 88 Suppl 1: S59-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215181

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Probiotics and prebiotics and food intolerance. Author(s): Capurso L. Source: Allergy. 2001; 56 Suppl 67: 125-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298028

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Probiotics and prebiotics as functional food ingredients. Author(s): Shih F. Source: Die Nahrung. 2003 October; 47(5): 285. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609080

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Probiotics and prebiotics for bowel health. Author(s): Yen PK. Source: Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.Y.). 2003 May-June; 24(3): 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12813442

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Probiotics and prebiotics in female health. Author(s): Smejkal C, Kolida S, Bingham M, Gibson G, McCartney A. Source: The Journal of the British Menopause Society. 2003 June; 9(2): 69-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12844428

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Probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of infections due to vancomycin-dependent Enterococcus faecalis and of imbalance of the intestinal ecosystem (dysbiosis) Author(s): Zoppi G. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1997 October; 86(10): 1148-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9350905

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Probiotics and prebiotics: A brief overview. Author(s): Chow J. Source: Journal of Renal Nutrition : the Official Journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 April; 12(2): 76-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11953920

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Probiotics and prebiotics: can regulating the activities of intestinal bacteria benefit health? Author(s): Macfarlane GT, Cummings JH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 April 10; 318(7189): 999-1003. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10195977

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Probiotics and prebiotics: why should the medical community pay attention? Author(s): Roberfroid M. Source: Drug Discovery Today. 2003 December 15; 8(24): 1107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14678734

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Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Arvilommi H, Isolauri E. Source: Lancet. 2003 May 31; 361(9372): 1869-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12788576

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Probiotics and safety. Author(s): Ishibashi N, Yamazaki S. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 February; 73(2 Suppl): 465S470S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11157359

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Probiotics and the urologist. Author(s): Bruce AW, Reid G. Source: Can J Urol. 2003 April; 10(2): 1785-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12773227

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Probiotics as a help in children suffering from malnutrition and diarrhoea. Author(s): Solis B, Samartin S, Gomez S, Nova E, de la Rosa B, Marcos A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 56 Suppl 3: S57-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12142965

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Probiotics as an adjuvant to detoxification protocols. Author(s): Brudnak MA. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2002 May; 58(5): 382-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12056873

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Probiotics as biotherapeutic agents: present knowledge and future prospects. Author(s): Mercenier A, Pavan S, Pot B. Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2003; 9(2): 175-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12570667

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Probiotics as medical therapies. Author(s): Miller MA. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2001 November 27; 165(11): 1470. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11762570

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Probiotics as modulators of the gut flora. Author(s): Fooks LJ, Gibson GR. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 88 Suppl 1: S39-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215180

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Probiotics can treat hepatic encephalopathy. Author(s): Solga SF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2003 August; 61(2): 307-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12888324

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Probiotics demonstrating efficacy in clinical settings. Author(s): Salminen S, Arvilommi H. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 June 1; 32(11): 1577-8. Epub 2001 May 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11340529

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Probiotics during pregnancy and breast-feeding might confer immunomodulatory protection against atopic disease in the infant. Author(s): Rautava S, Kalliomaki M, Isolauri E. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 January; 109(1): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11799376

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Probiotics feeding in prevention of urinary tract infection, bacterial sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. A prospective double-blind study. Author(s): Dani C, Biadaioli R, Bertini G, Martelli E, Rubaltelli FF. Source: Biology of the Neonate. 2002 August; 82(2): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12169832

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Probiotics for chronic intestinal disorders. Author(s): Guslandi M. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 March; 98(3): 520-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12650780

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Probiotics for infectious diarrhoea. Author(s): Isolauri E. Source: Gut. 2003 March; 52(3): 436-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12584230

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Probiotics for irritable bowel syndrome: a light in the darkness? Author(s): Thompson WG. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 October; 13(10): 11356. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11711765

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Probiotics for preterm infants? Author(s): Millar M, Wilks M, Costeloe K. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2003 September; 88(5): F354-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12937036

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Probiotics for prevention of atopic disease? Author(s): Niers LE, Rijkers G, Knol EF, Meijer Y, Hoekstra MO. Source: Lancet. 2003 August 9; 362(9382): 496; Author Reply 496. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12927448

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Probiotics for the hemodynamic alterations of patients with liver cirrhosis. Author(s): De Santis A, Famularo G, De Simone C. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 January; 95(1): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10638621

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Probiotics for the skin: a new area of potential application? Author(s): Ouwehand AC, Batsman A, Salminen S. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2003; 36(5): 327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12680947

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Probiotics for the treatment of postoperative complications following intestinal surgery. Author(s): Gionchetti P, Amadini C, Rizzello F, Venturi A, Poggioli G, Campieri M. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 October; 17(5): 821-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507591

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Probiotics for urogenital health. Author(s): Reid G. Source: Nutrition in Clinical Care : an Official Publication of Tufts University. 2002 January-February; 5(1): 3-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12134717

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Probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Author(s): Cremonini F, Di Caro S, Santarelli L, Gabrielli M, Candelli M, Nista EC, Lupascu A, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S78-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408447

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Probiotics in chronic pouchitis: restoring luminal microbial balance. Author(s): Sartor RB. Source: Gastroenterology. 2000 August; 119(2): 584-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10930392

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Probiotics in clinical conditions. Author(s): Marteau PR. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 2002 June; 22(3): 255-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12043384

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Probiotics in Crohn's disease. Author(s): Guslandi M. Source: Gut. 2001 December; 49(6): 873-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11758503

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Probiotics in foods not containing milk or milk constituents, with special reference to Lactobacillus plantarum 299v. Author(s): Molin G. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 February; 73(2 Suppl): 380S385S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11157345

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Probiotics in health and disease in the pediatric patient. Author(s): Markowitz JE, Bengmark S. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2002 February; 49(1): 127-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11826802

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Probiotics in health and diseases. Author(s): Bansal S, Jain SK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 July; 49: 735-41. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11573561

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Probiotics in health maintenance and disease prevention. Author(s): Drisko JA, Giles CK, Bischoff BJ. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2003 May; 8(2): 143-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12777160

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Probiotics in human disease. Author(s): Isolauri E. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 June; 73(6): 1142S-1146S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11393192

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Probiotics in human infections. Author(s): Sullivan A, Nord CE. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 November; 50(5): 625-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12407117

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Probiotics in human medicine. Author(s): Fuller R. Source: Gut. 1991 April; 32(4): 439-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1902810

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Probiotics in IBD. Author(s): Kennedy RJ, Kirk SJ, Gardiner KR. Source: Gut. 2001 December; 49(6): 873. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11758502

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Probiotics in infective diarrhoea and inflammatory bowel diseases. Author(s): Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Venturi A, Campieri M. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2000 May; 15(5): 489-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10847433

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Probiotics in inflamatory bowel disease. Author(s): Shanahan F. Source: Gut. 2001 May; 48(5): 609. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11302956

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Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Karthik SV. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 July; 96(7): 370. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12835466

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Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a critical review. Author(s): Tamboli CP, Caucheteux C, Cortot A, Colombel JF, Desreumaux P. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 October; 17(5): 805-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507590

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Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: new insight to pathogenesis or a possible therapeutic alternative? Author(s): Campieri M, Gionchetti P. Source: Gastroenterology. 1999 May; 116(5): 1246-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10220518

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Probiotics in man and animals. Author(s): Fuller R. Source: The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1989 May; 66(5): 365-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2666378

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Probiotics in pediatric gastrointestinal disorders. Author(s): Davidson GP, Butler RN. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2000 October; 12(5): 477-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11021414

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Probiotics in pediatrics. Author(s): Vanderhoof JA, Young RJ. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 May; 109(5): 956-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11986461

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Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis. Author(s): D'Souza AL, Rajkumar C, Cooke J, Bulpitt CJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 June 8; 324(7350): 1361. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12052801

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Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E. Source: Lancet. 2001 April 7; 357(9262): 1076-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11297958

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Probiotics in the management and prevention of atopy. Author(s): Bienenstock J, Wiley RE, Neigh GS, Waserman S, Keith P. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 2002 June; 22(3): 275-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12043385

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Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema. Author(s): Isolauri E, Arvola T, Sutas Y, Moilanen E, Salminen S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 November; 30(11): 1604-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069570

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Probiotics in the new millennium. Author(s): Vaughan EE, Mollet B. Source: Die Nahrung. 1999 June; 43(3): 148-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10399346

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Probiotics in the prevention and treatment of allergic disease. Author(s): Isolauri E. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 56-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11380901

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Probiotics in the third millennium. Author(s): Gorbach SL. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S2-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408431

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Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: a systematic review of published randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trials. Author(s): Szajewska H, Mrukowicz JZ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2001 October; 33 Suppl 2: S17-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11698781

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Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic E. coli adherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression. Author(s): Mack DR, Michail S, Wei S, McDougall L, Hollingsworth MA. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1999 April; 276(4 Pt 1): G941-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10198338

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Probiotics or microbes against microbes. Author(s): Zivkovic R. Source: Acta Med Croatica. 1999; 53(1): 23-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10437274

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Probiotics plus antibiotics: regulating our bacterial environment. Author(s): Saavedra JM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 November; 135(5): 535-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10547236

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Probiotics strain for credibility. Author(s): Hamilton-Miller J. Source: Lancet. 2000 January 29; 355(9201): 413-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10665591

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Probiotics strain for credibility. Author(s): Larkin M. Source: Lancet. 1999 November 27; 354(9193): 1884. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10584735

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Probiotics to enhance anti-infective defences in the gastrointestinal tract. Author(s): Gill HS. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 October; 17(5): 755-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507586

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Probiotics up-regulate MUC-2 mucin gene expression in a Caco-2 cell-culture model. Author(s): Mattar AF, Teitelbaum DH, Drongowski RA, Yongyi F, Harmon CM, Coran AG. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2002 October; 18(7): 586-90. Epub 2002 September 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12471471

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Probiotics use decreases antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Author(s): Shaughnessy A. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 April 15; 67(8): 1782. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12725460

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Probiotics used in trials should be independently checked microbiologically. Author(s): Hamilton-Miller JM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 July 17; 319(7203): 189-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10406771

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Probiotics, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in humans. Author(s): Surawicz CM. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 October; 17(5): 775-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507587

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Probiotics, infection and immunity. Author(s): Macfarlane GT, Cummings JH. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2002 October; 15(5): 501-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12686883

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Probiotics, prebiotics or 'conbiotics'? Author(s): Berg RD. Source: Trends in Microbiology. 1998 March; 6(3): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9582929

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Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. Author(s): Collins MD, Gibson GR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 May; 69(5): 1052S-1057S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10232648

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Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics--approaching a definition. Author(s): Schrezenmeir J, de Vrese M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 February; 73(2 Suppl): 361S364S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11157342

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Probiotics. Antistaphylococcal and antifibrinolytic activities of omega-guanidino acids and omega-guanidinoacyl-L-histidines. Author(s): Fujii A, Cook ES. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1973 December; 16(12): 1409-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4765868

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Probiotics: “living drugs”. Author(s): Elmer GW. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2001 June 15; 58(12): 1101-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11449853

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Probiotics: a novel approach in the management of food allergy. Author(s): Majamaa H, Isolauri E. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 February; 99(2): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9042042

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Probiotics: a perspective on problems and pitfalls. Author(s): Shanahan F. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 2003; (237): 34-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12797679

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Probiotics: a role in the treatment of intestinal infection and inflammation? Author(s): Isolauri E, Kirjavainen PV, Salminen S. Source: Gut. 2002 May; 50 Suppl 3: Iii54-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11953334

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Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects. Author(s): Ouwehand AC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Source: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2002 August; 82(1-4): 279-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12369194

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Probiotics: clinics and/or nutrition. Author(s): Morelli L. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S8-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408432

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Probiotics: considerations for human health. Author(s): Sanders ME. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 March; 61(3): 91-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12723641

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Probiotics: could they turn out to be ineffective in irritable bowel syndrome? Author(s): Barbara G, Corinaldesi R. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2000 May; 32(4): 302-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11515627

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Probiotics: determinants of survival and growth in the gut. Author(s): Bezkorovainy A. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 February; 73(2 Suppl): 399S405S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11157348

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Probiotics: effects on immunity. Author(s): Isolauri E, Sutas Y, Kankaanpaa P, Arvilommi H, Salminen S. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 February; 73(2 Suppl): 444S450S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11157355

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Probiotics: established effects and open questions. Author(s): von Wright A, Salminen S. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1999 November; 11(11): 1195-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10563525

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Probiotics: from anecdotes to clinical demonstration. Author(s): Isolauri E. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 December; 108(6): 1062. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11742291

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Probiotics: from myth to reality. Demonstration of functionality in animal models of disease and in human clinical trials. Author(s): Dunne C, Murphy L, Flynn S, O'Mahony L, O'Halloran S, Feeney M, Morrissey D, Thornton G, Fitzgerald G, Daly C, Kiely B, Quigley EM, O'Sullivan GC, Shanahan F, Collins JK. Source: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1999 July-November; 76(1-4): 279-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10532384

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Probiotics: future directions. Author(s): Vanderhoof JA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 June; 73(6): 1152S-1155S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11393194

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Probiotics: how microorganisms compete. Author(s): Reid G. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 July 3; 276(1): 2930. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8667531

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Probiotics: Isolated bacteria strain or mixtures of different strains? Two different approaches in the use of probiotics as therapeutics. Author(s): Karimi O, Pena AS. Source: Drugs Today (Barc). 2003 August; 39(8): 565-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14566382

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Probiotics: on-going research on atopic individuals. Author(s): Laiho K, Hoppu U, Ouwehand AC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 88 Suppl 1: S19-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215178

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Probiotics: potential pharmaceutical applications. Author(s): Kaur IP, Chopra K, Saini A. Source: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences : Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2002 February; 15(1): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11803126

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Probiotics: time for a dose of realism. Author(s): Tannock GW. Source: Curr Issues Intest Microbiol. 2003 September; 4(2): 33-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14503687

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Probiotics: time to move beyond Metchnikoff? Author(s): Ouwehand AC. Source: Drug Discovery Today. 2003 December 1; 8(23): 1063. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693464

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Probiotics: what are they? What are their effects on gut physiology? Author(s): Fioramonti J, Theodorou V, Bueno L. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 October; 17(5): 711-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507583

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Probiotics--a therapy in search of a disease. Author(s): Dan M. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 October; 4(10): 846. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12389361

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Probiotics--an important therapeutic concept awaiting validation. Author(s): Lebenthal E, Lebenthal Y. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 May; 4(5): 374-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12040830

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Probiotics--compensation for lactase insufficiency. Author(s): de Vrese M, Stegelmann A, Richter B, Fenselau S, Laue C, Schrezenmeir J. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 February; 73(2 Suppl): 421S429S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11157352

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Probiotics--current perspectives. Author(s): Malathi S, Jayanthi V. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 2002 October-December; 23(4): 162-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12833700

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Probiotics--role in inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Gionchetti P, Amadini C, Rizzello F, Venturi A, Palmonari V, Morselli C, Romagnoli R, Campieri M. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408442

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Probiotics--scope and promise in inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Chermesh I, Eliakim R. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 May; 4(5): 353-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12040824

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Probiotics--snake oil for the new millennium? Author(s): Atlas RM. Source: Environmental Microbiology. 1999 October; 1(5): 377-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11207756

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Prophylactic and therapeutic uses of probiotics: a review. Author(s): Kopp-Hoolihan L. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 February; 101(2): 229-38; Quiz 239-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11271697

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Protection from gastrointestinal diseases with the use of probiotics. Author(s): Marteau PR, de Vrese M, Cellier CJ, Schrezenmeir J. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 February; 73(2 Suppl): 430S436S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11157353

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Protective role of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer. Author(s): Wollowski I, Rechkemmer G, Pool-Zobel BL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 February; 73(2 Suppl): 451S455S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11157356

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Re: probiotics and C difficile diarrhea. Author(s): McFarland LV. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 August; 95(8): 2128. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10950076

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Review of probiotics available to modify gastrointestinal flora. Author(s): Gismondo MR, Drago L, Lombardi A. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 1999 August; 12(4): 287-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10493604

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Role of probiotics in food hypersensitivity. Author(s): Isolauri E, Rautava S, Kalliomaki M, Kirjavainen P, Salminen S. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 June; 2(3): 263-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12045425

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Role of probiotics in the management of patients with food allergy. Author(s): Vanderhoof JA, Young RJ. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 June; 90(6 Suppl 3): 99-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839122

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Safety of probiotics that contain lactobacilli or bifidobacteria. Author(s): Borriello SP, Hammes WP, Holzapfel W, Marteau P, Schrezenmeir J, Vaara M, Valtonen V. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 March 15; 36(6): 775-80. Epub 2003 Mar 05. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12627362

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Science commentary: Probiotics. Author(s): Berger A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 June 8; 324(7350): 1364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12052802

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Selection of dairy bacterial strains as probiotics for oral health. Author(s): Comelli EM, Guggenheim B, Stingele F, Neeser JR. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2002 June; 110(3): 218-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12120707

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Selection of human isolates of Bifidobacteria for their use as probiotics. Author(s): Acharya MR, Shah RK. Source: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2002 July-December; 102-103(1-6): 8198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12396113

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The bacterial flora in inflammatory bowel disease: current insights in pathogenesis and the influence of antibiotics and probiotics. Author(s): Linskens RK, Huijsdens XW, Savelkoul PH, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Meuwissen SG. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 2001; (234): 29-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11768558

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The beneficial, antimicrobial effect of probiotics. Author(s): Bongaerts GP, Severijnen RS. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 February; 56(2): 174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11425283

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The development of gut immune responses and gut microbiota: effects of probiotics in prevention and treatment of allergic disease. Author(s): Rautava S, Isolauri E. Source: Curr Issues Intest Microbiol. 2002 March; 3(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12022809

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The effect of probiotics on Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Author(s): Pochapin M. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 January; 95(1 Suppl): S11-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10634221

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The evidence for the effectiveness of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Author(s): Goldin B. Source: Nutrition in Clinical Care : an Official Publication of Tufts University. 2002 January-February; 5(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12134714

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The physiology of colonic metabolism. Possibilities for interventions with pre- and probiotics. Author(s): Priebe MG, Vonk RJ, Sun X, He T, Harmsen HJ, Welling GW. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 2002 November; 41 Suppl 1: I2-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12420110

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The place of probiotics in human intestinal infections. Author(s): Sullivan A, Nord CE. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 November; 20(5): 313-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12431865

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The potential for probiotics to prevent bacterial vaginosis and preterm labor. Author(s): Reid G, Bocking A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 October; 189(4): 1202-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14586379

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The potential role of probiotics in pediatric urology. Author(s): Reid G. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 October; 168(4 Pt 1): 1512-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352446

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The renaissance of probiotics and prebiotics. Author(s): LaMont JT. Source: Gastroenterology. 2000 August; 119(2): 291. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10930362

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The role of cranberry and probiotics in intestinal and urogenital tract health. Author(s): Reid G. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(3 Suppl): 293-300. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12058988

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The role of probiotics and prebiotics in the management of diarrhoea associated with enteral tube feeding. Author(s): Whelan K, Gibson GR, Judd PA, Taylor MA. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2001 December; 14(6): 423-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11906584

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The role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Hamilton-Miller JM. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 October; 22(4): 360-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14522098

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The underuse of probiotics by family physicians. Author(s): Edmunds L. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2001 May 29; 164(11): 1577. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11402796

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The use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease. Author(s): Madsen KL. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2001 December; 15(12): 817-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11773948

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The use of probiotics in medical practice. Author(s): Mombelli B, Gismondo MR. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2000 December; 16(4): 531-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11118874

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The use of probiotics in paediatrics. Author(s): Isolauri E. Source: Hosp Med. 2000 January; 61(1): 6-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10735145

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Time for probiotics. Author(s): Reid G, McCormick JK. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2002 August; 2(8): 459. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12150842

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Toll of allergy reduced by probiotics. Author(s): Murch SH. Source: Lancet. 2001 April 7; 357(9262): 1057-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11297952

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Two antioxidative lactobacilli strains as promising probiotics. Author(s): Kullisaar T, Zilmer M, Mikelsaar M, Vihalemm T, Annuk H, Kairane C, Kilk A. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2002 February 5; 72(3): 215-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11845820

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Understanding urogenital biofilms and potential impact of probiotics. Author(s): Reid G, Heinemann C, Howard J, Gardiner G, Gan BS. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2001; 336: 403-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11398415

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Urinary tract infections cranberry juice, underwear, and probiotics in the 21st century. Author(s): Miller JL, Krieger JN. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2002 August; 29(3): 695-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12476532

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Urogenital infections in women: can probiotics help? Author(s): Reid G, Bruce AW. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2003 August; 79(934): 428-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12954951

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Use of probiotics in childhood gastrointestinal disorders. Author(s): Vanderhoof JA, Young RJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1998 September; 27(3): 32332. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9740206

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Use of probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Hart AL, Stagg AJ, Kamm MA. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 February; 36(2): 111-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544192

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Using probiotics and prebiotics to improve gut health. Author(s): Tuohy KM, Probert HM, Smejkal CW, Gibson GR. Source: Drug Discovery Today. 2003 August 1; 8(15): 692-700. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12927512

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PROBIOTICS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and probiotics.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Probiotics The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “probiotics” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on probiotics: •

Probiotics and product innovation. Author(s): Nestle UK Ltd, London (United Kingdom) Source: Richardson, D. Nutrition-and-Food-Science (United Kingdom). (1996). (no.) page 27-33.

Additional consumer oriented references include: •

Cultural revolution: yogurt and probiotics come of age. Source: Klausner, A. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. March 1999. volume 22 (3) page 1, 4. 0893-4452

•

Probiotics--panacea or nostrum. Source: Dickerson, J.W.T. BNF-nutr-bull. London : The British Nutrition Foundation. Sept 1996. volume 21 page 199-208. 0141-9684

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “probiotics” (or a synonym): •

Lactic acid bacteria, probiotics and immune system [Review]. Author(s): Univerzita Veterinarskeho Lekarstva, Kosice (Czech Republic). Ustav Patologickej Anatomie Source: Herich, R. Levkut, M. Veterinarni-Medicina-UZPI (Czech Republic). (June 2002). volume 47(6) page 169-180.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

Applications of probiotics. Author(s): Yakult Belgium, Brussels (Belgium) Source: Degeest, B. Mededelingen-Faculteit-Landbouwkundige-en-ToegepasteBiologische-Wetenschappen-Universiteit-Gent. (2001). volume 66(3b) page 557-561.

•

Study of immunotropic activities of Bacillus subtilis as the basis of anti-scleroma probiotics. Author(s): Uzhhorod State University, 46 Pidgirna St., Uzhgorod, 88000, Ukraine. Source: Boiko, N V Lysetska, M V Arkadiev, V G Maksimov, Y M Danylenko, V P Mikrobiol-Z. 2000 Nov-December; 62(6): 22-5

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Variable response to probiotics in two models of experimental colitis in rats. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem. [email protected] Source: Shibolet, O Karmeli, F Eliakim, R Swennen, E Brigidi, P Gionchetti, P Campieri, M Morgenstern, S Rachmilewitz, D Inflamm-Bowel-Dis. 2002 November; 8(6): 399-406 1078-0998

Nutrition

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to Probiotics; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crème Fraîche Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kefir Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lhassi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,95,00.html Yogurt Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON PROBIOTICS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to probiotics. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “probiotics” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on probiotics, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Probiotics ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to probiotics. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Studies on the Effects of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Broiler Performance, Microbial Ecology, and Volatile Ammonia of Excreta by Yusrizal; PhD from Mississippi State University, 2003, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080213

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON PROBIOTICS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “probiotics” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on probiotics, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Probiotics By performing a patent search focusing on probiotics, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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Probiotics

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on probiotics: •

Alteration of nutritional product during enteral tube feeding Inventor(s): Geckle; Ronita K. (Columbus, OH), Mazer; Terrence B. (Reynoldsburg, OH), Piontek; Carl J. (Powell, OH), Walton; Joseph E. (Westerville, OH) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (abbott Park, Il) Patent Number: 5,533,973 Date filed: January 13, 1995 Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for modifying a liquid enteral nutritional product during delivery thereof from a supply to a feeding tube delivering the modified liquid enteral nutritional product to the gastrointestinal tract of a patient. At least one beneficial agent not in controlled release dosage form in a useful, dose unit, amount, is disposed within a formulation chamber so as to be taken up in a liquid enteral nutritional product traversing the formulation chamber while feeding the modified nutritional product into the gastrointestinal tract of a patient. The beneficial additive(s) are selected from nutrients, medicaments, probiotics, or diagnostic agents, or mixtures thereof, each in a dosage form that is dispersible in the medium of the liquid enteral nutritional product in less than two hours. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an apparatus and method for feeding liquid enteral nutritional products and particularly to modifying a liquid enteral nutritional product having a viscosity in the range of from 1 to about 300 centipoises (cps.) by adding ingredients during the feeding thereof into the gastrointestinal tract of a patient. The feeding of a liquid enteral nutritional product from a hangable container, such as a bottle or a plastic bag with a bottom outlet connecting to a drip chamber and the latter to a flexible tubing, or lumen, leading to a nasogastric tube or a feeding tube inserted through a gastrostomy or a jejunostomy, by gravity flow or aided by a pump, is well known. The liquid enteral nutritional product may be aseptically processed or terminally retorted, and may be supplied in a pre-filled, ready-to-hang container, or placed in such a container by a caregiver. However, the selection of diets, particularly special diets, from amongst the rather modest number of typically available liquid enteral nutritional products is limited. This narrows, as a practical matter, the choices of the attending physician as to diet modifications, temporary or long term, that might significantly benefit the patient. In view of the now-recognized importance of providing aseptic nutritional compositions, it can be seen that modified diets are not easily prepared without observing the stringent requirements needed to deliver an aseptic nutritional composition to the patient. The need to observe such requirements has heretofore militated against preparing small quantities of special diets designed for a specific patient. Moreover, a number of nutrients as well as medicaments, diagnostic agents, and other ingredients such as probiotics, that at any given time might be desirable to orally administer to a patient are not stable during heat sterilization or may not be mutually compatible with other desired ingredients for an extended period of time, such as days or even months until used, and thus are not readily amenable to large scale preparation and consequent storage as the product moves through commerce. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05533973__

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Animal feed of higher nutritive value, method for production thereof and use of a polyethylene glycol compound Inventor(s): Samuelsson; Anne-Cathrine (Lilla Edet, SE) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel, N.v. (arnhem, Nl) Patent Number: 6,379,723 Date filed: June 20, 1997 Abstract: Animal feed is disclosed, which contains a polyethylene glycol compound selected from a group consisting of: a) a polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 3,000-15,000; b) an ethoxylate of a carboxylic acid having 8-24 carbon atoms; c) an ethoxylate of a mono-, di- or triglyceride containing at least one acyl group having 8-24 carbon atoms; d) an ethoxylate of a mono-, di- or triester of sorbita with a carboxylic ester having 8-24 carbon atoms; and e) an ethoxylate of an alcohol having 8-24 carbon atoms, wherein the ethoxylates b), c), d) and e) have a molecular weight of 15,000 at most and, in an amount of more than 75% by weight, consist of ethyleneoxy units. In addition to the polyethylene glycol compound, the animal feed may also contain 10-70% by weight of cereals, 0-15% by weight of feed fat, 10-50% by weight of proteincontaining nutritious substances other than cereals, and 1-10% by weight of vitamins, minerals, enzymes, flavourings, antibiotics, probiotics and other animal feed additives. By the presence of the polyethylene glycol compound, the nutrient value of the feed is improved. The feed is suitably fed to poultry, pigs and calves. Moreover, a method of producing the animal feed is disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of a polyethylene glycol compound which is a polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 3,000-15,000 and/or a special ethylene oxide adduct which in an amount of at least 75% by weight consists of ethyleneoxy units in an animal feed, which contains pulverulent or granular nutritious substances. The addition of the polyethylene glycol compound to the feed has been found to improve the nutritive value of the feed, for instance for poultry, pigs and calves. It is generally known to disperse fat in water with the aid of surface-active agents, such as castor oil ethoxylate and lecithin, in order to obtain a formula primarily destined for calves. It is also known to incorporate surface-active compounds into pulverulent or granular feed based on cereals and fat, by admixing them to a fatty phase which is in the liquid state, optionally after heating, so as to increase the availability of the nutritive value of the fat. From, for instance, a doctor's thesis by Christoph Gunther: Einfluss von Emulgatoren auf die Verwendung tierischen Fettes von Masthunerkuken at the Hohe Landwirt-schaftlische Fakultat der Reinischen Friedrich-Wilheims-Universitat zu Bonn, Feb. 16, 1988, it is thus known to produce a chicken-feed by mixing various nutritious substances, such as cereals and melted fat. Emulsifiers, such as soybean lecithin, sugar ester, polyoxyethylene glyceryl monostearate and mixtures of castor oil ethoxylate and soybean lecithin are added to the fat in order to improve its digestibility. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06379723__

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Formulations and methods for treating chronic migraine Inventor(s): Marrongelle; Jeffrey L. (1629 Long Run Rd., Orwigsburg, PA 17972), Staverosky; Thomas J. (1537 Mineral Springs Rd., Reading, PA 19602) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,517,832 Date filed: August 24, 2001 Abstract: A prophylactic treatment for the human malady clinically described as migraine headache comprising daily administration in unit dosage form of a first formulation which comprises a major amount of bioactive peptides and a minor amount of probiotics. Concurrently, daily administration in dosage form of a second formulation of a major amount of active components like malic acid, sylibum marianum, acetyl-L-cysteine, copper chelate, zinc gluconate, aspartate and bromelain. A minor amount of plant derivatives excipients comprise the balance of the second formulation. Preferably, these plant derivatives include beet root, powder, watercress, celery, dandelion, capsicum and artichoke extract. Excerpt(s): This is a non-provisional patent specification and claims submitted for an official filing receipt under Patent Code 111(a). Headaches range from the rare and excruciating type, known as clusters, through the common tension-type (stressinduced), to the somewhat less common, but notorious, migraine, with or without an aura effect. Migraines have been attributed to blood vessels in the brain being constricted and then relaxing, thus altering blood flow. It was thought early on that the pain of migraine was of vascular origin and caused by excessive dilation of branches of the common carotid artery bed. Currently, researchers are zeroing in on the trigeminal nerve system, and the nerve chemical Serotonin, in particular, as one set of candidate headache pain culprits. While significant advances have been made in dealing with the pain of migraine, little has had a dramatic effect in preventing the next attack or curing the disease. Indeed, the dominant medical community generally describes migraine as an incurable disease of unknown cause. Many migraine sufferers have reached a level of total frustration due to the lack of help they receive from the dominate or alternative medical community. Most have visited multiple health care professionals and have tried numerous prescription, over the ouncter, and natural products in an attempt to find a solution. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06517832__

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Herbal and pharmaceutical drugs enhanced with probiotics Inventor(s): Prasad; Naraparaju A. V. (Regn. 12-11-1393/3, Wrasiguda, Secunderabad61, Andhra Pradesh, IN), Reddy; Damavarapu Radha Krishna (Road No. 15, 133A, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN), Reddy; Malireddy S. (78 Cherry Hills Farm Dr., Englewood, CO 80110) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,080,401 Date filed: November 19, 1998 Abstract: The curative action of drugs, including herbal remedies, allopathic remedies, and periodontal remedies, is enhanced and accelerated by administering such drugs in combination or association with probiotics, especially those of genus Lactococcus,

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Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Penicillium, and Saccharomyces.

Propionibacterium,

Brevibacterium,

Excerpt(s): The invention generally relates to bio-affecting drugs and body treating compositions. More specifically, the invention relates to drugs and compositions containing whole, live micro-organisms. In some cases, the invention further relates to intentional mixtures of two or more micro-organisms of different genera. The invention relates to pharmacotherapy in which the scope of medicinal preparations includes a range of pharmaceuticals include allopathic drugs, homeopathic drugs, and herbal drugs. Herbal medicines or herbal drugs are of ancient origin and their use is known in cultures throughout the world. Chinese herbal medicine is among the earliest known examples of organized scientific study and formulation of herbal treatments. Herbalism is known to have been popular in China as early as 2500 B.C. Approximately at this same time, scripts appeared in India describing the healing powers of herbs. In India herbal medicine was termed "ayurueda" medicine, which gives us the modem term "ayurvedic," derived from "ayur," meaning life and "veda" meaning knowledge. In other words, ayurvedic medicine is regarded as derived from "knowledge of life," which reflects the empirical growth of herbalism as different natural products were found useful in treating human or animal ailments. The practice of herbal medicine spread from Asia to Europe. The Greeks are known to have acquired knowledge of it over the period from 468-377 B.C. In turn, the Romans learned of it from the Greeks around 100 B.C. The Islamic world learned of and began to practice this science around the time the Roman Empire fell, in the 5th century. By the 10th century, the Anglo-Saxon world was practicing herbal science and describing it in writings. Throughout the middle ages, most herbalism was practiced under the authority of the church, which maintained the authority to grow medicinal herbs and to introduce new herbal medicines. Church control of herbalism continued despite the origin of several medical schools in the later middle ages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06080401__ •

Methods of preventing or treating allergies Inventor(s): Isolauri; Erika (Raisio, FI), Korhonen; Hannu (Riihimaki, FI), Metsaniitty; Leena (Helsinki, FI), Salminen; Seppo (Turku, FI), Syvaoja; Eeva-Liisa (Espoo, FI) Assignee(s): Valio OY (helsinki, Fi) Patent Number: 6,506,380 Date filed: May 29, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides method of making a protein hydrolysate formula and protein hydrolysate formulas made thereby for downregulating hypersensitivity and for promoting gut immune barrier, and methods of preventing or treating allergies, especially cow's milk allergy by combining the protein with probiotic gastrointestinal bacteria, especially Lactobacilli. The probiotics make it possible to influence the immunological balance, whereby allergy can be prevented by affecting the initiation mechanism of allergy. The present invention makes it possible to develop a person's tolerance of proteins by actively promoting a tolerogenic immune response. In addition, present invention provides for administering fragments of an allergen modified by probiotic gastrointestinal bacteria in order to desensitize a immune response to systemic hyporesponsiveness.

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Excerpt(s): This patent application claims priority on Finnish Patent Application No. 952926, filed Jun. 14, 1995. The present invention relates to methods and means of suppressing food-induced hypersensitivity reactions in patients suffering from food allergy. Particularly the invention provides methods of preventing or treating allergies, especially cow's milk allergy in infants. The invention also relates to development of specific formulae for allergic infants with impaired gut barrier function. Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is defined as an immune-mediated adverse reaction to cow's milk proteins. The present treatment of choice is the complete elimination of cow's milk antigens. In infants with CMA, it is necessary to use a substitute formula when human milk is unavailable. Hydrolysed formulae, based on cow's milk-derived whey or casein, are used to provide adequate nutrition with a reduced antigenic load. The preliminary heat treatment of cow's milk mainly affects the conformation of proteins and facilitates their hydrolysis. Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis with pepsin, trypsin, pancreatic extracts and extracts from the intestinal mucosa causes progressive destruction of sequential epitopes and refines the formulae into the least antigenic and allergenic form. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06506380__ •

Nutritional fortification of natural cheese and method of making Inventor(s): Isom; Lowell L. (Evanston, IL), Mehnert; David W. (Antioch, IL) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods, Inc. (northfield, Ky) Patent Number: 6,090,417 Date filed: March 24, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of making flavorful, organoleptically pleasing natural cheese containing a nutritional supplement. In important embodiments of the method the nutritional supplement includes vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, probiotics, botanicals, and mixtures thereof, and the natural cheese may be Cheddar cheese, Colby cheese, Monterey Jack, Havarti cheese, Muenster cheese, Brick cheese, Gouda cheese, and mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of fortifying natural cheeses with a nutritional supplement. The method avoids the production of off flavors and the deterioration of the organoleptically pleasing qualities of the cheese. It is generally an objective of food products manufactured for public consumption to enhance their nutritional properties. Nutritional fortification of cheese products may include supplementation with trace requirements or additives that benefit the overall state of health of the human body. Examples of nutritional fortification include supplementation by vitamins, minerals, and comparable materials. These supplements are either absolutely essential for human metabolism or enhance the provision of substances that may not be available in sufficient amounts in a normal diet. Currently known methods for supplementing cheese products with nutritional additives generally involve providing the supplement to the fermenting dairy composition. Although such a method will provide the nutrients in question to the final cheese product, they may affect the fermentation process, often in an undesirable and/or unpredictable manner. Various microorganisms are used to curdle the milk and to provide the particular flavor of the chosen cheese variety. These microorganisms, however, may respond to the presence of the nutritional supplements by growing at an excessive rate, or by undergoing induction of metabolic pathways that otherwise are quiescent and not active. In addition, the presence of the nutritional supplements may enhance the growth of adventitious microbiological contaminants in the culture. Thus, in the presence of

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nutritional supplements, fermentation or other products may be produced which adversely affect sensory qualities, texture, mouthfeel, or other properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06090417__ •

Oral administration of beneficial agents Inventor(s): Geckle; Ronita Kay (Columbus, OH), Mazer; Terrence Bruce (Reynoldsburg, OH), Piontek; Carl Joseph (Powell, OH), Walton; Joseph Edward (Westerville, OH) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (abbott Park, Il) Patent Number: 5,707,353 Date filed: December 21, 1995 Abstract: Apparatus for adding a beneficial agent to a liquid for drinking during oral administration includes a support structure extending transversely across an imperforate walled zone such as the upper end or neck of a bottle or vessel, or of a funnel-like adapter attached to the top of the vessel, with a retention pocket with liquid penetrable walls held by the support structure and comprising at least one beneficial agent secured therein whereby the beneficial agent is taken up in the liquid for drinking during or just prior to oral administration. The beneficial agent may be in either or both of controlled release dosage form or non-controlled release dosage form and may be one or more of nutrients, medicaments, probiotics, electrolytes, rehydration solutions and diagnostic agents, to which a flavoring agent may be added. In the novel method a support structure with a retention pocket comprising at least one beneficial agent is provided in a bottle or vessel with the support structure extending transversely of the neck or top of the bottle or vessel or a drinking tube extending thereinto. The bottle or vessel is provided with a liquid for drinking selected from a liquid nutritional product, a beverage or water and the liquid is contacted with the beneficial agent during or just before oral administration thereof. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an apparatus and method for administering medications, supplemental nutrients or other beneficial agents in solution or dispersed form while feeding or supplying a person of any age, but more generally an infant or elderly person, a liquid nutritional product or other suitable orally ingested liquid having a viscosity of from 1 to about 300 centipoises by adding the beneficial agent to the liquid being ingested during or just preceding oral intake. Administering medication or supplemental nutrients orally to an infant often presents problems, not only with the physical aspects of swallowing dosage forms such as tablets, but also, in a typical case of the older infant, with apprehensive refusal to ingest anything "good for you". It is not practical or safe to administer tablets, then, to the very young. It is also often desirable to be able to add supplemental nutrients or medicaments or other beneficial agents very simply to the liquid diet of an infant or an older adult on a made-to-order basis where the quantities do not justify commercially prepared products. U.S. Pat. No. 5,383,906 describes and claims a device for dispensing a medication into an infant formula in a nursing bottle specially equipped with a syringe-holding sleeve axially disposed within the bottle, the syringe delivering medication through the sleeve within the bottle and adjacent the attached nipple during nursing upon the care giver pressing the plunger of the syringe. This approach has the disadvantage of requiring the use of prepared liquid form medications drawn from bottles or vials as well as the use of sterile syringes and their handling. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05707353__

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Pet food product containing probiotics Inventor(s): Ballevre; Olivier (Lausanne, CH), Cavadini; Christof (Le Mont-Pelerin, CH), Gaier; Walter (Honfleur, FR) Assignee(s): Nestec S.a. (vevey, Ch) Patent Number: 5,968,569 Date filed: December 23, 1997 Abstract: A dried, ready-to-eat pet food product comprising a gelatinized starch matrix which includes a coating or filling which contains a probiotic micro-organism. The cereal product is in the form of a pet food. The product may be produced by cooking a starch source to form a gelatinized starch matrix; forming the gelatinized matrix into pieces; drying the pieces; and coating or filling the pieces with a carrier which contains probiotic micro-organisms. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a ready-to-eat cereal product which contains a probiotic micro-organism; for example pet foods, breakfast cereals, infant cereals or convenience foods. In use, the cereal product has a beneficial effect in the gastrointestinal tract of the person or animal consuming it and hence upon the person or animal. The invention also relates to a process of producing the cereal product and to methods of promoting beneficial effects in the gastro-intestinal tracts of humans and animals. Probiotic micro-organisms are micro-organisms which beneficially affect a host by improving its intestinal microbial balance (Fuller, R; 1989; J. Applied Bacteriology, 66: 365-378). In general, probiotic micro-organisms produce organic acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid which inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens and Helicobacter pylori. Consequently, probiotic bacteria are believed to be useful in the treatment and prevention of conditions caused by pathogenic bacteria. Further, probiotic micro-organisms are believed to inhibit the growth and activity of putrefying bacteria and hence the production of toxic amine compounds. It is also believed that probiotic bacteria activate the immune function of the host. Therefore there is considerable interest in including probiotic micro-organisms into foodstuffs. For example, many fermented milk products which contain probiotic micro-organisms are commercially available. Usually these products are in the form of yogurts and an example is the LC1.RTM. yogurt (Societe des Produits Nestle SA). Several infant and follow-up formulas which contain probiotic micro-organisms are also commercially available; for example the BIO NAN.RTM. formula (Societe des Produits Nestle SA). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05968569__

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Probiotic for control of salmonella Inventor(s): Corrier; Donald E. (College Station, TX), DeLoach; John R. (College Station, TX), Nisbet; David J. (College Station, TX) Assignee(s): The United States of America, AS Represented by the Secretary of (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 5,340,577 Date filed: July 29, 1992 Abstract: A defined probiotic or composition of anaerobic bacteria effective for controlling or inhibiting Salmonella colonization of fowl. The probiotic includes populations or cultures of substantially biologically pure bacteria, which bacteria

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include:(a) at least one Lactobacillus species;(b) one or both of:Lactococcus lactis, andCitrobacter freundii; and(c) at least one of:one or more Enterococcus species,one or more Bifidobacterium species,one or more Propionibacterium species, andone or more Escherichia species.In use, the probiotic is administered to the subject fowl in an amount effective for inhibiting Salmonella colonization thereof.The invention also relates to a novel method for isolating probiotics which are effective for controlling or inhibiting Salmonella colonization of fowl, from fecal droppings or cecal contents of adult fowl. The droppings or cecal contents are combined with a culture medium and incubated without dilution (i.e. batch culture) under anaerobic conditions. Following this preliminary incubation, the resultant culture is subjected to continuous flow conditions until a steady state is achieved, after which time the steady state culture may be recovered for use as a probiotic. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a defined probiotic for the control of Salmonella colonization in fowl, particularly chickens. Despite the efforts of researchers and public health agencies, the incidence of human salmonellosis has increased over the past 20 years. The number of actual reported cases of human Salmonella infection exceeds 40,000 per year. However, the Communicable Disease Center estimates that the true incidence of human Salmonella infections in the U.S. each year may be as high as 2 to 4 million. Animal food products, including poultry, remain the principal source of human infection. Considering the widespread presence of Salmonella in the environment, it is unlikely that poultry can be completely protected from Salmonella exposure. Therefore, researchers have continued to investigate means of increasing resistance to colonization in poultry exposed to Salmonella. Studies have focused on the evaluation of vaccines, establishment of protective normal intestinal flora, and the identification of feed additives that will inhibit Salmonella growth and colonization. The role of host immunity against Salmonella colonization is unclear, and it also remains uncertain if stimulation of immune responses will effectively enhance colonization resistance. Experimental vaccines have not proven to be consistently effective. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05340577__ •

Probiotic mixture intended for monogastric animals to control intestinal flora populations Inventor(s): Brown; Patrick K. (Fulton, IL), Spangler; David A. (Fulton, IL), Witzig; Thomas E. (Rochester, MN) Assignee(s): Agri-king, Inc. (fulton, Il), Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (rochester, Mn) Patent Number: 6,524,574 Date filed: May 29, 1998 Abstract: A mixture of probiotics effective to reduce the contamination of enteric bacteria in humans and other monogastric animals. The mixture of probiotics includes a lactic acid-producing bacteria and a yeast, and may advantageously be supplemented with a source of nutrients, such as lactose, in certain applications. In a preferred embodiment, the bacterial component is at least one strain of Enterococci, the yeast is at least one strain of Saccharomyces, and a high lactose whey. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a mixture of probiotics to be fed to monogastric animals and, more specifically, a mixture of facultative anaerobic probiotic organisms affecting and controlling or inhibiting the colonization of deleterious bacteria in the

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intestines of monogastric animals and humans. Probiotics are defined as microbes that are fed to animals to improve the microbial populations in the intestines of animals or humans. Most prior art probiotics are lactic acid-producing bacteria. The probiotics of the present invention include both bacteria and yeasts. Probiotics have been fed to animals to reduce or replace the potentially pathogenic intestinal bacteria with nonpathogenic species. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06524574__ •

Strain of bacteria of the species Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, composition thereof for use in food and product containing said strain Inventor(s): Aleljung; Per (Lund, SE), Fonden; Rangne (Stockholm, SE), Svensson; Ulla (Lund, SE), Wadstrom; Torkel (Lund, SE) Assignee(s): Arla Ekonomisk Forening (stockholm, Se) Patent Number: 6,599,504 Date filed: September 22, 2000 Abstract: Strain of Lactobacillus useful as probiotics in food and naturopathic medicines and which is resistant in vitro against hydrochloric acid and gastric juices and tolerates bile salts without deconjugating them whereas strong assimilation is occurring and which has good survival at the passage through the stomach and the gastrointestinal tract and which strain is growing optimally at about 37.degree. C., which strain is Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, which is a Gram-positive, homofermentative, rod-shaped bacterium capable of producing L-lactic acid and containing three plasmids having a size of 2.2, 4.36 and 9.1 Kb, respectively. The invention also relates to a composition containing the strain and a product consisting of or containing a concentrate of the strain. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a strain of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, a composition thereof for use in food as well as a product containing said strain. The novel strain (which in the following for simplicity will be designated LMG-P17806) is a variant of the species Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei. It has the characteristics of the species with a GC-content of 44%. LMG P-17806 has been isolated from samples from the gastrointestinal micro-flora of humans. LMG-P-17806 is a Grampositive, homofermentative rod-shaped bacteria. It produces L-lactic acid (laevorotatory stereoisomer of lactic acid) and grows optimally at 37.degree. C. The stain is characterized by being tolerant in-vitro against hydrochloric acid and gastric juice by tolerating bile salts without deconjugating them and by having a great ability of assimilating cholesterol. The stain is also characterized by containing three plasmids having a size of 2.2, 4.36 and 9.1 Kb, respectively. Other characteristics are that the strain is fermenting ribose, adonitol, galactose, glucose, fructose, mannose, sorbose, mannitol, sorbitol, N-acetyl-glucosamine, esculin, cellobiose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, trehalose, inulin, melezitose, D-turanose and D-tagatose. On the other hand it does not ferment glycerol, erythritol, D- and L-arabinose, D- and L-xylose,.beta.-methyl-D-xyloside, rhamnose, dulcitol, inositol,.alpha.-methyl-D-mannoside,.alpha.-methyl-D-glucoside, amygdalin, arbutin, salicin, melibiose, raffinose, starch, glycogen, xylitol, gentiobiose, Dlyxose D- and L-fucose, D- and L-arabitol and 2- and 5-ketogluconate. The strain has been deposited at Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms--BCCM, LMG collection, and there been given the accession No. LMG P-17806. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599504__

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Patent Applications on Probiotics As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to probiotics: •

Bifidobacteria and preparations containing them Inventor(s): Ferrari, Patrizio; (Bologna, IT), Morelli, Lorenzo; (Piacenza, IT), Pantaleo, Maria Rosaria; (Bologna, IT), Rotini, Leone Gabriele; (Bologna, IT), Viscomi, Claudio Giuseppe; (Sasso Marconi, IT) Correspondence: Bucknam And Archer; 1077 Northern BLVD.; Roslyn; NY; 11576; US Patent Application Number: 20040047850 Date filed: July 17, 2003 Abstract: The present invention refers to biologically pure cultures of two strains of Bifidobacterium Longum named W11 and W11a and deposited at the Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms (BCCM) that has registered them under the accession numbers LMG P-21586 and LMG P-21587, to their use as probiotics within preparations of pharmaceutical or alimentary type and to the preparations of pharmaceutical or alimentary type containing them useful to help the gastrointestinal health and to prevent and treat the intestinal pathologies. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to the use of non-pathogenic microorganisms of the genus Bifidobacterium Longum in order to help the gastrointestinal health and in particular in order to prevent and/or treat the indispositions of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly of the intestine. Many types of bacteria used as fermenting agents for preserving foods or preparing from milk foods like yogurt or other dairy products are known since a lot of time; these bacteria are called under the general term of "lactic acid bacteria" and comprise many genera like Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Bifidobacterium e Pediococcus. More recently, these bacteria are become object of greater attention because, when swallowed, they have shown remarkable properties on man and animals; in particular strains of Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium, sometimes administered together in combination, have shown efficacy in colonizing the intestinal mucosa and in helping the health of the people, by preventing the colonization from other harmful microorganisms, as quoted in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,494,664 and 6,241,983 and in International patent applications WO 0033854 and WO 0110453. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Bioactive food complex, method for making bioactive food complex product and method for controlling disease Inventor(s): Moriarty, David J W; (QLD, AU), Villamar, Daniel F; (Milwaukee, WI) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20040009160 Date filed: July 15, 2003 Abstract: A bioactive food complex product, method for preparing a bioactive food complex product and method for controlling disease using probiotics and quorum sensing inhibitors such as inhibitory furanones and other bioactive compounds included in both the continuous and dispersed phases of a bioactive food complex product. The product is comprised of a solids-in-oil or an oil-in-solids emulsion forming a first emulsion that is itself emulsified in polymer forming oil-in-polymer or solids-inpolymer emulsion complex. The bioactive complex is formed of two emulsions with the first emulsion comprising the dispersed phase and a hydrocolloid polymer serving as the continuous phase. The second emulsion complex is then crosslinked to form a physically stable matrix. The bioactive food complex or the first emulsion of the bioactive food complex then serve to deliver different bioactive components including probiotic bacteria and quorum sensing inhibitor molecules to the digestive tract and environment of animals such as shrimp or fish or other livestock raised commercially to effectively control bacterial disease by a novel combination of mechanism including: competitive exclusion, direct inhibit, digestion of cell-to-cell signaling molecules and direct inhibition of homoserine lactone and (acyl) homoserine lactone regulated processes of pathogenic bacteria. Thus, effective disease prevention and control is accomplished through the novel combined delivery and use of probiotic bacteria and quorum sensing inhibitory furanones. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a bioactive food complex product, method for preparing a bioactive food complex product and method for controlling disease using probiotics and quorum sensing inhibitors such as inhibitory furanones and other bioactive compounds included in both the continuous and dispersed phases of a bioactive food complex product. Aquaculture of shellfish and finfish provides highvalue food products for human consumption and has been the most rapidly growing sector in international agribusiness. Continued progress in aquaculture is limited by: (1) the lack of adequate commercial feeds during critical hatchery and nursery phases, and (2) devastating losses to disease in all production phases particularly in shrimp farming. Hatchery and nursery operations typically depend on supplies of fresh and live food organisms such as squid, polychaete worms, Artemia biomass, Artemia nauplii and microalgae to produce aquaculture seedstock for grow-out and production aquafarms. These foods typically carry high bacterial loads, which can include pathogens such as Vibrio bacteria, and could be vectors for viral disease transmission. Use of fresh and live food organisms increases the risk of disease in the hatchery and these disease agents can be transported to nursery and grow-out facilities via the seedstock. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Crohn's disease treatment and efficacy prediction methods Inventor(s): Shafran, Ira; (Winter Park, FL) Correspondence: Allen, Dyer, Doppelt, Milbrath & Gilchrist, PA; P.O. Box 3791; Orlando; FL; 32802-3791; US Patent Application Number: 20030228642 Date filed: June 7, 2002 Abstract: A method for determining a potential efficacy of an administration of immunotherapy for treating Crohn's disease includes screening for a presence of Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis (MAP) in a serum of a patient. In another embodiment, Crohn's disease is treated by screening for a presence of MAP in a serum of a patient and avoiding a use of immunotherapy as a primary treatment if the patient screens serologically positive for MAP. Preferably, the patient is treated with a regimen of antibiotics to eradicate a presence of MAP. Then, if necessary, immunotherapy may be undertaken, preferably following a regimen of probiotics. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for treating Crohn's disease, and also for screening for a presence of a bacterium believed involved in causing Crohn's disease and for predicting a treatment efficacy of patients shown by the screening method to be infected with the bacterium. Common symptoms of Crohn's disease include abdominal pain and diarrhea. There may also be rectal bleeding, weight loss, and fever. The bleeding may be serious and persistent, leading to anemia. Children may suffer delayed development and stunted growth. Current diagnoses are performed by blood test to detect anemia and elevated white blood cell count, colon biopsy, and lower gastrointestinal x-ray series. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Gelled delivery vehicle containing nutritional ingredients Inventor(s): Base, Marvin Dimitrios; (Manhasset, NY), Haligiannis, Angelo; (Plandome Manor, NY), Pavlatos, Chris; (Bayside, NY) Correspondence: Hoffmann & Baron, Llp; 6900 Jericho Turnpike; Syosset; NY; 11791; US Patent Application Number: 20040001873 Date filed: July 1, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a format for delivering a desired nutritional package in a firm, gelled delivery vehicle to a human host and methods for preparing same. The format contains a nutritional package which includes at least one nutritional ingredient(s) selected for their desired health benefits. The nutritional ingredients include vitamins, minerals, herbs, and probiotics. The format is consumed by a human host to provide a desired health benefit. Desired health benefits include supplementing an individual's diet and weight loss. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to providing selected nutritional ingredients to a human host, and in particular, to a method and means for delivery of aliquots, or packages, of nutritional ingredients. Concern for health and nutrition in recent years has focused consumers on various ways to ensure consumption of foods appropriate for delivery of a nutritionally balance diet. Nutritional ingredients, such as vitamins, minerals, herbs, and probiotics are known to be critical to the health and well-being of a human. The role of particular nutritional ingredients in promoting certain health

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benefits is becoming increasingly clear. However, the majority of humans do not receive adequate amounts of proper nutritional ingredients in their daily diet to obtain certain desired health benefits. The concern for ensuring a full complement of required nutrients is exacerbated when a consumer is undergoing a dietary regimen to lose weight. In the case of weight reduction, it is desirable to reduce intake of unnecessary and nutritionally-empty calories. Thus, the food industry continuously strives to devise methods and means to deliver desired nutritional packages in an organoleptically pleasing format. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Immunotherapy or treating bacterial or viral infection at mucosal surfaces with probiotics, and compositions therefor Inventor(s): Borody, Thomas Julius; (New South Wales, AU), Clancy, Robert Llewellyn; (New South Wales, AU), Conway, Patricia Lynne; (New South Wales, AU), Dunkley, Margaret Lorraine; (New South Wales, AU), Pang, Gerald; (New South Wales, AU) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson PC; 225 Franklin ST; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20030180260 Date filed: May 9, 2003 Abstract: Compositions and methods for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of disorders associated with mucosal surfaces and in particular to treatment of infectious disorders at mucosal sites by enhancing non-specific mucosal immunity, especially with probiotics such as lactobacillus or mycobacterium vaccae. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions and methods suitable for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of diseases associated with mucosal surfaces and in particular to treatment of infectious disorders at mucosal site by way of enhancing non-specific mucosal immunity. The last 30 years has witnessed an explosive increase in understanding of the mechanisms of mucosal protection, beginning with the recognition that mucosal immunity was partitioned from systemic immunity (with IgA as a marker), that it was driven from the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (specifically Peyer's patches), that it involved both T and B lymphocytes and that a specific recirculation of gutderived lymphocytes between the mucosal surfaces ensured participation of all mucosal surfaces in responses generated by delivery of antigen to the Peyer's patch. Early studies focused on IgA, but gradually the key role played by T lymphocytes and the cytokines they secrete, have dominated thinking. The concept of "cytokine profiles" became important as it was shown that T cells could be characterised by the particular pattern of cytokines secreted, leading to the concept of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ve T cells. Th1 cells secreted IFN-.gamma. while Th2 cells were characterised by IL-4 secretion. This "pattern" determined outcome and now many infection outcomes are known to be influenced by the pattern of cytokines secreted. The above focuses on specific immunity initiated by particular antigens. The non-specific immune response "sits" on, and operates through, an array of cells and molecules which are powerful effector mechanisms operating without the specificity gained through antigen receptors. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Lactic acid bacteria-containing probiotics products Inventor(s): Hirata, Haruhisa; (Tokyo, JP), Kato, Azusa; (Tokyo, JP), Nakaya, Seigo; (Tokyo, JP), Suzuki, Nobuyuki; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030157079 Date filed: February 25, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a probiotics product comprising, as an effective component, lactic acid bacteria belonging to Lactobacillus salivarius possessing high adhesiveness to mucous membrane, a high proliferation ability and a high resistance to acids, a composition for preventing and/or treating digestive tract's diseases comprising the probiotics product as an effective component and a novel Lactobacillus salivarius strain possessing high adhesiveness to mucous membrane, a high proliferation ability and a high resistance to acids. The lactic acid bacteria and the probiotics product and the composition for preventing and/or treating digestive tract's diseases, which contain the lactic acid bacteria as an effective component, according to the present invention can sufficiently show their probiotics functions without being easily discharged from the digestive tract and urinogenital organs. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to lactic acid bacteria isolated from the human digestive tract and a probiotics product containing such lactic acid bacteria as an effective component and prophylactic and/or therapeutic compositions for digestive tract's diseases and urinogenital infectious diseases, which contain the lactic acid bacteria. In Japan, there have long been used Lactobacillus preparations as drugs for controlling intestinal functions, which have considerably high safety. Moreover, there have also been put on the market a variety of so-called health foods for controlling intestinal functions, which contain lactic acid bacteria. In addition, yogurt and fermented milk comprising lactic acid bacteria, conventionally favorably ingested as health foods have recently been admitted as specific health foods for controlling the gastrointestinal conditions and have thus attracted special interest. On the other hand, lactic acid bacteria-containing drugs and foods have likewise been attracted special interest as representatives of "probiotics products", which show not only the effect of controlling intestinal functions, but also other various functions and are thus effective for maintaining the user's health, even in Europe and America and various kinds of products have commercially been available. For this reason, lactic acid bacteria have widely been investigated for the study and development of various probiotics products (Reuter G.: Intraintestinal Flora and Probiotics (edited by MITSUOKA Tomotari), pp. 17-39, published by Gakkai Shuppan Center, 1998). The term "probiotics" is in general defined to be "living microorganisms capable of improving the balance of the enterobacterial flora in a host to thus bring beneficial effects on the host" (Fuller R.: Gut, 1991, 32:439-42). In addition, it has been reported that the probiotics typically represented by lactic acid bacteria possess a wide variety of functions as will be detailed below (Sanders M E & Huis in't Veld J: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 1999, 76: 293-315): 1) Assistance of lactose-digestion; 2) resistance to enterobacteria; 3) inhibition of the occurrence of colon cancer; 4) inhibition of small intestinal bacteria-excess proliferation; 5) immuno-modulating effects; 6) anti-allergic effects; 7) effects of reducing blood lipid concentration; 8) hypotensive effects; 9) inhibition of urinary tract-infection; 10) inhibition of Helicobacter pylori infection; and 11) inhibition of hepatic encephalopathy. Moreover, it has also been proved that the tooth-brushing with lactic acid bacteria is quite effective even for the prevention or treatment of periodontitis (IMAI, Tatsuya:

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Tooth-Brushing with Lactic Acid Bacteria for Curing Periodontitis Within 3 Days, published by MAKINO Publishing Company, 2000). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and system for modulation and modification of microbial cell characteristics and production of modified microbial materials Inventor(s): Bergmaier, Dirk; (Quebec, CA), Doleyres, Yann; (Zurich, CH), Fliss, Ismail; (Ste-Foy, CA), Lacroix, Christophe; (Kilchberg, CH) Correspondence: Dowell & Dowell, P.C.; Suite 309; 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202-3124; US Patent Application Number: 20040023360 Date filed: May 14, 2003 Abstract: A method and a system is disclosed for the modulation of various characteristics of probiotic cells and for the production of probiotics having altered characteristics. Such altered characteristics include increased resistance to various stresses, drugs and chemical agents, as well as aggregation. Such a method and a system are useful for the production of probiotics with altered characteristics, which may for example provide health benefits when present in the gastrointestinal tract of an animal. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/380,271, filed May 15, 2002, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The invention relates to methods and systems for the modulation and modification of microbial cell characteristics and for the production of microbial materials having such altered characteristics. Immobilization of living organisms is a phenomenon that occurs naturally when cells grow on surfaces. Various studies have shown differences in fermentation characteristics of free and immobilized cells. Immobilization of living microbial whole cells influences cell growth rate and morphology and sometimes alters metabolic behaviour. Furthermore, changes of tolerance of cells to certain environmental stress factors have in some cases been observed for specific systems. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Novel probiotics for pet food applications Inventor(s): Benyacoub, Jalil; (Laussane, CH), Cavadini, Christoph; (Le Mont Pelerin, CH), Perez, Pablo; (La Plata, AR), Reniero, Roberto; (Moyaux, FR), Rochat, Florence; (Montreux, CH), Rousseau, Virginie; (Toulouse, FR), Schiffrin, Eduardo; (Crissier, CH), Weid, Thierry Der; (Lausanne, CH), Zink, Ralf; (Le Mont Pelerin, CH) Correspondence: Bell, Boyd & Lloyd Llc; P. O. Box 1135; Chicago; IL; 60690-1135; US Patent Application Number: 20030190309 Date filed: April 18, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relate to novel lactic acid bacterial micro-organisms that have been isolated and selected for their probiotic potential and their use for the preparation of petfood compositions intended to improve the health of pets, and to compositions containing the same.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel lactic acid bacteria and particularly micro-organisms of the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus (Enterococcus) that have been isolated and selected for their probiotic potential. The present invention also relates to their use in the preparation of petfood compositions intended to improve the health of pets and to compositions containing the same. Methods of maintaining or improving pet health through feeding a pet such microorganisms are also provided. The well-being of domestic animals is closely related to their feeding. Correct feeding should result in a fit and healthy pet. In addition to providing nutritional value, food composition influences the intestinal microflora equilibrium and may lead to or prevent gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, knowledge on the gastrointestinal tract and digestion processes of healthy animals is integral to the understanding of a practical feeding practice. As meat-eaters, cats and dogs are characterized by a short digestive tract and a rapid flow rate of the bolus of food. Among the constituents of the gastrointestinal microflora of cats and dogs Bacteroides sp., Clostridium sp., Enterobacteriaceae, Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp. and yeasts can be recovered. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nutritional system for nervous system disorders Inventor(s): Foreman, David J.; (Chesterfield, VA) Correspondence: Hillary W. Hawkins; P.O. Box 1320; Richmond; VA; 23219; US Patent Application Number: 20020001575 Date filed: May 24, 2001 Abstract: A novel composition for treating nervous system disorders. The composition is formed by preparing a mixture comprising an effective amount of vitamin B-6, folic acid, vitamin C, magnesium, vitamin B-3, copper, probiotics, fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), betaine, pancreatin, papain, pepsin, vitamin B-1, vitamin B-2, vitamin B-12, biotin, pantothenic acid, chromium polynicotinate and a digestive support ingredient selected from the group consisting of dandelion root, juniper, aloe vera, burdock, ginger root, artichoke, and kelp. Other ingredients may include: beta carotene, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, sea vegetation, alfalfa, trace minerals and molybdenum. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/207,665, filed May 26, 2000. The present invention pertains to the field of nutritional formulas. Specifically, the present invention pertains to an improved formula for nervous system disorders. There are many disorders that affect the proper functioning of the nervous system. Examples of these disorders include autism, ADD, ADHD, hyperactivity disorder, and depression. People who suffer from these disorders often have common secondary symptoms including allergies, sluggish digestion, weak immune function and poor diet. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Oral rehydration composition Inventor(s): Mitchell, Cheryl R.; (Stockton, CA), Riikonene, Charlene B.; (Columbia, MD), Sack, David A.; (Fallston, MD) Correspondence: The Halvorson Law Firm; Ste 1; 405 W. Southern Ave; Tempe; AZ; 85282; US Patent Application Number: 20030194448 Date filed: April 16, 2002 Abstract: A rehydration composition and oral delivery system is provided that allows for enhanced functional ingredient delivery when ingested orally as a water based solution. The rehydration composition comprises a low fiber colloidal hydrolyzed rice carbohydrate ingredient having, on a dry weight basis, less than 0.1% fiber and between 0.5% and 1.0% protein and between 0-0.5% and 1.0% fat, and having a dextrose equivalency (DE) value within the approximate range of 20-30 (commonly DE 25), and electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, citrate, and/or bicarbonate. The rehydration composition, which is concentrated or dried, becomes an oral rehydration solution (ORS) when mixed with water for oral consumption. The rehydration composition, when mixed with active ingredients such as vaccines, drugs, amino acids, mineral salts, vitamins, nutraceuticals, probiotics, prebiotics, flavors, or nutritive or non-nutritive sweeteners, is referred to as an oral delivery system. This oral delivery system may then be further diluted in a water base to produce an oral delivery solution that is suitable for oral ingestion by a user. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of rehydration compositions. More specifically, the present invention relates to dried, or dehydrated, rehydration compositions comprising, at the least, a low fiber, colloidal, hydrolyzed ,rice based carbohydrate ingredient. Historically, in cases of dehydration caused by excessive sweating or illness resulting in body fluid loss, replenishment of lost body fluids by water is essential. While water is an essential component in fluid replacement, it is also recognized that certain salts containing ions (electrolytes) such as sodium, potassium, and citrate must be replaced along with the water. In general, aqueous solutions containing just these salts are not well absorbed by the body and are not organoleptically acceptable. That is, most people find aqueous salt solutions very difficult to consume. More recently, it was discovered that carbohydrates, more specifically glucose, promote the absorption of these ions as well as providing sufficient sweetness to promote organoleptic acceptability of the product. During the last forty years, the World Health Organization has promoted an oral rehydration composition that utilizes glucose in combination with electrolytes. This composition, when dissolved in water, produces an oral rehydration solution "ORS", which has had a significant impact on the survival rate of cholera victims. It is known that different carbohydrate sources have been utilized in an effort to improve the absorption of the electrolytes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Prebiotic and probiotic compositions and methods for their use in gut-based therapies Inventor(s): Dickstein, Jack; (Huntingdon Valley, PA), Mehta, Raj; (King of Prussia, PA), Ranganathan, Natarajan; (Broomall, PA) Correspondence: Licatla & Tyrrell P.C.; 66 E. Main Street; Marlton; NJ; 08053; US Patent Application Number: 20020187134 Date filed: May 15, 2001 Abstract: Microencapsulated and/or enteric coated compositions containing a mixture of probiotics, prebiotics and ammoniaphilic bacteria with high urease activity with or without sorbents with specific adsorption affinities for uremic toxins such as creatinine, uric acid, phenols, indoles, middle molecular weight molecules and inorganic phosphate and water absorbents are provided. Also provided are methods of alleviating symptoms of uremia in a patient which comprises administering orally to a patient suffering from uremia a microencapsulated and/or enteric-coated composition. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods of using these compositions to treat renal, hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases by eliminating toxins and other metabolic waste products and reducing or retarding undesirable bacterial over growth. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a prebiotic, a probiotic, an ammoniaphilic bacteria, and sorbents, all of which are microencapsulated and/or enteric coated. Alternatively, the probiotic, prebiotic and ammoniaphilic bacteria are administered together in a microencapsulated gelatin capsule, while the sorbents, if needed, are administered separately in a microencapsulated and/or enteric coated formulation. These pharmaceutical compositions are useful in treating renal and hepatic diseases and bacterial overgrowth in the gastrointestinal tract. Kidney disease is ranked fourth among the major diseases in the United States afflicting over 20 million Americans. More than 90,000 patients die each year because of kidney diseases. In recent years the number of chronic kidney failure patients has increased about 11 percent annually. About 80,000 Americans on dialysis die of various complications each year and more than 27,000 are on waiting lists for kidney transplants each year with only about 11,000 of these patients receiving transplants. Further, nearly 250,000 Americans suffer from end stage renal disease (ESRD), which is the final stage in chronic renal failure. In normal, healthy humans, metabolic waste nitrogen is primarily excreted via the kidneys as urea in the urine. However, in individuals with kidney disease, as well as a number of other diseases such as inborn errors in urea cycle enzyme deficit, waste nitrogen accumulates in the body thereby manifesting toxic symptoms. Hyperammonium can lead to mental retardation and, in severe cases, coma. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic diseases Inventor(s): Isolauri, Erika; (Raisio, FI), Salminen, Seppo; (Turku, FI) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20030180272 Date filed: December 19, 2002

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Excerpt(s): The present invention is in the field of prophylaxis of allergies, and relates specifically to primary prevention of atopic diseases by administering probiotic bacteria, beneficial microbes of the healthy gut flora, pre- and postnatally to children at high risk of atopic diseases. At present allergy, manifested as atopic diseases--atopic eczema, allergic rhinitis and asthma--represents a chronic disorder of rising importance in economically developed countries world-wide. The demonstration of an inverse association between infections early in life and atopy represents a substantial advance which has led to renewed scientific interest in the hygiene hypothesis introduced a decade ago, according to which the recent rapid increase in atopy may in fact be due to improved hygiene and reduced family size. Recent epidemiological studies have yielded results both for and against this hypothesis. Gastrointestinal microflora promote processes with a potential to counter allergy: 1) T helper 1-type immunity, 2) generation of transforming growth factor-.beta. (TGF-.beta.), which has a vital role both in the suppression of Th2-induced allergic inflammation and in induction of oral tolerance and 3) IgA production, an indispensable component in the mucosal immune defence (Sanfilippo et al., 2000; Isolauri et al., 2000). The gut microflora may thus represent a major postnatal counter-regulator of the universal Th2-skewed immune system of pregnancy and neonatal age. Confrontation with microbial antigens in the gastrointestinal tract begins instantly after birth, and the viable cells of a fully established gut microflora outnumber those of the host by a factor of ten. Consequently, commensal gastrointestinal microbes constitute the earliest and most substantial stimulus for the development of gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for producing extended shelf-life ready-to-use milk compositions containing probiotics Inventor(s): Kanafani, Hanny; (Newburgh, IN), Mize, Lorna; (Newburgh, IN) Correspondence: Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough, Llp; Keenan Building, Third Floor; 1330 Lady Street; Columbia; SC; 29201; US Patent Application Number: 20030017192 Date filed: June 18, 2002 Abstract: A process for producing extended shelf-life ready-to-use milk compositions containing probiotics by ultrapasteurizing a milk composition, cooling the composition to about 20 to 30.degree. C., and inoculating the composition with one or more aseptically prepared probiotic cultures. The resulting milk compositions are ready-touse, have an extended shelf-life, and contain sufficient probiotics to be beneficial to the consumer, even after an extended shelf-life of more than 90 days. The resulting milk compositions are used to provide probiotics to consumers in an effort to improve the consumer's intestinal health. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/299,288 filed Jun. 19, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference thereto. This invention relates generally to processes for producing milk compositions and particularly to processes for producing extended shelf-life ready-to-use milk compositions containing probiotics. Probiotics are reported to have various health benefits for consumers, e.g., inhibition of bacterial pathogens, reduction of colon cancer risk, stimulation of immune response, and reduction of serum cholesterol levels. While there are several ways to administer probiotics to consumers, one convenient way is to simply add probiotics to foods that would normally be consumed, e.g., milk and

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yogurt. However, to get the desired health benefits, the probiotics must be selected carefully and added to foods in sufficient amounts to ensure that the recommended dose of probiotics is consumed. Also, the foods must be processed and handled in a manner that maintains the viability of the probiotic microorganisms during the manufacturing process and the time such foods spend on the shelf waiting for sale and consumption. Unfortunately, many of the probiotics added to foods are killed during the manufacturing process or simply die while the product stands on the shelf for extended periods. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Sorbic acid product comprising probiotics as addition to feedstuffs in agricultural livestock rearing Inventor(s): Raczek, Nico N.; (Kelkheim, DE) Correspondence: Propat, L.L.C.; 2912 Crosby Road; Charlotte; NC; 28211-2815; US Patent Application Number: 20020146399 Date filed: January 25, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a product/kit for use in animal feedstuffs. The product or the kit for addition to feedstuffs comprises sorbic acid and at least one culture of microorganisms with probiotic activity. The invention additionally relates to the use of the product/kit alone in feedstuffs or mixed with other feedstuff additives for improving the hygienic status of the feed and for improving the performance in agricultural livestock rearing. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a product which comprises sorbic acid and probiotics and can be used alone in feedstuffs or mixed with other feed additives in agricultural livestock rearing. In human nutrition, probiotics are defined as viable microorganisms which have health-promoting effects if oral intake is adequate (J. Nutr. 130: 384S-390S, 2000, M. E. Sanders). Increasing attention has been directed at probiotics for livestock nutrition in recent years. The definition generally used for probiotics is that of R. Fuller (Journal of Applied Bacteriology 1989, 66, 365-378), according to which they comprise microorganisms which are administered as feed additive and which, because of a "sustaining of the equilibrium" of the gut flora, have beneficial effects for the host animal. The wording of this definition clearly shows how little is known about the mechanisms underlying the action of probiotics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Strains of lactobacillus paracasei Inventor(s): Antonsson, Martin; (Svedala, SE), Molin, Goran; (Lund, SE) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20040052903 Date filed: September 29, 2003 Abstract: New strains of lactobacillus paracasei which can be used as probiotics in dairy products and which are characterized in surviving the gastrointestinal passage and giving a palatable cheese product when used as an adjunct in cheese manufacturing.

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The invention especially refers to the new strains Lactobacillus paracasei 8700:2, DSM 13434, and Lactobacillus paracasei 02A, DSM 13432. The invention also refers to dairy food products, such as cheese, containing said strains. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to new strains of Lactobacillus paracasei. which can be used for the manufacture of fermented dairy products, especially probiotic cheese. Swedish cheese is made from pasteurised cows milk which is fermented by a starter culture of lactic acid bacteria. The acidified milk is curdled by rennet (chymosin) and the coagulated milk is cut and stirred. The mixture of whey and cheese grains is gently heated. The whey is separated and the cheese grains pressed to a cheese which is salted and ripened; the order of whey separation and pressing depends on the cheese variety. During the ripening a secondary flora of mainly lactic acid bacteria is growing spontaneously. Swedish hard and semi-hard cheese will during the ripening be dominated by a spontaneously growing secondary microflora, often referred to as nonstarter lactic acid bacteria, NSLAB. This spontaneous flora succeed the added starter culture and grow under the selective conditions of a maturing cheese. NSLAB are thought to enter the dairy plant either with the raw milk after surviving the pasteurisation or with other ingredients used for the cheese making. The NSLAB most commonly found in Swedish and Norwegian cheese belong to the genus Lactobacillus and especially the species Lactobacillus paracasei, see Lindberg, A.-M., et al., Bacterial flora of Norwegian and Swedish semi-hard cheese after ripening, with special reference to Lactobacillus, Netherlands Milk & Dairy Journal 50 (1996) 563-572. NSLAB start to grow after a few days of ripening and reach levels of about 10.sup.6-10.sup.7 cfu/g after one month of ripening and this level is maintained for at least five months. Cheddar cheese show the same development of NSLAB dominated by lactobacilli. Examples of species reported from Cheddar are Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis, but usually the dominating species are Lactobacillus casei or Lactobacillus paracasei. As the NSLAB is not controlled, it is plausible that some of the variations in cheese quality is due to the variability in the composition of the NSLAB. In order to control the process of ripening and the growth of the spontaneous flora of NSLAB, pure cultures of strains of for instance Lactobacillus have been used as adjuncts in cheese manufacturing. Said adjuncts in general might have an effect on the aroma and flavour of the cheese product; an effect which is not predictable but has to be tested by trial and error. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Therapeutic and protective dental device useful as an intra-oral delivery system Inventor(s): Bardach, Laura; (Boonton, NJ), Geduldig, James; (Boonton, NJ), Napoli, Salvatore; (Maywood, NJ) Correspondence: Lerner, David, Littenberg,; Krumholz & Mentlik; 600 South Avenue West; Westfield; NJ; 07090; US Patent Application Number: 20030205234 Date filed: May 6, 2002 Abstract: A dental device has a U-shaped carrier with at least one channel for embracing an arch of teeth. The carrier has recessed insets in the channel. Discrete inserts carrying a beneficial agent can fit into the insets and release the agent gradually. When the device is used in a primarily therapeutic application, the inserts may be installed into all or less than all of the insets to form various insert patterns. Thus, different oral regions can be affected by different insert patterns. When the device is used as an athletic mouthguard,

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temporary blanks may be initially fitted in the insets, while a portion of the mouthguard is softened before an arch of teeth is pressed into the channel to make a custom impression. The inserts that are later installed in the insets possess different physical properties than the carrier and may be positioned and shaped to mechanically buffer teeth of the arch from mechanical shocks as well as release beneficial agents. The inserts may be replaced or refreshed to maintain the beneficial agent, which may be xylitol, remineralizing agents, moisturizing agents, desensitizing agents, flavoring agents, breath fresheners, chemical and biological indicators, nutraceuticals, antibiotics, probiotics, other medications and chemotherapeutics, or other agents. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to dental devices that are worn on an arch of teeth, and in particular, to devices that can deliver a beneficial agent to, and protect the teeth and soft tissues from mechanical, chemical and biologic injury. Mouthguards are typically made from plastics materials such as an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). Other devices such as dentoalveolar trays, carriers and splints may be made of EVA or other biocompatible plastic material. There are several categories of mouthguards: Mouthguards that are stock pre-molded products and made in a variety of sizes, home or self-moldable to suit the physical characteristics of the user, or custom molded by a dentist or other professional to suit the characteristics of the user. Regarding physical protection, stock mouthguards are typically the cheapest and least effective in use while the custom molded and shaped mouthguards are the most expensive and effective in their impact absorbent properties. Athletes in many sports wear mouthguards for prolonged periods. It is common knowledge that when these athletes engage in strenuous physical activity, they lose and must replace significant amounts of fluids, nutrients and calories. In order to hydrate themselves, and replenish their energy, athletes must drink large quantities of fluids and eat foods that are very often cariogenic. These cariogenic fluids and materials cover the teeth, and when a mouthguard is inserted afterwards, the teeth are acted upon by cariogenic bacteria in an ideal environment, shielded from the buffering ability of saliva. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Treating endotoxemia and related disorders with probiotics Inventor(s): Batey, Robert; (New South Wales, AU), Cade, John; (Vic, AU), Clancy, Robert Llewellyn; (New South Wales, AU), Conway, Patricia Lynne; (New South Wales, AU), Dunkley, Margaret Lorraine; (New South Wales, AU), Pang, Gerald; (New SouthWales, AU) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson PC; 225 Franklin ST; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20040047868 Date filed: July 31, 2003 Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods of preventing and treating endotoxemia and related disorders. In particular, the invention relates to methods of preventing and treating endotoxemia and related disorders using a probiotic. The invention also relates to methods for assessing the efficacy of a probiotic in the prevention and treatment of endotoxemia and related disorders. Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field. Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides which are large (MW 200,000 to 1,000,000), heat stable molecules found in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. Colonisation of the gut by gramnegative bacteria--particularly E. coli but also other species--contributes small amounts

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of endotoxin into the circulation. A variety of pathological conditions that alter colonisation characteristics or mucosal integrity can markedly enhance bacterial translocation leading to high levels of circulating endotoxin i.e. endotoxemia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria for balancing the skin's immune system Inventor(s): Baur, Markus; (Stuttgart, DE), Breton, Lionel; (Versailles, FR), Couzy, Francois; (Lutry, CH), Gueniche, Audrey; (Rueil Malmaison, FR) Correspondence: Bell, Boyd & Lloyd, Llc; PO Box 1135; Chicago; IL; 60690-1135; US Patent Application Number: 20040013706 Date filed: August 12, 2003 Abstract: The present invention pertains to the use of probiotics for the preparation of a carrier for balancing the skin's immune function. In particular, the present invention pertains to the use of probiotic micro-organisms for balancing the skin's immune function under stress conditions, such as a exposure to ultraviolet radiation, specifically for enhancing the skin's immune activity and reducing the tendency to develop allergic reactions under such conditions. Excerpt(s): Use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria for balancing the skin's immune system The present invention pertains to the use of probiotics for the preparation of a carrier for balancing the skin's immune function. In particular, the present invention pertains to the use of probiotic micro-organisms for improving the skin's immune function under stress conditions, leading to immune suppression, specifically for normalizing the skin's immune activity and reducing the tendency to develop hyper-reactions under such conditions. The continuous decrease of the atmosphere's ozone layer with the concurrent increase of ultraviolet radiation reaching the planet's surface has attracted a great deal of interest in its potential consequence on human health. Although exposure to ultraviolet radiation is needed for humans to produce vitamin D, growing evidence suggests that extensive exposure to sun-light, in particular to ultraviolet radiation, causes a variety of problems in the skin, including induction of certain skin cancers and induction of accelerated skin ageing (photoageing). It is presently hypothesized that the primary factor of generating skin cancer is a mutational damage in the DNA of the generative cells in the skin caused by ultraviolet radiation while UV-light induced injury to the skin's immune system obviously seems to supply a second factor necessary for the further development thereof In a healthy system early malignant cells are eliminated by the normal functioning of the skin's immune system. Yet, upon ultraviolet radiation the skin's immune system seems to undergo suppression and cannot perform its usual surveillance function any more. As a consequence very early skin cancer cells are not eliminated, which situation will eventually lead to the malignant cells to escape the immune system and develop to tumours. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with probiotics, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address:

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http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “probiotics” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on probiotics. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning probiotics. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON PROBIOTICS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to probiotics. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on probiotics include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “probiotics” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on probiotics: •

Heartburn and What to Do About It Source: Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing Group. 1998. 182 p. Contact: Available from Avery Publishing Group. 120 Old Broadway, Garden City Park, NY 11040. (800) 548-5757 or (516) 741-2155. Fax (516) 742-1892. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $10.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0895297922. Summary: In this book, the authors tell readers how to banish heartburn and other digestive symptoms once and for all, using natural therapies that are gentle on one's system. The authors emphasize that a lack of balance in the digestive tract, caused by improper diet and the stresses of modern life, is at the root of most people's intestinal upsets, and they explain both the problem and the solution in clear, nontechnical language. In Part One, after surveying the scope of the nation's digestive difficulties, the authors review the most common digestion related disorders. They discuss ulcers and

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the infection (Helicobacter pylori) that causes ulcers. The authors then look at disorders that can cause both common digestive symptoms, such as diarrhea, constipation, nausea, and gas, and symptoms that most readers may not associate with the digestive system, such as fatigue and skin rashes. In Part Two, the authors explain how to relieve and prevent digestive troubles through the use of proper diet, yogurt, and intestinal cleansers. Finally, the authors offer a detailed discussion of probiotics, the friendly bacteria that not only help protect the digestive tract from bad bacteria and assist in digestion itself, but also improve overall health. The authors conclude that restoring intestinal health first requires a change in diet, with a reduction in or elimination of highly processed, sugary, and fatty foods, and a corresponding increase in whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, limited amounts of organically raised meat, and cultured foods such as yogurt. These changes in diet must be supported by adequate exercise, rest, and stress reduction. The book concludes with a resource list, a suggested reading list, a list noting sources of products and services, endnotes, and a subject index. 250 references. •

Alternative Medicine: The Definitive Guide Contact: Future Medicine Publishing, 10124 18th Ct E, Puyallup, WA, 98371, (206) 9521130. Summary: This manual provides extensive information on alternative therapies and treatments for a range of health conditions, including HIV/AIDS. Part One gives the reader current information about alternative medicine, and discusses the relationship between homeostasis, stress adaptation, and illness. It provides helpful hints on how to select appropriate treatments. Part One also discusses medical freedom and the politics of health care, focusing on regulations by the FDA, medical establishments, and state medical boards. Part Two defines the practice of various alternative therapies, and their benefits. The manual discusses flower remedies, guided imagery, juice therapy, Qigong, and sound therapy. Each health condition reference suggests appropriate uses for the treatment; lists helpful hints; identifies treatment variations; notes related treatments; provides recommendations for treatments at home; comments on the future of the particular treatment; and refers to additional sources of information. The third part of the manual discusses a number of health conditions, such as AIDS, cancer, heart disease, stress, chronic fatigue syndrome, STDs, respiratory conditions, and vision disorders. Additional information is provided for other health problems, such as hair loss, muscular cramps, bruises, and frostbite. Illustrations of body systems and a glossary are also included. Appendices provide a list of antibiotics and probiotics.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “probiotics” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “probiotics” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “probiotics” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com):

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Bacteria for Breakfast: Probiotics for Good Health by Kelly Dowhower Karpa; ISBN: 1412009251; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1412009251/icongroupinterna

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Beyond Probiotics by Ann Louise Gittleman; ISBN: 0879839775; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879839775/icongroupinterna

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Dietary Fiber, Prebiotics, Probiotics and Their Role in Intestinal Health: Ift Basic Symposium (Ift Basic Symposium) by Dennis T. Gordon, Susan Sungsoo Cho (Editor); ISBN: 0824709748; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824709748/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Probiotics by Yuan-Kun Lee (Author), et al; ISBN: 047119025X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047119025X/icongroupinterna

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Health Benefits of Probiotics (Latest Research Showing Benefits for Digestion, Cholesterol, Yeast Infection, Immune System, Colon Cancer, Ulcers, etc) by Beth LeyJacobs; ISBN: 1890766100; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890766100/icongroupinterna

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Ingredients Handbook - Prebiotics and Probiotics (Ingredients Handbook Series) by Glen Gibson (Editor); ISBN: 0905748824; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0905748824/icongroupinterna

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Probiotics; ISBN: 0870550993; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870550993/icongroupinterna

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Probiotics by R. Fuller (Editor); ISBN: 0442315376; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0442315376/icongroupinterna

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Probiotics 2: Applications and Practical Aspects by R. Fuller (Editor); ISBN: 0412736101; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412736101/icongroupinterna

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Probiotics 3 - Immunomodulation by the Gut Microflora and Probiotics by R. Fuller (Editor), G. Perdigon (Editor); ISBN: 0792362446; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792362446/icongroupinterna

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Probiotics and Prebiotics: Where Are We Going? by G. W. Tannock (Editor); ISBN: 0954246411; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0954246411/icongroupinterna

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Probiotics How Live Yogurt and Other Frien by Leon Chaitow (Author); ISBN: 0934252602; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0934252602/icongroupinterna

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Probiotics Uk: The Guide to Probiotics in the United Kingdom 1989 by Wesley Ewing, Will Haresign; ISBN: 0948617144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0948617144/icongroupinterna

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Probiotics, Other Nutritional Factors, & Intestinal Microflora by Lars A. Hanson (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0781718295; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781718295/icongroupinterna

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Probiotics: A Critical Review by Gerald W. Tannock (Editor); ISBN: 1898486158; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1898486158/icongroupinterna

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Probiotics: Nature's Internal Healers by Natasha Trenev; ISBN: 0895298473; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895298473/icongroupinterna

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Probiotics: The Scientific Basis by R. Fuller (Editor); ISBN: 0412408503; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412408503/icongroupinterna

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Probiotics: Theory and Applications: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the African Institute of Grassland and Aninal Production, Hurley 29 novembe by B.A. Stark, J.M. Wilkinson (Editor); ISBN: 0948617179; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0948617179/icongroupinterna

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The Consumer's Guide to Probiotics: How Nature's Friendly Bacteria Can Restore Your Body to Super Health by Herb Joier-Bey, N. D. Joiner-Bey; ISBN: 1893910334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1893910334/icongroupinterna

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Treatment of experimental acute radiation disease in mice with probiotics, quinolones, and general gnotobiological isolation (SuDoc D 15.12/4:98-2) by U.S. Dept of Defense; ISBN: B000113D6G; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000113D6G/icongroupinterna

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User's Guide to Probiotics: Learn How ""Healthy Bacteria"" Can Help You Fight Infections and Restore Your Health by Earl, Ph.D. Mindell, Earl R. Mindell; ISBN: 1591201144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591201144/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “probiotics” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Probiotics: how to use 'friendly bacteria' to restore total health and vitality. Author: Leon Chaitow and Natasha Trenev; Year: 1990

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Probiotics: the scientific basis. Author: [edited by] Roy Fuller; Year: 1992

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Probiotics 2: applications and practical aspects. Author: edited by R. Fuller; Year: 1997

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Probiotics. Author: Sperti, George S; Year: 1971

Chapters on Probiotics In order to find chapters that specifically relate to probiotics, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and probiotics using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the 10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “probiotics” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on probiotics: •

Use of Probiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: in Williams, C.N., et al., eds. Trends in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy 1999. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2000. p. 252-258. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. Customer Service Deparment, P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (781) 871-6600. Fax (781) 6819045. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.wkap.nl. PRICE: 145.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0792387627. Summary: A body of evidence from clinical and experimental observations indicates a role for intestinal microflora in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Probiotics are defined as 'living organisms, which upon ingestion in certain numbers, exert health benefits beyond inherent basic nutrition.' This chapter on the use of probiotics in IBD is from a monograph that reprints the presentations given at the Trends in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy Symposium, held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in August 1999. The general objective of the conference was to provide an update in the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and CD. In this chapter, the authors review recent evidence supports the potential role of probiotics in IBD therapy. The authors' experience focuses on the use of a new probiotic preparation (VSL number 3) containing 300 billion per gram of viable lyophilized (freeze dried) bacteria of four strains of lactobacilli, three strains of bifidobacteria, and one strain of Streptococcus salivarius subspecies thermophilus. Twenty patients received 6 grams a day of VSL3 for 12 months and were periodically assessed. Microbiological determination showed a significant increase in concentration of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and Streptococcus salivarius subspecies thermophilus, fecal pH was significantly reduced, and the great majority of patients (75 percent) remained in remission. Subsequent efficacy of this new oral probiotic preparation was tested versus placebo in 40 patients with chronic relapsing pouchitis. Of the 20 patients who received placebo, all relapsed, whereas 17 of the 20 patients treated with VSL3 were still in remission after 9 months. All these 17 patients, after suspension of the treatment, had a relapse within 4 months. A controlled study evaluating the efficacy of treatment with antibiotics and probiotics versus mesalazine in the prevention of postoperative recurrence in patients with Crohn' disease is now in progress. The authors conclude that these findings suggest that probiotics may be of therapeutic benefit in maintenance treatment of IBD. 4 figures. 27 references.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PROBIOTICS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover probiotics.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on probiotics is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “probiotics” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to probiotics. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “probiotics” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for probiotics: •

Probiotics can prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 06, 2002

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Probiotics reduce pouchitis relapses Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 15, 2000

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “probiotics” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “probiotics” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to probiotics, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “probiotics” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly

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to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “probiotics” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on probiotics: •

Bacteria in Action Source: NACC News. 25: 9. Spring 2002. Contact: Available from National Association for Colitis and Crohn's Disease (NACC). 4 Beaumont House, Sutton Road, St. Albans, Hertfordshire, AL1 5HH. 01727 844296. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.nacc.org.uk. Summary: This brief newsletter article describes the potential use of probiotics to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). Probiotics are live microbial organisms which, when taken in sufficient amount, can confer a healthy benefit on the person taking them. These organisms, most commonly lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (that produce lactic acid) are often taken in the form of dairy foods such as milk or cheese, or fermented food products such as bio yogurt. The author reviews how normal intestinal bacterial works and some conditions in which people develop an abnormal immune response to these normal bacteria. The bacteria that do not stimulate inflammation are lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Medical trials have shown that increasing the numbers of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and reducing the numbers of bacteria that have potential to promote inflammation will help people with IBD. The author briefly reports on some research studies in this area and concludes by calling for additional work to determine the best uses of probiotics for people with IBD.

Academic Periodicals covering Probiotics Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to probiotics. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering probiotics that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “probiotics” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1580 21 735 1 0 2337

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “probiotics” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on probiotics can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to probiotics. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to probiotics. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “probiotics”:

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Crohn's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/crohnsdisease.html Ulcerative Colitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ulcerativecolitis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on probiotics. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Food and IBD Source: St. Albans, England: National Association for Colitis and Crohn's Disease (NACC). 2001. 20 p. Contact: Available from National Association for Colitis and Crohn's Disease (NACC). 4 Beaumont House, Sutton Road, St. Albans, Hertfordshire, AL1 5HH. 01727 844296. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.nacc.org.uk. PRICE: Single copy free to members. Summary: This booklet offers information about the role of food in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), the two types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Topics include the causes of IBD; how food is digested; the importance of eating a healthy diet; how to handle the diarrhea that can be associated with IBD, including how to avoid dehydration, and the use of milk, dairy products, alcohol, caffeine; specific advice for healthy eating with Crohn's disease, including issues of fibrous food, fat absorption, weight loss, tiredness, and special liquid feeds; the role of food in treating CD, including elimination and exclusion diets and parenteral nutrition; specific advice on healthy eating for people with UC, including issues of weight loss, fiber, iron deficiency and protein loss; the role of probiotics and prebiotics in managing UC; and circumstances that require special consideration, such as osteoporosis (a condition of bone thinning), pregnancy, childhood and adolescence, short bowel syndrome, the ileum and vitamin B12, ileostomy and the internal pouch, excess wind (flatulence), and herbal remedies. The booklet includes practical suggestions for everyday coping with IBD. The booklet concludes with a drawing that illustrates the recommended proportions of food in a healthy diet, and a list of resource addresses in England. 3 figures.

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to probiotics. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to probiotics. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with probiotics. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about probiotics. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “probiotics” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “probiotics”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “probiotics” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “probiotics” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 105

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 107

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

111

PROBIOTICS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH]

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Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allergy and Immunology: A medical specialty concerned with the hypersensitivity of the individual to foreign substances and protection from the resultant infection or disorder. [NIH]

Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH]

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Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amygdalin: A cyanogenic glycoside found in the seeds of Rosaceae. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH]

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Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic: Pertaining to something that prevents or delays the development of cancer. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifibrinolytic: Inhibiting fibrinolysis. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA

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fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atopic Eczema: Generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, vesicular, and crusting; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning. [NIH] Aura: A subjective sensation or motor phenomenon that precedes and marks the of a paroxysmal attack, such as an epileptic attack on set. [EU] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacterial Translocation: The passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the intestinal mucosa resulting in increased intestinal permeability. These mechanisms can act in concert to promote synergistically the systemic spread of indigenous translocating bacteria to cause lethal sepsis. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Pairing: Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by hydrogen bonding in double-

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stranded DNA or RNA. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example,

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in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsicum: A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield capsaicin. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH]

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Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogenicity: The ability to cause cancer. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and

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meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutics: Noun plural but singular or plural in constructions : chemotherapy. [EU]

Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Child Nutrition: Nutrition of children aged 2-12 years. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening,

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prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Commensal: 1. Living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. An organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. [EU] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the

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alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or

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whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Critical Illness: A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]

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Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Transmission: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal (disease transmission, horizontal) or vertical (disease transmission, vertical). [NIH] Disease Transmission, Horizontal: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one individual to another in the same generation. [NIH] Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. [NIH]

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Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endotoxemia: A condition characterized by the presence of endotoxins in the blood. If endotoxemia is the result of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, shock may occur. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteral Nutrition: Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. [NIH]

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Enteric bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. Some bacteria are capable of causing human, animal, or plant diseases; others are essential in pollution control because they break down organic matter in the air and in the water. [NIH] Enteric-coated: A term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines. [EU] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Erythritol: A four-carbon sugar that is found in algae, fungi, and lichens. It is twice as sweet as sucrose and can be used as a coronary vasodilator. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling

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reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Hypersensitivity: Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens ingested in food. [NIH] Frostbite: Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fucose: Deoxysugar. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH]

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Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Transit: Passage of food (sometimes in the form of a test meal) through the gastrointestinal tract as measured in minutes or hours. The rate of passage through the intestine is an indicator of small bowel function. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Targeting: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU]

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Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germfree: Free from all living micro-organisms. [NIH] Germ-free: Free of bacteria, disease-causing viruses, and other organisms that can cause infection. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a

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microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]

Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially

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lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Encephalopathy: A condition that may cause loss of consciousness and coma. It is usually the result of advanced liver disease. Also called hepatic coma. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]

Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU]

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Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileitis: Inflammation of the ileum. [EU] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH]

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In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Indolent: A type of cancer that grows slowly. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Diarrhea: Diarrhea caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role

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in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Flora: The bacteria, yeasts, and fungi that grow normally in the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Jejunostomy: Surgical formation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum, usually for enteral hyperalimentation. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Juniper: A slow growing coniferous evergreen tree or shrub, genus Juniperus. The Juniper is cultivated for its berries, which take up to three years to ripen. The resinous, sweetly flavored berries are borne only by the female juniper, and can be found in various stages of ripeness on the same plant. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH]

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Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Lactobacillus casei: A rod-shaped bacterium isolated from milk and cheese, dairy products and dairy environments, sour dough, cow dung, silage, and human mouth, human intestinal contents and stools, and the human vagina. [NIH] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lichens: Any of a group of plants formed by a mutual combination of an alga and a fungus. [NIH]

Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC

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3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and

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spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura. [NIH]

Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melibiose: A disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes

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capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in mice infected with mouse leukemia viruses (MuLV). The syndrome shows striking similarities with human AIDS and is characterized by lymphadenopathy, profound immunosuppression, enhanced susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and B-cell lymphomas. [NIH] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]

Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH]

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Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A condition in which part of the tissue in the intestines is destroyed. Occurs mainly in under-weight newborn babies. A temporary ileostomy may be necessary. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Niche: The ultimate unit of the habitat, i. e. the specific spot occupied by an individual organism; by extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism, individual or synusia(e), and its environment. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH]

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Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligonucleotide Probes: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH]

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Pancreatic enzymes: A group of proteins secreted by the pancreas which aid in the digestion of food. [NIH] Pancreatic Extracts: Extracts prepared from pancreatic tissue that may contain the pancreatic enzymes or other specific uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific activities. Pancreatin is a specific extract containing digestive enzymes and used to treat pancreatic insufficiency. [NIH] Pancreatin: A mammalian pancreatic extract composed of enzymes with protease, amylase and lipase activities. It is used as a digestant in pancreatic malfunction. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Paratuberculosis: An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Characteristics include chronic debilitation and weight loss. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH]

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Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmids: Any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. Plasmids are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA that are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to

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the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or

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artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH]

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Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regulon: In eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single regulator gene. In bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains. These regulatory systems consist of several operons. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU]

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Rehydration: The restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has become dehydrated. [EU] Rehydration Solutions: Fluids restored to the body in order to maintain normal waterelectrolyte balance. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retrotransposons: DNA sequence which is a copy of a RNA virus into a host's DNA and which can reinsert itself elsewhere in the genome. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers,

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gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Short Bowel Syndrome: A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of small bowel. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell

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differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silage: Fodder converted into succulent feed for livestock through processes of anaerobic fermentation (as in a silo). [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and

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the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH]

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Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surface-Active Agents: Agents that modify interfacial tension of water; usually substances that have one lipophilic and one hydrophilic group in the molecule; includes soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, dispersing and wetting agents, and several groups of antiseptics. [NIH]

Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Telomerase: Essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase appears to be repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in cancer, and thus may be necessary for malignant transformation. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH]

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Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocating: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained

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primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU]

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Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. [NIH] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH]

Dictionary 153

Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Waiting Lists: Prospective patient listings for appointments. [NIH] Wetting Agents: A surfactant that renders a surface wettable by water or enhances the spreading of water over the surface; used in foods and cosmetics; important in contrast media; also with contact lenses, dentures, and some prostheses. Synonyms: humectants; hydrating agents. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

155

INDEX A Abdominal, 67, 111, 127, 133, 135, 139, 151 Abdominal Pain, 67, 111, 127, 135, 151 Abortion, 111, 142, 152 Acute renal, 111, 130 Acyl, 57, 66, 111 Adaptability, 111, 118 Adaptation, 15, 24, 82, 111 Adduct, 57, 111 Adenosine, 111, 117 Adjustment, 111 Adjuvant, 31, 111, 127 Adolescence, 100, 111, 140 Adoptive Transfer, 7, 111 Adsorption, 73, 111 Adsorptive, 111, 112 Aerobic, 112, 137 Affinity, 112, 135, 147 Ageing, 78, 112 Alertness, 112, 117 Alfalfa, 71, 112 Algorithms, 112, 116 Alimentary, 65, 112, 123, 124, 140 Allergen, 59, 112 Allergic Rhinitis, 74, 112, 129 Allergy and Immunology, 5, 36, 112 Allylamine, 112, 113 Aloe, 71, 112 Alpha Particles, 112, 144 Alternative medicine, 10, 82, 88, 112 Ameliorating, 10, 112 Amine, 62, 113 Amino acid, 11, 72, 113, 114, 115, 128, 135, 140, 143, 146, 149, 150, 151 Amino Acid Sequence, 11, 113, 114 Ammonia, 53, 113, 151 Amygdalin, 64, 113 Amylase, 113, 140 Amyloid, 113 Anaerobic, 62, 63, 113, 145, 147 Anaesthesia, 113, 132 Anal, 16, 113 Anaphylatoxins, 113, 121 Anastomosis, 16, 113 Anemia, 67, 113, 126 Animal model, 12, 40, 113 Anions, 113, 133 Anorexia, 114, 127

Antagonism, 114, 117 Antibacterial, 114, 148, 152 Antibiotic, 4, 7, 11, 14, 15, 24, 25, 33, 35, 38, 87, 114, 145, 148 Antibodies, 13, 114, 125, 131, 135, 141 Antibody, 112, 114, 120, 130, 131, 132, 139, 147 Anticarcinogenic, 19, 114 Anticoagulant, 114, 143 Antifibrinolytic, 39, 114 Antigen, 7, 68, 112, 114, 120, 125, 130, 131, 132 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 114, 120 Anti-infective, 37, 114, 147 Anti-inflammatory, 114, 117, 128, 142 Antimicrobial, 9, 34, 43, 44, 45, 46, 114, 122 Antioxidants, 23, 60, 114 Anuria, 114, 133 Anus, 113, 114, 117, 120, 126, 144 Apoptosis, 11, 114 Approximate, 72, 115 Aqueous, 72, 115, 122, 124 Arginine, 113, 115, 151 Arterial, 112, 115, 131, 143 Arteries, 115, 116, 117, 121, 136 Arterioles, 115, 117, 136 Artery, 58, 115, 116, 121, 144 Aseptic, 56, 115 Aspartate, 58, 115 Atopic, 5, 25, 30, 31, 32, 36, 41, 73, 74, 115 Atopic Eczema, 36, 74, 115 Aura, 58, 115 B Bacteremia, 20, 115, 146 Bacterial Physiology, 111, 115 Bacterial Translocation, 18, 23, 78, 115 Bacteriophage, 115, 146, 150 Bacterium, 64, 67, 115, 130, 134 Base, 6, 67, 72, 115, 122, 125, 133, 134, 140, 141 Base Pairing, 6, 115 Benign, 116, 127, 129, 138 Beta carotene, 71, 116 Bile, 64, 116, 126, 135 Bile Acids, 116 Bile Acids and Salts, 116 Biochemical, 10, 116, 134, 146 Biofilms, 6, 47, 116

156

Probiotics

Biomass, 66, 116 Biopsy, 13, 67, 116 Biotechnology, 13, 14, 15, 19, 27, 44, 84, 88, 95, 116 Biotin, 71, 116, 139 Biotransformation, 116 Bladder, 116, 151 Blood pressure, 116, 131, 137, 147 Blood vessel, 58, 116, 117, 119, 130, 147, 149, 152 Blot, 117, 139 Body Fluids, 72, 117, 139, 147 Bolus, 71, 117 Bolus infusion, 117 Bone Marrow, 117, 127, 131, 135 Bowel Movement, 117, 123, 148 Brain Stem, 117, 150 Branch, 107, 117, 124, 140, 143, 147, 149 Breakdown, 117, 123, 127 Bromelain, 58, 117 C Caffeine, 100, 117 Calcium, 117, 120, 147 Capsaicin, 117 Capsicum, 58, 117 Capsules, 117, 123, 125, 127 Carbohydrate, 17, 72, 118, 128, 139, 142 Carbon Dioxide, 118, 145, 151 Carcinogen, 111, 118 Carcinogenic, 118, 132 Carcinogenicity, 15, 118 Cardiac, 112, 117, 118, 137 Carotene, 116, 118 Carotenoids, 116, 118 Castor Oil, 57, 118 Catecholamine, 118, 141 Cations, 118, 133 Cell Death, 114, 118 Cell Differentiation, 6, 118, 147 Cell Division, 115, 118, 137, 141 Cell proliferation, 118, 147 Cell Survival, 11, 118 Cellobiose, 64, 118 Cellulose, 118, 141 Central Nervous System, 117, 118, 126, 127, 128, 129, 146 Central Nervous System Infections, 118, 129 Chemotactic Factors, 119, 121 Chemotherapeutics, 77, 119 Chemotherapy, 34, 119 Child Nutrition, 28, 119

Chin, 119, 136 Chlorophyll, 119, 125 Cholera, 72, 119, 152 Cholesterol, 64, 74, 83, 116, 119, 135 Chromatin, 114, 119 Chromium, 71, 119 Chronic, 7, 12, 32, 33, 58, 73, 74, 82, 85, 115, 119, 124, 132, 133, 134, 140, 148, 151 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 82, 119 Chronic renal, 73, 119 Chymopapain, 119, 140 Chymosin, 76, 119 Cirrhosis, 12, 23, 119 Clear cell carcinoma, 119, 122 Clinical trial, 5, 40, 95, 119, 121, 123, 144 Clone, 11, 120 Cloning, 116, 120 Cod Liver Oil, 120, 124 Cofactor, 120, 143, 149 Colitis, 9, 50, 89, 100, 120 Collagen, 113, 117, 120, 127 Colloidal, 72, 120, 140 Colon, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 25, 43, 67, 69, 74, 83, 120, 132, 134, 151 Commensal, 6, 10, 74, 120 Communis, 118, 120 Complement, 68, 113, 120, 121, 127 Complementary medicine, 5, 121 Complete remission, 121, 145 Computational Biology, 95, 121 Conception, 111, 121, 142 Concomitant, 4, 121 Conjunctiva, 121, 150 Connective Tissue, 117, 120, 121, 126, 127, 135 Consciousness, 121, 130 Constipation, 18, 82, 121 Consumption, 12, 18, 60, 66, 67, 72, 75, 121, 122, 127, 145 Contamination, 63, 121 Contraindications, ii, 121 Controlled study, 85, 121 Coronary, 121, 125, 136 Coronary Thrombosis, 121, 136 Cortisone, 121, 142 Cranial, 121, 129, 136, 150 Craniocerebral Trauma, 121, 129 Creatinine, 73, 122, 134 Critical Illness, 20, 122 Cryptosporidiosis, 8, 122 Curative, 21, 58, 122, 149 Cyclic, 117, 122

Index 157

Cytokine, 8, 11, 68, 122 Cytoplasm, 114, 122, 129 Cytotoxic, 117, 122, 147 D Dairy Products, 65, 75, 76, 100, 122, 134 Data Collection, 10, 122 Deamination, 122, 151 Dehydration, 72, 100, 119, 122 Deletion, 11, 114, 122 Density, 122, 135, 142 Depolarization, 122, 147 Dermatitis, 5, 25, 122 DES, 62, 113, 122 Detergents, 122, 149 Detoxification, 31, 122 Deuterium, 122, 130 Developed Countries, 74, 122 Diagnostic procedure, 55, 88, 122 Diarrhea, 4, 17, 24, 38, 43, 45, 67, 82, 87, 100, 122, 123, 132, 134, 135 Diarrhoea, 14, 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 46, 123, 127 Dietary Fiber, 26, 83, 123 Digestion, 4, 66, 69, 71, 81, 83, 112, 116, 117, 123, 132, 133, 134, 135, 140, 148 Digestive system, 82, 123 Digestive tract, 66, 69, 71, 81, 123, 147 Dilation, 58, 123 Dilution, 63, 123 Direct, iii, 7, 66, 123, 130, 142, 144 Disease Transmission, 66, 123 Disease Transmission, Horizontal, 123 Disease Transmission, Vertical, 123 Diuresis, 117, 123 Dosage Forms, 61, 123 Double-blind, 13, 32, 36, 123 Double-blinded, 13, 123 Drip, 56, 123 Drug Tolerance, 123, 150 Duodenum, 116, 123, 133, 148 E Ecosystem, 29, 123 Effector, 68, 120, 124 Efficacy, 3, 8, 13, 18, 31, 65, 67, 77, 85, 124 Electrolyte, 124, 134, 139, 142, 145, 147 Electrophysiological, 6, 9, 124 Elementary Particles, 124, 135, 138, 143 Embryo, 111, 118, 124, 132, 143, 148 Embryo Transfer, 124, 143 Emodin, 112, 124 Emollient, 124, 128, 139 Empirical, 59, 124

Emulsion, 66, 124 Endemic, 119, 124 Endotoxemia, 77, 124 Endotoxin, 18, 78, 124, 151 End-stage renal, 119, 124 Enhancers, 18, 124 Enteral Nutrition, 56, 124 Enteric bacteria, 63, 125 Enteric-coated, 73, 125 Enteritis, 7, 125 Enterocolitis, 125 Enteropeptidase, 125, 151 Environmental Health, 94, 96, 125 Enzymatic, 60, 113, 117, 118, 120, 125, 126, 140 Enzyme, 4, 73, 113, 117, 119, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 134, 140, 143, 146, 149, 150, 151, 153 Epidemiological, 74, 125 Epithelial, 6, 8, 10, 11, 22, 125 Epithelial Cells, 9, 10, 11, 22, 125 Epithelium, 6, 10, 125 Epitopes, 60, 125 Erythritol, 64, 125 Erythrocytes, 113, 117, 125, 144 Esophagus, 123, 125, 129, 148 Estrogen, 12, 125 Ethanol, 125, 126 Evacuation, 121, 125, 134 Evoke, 125, 148 Excipients, 58, 125 Excrete, 114, 125, 133 Exogenous, 111, 116, 125, 127 Extracellular, 113, 116, 121, 125, 147 F Faecal, 123, 125 Family Planning, 95, 125 Fat, 57, 72, 100, 116, 117, 118, 126, 135, 139, 147, 150 Fatigue, 82, 119, 126 Fatty acids, 18, 126, 147 Fatty Liver, 12, 23, 126 Feces, 8, 12, 121, 125, 126, 148 Fermentation, 60, 70, 126, 146, 147 Fertilization in Vitro, 126, 143 Fibrinolysis, 114, 126 Flatulence, 100, 126 Flatus, 126, 127 Flavoring Agents, 77, 126 Folate, 126 Folic Acid, 71, 126 Food Hypersensitivity, 43, 126

158

Probiotics

Frostbite, 82, 126 Fructose, 64, 126, 128, 133 Fucose, 64, 126 Fungi, 125, 126, 129, 133, 136, 137, 153 Fungistatic, 126, 147 G Gallbladder, 111, 123, 126 Ganglia, 126, 127, 138 Ganglion, 127, 150 Gas, 82, 113, 118, 126, 127, 130, 132, 135, 138, 152 Gastric, 4, 64, 123, 127, 129, 130 Gastric Juices, 64, 127 Gastroenteritis, 11, 127, 146 Gastrointestinal tract, 37, 56, 64, 65, 70, 71, 73, 74, 115, 125, 126, 127, 134, 146 Gastrointestinal Transit, 4, 127 Gastrostomy, 56, 124, 127 Gelatin, 73, 127, 128, 149 Gene, 6, 11, 28, 37, 84, 116, 127, 133, 139, 144 Gene Expression, 37, 127 Gene Targeting, 6, 127 Gene Therapy, 7, 28, 127 Genetic Engineering, 6, 116, 120, 127 Genital, 119, 127, 128, 151, 152 Genitourinary, 128, 151 Genomics, 7, 128 Genotype, 128, 141 Germfree, 7, 128 Germ-free, 6, 7, 128 Ginger, 71, 128 Gland, 121, 128, 135, 139, 146, 148 Glomerular, 128, 133, 134 Glucocorticoid, 128, 142 Glucose, 64, 72, 118, 119, 128, 129, 132, 133, 136, 147 Glutamic Acid, 126, 128, 138 Glutathione Peroxidase, 128, 146 Glycerol, 64, 128, 141 Glycine, 113, 116, 128, 138, 146 Glycogen, 64, 128 Glycoprotein, 128, 149, 151 Glycoside, 113, 128 Glycosidic, 118, 128, 136 Goats, 122, 128 Governing Board, 128, 142 Grade, 13, 128 Graft, 129, 130, 131 Graft Rejection, 129, 131 Gram-negative, 6, 77, 115, 124, 129, 145, 152

Gram-Negative Bacteria, 77, 129, 145 Gram-positive, 11, 64, 129, 134, 137, 148 Granulocytes, 129, 147, 153 Grasses, 126, 129 Growth, 3, 11, 40, 59, 60, 62, 63, 67, 70, 73, 74, 76, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 126, 129, 135, 138, 141, 152 H Habitat, 129, 137, 138 Hay Fever, 112, 129 Headache, 58, 117, 129 Headache Disorders, 129 Heartburn, 81, 129, 132 Hemodialysis, 129, 133, 134 Hemoglobin, 113, 125, 129, 130 Hemoglobinopathies, 127, 130 Hemolytic, 21, 130 Hemorrhage, 122, 129, 130 Hepatic, 12, 31, 69, 73, 130, 135 Hepatic Encephalopathy, 31, 69, 130 Hereditary, 130, 141 Heredity, 127, 130 Homeostasis, 6, 9, 11, 82, 130 Homologous, 127, 130, 149, 150 Hormone, 121, 122, 130, 132, 146 Host, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 62, 63, 67, 69, 74, 75, 115, 120, 130, 131, 145, 152 Hybrid, 120, 130, 139 Hybridization, 130, 139 Hydrochloric Acid, 64, 130 Hydrogen, 4, 113, 115, 118, 122, 128, 130, 137, 138, 139, 143 Hydrogen Bonding, 115, 130 Hydrogenation, 130, 144 Hydrolysis, 60, 116, 118, 130, 141, 143, 151 Hydrophilic, 122, 130, 149 Hydroxyproline, 113, 120, 131 Hygienic, 75, 131 Hypersensitivity, 59, 60, 112, 131 Hypertension, 129, 131 Hypotensive, 69, 131 I Id, 51, 101, 106, 108, 131 Ileal, 16, 131 Ileitis, 7, 131 Ileostomy, 20, 100, 131, 138 Ileum, 7, 100, 131, 133 Imidazole, 116, 131 Immune function, 62, 71, 78, 131 Immune response, 7, 8, 27, 44, 59, 63, 68, 74, 89, 111, 114, 121, 129, 131, 149, 152

Index 159

Immune system, 6, 21, 50, 74, 78, 131, 135, 152, 153 Immunity, 8, 21, 27, 38, 40, 63, 68, 74, 131, 137 Immunization, 111, 131, 143 Immunohistochemistry, 6, 131 Immunologic, 5, 7, 111, 119, 131 Immunology, 5, 20, 21, 24, 27, 31, 33, 36, 39, 40, 43, 111, 112, 131 Immunosuppressive, 128, 131 Immunosuppressive therapy, 131 Immunotherapy, 67, 68, 111, 131 Impairment, 131, 136 In vitro, 6, 7, 9, 16, 18, 37, 64, 124, 127, 131, 132, 145 In vivo, 6, 12, 16, 127, 131, 132 Incubated, 63, 132 Incubation, 63, 132 Indicative, 82, 132, 140, 152 Indigestion, 132, 134 Indolent, 12, 132 Induction, 7, 10, 60, 74, 78, 132 Infarction, 121, 132, 136 Infectious Diarrhea, 28, 36, 132 Infertility, 132, 152 Inflammation, 7, 9, 16, 23, 27, 39, 74, 89, 112, 114, 120, 122, 125, 127, 131, 132, 140, 142, 151 Inflammatory bowel disease, 8, 27, 28, 34, 35, 42, 44, 47, 85, 89, 100, 132 Ingestion, 21, 72, 85, 132, 142 Initiation, 59, 132 Inner ear, 132, 152 Inorganic, 73, 132, 137 Inositol, 64, 132 Insight, 35, 132 Insulin, 13, 132, 133 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 133 Intestinal, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 37, 39, 45, 46, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 71, 74, 81, 83, 85, 89, 115, 118, 122, 125, 133, 134, 135 Intestinal Flora, 7, 63, 133 Intestinal Mucosa, 60, 65, 115, 125, 133 Intestine, 4, 6, 65, 116, 117, 125, 127, 133, 134, 148 Intracellular, 117, 132, 133, 142, 145, 146 Intraepithelial, 8, 133 Intramuscular, 133, 140 Intravenous, 133, 140 Introns, 6, 133 Inulin, 64, 133

Invasive, 131, 133, 135 Ions, 72, 115, 124, 130, 133 J Jejunostomy, 56, 124, 133 Jejunum, 133 Juniper, 71, 133 K Kb, 64, 94, 133 Kidney Disease, 73, 94, 133 Kidney Failure, 73, 124, 133, 134 Kidney Failure, Acute, 133, 134 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 133, 134 Kidney stone, 134, 151 Kinetic, 134 L Labile, 10, 120, 134 Lactobacillus, 3, 8, 11, 21, 33, 59, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 71, 75, 76, 134 Lactobacillus casei, 76, 134 Lactose Intolerance, 24, 134 Large Intestine, 123, 133, 134, 144, 147 Laxative, 124, 134, 147 Lethal, 115, 134 Leukemia, 127, 134, 137 Leukocytes, 117, 119, 129, 134, 151 Library Services, 106, 134 Lichens, 125, 134 Linkage, 118, 134, 136 Lipase, 134, 140 Lipid, 18, 69, 128, 133, 135, 150 Lipophilic, 135, 149 Lipopolysaccharide, 129, 135 Lipoprotein, 129, 135 Liver Cirrhosis, 32, 135 Localization, 131, 135 Localized, 132, 135, 141 Lumen, 23, 56, 135 Lymph, 115, 135, 137 Lymph node, 115, 135 Lymphadenopathy, 135, 137 Lymphatic, 132, 135, 148 Lymphocyte, 114, 135 Lymphoid, 4, 68, 74, 114, 135 Lysine, 135, 151 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 135 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 13, 135 Malabsorption, 135, 146 Malabsorption syndrome, 135, 146 Malignant, 78, 135, 138, 149 Malnutrition, 30, 136

160

Probiotics

Mastication, 136, 150 Maxillary, 136, 150 Maxillary Nerve, 136, 150 Meat, 71, 82, 117, 136 Medical Staff, 123, 136 MEDLINE, 95, 136 Megaloblastic, 126, 136 Melanoma, 136, 151 Melibiose, 64, 136 Membrane, 69, 112, 121, 122, 129, 136, 137, 140, 141, 145, 147 Mental, iv, 4, 73, 94, 96, 119, 126, 136, 143, 151 Mental Disorders, 136, 143 Mental Health, iv, 4, 94, 96, 136, 143 Mental Retardation, 73, 136 Mesenteric, 115, 136 Meta-Analysis, 14, 35, 136 MI, 109, 136 Microbiological, 60, 85, 136 Microbiology, 16, 17, 20, 24, 25, 32, 38, 42, 47, 111, 116, 136 Microcirculation, 135, 136 Microorganism, 120, 137, 140, 153 Micro-organism, 59, 62, 70, 71, 78, 123, 128, 137 Mitosis, 115, 137 Mobility, 6, 137 Modification, 22, 70, 113, 127, 137 Molecular, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 57, 73, 95, 97, 113, 116, 121, 137, 150, 151 Molecule, 114, 115, 120, 124, 128, 130, 137, 139, 144, 146, 149, 150, 152 Monitor, 9, 122, 137, 138 Mononuclear, 137, 151 Morphological, 112, 124, 137 Morphology, 70, 137 Motion Sickness, 137, 138 Mucins, 137, 145 Mucosa, 6, 137 Mucus, 20, 137, 151 Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 8, 137 Mycobacterium, 67, 68, 137, 140 Mydriatic, 123, 137 Myocardium, 136, 137 N Nasogastric, 56, 124, 137 Nausea, 82, 123, 127, 132, 138, 151 Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 32, 138 Need, 3, 56, 81, 84, 88, 102, 112, 119, 128, 138, 150

Neonatal, 9, 32, 74, 138 Neoplasms, 111, 138 Nephropathy, 133, 138 Nerve, 58, 119, 127, 136, 138, 142, 145, 148, 150 Nervous System, 71, 118, 119, 138, 149, 152 Neurotransmitter, 111, 113, 128, 138, 146, 149 Neutrons, 112, 138, 144 Niche, 15, 138 Nitrogen, 73, 113, 134, 138 Nosocomial, 11, 138 Nuclear, 6, 127, 138 Nuclei, 112, 127, 133, 135, 137, 138, 143 Nucleic acid, 130, 138, 139 Nucleus, 114, 119, 122, 124, 137, 138, 139, 143, 148, 150 Nutritional Support, 127, 139 Nutritive Value, 57, 139 O Ointments, 123, 139, 147 Oligonucleotide Probes, 11, 139 Oliguria, 133, 134, 139 Ophthalmic, 139, 150 Opportunistic Infections, 8, 137, 139 Oral Health, 44, 139 Organoleptic, 72, 139 Osteoporosis, 100, 139 Oxidation, 114, 116, 128, 139 P Paediatric, 23, 139 Palliative, 139, 149 Pancreas, 111, 116, 123, 132, 134, 139, 140, 151 Pancreatic, 60, 139, 140 Pancreatic enzymes, 140 Pancreatic Extracts, 60, 140 Pancreatin, 71, 140 Papain, 71, 140 Paratuberculosis, 67, 140 Parenteral, 100, 140 Parenteral Nutrition, 100, 140 Paroxysmal, 115, 129, 140 Partial remission, 140, 145 Patch, 68, 140 Pathogen, 8, 10, 132, 140 Pathogenesis, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 35, 44, 85, 140 Pathologic, 115, 116, 121, 131, 140, 142 Pathologic Processes, 115, 140 Pathologies, 65, 140 Patient Education, 100, 104, 106, 109, 140

Index 161

Pediatrics, 9, 10, 28, 35, 37, 140 Pepsin, 60, 71, 140 Peptide, 113, 125, 140, 143 Periodontitis, 69, 140 Petrolatum, 124, 140 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 118, 125, 127, 141 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 123, 141 Pharmacokinetic, 141 Pharmacologic, 141, 150 Pharmacotherapy, 59, 141 Phenolphthalein, 124, 141 Phenotypes, 11, 141 Phospholipases, 141, 147 Phospholipids, 126, 132, 135, 141 Physiologic, 6, 133, 141, 144 Physiology, 6, 11, 37, 41, 45, 124, 141 Pilot study, 13, 141 Plant Diseases, 125, 141 Plants, 118, 124, 128, 133, 134, 137, 141, 148, 150, 152 Plasma, 114, 127, 129, 133, 141 Plasma cells, 114, 141 Plasmids, 64, 141 Platelet Activation, 141, 147 Pneumonia, 121, 142 Poisoning, 127, 138, 142, 146 Polyethylene, 57, 142 Polymers, 116, 142, 143 Polysaccharide, 114, 118, 142 Posterior, 113, 139, 142 Postmenopausal, 139, 142 Postnatal, 74, 142 Postoperative, 4, 33, 85, 142 Postoperative Complications, 33, 142 Postsynaptic, 142, 147 Potassium, 72, 142, 147 Potentiation, 142, 147 Practice Guidelines, 96, 142 Precursor, 116, 119, 124, 125, 142 Prednisolone, 142 Prednisone, 7, 142 Pregnancy Outcome, 9, 142 Primary Prevention, 36, 73, 74, 143 Probe, 139, 143 Progression, 113, 143 Progressive, 60, 118, 119, 123, 129, 134, 141, 143 Prophylaxis, 74, 143 Protease, 140, 143 Protein C, 6, 113, 115, 135, 143, 151 Protein Conformation, 113, 143

Protein S, 84, 116, 143 Proteolytic, 120, 125, 140, 143 Protons, 112, 130, 135, 143, 144 Protozoa, 136, 137, 143 Protozoan, 119, 122, 143 Psychic, 136, 143 Public Health, 63, 96, 143 Public Policy, 95, 143 Pulmonary, 116, 121, 133, 143, 144 Pulmonary Edema, 133, 144 Pulse, 137, 144 Pupil, 123, 137, 144 Q Quiescent, 60, 144 Quinolones, 84, 144 R Radiation, 78, 84, 124, 144, 151, 153 Radioactive, 130, 138, 144 Radioisotope, 139, 144 Raffinose, 64, 144 Randomized, 12, 13, 36, 124, 144 Reagent, 130, 144 Receptor, 4, 111, 114, 144, 146 Recombination, 127, 144 Rectal, 67, 144 Rectum, 114, 117, 120, 123, 126, 127, 132, 134, 144, 149 Recurrence, 4, 21, 85, 144 Red blood cells, 125, 130, 144 Refer, 1, 120, 126, 135, 138, 144, 150 Refraction, 144, 148 Regimen, 67, 68, 124, 141, 144 Regulon, 12, 144 Regurgitation, 129, 144 Rehydration, 61, 72, 145 Rehydration Solutions, 61, 145 Relapse, 85, 145 Remission, 4, 7, 85, 144, 145 Reproduction Techniques, 143, 145 Resection, 21, 145, 146 Respiration, 118, 137, 145 Restoration, 145 Retina, 145 Retrotransposons, 6, 145 Retroviral vector, 127, 145 Rhamnose, 64, 145 Ribose, 64, 111, 145 Rickettsiae, 145 Risk factor, 9, 145 Ristocetin, 145, 152 Rod, 64, 115, 124, 134, 145

162

Probiotics

S Saliva, 77, 145 Salivary, 123, 145 Salivary glands, 123, 145 Salmonella, 62, 63, 127, 145 Salmonellosis, 63, 146 Scatter, 146, 151 Screening, 9, 67, 119, 146 Secretion, 4, 68, 133, 137, 146 Selenium, 71, 146 Senile, 139, 146 Sepsis, 9, 32, 115, 146 Septic, 9, 115, 146 Serine, 146, 151 Serotonin, 58, 138, 141, 146 Serum, 18, 67, 74, 111, 113, 120, 134, 146, 151 Sex Characteristics, 111, 146 Shock, 10, 124, 126, 146 Short Bowel Syndrome, 100, 146 Side effect, 146, 150 Signal Transduction, 11, 132, 146 Signs and Symptoms, 145, 147 Silage, 134, 147 Small intestine, 4, 123, 125, 130, 131, 133, 137, 147, 151 Smooth muscle, 112, 113, 117, 147, 149 Soaps, 147, 149 Sodium, 72, 147 Soft tissue, 77, 117, 147 Solvent, 125, 128, 141, 147 Somatic, 111, 137, 147, 149 Sorbic Acid, 75, 147 Sorbitol, 64, 147 Specialist, 101, 123, 147 Species, 4, 6, 7, 63, 64, 76, 77, 117, 123, 127, 130, 134, 137, 141, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153 Specificity, 68, 112, 147 Spectrum, 12, 148 Spices, 117, 148 Spinal cord, 117, 118, 119, 127, 138, 148 Spleen, 115, 135, 148 Spontaneous Abortion, 142, 148 Steady state, 63, 148 Steatosis, 12, 126, 148 Sterile, 61, 115, 148 Sterilization, 56, 148 Stillbirth, 142, 148 Stimulant, 117, 148 Stimulus, 6, 74, 148 Stomach, 4, 64, 111, 119, 123, 125, 127, 130, 137, 138, 140, 147, 148

Stool, 10, 120, 134, 148 Strand, 6, 148 Streptococci, 21, 148 Stress, 58, 70, 78, 82, 118, 127, 138, 148 Subacute, 132, 148 Subarachnoid, 129, 148 Subclinical, 132, 148 Subcutaneous, 140, 148 Subspecies, 85, 147, 148 Substance P, 145, 146, 149 Substrate, 16, 149 Sunburn, 149, 151 Supplementation, 60, 149 Suppositories, 127, 149 Suppression, 74, 78, 149 Surface-Active Agents, 57, 149 Survival Rate, 72, 149 Symptomatology, 9, 149 Synaptic, 138, 147, 149 Systemic, 59, 68, 115, 116, 132, 142, 149 T Tachycardia, 115, 149 Tachypnea, 115, 149 Telomerase, 6, 149 Therapeutics, 41, 149 Thrombin, 143, 149 Thrombomodulin, 143, 149 Thrombosis, 143, 149 Tolerance, 6, 59, 70, 74, 111, 150 Tooth Preparation, 111, 150 Topical, 125, 140, 147, 150 Toxic, iv, 62, 73, 129, 131, 146, 150, 152 Toxicokinetics, 150 Toxicology, 96, 150 Toxin, 124, 150 Trace element, 119, 150 Transcriptase, 6, 149, 150 Transduction, 11, 146, 150 Transfection, 116, 127, 150 Translation, 113, 150 Translocating, 115, 150 Transplantation, 119, 124, 131, 134, 150 Trigeminal, 58, 136, 150 Trigeminal Nerve, 58, 150 Triglyceride, 57, 150 Trypsin, 60, 125, 151, 153 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 13, 151 Tunica, 137, 151 U Ulcerative colitis, 4, 16, 85, 89, 100, 132, 151 Ultraviolet radiation, 78, 149, 151

Index 163

Unconscious, 131, 151 Urea, 73, 134, 151 Urease, 73, 151 Uremia, 73, 133, 151 Ureters, 134, 151 Urethra, 151 Uric, 73, 151 Urinary, 12, 32, 47, 69, 128, 139, 151, 152 Urinary tract, 32, 47, 69, 151, 152 Urinary tract infection, 32, 47, 151 Urine, 12, 73, 114, 116, 122, 123, 134, 139, 151 Urogenital, 17, 24, 33, 46, 47, 128, 151 Urologist, 30, 152 Urology, 45, 152 V Vaccine, 111, 152 Vagina, 122, 134, 152 Vaginal, 10, 152 Vancomycin, 29, 152 Vascular, 58, 112, 129, 132, 135, 136, 152 Vasodilator, 125, 152 VE, 68, 152 Vector, 150, 152 Vegetative, 116, 152 Vein, 133, 138, 152

Venous, 143, 152 Venules, 117, 136, 152 Vesicular, 115, 152 Veterinary Medicine, 95, 152 Vibrio, 66, 119, 152 Vibrio cholerae, 119, 152 Viral, 66, 68, 150, 152 Virulence, 12, 152 Virus, 115, 119, 124, 127, 145, 150, 152 Viscosity, 56, 61, 152 Vitamin A, 132, 152 Vitro, 64, 153 Vivo, 6, 153 W Waiting Lists, 73, 153 Wetting Agents, 149, 153 White blood cell, 67, 114, 132, 134, 135, 137, 141, 153 X Xenograft, 113, 153 X-ray, 67, 138, 153 Y Yeasts, 64, 71, 126, 133, 153 Z Zymogen, 143, 153

164

Probiotics